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McCollum, David, Beata Nowok i Scott Tindal. "Public Attitudes towards Migration in Scotland: Exceptionality and Possible Policy Implications". Scottish Affairs 23, nr 1 (luty 2014): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/scot.2014.0006.
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Scotland is often perceived as having a relatively welcoming view towards migrants and is presented as such by its politicians and policymakers. This positioning sits within a broader political context in which the Scottish Government favours immigration but has limited policy levers with which to directly influence it. This paper seeks to scrutinise the supposition that Scotland can be seen as ‘different’ to the rest of the UK in terms of how immigration is perceived in the public realm. This is pursued through the analysis of attitudinal data to explore public views on migration, the potential drivers of these perceptions and their implications for future immigration policy in the context of the 2014 referendum on the constitutional future of Scotland. The research finds that the public in Scotland does hold relatively positive views towards migration and that this could be related to Scotland's particular experience of population in and out movements. However there is evidence of some (growing) hostility towards migration on the part of the general public in Scotland and a possible link between nationalist leanings and opposition to ‘Others’. These findings have significant implications for debates regarding possible future immigration policies in Scotland.
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Marini, Anna Marta. ""Icebox" and the Exceptionality Intrinsic to Institutional Violence on the US-Mexico Border". REDEN. Revista Española de Estudios Norteamericanos 2, nr 1 (30.11.2020): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/reden.2020.2.1382.
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In 2018, Daniel Sawka directed independent feature length movie Icebox, which narrates the story of a 12-year old Honduran boy whose parents push him to migrate northbound in order to escape forced gang recruitment. Without giving way to ideological bias, Sawka reproduces his journey, providing a useful tool for raising awareness on some of the key matters related to the ongoing debate on US immigration and border policies. The operation of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) facilities and the detention of Central American children at the US- Mexico border represent a transnational gray area in the extension of sovereign power, turning the border itself in a kenotic space of exception legitimated by the construction of a specific public discourse on immigration and national boundaries. Furthermore, the movie describes the existence of the evident normalization of inhumanity intrinsic to the detention process and praxis, leading to dehumanization of detainees and a suspension—both individual and public—of questioning the tasks performed by border enforcement agencies from an ethical or moral perspective.
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Castellà, Judit, i Anna Muro. "How time perspective, personality, and morningness contributed to psychological well-being during the Coronavirus lockdown". Quaderns de Psicologia 24, nr 1 (26.04.2022): e1752. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.1752.
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The exceptionality of the Coronavirus-related quarantines motivated the design of a longitudinal study aimed at exploring how the confinement can affect psychological well-being. 205 participants (81% female) took part in the study. Personality, time perspective, and morningness were assessed at the beginning of the quarantine, along with levels of depression, anxiety, and satisfaction with life as mood and well-being indicators. A post measure was taken 2 weeks after the first data collection. Two weeks later, a supplementary follow-up measure was performed again. A significant increase in depression and anxiety was found between pre and post measures that remained stable at follow up, whereas life satisfaction was not affected. Past-negative temporal orientation and neuroticism were the highest risk factors for a decline in psychological well-being. Results are discussed in terms of how individual differences should be considered in assessing citizens’ response to public health policies regarding isolation measures.
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Castellà, Judit, i Anna Muro. "How time perspective, personality, and morningness contributed to psychological well-being during the Coronavirus lockdown". Quaderns de Psicologia 24, nr 1 (26.04.2022): e1752. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.1752.
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The exceptionality of the Coronavirus-related quarantines motivated the design of a longitudinal study aimed at exploring how the confinement can affect psychological well-being. 205 participants (81% female) took part in the study. Personality, time perspective, and morningness were assessed at the beginning of the quarantine, along with levels of depression, anxiety, and satisfaction with life as mood and well-being indicators. A post measure was taken 2 weeks after the first data collection. Two weeks later, a supplementary follow-up measure was performed again. A significant increase in depression and anxiety was found between pre and post measures that remained stable at follow up, whereas life satisfaction was not affected. Past-negative temporal orientation and neuroticism were the highest risk factors for a decline in psychological well-being. Results are discussed in terms of how individual differences should be considered in assessing citizens’ response to public health policies regarding isolation measures.
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Loubet Del Bayle, Jean-Louis. "L'état du syndicalisme policier". Revue française d'administration publique 91, nr 1 (1999): 435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rfap.1999.3317.
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The State of Trade-Unionism in the Police. The level of trade-union membership is exceptionally high in the police force. Trade-unionism in the police is therefore strong ; it is equally autonomous but also divided, due notably to its categorised nature. Following on from the 1980s, when a union, the FASP, occupied centre stage pursuing a policy of co-management with governing authorities, unionism in the police has entered a complex phase of recomposition and regrouping, marked by internal crises and demands for the pursuit of corporate interests.
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Aguerri, Jesús C., i Daniel Jiménez-Franco. "On Neoliberal Exceptionalism in Spain: A State Plan to Prevent Radicalization". Critical Criminology 29, nr 4 (16.11.2021): 817–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10612-021-09596-8.
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AbstractThis article offers a critical review of the Spanish Plan Estratégico Nacional de Lucha Contra la Radicalización Violenta (National Strategic Plan to Fight Violent Radicalization or “PEN-LCRV”), focusing on its most controversial discursive elements. While it is not possible to perform a complete empirical examination of its impact after five years, we can highlight some if its achievements, effects and shortcomings. Through a review of the key concepts and logic underlying the PEN-LCRV, this article considers how the notion of security can enable the design and implementation of public policies, as well as the current trends regarding the relationship between social protection and punitive control.
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Vranješ, Nevenko. "Analysis of the alignment of public policies development in the Western Balkan countries with the European Union standards". Strani pravni zivot, nr 1 (2021): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spz65-30812.
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The process of creation, development, adoption and enforcement of public policy presents an exceptionally challenging issue for several reasons. First of all, public policies are used to identify and resolve certain social problems and social issues, them being their primary aim. Furthermore, public policy articulates the aims of governing political subject, through which they strive to realize their programs. And finally, public policy satisfies certain needs of citizens and business community. It is therefore very difficult to achieve the full correlation of these three goals while simultaneously fulfill all genuine needs of society and ideological and political goals of governing elites. Something like this presents a challenge in the complex societies of post-conflict and countries of post-socialist transition, as Western Balkans countries are considered to be. Namely, for many decades such environments had a narrowly set and monolithic approach to the projection of public policy, though the concept of their strategic planning was radically revised a decade ago and entered into a completely different qualitative and quantitative phase. The subject of this paper is the Analysis of the alignment of public policies development in the Western Balkan countries with the European Union standards. The paper will envelop a brief review of public policy adoption process in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Albania. The pillar in the presentation of the said countries constitutes the existing criteria and tools which were projected and evaluated by SIGMA-OECD organization, with the aim to converge public administrations of Western Balkans countries with European administrative region. The paper uses the methods of legal exegesis, content analysis, comparative methods, principles and indicators of SIGMA-OECD, and provides an empirical review of the assessment of the situation conducted on the given thematic by the said organization.
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ROSEN, RACHEL, i EVE DICKSON. "The exceptions to child exceptionalism: Racialised migrant ‘deservingness’ and the UK's free school meal debates". Critical Social Policy 44, nr 2 (18.03.2024): 201–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02610183231223948.
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Free School Meals (FSM) have been the site of renewed contestation and extensive campaigning in the last half-decade. Until recently, children in families with ‘no recourse to public funds’ because of their immigration status were excluded from accessing FSMs, despite being some of the most destitute in Britain. Through an analysis of campaign materials and interviews with advocates, we consider this dynamic policy terrain in light of the UK's ‘hostile environment’ and consider lessons for campaigners. By exploring imaginaries of childhood, poverty, and nation shaping FSM policies, we offer a warning that campaigns can end up justifying exclusions at the same time as aiming for more expansive support. How campaigns represent their causes has implications, which, in this case, is often through the exceptionalism and hyper-deservingness of childhood. We argue these representations reduce discussion to technical questions about who is ‘deserving’, thereby risking shoring up an exclusionary and hostile state.
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Westphal, Larry E. "Industrial Policy in an Export-Propelled Economy: Lessons from South Korea's Experience". Journal of Economic Perspectives 4, nr 3 (1.08.1990): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.4.3.41.
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Korea provides an illuminating case of state intervention to promote economic development. Like many other third world governments, Korea's government has selectively intervened to affect the allocation of resources among industrial activities. It has used taxes and subsidies, credit rationing, various kinds of licensing, and the creation of public enterprises, for example. But these policies have been applied in the context of a radically different development strategy, one of export-led industrialization. Moreover, Korea's economy has experienced exceptionally rapid development with relatively equitable distribution of the gains. This paper argues that the government's selective industrial policies have contributed importantly to Korea's rapid achievement of international competitiveness in a number of industries. Though accepted by many knowledgeable observers, the conclusion is controversial—inherently so owing to insufficient historical information and lack of agreement about the required counterfactual.
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Forrest, David. "AN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL REVIEW OF GAMBLING IN GREAT BRITAIN". Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 7, nr 3 (9.12.2013): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v7i3.816.
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The paper considers the nature and scale of the benefits and costs of gambling, with special reference to machine gaming. Although the industry is argued to be unlikely to have a significant macroeconomic impact, evidence is consistent with it generating considerable benefits to individual (responsible) consumers, whether measured by consumer surplus or through the pattern of responses to a wellbeing question. At the same time, a minority of users of gaming facilities, problem gamblers, appear to make consistently flawed decisions such that those with gambling disorder experience exceptionally low wellbeing. Public policy and regulatory decisions should consider the effects, on the margin, on both the net benefits to recreational gamblers and the net costs to problem gamblers. Many policy decisions may involve a trade-off between the welfare of recreational gamblers and the welfare of problem gamblers. Contemporary interest in targeted policies appears to represent an attempt to avoid the need to confront such a trade-off by searching for policies which are aimed very explicitly at problem gamblers alone.
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Fouladi, Somayeh, Mohammad Kohandel i Brydon Eastman. "A comparison and calibration of integer and fractional-order models of COVID-19 with stratified public response". Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 19, nr 12 (2022): 12792–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2022597.
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<abstract><p>The spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the Canadian province of Ontario has resulted in millions of infections and tens of thousands of deaths to date. Correspondingly, the implementation of modeling to inform public health policies has proven to be exceptionally important. In this work, we expand a previous model of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Ontario, "Modeling the impact of a public response on the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, " to include the discretized, Caputo fractional derivative in the susceptible compartment. We perform identifiability and sensitivity analysis on both the integer-order and fractional-order SEIRD model and contrast the quality of the fits. We note that both methods produce fits of similar qualitative strength, though the inclusion of the fractional derivative operator quantitatively improves the fits by almost 27% corroborating the appropriateness of fractional operators for the purposes of phenomenological disease forecasting. In contrasting the fit procedures, we note potential simplifications for future study. Finally, we use all four models to provide an estimate of the time-dependent basic reproduction number for the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Ontario between January 2020 and February 2021.</p></abstract>
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Schnabl, Gunther. "Monetary Policy and Structural Decline: Lessons from Japan for the European Crisis". Asian Economic Papers 14, nr 1 (styczeń 2015): 124–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00327.
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Japan experienced a boom-and-bust cycle in the real estate and stock markets almost 20 years earlier than Europe. Since the bursting of the Japanese bubble economy, the country has fallen into a deep recession and has experimented with crisis therapies in the form of unconventional monetary expansion, Keynesian fiscal stimulus, and recapitalization of financial institutions. Japan reached a low interest rate environment in the mid 1990s and has accumulated an exceptionally high level of public debt during more than two decades of economic stagnation. This paper compares the boom-and-bust cycles in Japan and Europe with respect to the reasons for excessive booms, the characteristics of the crises, and the (potential) effects of the crisis therapies. It is argued that in both Japan and Europe the consequences of expansionary monetary and fiscal policies include the hysteresis of a low-interest rate and high government debt environment, the erosion of the allocation and signaling functions of the interest rate, the gradual quasi-nationalization of financial institutions, as well as gradual real income losses. The economic policy implication for Europe and Japan is the timely exit from crisis therapies in the form of excessively expansionary monetary and fiscal policies.
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Wink, Georg. "“Looking for more Brazilian solutions”: Rhetorical Strategies against Ethnic Quotas in Brazilian Higher Education". Brasiliana: Journal for Brazilian Studies 6, nr 2 (13.10.2018): 3–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25160/bjbs.v6i2.97048.
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Since the 1990s, Brazil has experienced a growing public debate about policies of ethnic affirmative action. The arguments invoked by the opponents of affirmative action quotas, expressed in scientific publications, the mass media and even manifestos, have been the subject of study in several research projects. In their analyses, these scholars have concluded that the the anti-quota arguments suffered from logical inconsistency, theoretical and methodological flaws or simple lack of empirical evidence. However, anti-quota rhetoric appears to persist seemingly unaffected by academic counter-arguments, if not in the academic debate, at least in public opinion. This paper argues that the persuasive power of anti-quota arguments derives from the strategic use of specific rhetorical strategies, based on time-proven classical speech imagery that foreground evidence and logic even where speculation and heuristics are the actual foundation. Using methods of Critical Discourse Analysis I will analyze a representative corpus of prominent public discourses against ethnic affirmative action quotas in order to demonstrate how rhetorical strategies are deployed in these texts, showing how they broadly mirror the proposition of a “Rhetoric of Reaction” (Hirschman 1991). These rhetorics, I argue, draw heavily on the myth of “racial democracy” combined with a long-standing national master-narrative of Brazilian exceptionalism, the combination of which masks racial animosity and defers policy action to support ethnic minorities.
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Sohn, Heeju, i Jasmine Ko Aqua. "Geographic variation in COVID-19 vulnerability by legal immigration status in California: a prepandemic cross-sectional study". BMJ Open 12, nr 5 (maj 2022): e054331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054331.
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ObjectiveTo quantify COVID-19 vulnerabilities for Californian residents by their legal immigration status and place of residence.DesignSecondary data analysis of cross-sectional population-representative survey data.DataAll adult respondents in the restricted version of the California Health Interview Survey (2015–2020, n=128 528).Outcome measureRelative Social Vulnerability Indices for COVID-19 by legal immigration status and census region across six domains: socioeconomic vulnerability; demography and disability; minority status and language barriers; high housing density; epidemiological risk; and access to care.ResultsUndocumented immigrants living in Southern California’s urban areas (Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego-Imperial) have exceptionally high vulnerabilities due to low socioeconomic status, high language barriers, high housing density and low access to care. San Joaquin Valley is home to vulnerable immigrant groups and a US-born population with the highest demographic and epidemiological risk for severe COVID-19.ConclusionInterventions to mitigate public health crises must explicitly consider immigrants’ dual disadvantage from social vulnerability and exclusionary state and federal safety-net policies.
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Kim, Bong Hwan. "Budgetary responses to COVID-19: the case of South Korea". Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 32, nr 5 (21.09.2020): 939–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-06-2020-0079.
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PurposeThis paper presents the details, circumstances and issues relating to Korea's budgetary responses to COVID-19.Design/methodology/approachThe author analyzes the details and consequences of budget responses to COVID-19 of Korea.FindingsKorea has implemented two supplementary budgets, worth 50 tn KRW, which were approved by the National Parliament within an average of 13 days. This was an exceptionally quick approval by the Parliament. While these prompt actions help the government provide necessary measures to combat the pandemic, hasty decisions may have long-term consequences on fiscal soundness. Effective handling of COVID-19 in Korea increased the approval rating for the current administration.Originality/valueThis is consistent with the argument by Bartels (2013) who states that ordinary citizens assess politicians and policies primarily on the basis of visible evidence of success or failure. Because evaluations on government projects other than handling crisis is out of people's interests during pandemic, inefficient projects tend to be maintained. For future, it is desirable to have a fiscal rule beforehand to address a crisis.
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Taira, Derek. "Colonizing the Mind: Hawaiian History, Americanization, and Manual Training in Hawaiʻi’s Public Schools, 1913–1940". Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 123, nr 8 (sierpień 2021): 59–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01614681211048625.
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Background/Context: Current historical understanding of Hawaiʻi’s territorial period celebrates American education as a crucial influence on the islands’ political development. In particular, the territory’s public school system represents an essential institution for spreading democratic freedom, fostering social mobility, and, more importantly, establishing America’s presence as a positive influence on Hawaiʻi’s political destiny. There has yet, however, to be a critical look at how White territorial school leaders used the public school system as a settler colonial institution with the intent of producing a compliant non-White population accepting of the nation’s racially stratified social, political, and economic systems of inequality. Focus of Study: Making Hawaiʻi American was about controlling the islands’ past and determining its future. Cultivating consent, as this article contends, was a critical strategy to reach this end. White school officials used their uncontestable authority to uproot local history and social systems and replace them with narratives affirming American exceptionalism and racial segregation. Throughout the territorial period (1900–1959), they designed and supported formal and informal schooling practices and policies to inculcate Hawaiʻi’s majority nonwhite students with American values, norms of behavior, and political beliefs to socially engineer acceptance of White American authority and racial hierarchy. Through repetition and enforcement of these practices and policies, they sought to replace the unfavorable local memory of American involvement in the forced 1893 overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani and Native protests over U.S. annexation in 1898 with an affirmative, progressive narrative justifying America’s presence and jurisdiction as a beneficent enterprise. Research Design: This article brings historical inquiry to this topic and uses archival materials from the University Archives and Pacific-Hawaiian Collections at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Those include the entire collection of the Hawaii Educational Review, correspondence and memos produced by schoolmen (White male school officials and administrators), and newspaper clippings. It also draws on secondary literature to help further contextualize this topic. Conclusions/Recommendations: The history of White educators in territorial Hawaiʻi reveals how public education under their leadership constituted a colonizing project designed to limit student opportunities and determine their futures. The challenge for scholars and educators is not to consign such histories to mere reflections on past mistakes but to identify how forms of oppressive education continue to manifest in schools today and impact student lives.
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Amin, Amjad, Danish Alam i Nadeem Iqbal. "Analysis of Factors Influencing Household Human Capital Investment Behavior in Conflict Zones: A Case Study of District Swat". Review of Economics and Development Studies 6, nr 4 (31.12.2020): 881–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/reads.v6i4.287.
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Development of human capital, as part of public policy, is critical for sustainable socio-economic development of a country. This study analyzed the factors that influenced the household behaviour of spending on human resources in terrorism affected region of district Swat. The uniqueness of the current study is to study human capital behaviour in the study area. The econometric technique (OLS) was applied to analyze the data. The study found that there are direct and indirect relationship exists among the targeted variables. It was found that health and education status is negatively affected by the incidence of terrorism. The education system drastically affected and the enrolment rate at the primary, secondary and post-secondary levels have exceptionally declined because of the aftermath of terrorism episode between 2002 and 2016. Health, education facilities and infrastructure are deteriorating posing a threat to long term development. The effective policies of the Government (investment in human capital) and eradicating terrorism (military actions) is a demanding subject of matter for the sake of development in the area.
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Stewart, John. "Ideology and Process in the Creation of the British National Health Service". Journal of Policy History 14, nr 2 (kwiecień 2002): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2002.0013.
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The British National Health Service (NHS) was created shortly after the end of World War II and formally came into being on its “Appointed Day” in July 1948. The NHS has been seen as the crowning achievement of the postwar Labour government's “welfare state” by both the general public and academic commentators. As Rodney Lowe points out, by the late 1940s opinion polls showed it to be by far the best-received part of Labour's social policies; and in popular perceptions the terms “NHS” and “welfare state” were often viewed as synonymous. Lowe himself, while carefully noting the problems that attended the birth of the health service, nonetheless sees it as an “idealistic” institution and remarks that in no other Western country, not even social democratic Sweden, “were the whole population and the full range of medical need (Beveridge's principles of universalism and comprehensiveness) so quickly realized by a free service.” Another respected commentator, Rudolf Klein, similarly highlights the exceptionally wide-ranging remit of the NHS, claiming it as a “unique experiment in social engineering.”
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Nursamsir, Nursamsir, Indar Ismail Jamaluddin, Muhammad Iqbal i Ismanto Ismanto. "The Social and Political Aspects of Permanent Housing Provision for Earthquake Tsunami and Liquefaction Casualties in Palu City, Central Sulawesi". JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik) 26, nr 2 (30.11.2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jkap.54013.
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An earthquake that struck Palu City, Central Sulawesi Province on September 28, 2018 rose potential problems. One of them is the permanent housing (huntap) provision for 6,504 earthquake-affected households. With a descriptive qualitative approach, this research focuses on the social and political aspects of providing permanent housing for disaster victims. Public opinion, both conveyed by refugees targeted for permanent housing and NGO activists and media workers, is expected to improve the policy of providing permanent housing for earthquake victims in Palu. The public hopes that the houses built for earthquake victims are to replace their lost homes and function as a place for psychological recovery. Therefore, the social aspects of housing provision are essential to receive government priorities, such as guaranteeing a sense of security, comfort, and relocated land status. Assistance and advocacy for displaced victims to obtain their rights should be appreciated, exceptionally due to the lack of political function of Regional House of Representative Council (DPRD) roles in guarding disaster victims. Legislators are unable to make a greater effort due to their status as part of the regional government. Simultaneously, the mass media’s attention to housing provisions is still vital for the government to formulate, implement and evaluate its policies. This study also discovered conditions where local governments have limited authority to provide shelter for displaced victims. Centralized government authority forces local governments to rely on the president and his staff.
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L'nyavskiy, Svetlana. "Odesa in Diachronic and Synchronic Studies of Urban Linguistic Landscapes of Ukraine Conducted between 2015 and 2019". East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 9, nr 2 (26.10.2022): 93–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/ewjus599.
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Diachronic and synchronic studies of linguistic landscapes of central streets and markets were conducted in five cities in Ukraine with different language use preferences in 2015 and 2017–19. The relationship between a monolingual state language policy and the reality of language use in public spaces was investigated. This study focuses on the dynamics of the linguistic landscape of Odesa, a Russian-speaking city with a weak historical connection to the state of Ukraine, and compares them with the linguistic landscapes of central Kyiv, Dnipro, Zaporizhzhia, and Lviv. Linguistic landscape data are complemented with semi-structured interviews investigating de jure policies, de facto practices, and beliefs of individuals who make their language choices in public signage, often contesting the official language policy regulations. Linguistic data can deliver messages about power, values, and the salience of languages used in public places. This mixed-methods research is grounded in a critical ethnographic approach to the study of language policy, politics, and planning. The linguistic landscape in Odesa, a polyethnic city, is exceptionally dynamic in reflecting the de facto language policy in the city. The effects of globalization and language commodification were marked by compliance with the official policy on the central street, but proof of inhabitants’ identity with the Russian language as the lingua franca was evident as the data collection site moved away from the city centre. This synchronic and diachronic studies of languages in Odesa is compared with the languages spoken in four Ukrainian regions and marks a proportional increase in the presence of two main languages—Ukrainian and Russian—independent of the Ukrainization efforts of the state at the time of war. It also suggests that an increase in the use of English, as observed in Odesa, is a way to avoid using the state language.
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de Paula, Milton José, Elildo AR Carvalho, Cintia Karoline Manos Lopes, Reysane de Alencar Sousa, Emerson Luiz Pereira Maciel, Manoela Wariss, Rafael Sá Leitão Barboza i in. "Hunting sustainability within two eastern Amazon Extractive Reserves". Environmental Conservation 49, nr 2 (12.05.2022): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892922000145.
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SummarySubsistence hunting provides an important food source for rural populations in tropical forests but can lead to wildlife depletion. Management of wildlife resources depends on assessments of hunting sustainability. We assessed the sustainability of subsistence hunting in two Amazonian Extractive Reserves. We examined hunting data from a community-based monitoring programme conducted in 30 communities during 63 consecutive months to address temporal trends in hunting yields in terms of catch per unit of effort of all game species and the six most hunted species. We also assessed the prey profiles across different communities. Game species composition did not differ between monitored communities, and the most hunted species were Tayassu pecari, large cracids, Cuniculus paca, Mazama spp., Tapirus terrestris and Pecari tajacu. Catch per unit of effort was stable for all game species and each of the most hunted species, indicating that hunting was generally sustainable. These findings reflect the exceptionally low human population density and continuous forest cover of the study landscape, and long-term hunting sustainability and local protein acquisition will depend on maintaining these social and environmental settings. The results also show that large Sustainable Use Protected Areas can help foster sustainable game management and should thus be included in public policies.
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Monteiro, Julio Marcelino, Elcida de Lima Araújo, Elba Lúcia Cavalcanti Amorim i Ulysses Paulino de Albuquerque. "Valuation of the Aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão): perspectives on conservation". Acta Botanica Brasilica 26, nr 1 (marzec 2012): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062012000100014.
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Assigning an economic value to a given environmental asset has helped conservation proposals, and valuing these assets at levels comparable to market rates facilitates the establishment of environmental policies. Thus, this research aimed to assess the value of the species Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão, using the method of contingent valuation to determine the maximum willingness to pay of frequent visitors to the Caruaru Fair, located in northeastern Brazil. Our results show that most interviewees agreed to participate in proposals to support species conservation, although the average willingness to pay (WTP) was relatively low compared to other surveys conducted in Brazil. However, a significant number of the interviewees had exceptionally low monthly incomes. Another relevant aspect of this research was the high number of people (98.5% of the informants) who were concerned about biodiversity conservation; many interviewees stated that the preservation of biodiversity is not a duty exclusive to the government or the people but rather a collective responsibility. Therefore, these findings may encourage the provision of public proposals for environmental conservation, along with other surveys or government actions funded by a society that has the willingness to pay for them. This study is the first economic valuation of a caatinga species, many of which are under threat of extinction.
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Leinweber, Jacob P., Hui G. Cheng, Catalina Lopez-Quintero i James C. Anthony. "Newly incident cannabis use in the United States, 2002–2011: a regional and state level benchmark". PeerJ 5 (25.07.2017): e3616. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3616.
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BackgroundCannabis use and cannabis regulatory policies recently re-surfaced as noteworthy global research and social media topics, including claims that Mexicans have been sending cannabis and other drug supplies through a porous border into the United States. These circumstances prompted us to conduct an epidemiological test of whether the states bordering Mexico had exceptionally large cannabis incidence rates for 2002–2011. The resulting range of cannabis incidence rates disclosed here can serve as 2002–2011 benchmark values against which estimates from later years can be compared.MethodsThe population under study is 12-to-24-year-old non-institutionalized civilian community residents of the US, sampled and assessed with confidential audio computer-assisted self-interviews (ACASI) during National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2002–2011 (aggregaten ∼ 420,000) for which public use datasets were available. We estimated state-specific cannabis incidence rates based on independent replication sample surveys across these years, and derived meta-analysis estimates for 10 pre-specified regions, including the Mexico border region.ResultsFrom meta-analysis, the estimated annual incidence rate for cannabis use in the Mexico Border Region is 5% (95% CI [4%–7%]), which is not an exceptional value relative to the overall US estimate of 6% (95% CI [5%–6%]). Geographically quite distant from Mexico and from states of the western US with liberalized cannabis policies, the North Atlantic Region population has the numerically largest incidence estimate at 7% (95% CI [6%–8%]), while the Gulf of Mexico Border Region population has the lowest incidence rate at 5% (95% CI [4%–6%]). Within the set of state-specific estimates, Vermont’s and Utah’s populations have the largest and smallest incidence rates, respectively (VT: 9%; 95% CI [8%–10%]; UT: 3%; 95% CI [3%–4%]).DiscussionBased on this study’s estimates, among 12-to-24-year-old US community residents, an estimated 6% start to use cannabis each year (roughly one in 16). Relatively minor variation in region-wise and state-level estimates is seen, although Vermont and Utah might be exceptional. As of 2011, proximity to Mexico, to Canada, and to the western states with liberalized policies apparently has induced little variation in cannabis incidence rates. Our primary intent was to create a set of benchmark estimates for state-specific and region-specific population incidence rates for cannabis use, using meta-analysis based on independent US survey replications. Public health officials and policy analysts now can use these benchmark estimates from 2002–2011 for planning, and in comparisons with newer estimates.
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HOHMEYER, KATRIN, i TORSTEN LIETZMANN. "Persistence of Welfare Receipt and Unemployment in Germany: Determinants and Duration Dependence". Journal of Social Policy 49, nr 2 (21.05.2019): 299–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000242.
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AbstractAlthough the German economy managed the last economic recession comparatively well, it suffers from high and stagnating long-term unemployment and benefit receipt. This article is the first to study the duration and determinants of welfare benefit (“unemployment benefit II”) receipt in Germany as a whole, with special attention on duration dependence. The recipients of the means-tested household benefit are not necessarily registered as unemployed, but are, for example, employed with insufficient earnings, in training measures or economically inactive. Due to the heterogeneous situations of welfare recipients, separately studying welfare receipt and unemployment is necessary. By using exceptionally rich administrative data on a 1% random sample of welfare recipients from between 2005 and 2014, we estimate discrete-time hazard rate models that control for unobserved heterogeneity. The first benefit and unemployment episodes for first welfare recipients between 2006 and 2012 (n = 26,163) are traced monthly until 31 December 2014. Recipients leave unemployment more quickly than welfare. Sociodemographic characteristics, labour market resources and the duration seem to affect both processes. Household composition is less important for leaving unemployment than for leaving welfare. Overall, the results indicate that leaving unemployment and leaving welfare receipt are two different processes that need distinct policies.
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Souza, Kerolyn Reis de, Thais Silva da Costa i Elizabete Rosa de Mello. "Análises críticas do ICMS ecológico nos Estados brasileiros / Critical analysis of the brazilian ecological state excise tax (ICMS) in the brazilian States". Revista de Direito da Cidade 12, nr 4 (10.12.2020): 469–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rdc.2020.53878.
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ResumoO presente artigo objetiva realizar uma análise crítica acerca do incentivo fiscal conhecido como ICMS Ecológico, no âmbito dos Estados brasileiros. Por meio da metodologia bibliográfica crítico dialética e sob a égide do neoconstitucionalismo, serão examinadas as legislações dos dezessete Estados que adotam o mecanismo tributário, momento em que também serão revelados os critérios elencados para obtenção desse benefício, bem como a forma de distribuição da receita proveniente do ICMS Ecológico pelos Municípios. Constatou-se que o ICMS Ecológico visa promover a sustentabilidade local por meio do princípio do protetor-recebedor e que, nesse aspecto, dois Estados se destacam: Goiás e Paraná. Restou demonstrado que a melhor maneira de concretizar os objetivos do ICMS Ecológico é através da vinculação de suas receitas à políticas públicas ambientais no âmbito dos Municípios. Todavia, em caráter excepcional, diante de calamidades públicas como a pandemia do coronavírus, poderia haver uma flexibilização dessa vinculação, a fim de que os Municípios possam empregar os recursos oriundos do ICMS Ecológico em setores estratégicos. Os resultados obtidos nesse artigo colocam em evidência os principais erros e acertos encontrados nas legislações estaduais que tratam sobre o tema, possibilitando verdadeiro impacto social, porquanto as reflexões trazidas possibilitam o aprimoramento das referidas legislações.Palavras-chave: ICMS Ecológico; Estados brasileiros; Políticas Públicas; Vinculação das receitas; Sustentabilidade. AbstractThe goal of the present work is to critically analyze the tax incentive known as ecological state excise tax (ICMS) regarding the Brazilian states. Through the critical dialectic bibliographical methodologyand under the aegis of the neoconstitutionalism, the legislations of the seventeen states which adopt this tax mechanism will be examined while the eligibility criteria for the attainment of this benefit willbe revealed, as well as the income distribution from the excise tax by the municipalities. It has been verified this ecological tax aims at promoting the local sustainability by the means of theprotector-receiver principle and in this aspect two states stand out: Goiás e Paraná. It has been demonstrated that the best way to achieve the goals of the ecological excise tax is to link itsrevenues to public environmental policies within the municipalities. However, exceptionally, in face of public calamities such as the coronavirus pandemic, flexibilizations regarding this link could takeplace so that the municipalities would be allowed to use the resources from the ecological excise tax in strategic sectors. The results of this article highlight the main accomplishments and errors found inthe states’ laws which deal with the topic, allowing for a real social impact once the reflections here presented permit an improvement of the mentioned laws.Keywords: Ecological state excise tax; Brazilian states; Public policies; Revenue linking; Sustainability.
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HEALD, SUZETTE. "ABSTAIN OR DIE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIV/AIDS POLICY IN BOTSWANA". Journal of Biosocial Science 38, nr 1 (3.11.2005): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932005000933.
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This paper traces the development of policies dealing with HIV/AIDS in Botswana from their beginning in the late 1980s to the current programme to provide population-wide anti-retroviral therapy (ARV). Using a variety of source material, including long-term ethnographic research, it seeks to account for the failure of Western-inspired approaches in dealing with the pandemic. It does this by looking at the cultural and institutional features that have created resistance to the message and inhibited effective implementation. The negative response to the first educational campaign stressing condom use is described and contextualized in terms of Tswana ideas of morality and illness. Nor, as was initially expected, did the introduction of free ARV therapy operate to break the silence and stigma that had developed around the disease. Take-up was very slow, and did not operate to encourage widespread testing. In 2003, key policymakers in Botswana began to argue for a break with the AIDS ‘exceptionalism’ position, with its emphasis on voluntarism, confidentiality and the human rights of patients. This resulted in routine testing being introduced in 2004. This links to a major argument running through the paper which is that the failure of policy cannot be attributed solely to the nature of local populations. Western cultural assumptions about ‘good practice’ also require critical examination.
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Khattri, Vipin, i Sandeep Kumar Nayak. "Identification and Mitigation of Fraudulent Transaction using Deep Autoencoder". Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, nr 11 (28.11.2021): 769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/11956.
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In an ancient era, physical resources used to apply for transacting messages, treaty content, monarchy schemes, and policies and associated national or territorial currency which consumes time duration in the heavy count with negligible security. But as time passes, technological advancement has tendered its valuable and qualitative inputs to make the conventional transaction more better at its highest level of the extent, and as a qualitative and progressive resultant, the world is breathing in the current era of the digital environment with high-security priority. The responsibility of researchers and concerned authorities is to protect the online digital transaction under the safe digital environment. Therefore continuous enhancement is required in the upgrade of the security of the transaction system to handle digital transaction fraud. This research study suggests an approach of deep autoencoder for identifying fraudulent payment card transactions. To assess the outcome and validity of the projected approach of deep autoencoder for identifying fraudulent payment card transactions, testing was executed with the help of two datasets. The first dataset is a real credit card fraud dataset that is public available in world and the second dataset are generated by collecting the data using payment card transaction including genuine transaction and fraudulent transactions. A comparative analysis performed which is based on a comparison with different method and used first dataset. The proposed integration approach performed exceptionally with the different method and accomplished the maximum performance with respect to area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) (95.66%).
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Nestle, Marion. "Animalv. plant foods in human diets and health: is the historical record unequivocal?" Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, nr 2 (maj 1999): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665199000300.
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An ideal diet is one that promotes optimal health and longevity. Throughout history, human societies have developed varieties of dietary patterns based on available food plants and animals that successfully supported growth and reproduction. As economies changed from scarcity to abundance, principal diet-related diseases have shifted from nutrient deficiencies to chronic diseases related to dietary excesses. This shift has led to increasing scientific consensus that eating more plant foods but fewer animal foods would best promote health. This consensus is based on research relating dietary factors to chronic disease risks, and to observations of exceptionally low chronic disease rates among people consuming vegetarian, Mediterranean and Asian diets. One challenge to this consensus is the idea that palaeolithic man consumed more meat than currently recommended, and that this pattern is genetically determined. If such exists, a genetic basis for ideal proportions of plant or animal foods is difficult to determine; hominoid primates are largely vegetarian, current hunter—gatherer groups rely on foods that can be obtained most conveniently, and the archeological record is insufficient to determine whether plants or animals predominated. Most evidence suggests that a shift to largely plant-based diets would reduce chronic disease risks among industrialized and rapidly industrializing populations. To accomplish this shift, it will be necessary to overcome market-place barriers and to develop new policies that will encourage greater consump-tion of fruits, vegetables and grains as a means to promote public health.
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Gustafson, Bryon G. "State-level differences in fatal law enforcement officer collisions". Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 38, nr 3 (17.08.2015): 436–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-03-2015-0043.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate variability in law enforcement officer (LEO) traffic fatality rates among states in order to identify policy-relevant areas of opportunity to reduce deaths. Design/methodology/approach – Differences in state highway spending, regulatory policy, law enforcement training, LEO and general public traffic fatalities, and other state-level variables are explored through cross-sectional regression analysis and qualitative content analysis. Data were used from the Federal Bureau of Investigation Crime in the USA and LEOs Killed and Assaulted reports, and the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration Fatality Analysis Reporting System, among other sources. Findings – There are a number of significant state-level variables and trends that contribute to differences in LEO traffic fatality rates. Maximum highway speed limits and general population traffic fatalities are found to be statistically significant predictors. Thematic factors relating to LEO exceptionalism, agency sovereignty, training, and external control loci, emerged through qualitative analysis. Research limitations/implications – Limitations included differences in definition, consistency, and reporting among data sources. Qualitative analysis of some variables were limited and future research should pursue more robust and repeated/longitudinal measures. Practical implications – Policymakers have an opportunity to review significant factors contributing to higher/lower collision involvement rates and make changes to police practices to reduce collision involvement and improve safety for LEOs. Originality/value – No prior study has offered a national, cross-case analysis of LEO traffic fatalities by state. This paper offers law enforcement policymakers empirical examples of successful LEO traffic safety policies.
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Castillo-Valenzuela, Oscar, Lissette Duarte, Miguel Arredondo, Germán Iñiguez, Luis Villarroel i Francisco Pérez-Bravo. "Childhood Obesity and Plasma Micronutrient Deficit of Chilean Children between 4 and 14 Years Old". Nutrients 15, nr 7 (31.03.2023): 1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15071707.
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Objective: To analyze the nutritional status and plasma levels of vitamins and minerals in a cohort of Chilean children between 4 and 14 years old from three cities in Chile (Santiago, Antofagasta, and Concepcion). Design: This is a descriptive analysis of micronutrient levels in Chilean children as it relates to obesity and food consumption. Setting: This study included 1235 children from schools in Santiago (central area), Antofagasta (northern area), and Concepcion (southern area) in Chile. Results: Plasma levels of micronutrients revealed deficiencies in children from all these cities. Copper (26.4%) and calcium (33.0%) deficiencies were found in the children from Antofagasta, whereas iron (26.7%) and zinc (20.8%) deficiencies were found in the children from Concepcion and Santiago, respectively. The percentage of children with vitamin D deficiencies was exceptionally high in all cities (over 78%). The analysis of micronutrients and nutritional status revealed that vitamin D deficiencies were significantly higher (p = 0.02) in overweight children, particularly in Antofagasta. In the analysis of the nutritional status of children and their food consumption habits, the proportion of overweight and obesity was significantly higher (p = 0.001) in children that skipped breakfast compared to children that did not. Finally, children from low socioeconomic levels were significantly more overweight and obese compared to children from high socioeconomic levels (p < 0.05). Conclusions: this is the first study to describe plasma levels of micronutrients in Chilean children and adolescents. High percentages of obesity, overweight, and vitamin D deficiency were detected in children. These results are of significant relevance to future public health policies in Chile.
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Kamaruddin, Hanim, Maskun, Farida Patittingi, Hasbi Assidiq, Siti Nurhaliza Bachril i Nurul Habaib Al Mukarramah. "Legal Aspect of Plastic Waste Management in Indonesia and Malaysia: Addressing Marine Plastic Debris". Sustainability 14, nr 12 (7.06.2022): 6985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14126985.
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Marine plastic debris is a common issue faced by the entire international community, with some countries finding it exceptionally difficult to address and combat the issue, including Indonesia and Malaysia. The two neighboring countries are ranked as the largest contributors of plastic waste in the ocean. Unmanaged plastic waste that will ultimately end up in waters and seas has become a major issue that Indonesia and Malaysia must deal with, and a firm legal approach holds a key role for both countries in solving the issue. This paper is devoted to normatively analyzing the various legal approaches that are/can be used by Indonesia and Malaysia, and to identify the problems related to such approaches. This article applies normative legal research, in which various legal instruments and other secondary legal materials are descriptively analyzed to unravel the legal issues. The main findings reveal that laws and regulations, as well as public policies that serve as a legal basis and approaches to deal with plastic waste governance in Indonesia and Malaysia, still possess some weaknesses, including the absence of distinctive provisions specifically aimed at dealing with plastic waste, the lower legal binding power of some instruments due to their soft-law nature, and the application of rather ineffective approaches. One important initial step towards actually exerting the legal approaches in governing plastic waste in both countries is to strengthen the governing structure and legal culture surrounding the management of plastic waste. Finally, this paper encourages the establishment of a bilateral agreement between Indonesia and Malaysia that will allow both countries to formulate a more legally binding framework for tackling the issues of marine waste in general and marine plastic debris in particular.
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Strauss, Benjamin H., Scott A. Kulp, D. J. Rasmussen i Anders Levermann. "Unprecedented threats to cities from multi-century sea level rise". Environmental Research Letters 16, nr 11 (22.10.2021): 114015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2e6b.
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Abstract A portion of human-caused carbon dioxide emissions will stay in the atmosphere for hundreds of years, raising temperatures and sea levels globally. Most nations’ emissions-reduction policies and actions do not seem to reflect this long-term threat, as collectively they point toward widespread permanent inundation of many developed areas. Using state-of-the-art new global elevation and population data, we show here that, under high emissions scenarios leading to 4 ∘C warming and a median projected 8.9 m of global mean sea level rise within a roughly 200- to 2000-year envelope, at least 50 major cities, mostly in Asia, would need to defend against globally unprecedented levels of exposure, if feasible, or face partial to near-total extant area losses. Nationally, China, India, Indonesia, and Vietnam, global leaders in recent coal plant construction, have the largest contemporary populations occupying land below projected high tide lines, alongside Bangladesh. We employ this population-based metric as a rough index for the potential exposure of the largely immovable built environment embodying cultures and economies as they exist today. Based on median sea level projections, at least one large nation on every continent but Australia and Antarctica would face exceptionally high exposure: land home to at least one-tenth and up to two-thirds of current population falling below tideline. Many small island nations are threatened with near-total loss. The high tide line could encroach above land occupied by as much as 15% of the current global population (about one billion people). By contrast, meeting the most ambitious goals of the Paris Climate Agreement will likely reduce exposure by roughly half and may avoid globally unprecedented defense requirements for any coastal megacity exceeding a contemporary population of 10 million.
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Gándara, Patricia, i Russell W. Rumberger. "Immigration, Language, and Education: How Does Language Policy Structure Opportunity?" Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 111, nr 3 (marzec 2009): 750–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146810911100303.
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Background/Context According to U.S. Census figures, 11 million elementary and secondary students of immigrant families were enrolled in the public schools in October 2005, representing 20% of all students, and this figure is expected to grow in the coming years. Most of these students enter school as English learners (ELs), and most ELs have exceptionally low performance on measures of academic achievement and attainment. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study This article examines how language policy in the United States has shaped educational opportunities and outcomes for the nation's immigrant students. First, we examine the role of federal policy in shaping these students’ educational opportunities, showing how the changing political landscape in Washington has resulted in inconsistencies in funding and direction for states attempting to serve EL students. Then we focus on how two states with high concentrations of ELs— California and Texas—have responded to the needs of ELs, including the provision of bilingual education, the training and support of properly prepared teachers, and the assessments used to gauge their educational performance. Research Design The article uses secondary data sources. It draws on secondary data analysis to examine the growth of the immigrant and linguistic minority populations and their educational achievement; it draws on both historical analysis and secondary data analysis to review shifting federal policies; and it draws on demographic, achievement, and reclassification data in analyzing the education of ELs in California and Texas. Findings/Results We found that the changing political landscape in Washington has resulted in inconsistencies in funding and direction for states attempting to serve EL students. We also found that California and Texas appear to have different success rates with their EL students, with Texas reclassifying its ELs to fluent English status at higher rates and outperforming California with respect to National Assessment of Educational Progress scores for this same population. Conclusions/Recommendations The article concludes with the major recommendation that the federal government would do well to spearhead and fund a research agenda that addresses the truly important, and unanswered, questions around the education of ELs so that greater guidance can be given to the states in determining how to raise achievement and enhance the psychosocial development of these students.
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Terblanche, Nic S., i Barry J. Babin. "The gloomy side of value co-creation for service employees". Journal of Services Marketing 38, nr 10 (1.10.2024): 44–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-12-2023-0465.
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Purpose There is a paucity of published research regarding service employees’ side of gloomy consequences emanating from value co-creation (VCC). The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the activities and interactions of VCC that can result in negative well-being for service employees. Design/methodology/approach This paper is a theory synthesis paper and, as such, seeks to accomplish conceptual integration of multiple theories and literature streams. Findings The origins of negative outcomes of VCC are infinite, and for the purpose of this study, the potential triggers of negative outcomes are limited to typical processes and behaviours initiated by VCC of services. For the purposes of this paper, dysfunctional customer behaviour, customer incivility, value co-destruction, boundary-spanning activities, organisational structure and policies and resource integration are investigated as sources of negative well-being for service employees. Research limitations/implications The first limitation is the focus on offline transactions. Although the accepted definition of a service ecosystem provides for it to be a “self-adjusting system” a need could emerge for some formal management structure to cope with the increasing complexity of service transactions. A theoretical implication of this paper is that it includes a few lesser researched elements in the context of VCC. A starting point to deal with undesirable VCC interactions is to distinguish between undesirable interaction outcomes that originated inside the firm (own service employees) and those that originated from outside the firm (dysfunctional customers). Practical implications A first suggestion on how managers could deal with undesirable VCC interactions is to distinguish between undesirable interaction outcomes that originated inside the firm (e.g. own service employees, firm policies and structure) and those that originated from outside the firm (e.g. customer incivility and dysfunctional customers), as these two types of interaction outcomes require different interventions. Firms will need to bring together, study, analyse and assess all service employee experiences and challenges generated by VCC interactions. The frequency and significance of negative incidents should indicate the amount of effort and time to be spent on types of negative incidents. Social implications A challenge for service ecosystems is how they will adjust to comply with novel and traditional non-business objectives in the light of transformational, upliftment and other calls from society, whilst at the same time improving the well-being of the entire service ecosystem (i.e. providers, users and society). The improvement of well-being versus reducing suffering/losses/risks is not an option. The words of Hammedi et al. (2024, p. 159) “we move towards the conceptualization of service ecosystem health as a harmonious state in which private, public and planetary well-being merge” are exceptionally fitting here. Originality/value The negative consequences of VCC impact the well-being of service employees and are costly for a firm. Suggestions to prevent or limit the impact of undesirable or harmful consequences are made. This study is of value for service businesses, service academics and society. A greater awareness of the destructive nature of negative consequences of VCC will hopefully transpire from this study.
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Vázquez Alonso, Víctor J. "Welfare state and judicial review. Aproximación a una teoría «posible» del estado social en el federalismo = Welfare State and Judicial Review". Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, nr 34 (1.07.2014): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.34.2014.14072.
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En este trabajo se lleva a cabo una aproximación a la evolución del Estado Social en el Federalismo americano, destacando el papel que ha tenido en la misma el Judicial Review. Para ello, primeramente, se estudiarán las causas del denominado excepcionalismo americano, en lo referido a la falta de consagración constitucional de los derechos sociales. Se estudiarán aquí los frustrados intentos de la Corte Suprema de dotar de eficacia a ciertos derechos sociales a partir de la Enmienda Catorce. Una vez señalada esta excepción americana, se analizará cómo la construcción de un estado del bienestar en los Estados Unidos, desde el New Deal hasta nuestros días, ha ido de la mano de una interpretación de las categorías del federalismo favorable a los poderes del Congreso. Del mismo modo, se llamará la atención sobre las limitación que tienen los jueces estatales para dar eficacia a los derechos sociales de sus constituciones y de cómo a nivel estatal, se abre paso la idea de reformular la función judicial cuando se trata de aplicar disposiciones de carácter social que exigen políticas públicas. Finalmente, y a la luz de la última jurisprudencia de la Corte Suprema, se insistirá en la necesaria deferencia judicial que reclaman las leyes estatales que sobre una interpretación concreta del federalismo implementan nuevas facetas del bienestar social.This paper addresses the evolution of the Welfare State in American Federalism, highlighting the role played by Judicial Review. With such an aim, we first study the causes of the so-called «American Exceptionalism», in reference to the lack of constitutional enforcement of social rights. Concretely, we will focus on the frustrated attempts of the Supreme Court to give efficacy to certain social rights through the Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution. Once this exception and its reasons are fully acknowledged, we are able to discuss how the construction of the welfare state in the United States, since the New Deal to the present day, has been accompanied by an interpretation of Federal categories very favourable to the powers of the National Congress. Similarly, we will analyse the limitations that state judges have when enforcing social rights protected in state constitutions as well as the current debate taking place at the state level regarding possible reformulations of the judicial function when it comes to implement provisions of social nature that require public policies. Finally, and in light of the recent case law of the Supreme Court, we will insist on the necessary judicial deference in cases in which Federal categories are used to implement new welfare goals.
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Dorsman, Karen A., Joy Neumann, Mary Hershberger, Kelli N. Triplett, Sarah E. Messiah i Veronica Bordes Edgar. "22 Adaptive Functioning in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Across the Lifespan: Where are the Social Determinants of Health?" Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (listopad 2023): 630–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561772300797x.
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Objective:22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS) is a multi-systemic disorder with great clinical heterogeneity. It is the most common microdeletion syndrome and one of the most common genetic causes of developmental delays (e.g., motor/speech). 22q11DS is estimated to occur between 1/2,000-4,000 live births. However, the diverse clinical presentation of 22q11DS and health inequities that impact ethnically, racially, linguistically, and economically marginalized groups, make early identification, diagnosis, and access to beneficial early interventions (e.g., speech/behavioral therapy) even more challenging. Therefore, 22q11DS’ true prevalence may be larger than documented. Challenges associated with diagnosis, as well as neurocognitive, psychiatric, and medical co-morbidities associated with 22q11DS have been reported to affect the quality of life and well-being of people living with 22q11DS and their families. Yet, there is limited longitudinal data on lifelong functional outcomes of this population and the social factors that may shape them. This study aimed to 1) review the extant literature on adaptive functioning across the lifespan in 22q11DS and 2) report on relevant social and structural variables considered in the literature to contextualize adaptive functioning.Participants and Methods:A scoping review was conducted between January-June 2022 across six electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, Ovid MEDLINE, EBSCO, and Embase. The 'building block’ method was used to identify and design a comprehensive search strategy used to scan publications’ titles, keywords, and abstracts. Citation mining strategy was utilized to identify additional relevant studies. The following inclusion criteria was met: 1) empirical studies conducted in humans, 2) participants with confirmed diagnosis of 22q11DS, 3) evaluation of adaptive functioning, 4) use of at least one standardized measure of adaptive functioning and 5) written or translated into English or Spanish.Results:Eighty-four records were initially identified. After deduplication, abstract screening, and full record reviews, a total of twenty-two studies met inclusion criteria for this review. Only eight publications explored adaptive skills as one of their primary outcomes. Clinically significant symptoms of anxiety, withdrawal, anhedonia, and flat affect were associated with worse functional outcomes. Fifteen studies reported between one and three demographic variables (e.g., race/ethnicity, years of education), and only two studies documented mental health treatment status/history. Most studies reported lower adaptive abilities in participants with 22q11DS independent from their cognitive abilities, but the majority of participants scored between the below average range and exceptionally low range on measures of intellectual functioning. Nonetheless, information on contextual variables (e.g., educational/occupational opportunities) that may help to interpret these findings was lacking.Conclusions:Methodological differences (e.g., definition and measurement of adaptive functioning), recruitment bias (small, clinic-based identified samples) and lack of information regarding contextual level factors, may be limiting our understanding of the neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric trajectories of people with 22q11DS. It is vital to increase representative samples in epidemiological/clinical studies, as well as research examining the social and structural factors (e.g., access to healthcare, socioeconomic position) that impact functional outcomes in this population to promote public health policies that can improve brain health across the lifespan.
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Haycox, Hannah. "Policy paradoxes and the Vulnerable Persons Resettlement Scheme: How welfare policies impact resettlement support". Critical Social Policy, 14.04.2022, 026101832210885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02610183221088532.
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The Vulnerable Persons Resettlement Scheme (VPRS) comprised the UK government's primary response to persons forcibly displaced by the Syrian civil war. Recipients were granted immediate recourse to public funds and a locally-based 12-month integration support plan, designed at the discretion of practitioners. Drawing on forty in-depth interviews with refugees and practitioners in two areas with contrasting local approaches, this article explores the tensions that emerged when broader central government policies (distinct from the VPRS), intersected with resettlement support in recipients’ lives. Two current welfare reforms are identified and evaluated as having impacted resettled families’ housing experiences: firstly; the Two-Child Limit and secondly; the Benefit Cap. The article demonstrates how the financial precarity produced by both policies undermined local practitioners’ resettlement support. In doing so, the article challenges dominant policy narratives of exceptionality, locating those resettled within the routinised systems of precarity and conditionality embedded in the welfare system.
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Knox, Andrew. "Inequality: American Exceptionalism or Global Trend?" Perceptions 4, nr 1 (16.01.2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.15367/pj.v4i1.47.
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Has the precipitous rise in inequality in the United States since the 1970s been a primarily American phenomenon, or is it simply the most extreme example of a larger international trend? The authors in this syllabus have emphasized the uniqueness of American inequality - in part to draw attention to the importance of national policy, in part as a rhetorical appeal that inequality is not a necessary fact of modern life, and in part to argue against explanations that attribute rising inequality to skills-based technological change (SBTC) or “globalization.” According to Hacker and Pierson, the rise of inequality “has been substantially more meteoric in the United States than in other rich nations... The hyperconcentration of income in the United States... sets the United States apart from other rich nations, calling into serious doubt the usual explanation for America’s winner-take-all economy, SBTC.”1Therefore, American politics is to blame for rising inequality, not transnational economic or political trends. Increases in inequality in other nations, especially the Anglo-Saxon countries, they attribute to economic competition with, and interconnection to the U.S. Also, “these [English-speaking] nations have also generally emulated U.S. public policymore than other nations have.” But what is distinctly American about the policies that they refer to?
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Rice, Whitney S., Subasri Narasimhan, Anna Newton-Levinson, Johanna Pringle, Sara K. Redd i Dabney P. Evans. "“Post-Roe” Abortion Policy Context Heightens the Imperative for Multilevel, Comprehensive, Integrated Health Education". Health Education & Behavior, 29.09.2022, 109019812211253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10901981221125399.
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The exceptionalism of abortion in public health education, due to social stigma, politicization, and lack of training, contributes to misinformation, policies unjustified by rigorous science, lack of access to person-centered health care, and systemic pregnancy-related inequities. Now that abortion access has vanished for large portions of the United States, following the Supreme Court decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization ( JWHO), health educators must work to eliminate abortion-related silos, destigmatize abortion education, and bring comprehensive sexual and reproductive health information and evidence to the many audiences that will require it. We discuss consequences of abortion exceptionalism in health education for the public, health care providers, pregnant people, and health professionals in training—and opportunities to better and more accessibly provide sexual and reproductive health education to these audiences.
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Jiménez-Franco, Daniel, Jesús C. Aguerri i Alejandro Forero-Cuéllar. "Off-the-Cuff Law-Making: Policing Pandemic Dispossession in Spain". Critical Criminology, 4.07.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10612-023-09702-y.
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AbstractThis article presents a discussion concerning the role of police rationale(s) in Spain within the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, where exceptionalist strategies aimed at curtailing the spread of the virus came to dramatically strengthen existing social divisions. In line with some authors who have already approached this phenomenon from different disciplines, our premise is that most serious emergencies boosted by Covid-19 were not a mere matter of public health, but rather a particularly harmful expression of accumulation by dispossession. Thus, rather than a flaw in the system produced by an exceptional friction between public security and public health, securitarian performances deployed by neoliberal states can be read as symbiotic strategies, from both law and order and business as usual approaches, to manage the social “externalities” of capitalist predatory strategies. As we will argue, phenomena such as the reinforcement of the policing consensus, police production of law, or the authoritarian turn favored by the Covid-19 health crisis must all be analyzed in this context.
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Allahham, Lilas, Sulaiman Mouselli i Mihajlo Jakovljevic. "The quality of Syrian healthcare services during COVID-19: A HEALTHQUAL approach". Frontiers in Public Health 10 (11.08.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.970922.
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Syria is a developing country that face enormous healthcare challenges that aggravated with the outbreak of COVID-19. In the study, we evaluate the perceived healthcare service quality based on hospital type, public and private, using five HEALTHQUAL dimensions. We find that service quality in Syrian private hospitals is perceived better that in public hospitals. However, neither type of hospitals scores exceptionally high in any of the examined HEALTHQUAL dimensions. On the contrary, both hospitals score extremely low in the Improvement dimension. We argue that crowdedness environment, medical staff availability and their low salaries, pricing policies as well as the health insurance system, are to blame for such low perceived quality.
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Duff, Koshka, i Tom Kemp. "Strip-searching as abjectification: Racism and sexual violence in British policing". Theoretical Criminology, 24.03.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13624806241230485.
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This article examines police strip-searching practices in the UK. Drawing on newly acquired Freedom of Information data, publicly available testimonies, thematic analysis of official literature and media reports, and first-hand experience, we advance three arguments. First, strip-searching is used systematically, not exceptionally, and targets young people and people of colour, especially Black young men and boys. Second, strip-searching in practice is demonstrably excessive when measured against its stated rationales of ‘crime’ detection and ‘caring’ for detainees; we unpick the circular logics through which it is legitimized in official and public discourse. Third, drawing on Sharpe's notion of the abject, we argue that strip-searching, as a form of normalized sexual violence folded into the rubric of ‘care’, is part of a project of abjectification that aims to exclude the individuals and groups it targets from social and political subjecthood.
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"MIGRATION, THE PERCEPTION OF SECURITY RISKS AND MEDIA INTERPRETATION FRAMEWORKS IN CROATIA AND HUNGARY". Studia Polensia 8, nr 1 (4.12.2019): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32728/studpol/2019.08.01.01.
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Although they are the most vulnerable group of people, immigrants are often perceived as a threat, with immigration and terrorism issues put under a common denominator. Political discourse and mass media are contributing factors, which, when framing migrants as a threat and emphasizing the connection with terrorism in their reporting, can affect the perception of public safety risks. Framing migrants as a terrorist risk has a negative impact on migration-related policies, changing focus from humanitarian towards security issues. The European Union’s migration policy is humanitarian, but it is reconsidered by individual member states defining migration as a risk. In these countries, measures to prevent terrorism include the acceptance of restrictive immigration policies, e.g. in Hungary. In the process of securitization, migrants are interpreted as a risk and threat to the survival of traditional identity values. This problem is analysed through examples of Hungary, a country with an exceptionally restrictive migration policy, and neighbouring Croatia which was perceived as a transitional country for migrants and refugees on their way West during the European migration crisis in 2015 and 2016, much like Hungary. For this purpose, several components are considered: the results of longitudinal Eurobarometer surveys that can determine public opinion changes in EU member states, the trends and results of the Hungarian referendum on migration quotas from October 2016, and the selected research and analysis of trends and media coverage of this issue in media. It is an attempt to determine whether and to what extent the public, political authorities and media in Croatia and Hungary referred to “unintentional” or „forced migrants“ as the negative non- European Other, during the European migration crisis.
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How-Kit, Alexandre, Mourad Sahbatou, Lise M. Hardy, Nicolas P. Tessier, Valérie Schiavon, Hélène Le Buanec, Jean-Marc Sebaoun, Hélène Blanché, Jean-François Zagury i Jean-François Deleuze. "The CEPH aging cohort and biobank: a valuable collection of biological samples from exceptionally long-lived French individuals and their offspring for longevity studies". GeroScience, 23.12.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11357-023-01037-4.
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AbstractThe increasing aging of the human population is currently and for the coming decades a major public health issue in many countries, requiring the implementation of global public health policies promoting healthy and successful aging. Individuals are not equal in the face of aging and some can present exceptional healthspan and/or lifespan, which are notably influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Research and studies on human aging, healthy aging and longevity should rely in particular on cohorts of long-lived individuals, also including biological samples allowing studies on the biology of aging and longevity. In this manuscript, we provide for the first time a complete description of the CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymophisme Humain) Aging cohort, an exceptional cohort recruited during the 90s to 2000s, including more than 1700 French long-lived individuals (≥ 90 years old) born between 1875 and 1916 as well as for some of them their siblings and offspring. Among the participants, 1265 were centenarians, including 255 semi-supercentenarians ([105–110] years old) and 25 supercentenarians (≥ 110 years old). The available anthropometric, epidemiologic and clinical data for the cohort participants are described and especially the collection of blood-derived biological samples associated with the cohort which includes DNA, cryopreserved cells and cell lines, plasma, and serum. This biological collection from the first cohort of centenarians in the world is an inestimable resource for ongoing and future molecular, cellular, and functional studies aimed at deciphering the mechanisms of human (successful) aging and longevity.
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Kim, James D. "Presidential hawkishness, domestic popularity, and diplomatic normalization". Presidential Studies Quarterly, 15.11.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psq.12863.
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AbstractWhen does the United States normalize its diplomatic relations with its adversaries? This article introduces a theory of diplomatic normalization, focusing on the interaction between the hawkishness of presidents and their domestic popularity. I argue that dovish presidents are more likely to pursue normalization when their domestic approval ratings plummet, as this makes them shift their priorities toward policies they find themselves more comfortable and confident handling. Doves are less likely to pursue normalization when they enjoy high popularity, so as not to jeopardize favorable public support. In contrast, hawkish presidents typically do not support normalization, regardless of their domestic standing, as it does not align with their top policy priorities. The exception arises in the rare instance of a president with an exceptionally high degree of hawkishness who is able to pursue reconciliation without losing his support. I test my theoretical expectations using data on U.S. presidents' latent hawkishness and their diplomatic normalization decisions from 1950 to 2005. The empirical evidence supports all hypotheses, underscoring the importance of understanding the interaction between a leader's personal attributes and the domestic political climate when studying foreign policy decisions.
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Pillay, Shiu Nadan, i Rosalie Muertigue Palaroan. "Evaluating social inclusion for the Bangladesh settlers in Nakasi: Post-urban regeneration". Harmoni Sosial: Jurnal Pendidikan IPS 10, nr 1 (2.03.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/hsjpi.v10i1.53339.
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This paper examines the concept of the government's 'social housing' policies for the urban poor and assesses their effectiveness. This research aimed to study an upgraded squatter settlement using subdivision and urban renewal concepts and gauge the social effects of the project as experienced by the residents. The paper also suggests how these state-sponsored programs can be improved and enhanced. Thus, it also reviews similar programs in other cities and countries as lessons to be learned. Due to the continuous population growth in the Suva-Nausori corridor, the demand for housing, exceptionally affordable housing, is exponentially growing, and this has led to real estate speculations and bubbles, substandard housing, overcrowding, squatting on public and private lands and homelessness, and this has led to other social problems. A field research study was carried out in 3 lower-income settlements within the affluent district of Nakasi. The findings revealed the need for more government interventions and a more strategic approach to rectify the severe shortfall of housing stock. The paper also notes the importance of the need for a paradigm shift in the state's housing policy to provide low-cost built housing, as opposed to just land length of service, which could not address some crucial issues experienced by the settlers.
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Mak, Ivy Lynn, Eric Yuk Fai Wan, Teenie Kwan Tung Wong, Wendy Woo Jung Lee, Esther Wai Yin Chan, Edmond Pui Hang Choi, Celine Sze Ling Chui i in. "The Spill-Over Impact of the Novel Coronavirus-19 Pandemic on Medical Care and Disease Outcomes in Non-communicable Diseases: A Narrative Review". Public Health Reviews 43 (27.04.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2022.1604121.
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Objectives: The coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has claimed more than 5 million lives worldwide by November 2021. Implementation of lockdown measures, reallocation of medical resources, compounded by the reluctance to seek help, makes it exceptionally challenging for people with non-communicable diseases (NCD) to manage their diseases. This review evaluates the spill-over impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with NCDs including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes mellitus, chronic respiratory disease, chronic kidney disease, dementia, mental health disorders, and musculoskeletal disorders.Methods: Literature published in English was identified from PubMed and medRxiv from January 1, 2019 to November 30, 2020. A total of 119 articles were selected from 6,546 publications found.Results: The reduction of in-person care, screening procedures, delays in diagnosis, treatment, and social distancing policies have unanimously led to undesirable impacts on both physical and psychological health of NCD patients. This is projected to contribute to more excess deaths in the future.Conclusion: The spill-over impact of COVID-19 on patients with NCD is just beginning to unravel, extra efforts must be taken for planning the resumption of NCD healthcare services post-pandemic.
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Jayathilaka, Ruwan, Harindu Adikari, Rangi Liyanage, Rumesh Udalagama i Nuwan Wanigarathna. "Cherish your children: socio-economic and demographic characteristics associated with child mortality". BMC Public Health 21, nr 1 (24.06.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11276-9.
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Abstract Background The United Nations Interagency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNIGME) indicates that child mortality is the death rate of children between age zero to five. The importance of this area of research is high where worldwide a number of studies have been led on infant and child mortality, despite limited research discoveries with regards to Sri Lanka. The aim of this study is to investigate the socio-economic and demographic characteristics associated with child mortality in Sri Lanka. Methods Using the context of Sri Lanka as a case study, this study carried out based on data gathered from the micro level national survey. Using the logit regression model through the step-wise technique, the study investigate the socio-economic and demographic characteristics associated with child mortality in Sri Lanka. Results According to the generated results, place of residence province-wise, household head’s education level and source of drinking water have negative effect (lower risk) on child mortality in Sri Lanka. Exceptionally, the Western province has the highest negative effect on child mortality which demonstrates it as the least harmful region in Sri Lanka in child endurance. Household heads who owns private entities and Sri Lankan Moors has a positive effect on child mortality as well. Conclusion This study is helpful to address the population health of local arena and results can be supportive to the government and policymakers to gain an overview of physical health status of the country and able to uplift their policies based on the new findings.
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Shrira, Ilan, i Joshua D. Foster. "Elevated drug overdose mortality among Americans who visit Florida, 2003–2020". Injury Prevention, 2.02.2024, ip—2023–045053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip-2023-045053.
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ObjectiveFlorida state has played a conspicuous role in the current U.S. drug epidemic. Reports suggest that even non-Florida residents may suffer excessive overdose fatalities while visiting the state, possibly in connection to two sets of events: (1) the overprescribing of controlled substances, and more recently, (2) the exploitation of patients’ insurance benefits by unscrupulous operators of substance use treatment facilities in Florida. To date, however, no research has examined the overdose fatalities of non-Florida residents inside Florida.MethodsDeath certificate data were used to calculate proportionate mortality ratios for overdoses among Florida residents and visitors. Deaths occurring in the rest of the USA were used as reference populations.ResultsBetween 2003 and 2020, overdose mortality was slightly elevated for Florida residents within their home counties (106.7 (95% CI 105.8 to 107.5)) and in other Florida counties (113.0 (95% CI 110.0 to 116.0)). Significantly, this mortality was much higher among out-of-state visitors in Florida (163.1 (95% CI 157.5 to 168.8)). When analysed by year, greater overdose mortality among visitors coincided with years when drug prescribing in Florida was rampant, and with the advent of expanded insurance coverage for substance use treatment. During this more recent period (since 2014), overdose mortality was exceptionally high for out-of-state visitors in Palm Beach County, where reports of malpractice in the Florida treatment industry have been concentrated.ConclusionsOverdose mortality was disproportionately high among out-of-state visitors in Florida. The results suggest that the regulatory policies in Florida may be implicated in drug-related casualties of people who live in other parts of the USA.
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Jackson, Sebastian. "Miscegenation Madness". Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 18.09.2024, 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x24000080.
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Abstract In this article, I examine how the fear of miscegenation developed as a raison d’être for the construction and maintenance of apartheid. I argue that despite its efficacy at reproducing racial-caste formations, miscegenation taboo ultimately undermined its own hegemonic mythology by constructing contradictory erotic desires and subjectivities which could neither be governed nor contained. I consider how miscegenation fears and fantasies were debated in public discourse, enacted into law, institutionalized through draconian policing and punishment practices, culturally entrenched, yet negotiated and resisted through everyday intimacies. While crime statistics show that most incidences of interracial sex involved White men and women of color, the perceived threat to “White purity” was generally represented through images of White women—volks-mothers and daughters—in the Afrikaner nationalist iconography. White women’s wombs symbolized the future of “Whiteness.” This article offers a critique of the prevailing South African “exceptionalism” paradigm in apartheid studies. Detailed analyses of government commission reports (1939, 1984, 1985) and parliamentary debate records (1949) reveal considerable American influence on South Africa’s “petty apartheid” laws, and especially the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949) and Immorality Amendment Act (1950). While these “cornerstone” policies of apartheid developed from local socio-political conflicts and economic tensions, they were always entangled in global racial formations, rooted in trans-oceanic histories of slavery, dispossession, and segregation. This historical anthropological study of race/sex taboo builds on interdisciplinary literatures in colonial history, sociology, postcolonial studies, literary theory, art history, cultural studies, feminist theory, queer studies, and critical race theory.