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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 20 lutego 2023

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1

1956-, Harvey Philip D., Walker Elaine F, State University of New York at Binghamton. i Cornell University, red. Positive and negative symptoms in psychosis: Description, research, and future directions. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1987.

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1935-, Takada Akikazu, i Curzon G. 1928-, red. Serotonin in the central nervous system and periphery: Proceedings of the Symposium on Serotonin in the Central Nervous System and Periphery, April 1-2, 1995, Nagoya, Japan. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1995.

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Swift, Alan. Psychotic Symptoms. Lulu Press, Inc., 2014.

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Cepeda, Claudio. Psychotic Symptoms in Children and Adolescents. Routledge, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203961599.

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Erlich, Matthew D., Thomas E. Smith, Ewald Horwath i Francine Cournos. Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0004.

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Patients with schizophrenia experience three categories of symptoms: positive (delusions and hallucinations); negative (blunting of affective expression, loss of volition, and apathy); and disorganized (as reflected by a formal thought disorder). A diagnosis of schizophrenia requires that continuous signs of illness, which may include prodromal and residual symptoms, be present for at least 6 months. Research indicates that schizophrenia is likely a neurodevelopmental illness with clear heritable risk factors. Patients with schizophrenia tend to have an illness onset by young adulthood and a generally debilitating and long-term course, but the degree of disability and functional impairment is widely variable. Other illnesses characterized by prominent psychotic symptoms include schizoaffective disorder and delusional disorder. Treatment for psychotic illnesses includes antipsychotic medication and recovery-oriented psychosocial interventions aimed at “psychiatric rehabilitation” wherein patients can learn or relearn skills necessary to live independently and work competitively.

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Marcsisin, Michael J., i Jessica M. Gannon. History and Phenomenology of Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199331505.003.0001.

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Psychosis has probably affected humans since the start of humanity itself, although the construct of schizophrenia is a relatively new phenomenon, dating back to the nineteenth century. Work by Emil Kraepelin and Eugen Bleuler helped consolidate ideas about psychotic disorders, setting the stage for both clinical care and neuroscience research in subsequent centuries. Phenomenologically, psychotic symptoms range from “positive” symptoms (delusions, hallucinations), to “negative” symptoms (avolition, affective blunting), to “disorganization” symptoms (disorganized speech and behavior), which all combine to produce functional deficits. Different psychotic disorders have different combinations of symptoms, which can combine with mood and anxiety symptoms to affect functioning problems in unique ways. These symptoms can be recognized fairly reliably in individuals. Understanding the inner experience of psychosis can help improve patient-centered care.

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(Editor), Philip D. Harvey, i Elaine Walker (Editor), red. Positive and Negative Symptoms in Psychosis: Description, Research, and Future Directions. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1987.

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Psychotic Symptoms in Children and Adolescents: Assessment, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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Cepeda, Claudio. Psychotic Symptoms in Children and Adolescents: Assessment, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment. Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.

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Cepeda, Claudio. Psychotic Symptoms in Children and Adolescents: Assessment, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment. Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.

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Cepeda, Claudio. Psychotic Symptoms in Children and Adolescents: Assessment, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment. Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.

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Cepeda, Claudio. Psychotic Symptoms in Children and Adolescents: Assessment, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment. Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.

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Psychotic Symptoms in Children and Adolescents: Assessment, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment. Brunner-Routledge, 2006.

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Ellison, Justin C., Jason B. Rosenstock i Michael J. Marcsisin. Somatic Treatments for Psychotic Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199331505.003.0006.

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A variety of somatic therapies can be used to treat individuals suffering from psychosis. Most commonly, providers will prescribe antipsychotics, which generally block dopamine receptors and are particularly useful at reducing positive symptoms. Second-generation antipsychotics have fewer movement side effects than older agents do, but they are more expensive and have more metabolic side effects. Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics can be useful for improving outcomes, especially in non-adherent patients, and clozapine is the gold standard for treatment-refractory psychosis. Other agents may be useful for adjunct therapy, or in early psychosis, such as antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and benzodiazepines. In this chapter, we will also review other somatic therapies such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and other neuromodulation approaches.

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Byrne, Majella, Suzanne Jolley i Emmanuelle Peters. Cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198828761.003.0011.

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This chapter outlines current cognitive behaviour therapy approaches for positive psychotic symptoms and their theoretical underpinnings. The difficulties of translating research into frontline practice are examined, with recommendations for effective implementation. Evidence for the effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis (CBTp) is reviewed, identifying challenges in the design, conduct, and interpretation of evaluations. New developments are highlighted, including specific interventions designed to target single psychological processes hypothesized to cause or maintain distressing psychotic symptoms. The current evidence for CBTp specifically for those with persisting and distressing positive symptoms of psychosis, who either do not respond to medication or have chosen not to take medication, is outlined. Finally, predictors of good outcome in CBTp are presented.

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Young, Jared W., Alan Anticevic i Deanna M. Barch. Cognitive and Motivational Neuroscience of Psychotic Disorders. Redaktorzy Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar i Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0016.

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Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome presenting with a constellation of symptoms. Clinicians have long recognized that abnormalities in cognitive function and motivated behavior are a key component of psychosis, and of schizophrenia in particular. Here we postulate that these deficits may reflect, at least in part, impairments in the ability to actively maintain and utilize internal representations of emotional experiences, previous rewards, and motivational goals in order to drive current and future behavior in a way that would normally allow individuals to obtain desired outcomes. We discuss the evidence for such impairment in schizophrenia, how it manifests in domains typically referred to as executive control, working memory, and episodic memory, how it may help us understand impairments in reward processing and motivation in schizophrenia, and the animal research consistent with these hypotheses.

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Rosenstock, Jason B. Diagnosis and Assessment of Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199331505.003.0002.

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It can be difficult assessing patients who present with psychotic symptoms. In this chapter, we will present a framework for how to make (and share) a definitive diagnose that will inform future treatment. In our approach, assessment requires both detailed cross-sectional and longitudinal components. Presentations may be heterogeneous, although diagnosis is grounded in key DSM-5 criteria, based on history and clinical assessment. Providers must rule out other psychiatric and medical conditions that can cause psychosis, before settling on a primary psychotic disorder. Finally, we must be careful when making a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder: it takes time, and when the news is delivered to patients and families, providers must be encouraging and hopeful about possibilities for recovery.

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Nasrallah, Henry A., i Priyanka Sarihan. The Use of Antipsychotics in PTSD. Redaktorzy Charles B. Nemeroff i Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0036.

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Psychosis is one of the manifestations of the post-traumatic stress Disorder (PTSD) syndrome. Several controlled and uncontrolled trials have been published about the efficacy and safety of second-generation antipsychotic drugs in PTSD. In this chapter, we review the various studies and provide data related to the management of psychotic symptoms in the context of PTSD. Most second-generation antipsychotic agents exert efficacy in PTSD, with varying degrees of tolerability and safety. In many cases, they may be used in combination with other medications targeting depression and anxiety, the most common symptom clusters in PTSD.

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Parnas, Josef. On psychosis: Karl Jaspers and beyond. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609253.003.0014.

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Psychosis is one of the cardinal concepts of psychopathology (Jaspers), with an important descriptive use and frequent but unclear nosological connotations. Despite its central role in clinical psychiatry, it is only inadequately and vaguely addressed and articulated in the contemporary psychodiagnostic manuals. Typically, the descriptive use of this concept—as a ”break with reality”—is always infused with, and framed by pathogenetic hypotheses (e.g. ”weak ego-function” or ”brain disorder”). Because we are not in possession of any extraclinical index of psychosis, all definitions of”psychosis” and ”psychotic” remain on a vague, descriptive level and are often tautological. In particular, the attempts to define psychosis through the presence of delusions (or other ”psychotic symptoms”) only recapitulate the puzzle. This essay tries to identify a phenomenological commonality to such descriptions, examining the philosophical and clinical aspects of the concepts of”reality”, ”rationality” (theoretical and practical), ”reality testing”, ”intersubjectivity”, delusion, hallucination etc. It is concluded that ”psychosis” is a normative, context-sensitive, non-operationalizable concept, indicating a condition of ”radical irrationality”. This concept, although invaluable in clinical and legal work, is probably of only limited nosological (etiological) value.

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Compton, Michael T., i Beth Broussard. The First Episode of Psychosis. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195372496.001.0001.

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The First Episode of Psychosis is the ideal book for patients experiencing the frightening and confusing initial episode of psychosis, which often occurs during late adolescence or early adulthood, and which affects nearly 3% of all people over the course of their lifetime. The book covers a range of disorders, focusing on primary psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder, clearly describing symptoms, early warning signs, and treatment--information that is essential for patients and families faced with the challenges posed by psychosis. The book also discusses psychiatric evaluation, healthy lifestyle choices, and the stigma often associated with mental illnesses. Worksheets allow readers to keep records of symptoms to facilitate communication with care providers, and an extensive glossary clarifies the dizzying array of terms used by medical professionals. Optimistic, practical, and recovery-oriented, The First Episode of Psychosis will help patients and their families to take an active, informed role in their care to ensure the best possible prognosis.

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Cavanna, Andrea E. Ethosuximide. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791577.003.0005.

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Ethosuximide is a first-generation antiepileptic drug characterized by few antiepileptic indications, with acceptable interaction profile in polytherapy. Ethosuximide has a good behavioural tolerability profile, but no approved indications or clinical uses in psychiatry. Behavioural adverse effects can sometimes occur following cessation of seizures and normalization of the EEG and resolve with discontinuation of Ethosuximide and seizure recurrence. Specifically, there are reports of psychosis (but no aggression-related behaviours) in adult patients treated with Ethosuximide. Since the psychotic symptoms tend to occur in clear time relation to the Ethosuximide treatment, it seems plausible that they are manifestations of alternative psychosis in the context of forced normalization.

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Cavanna, Andrea E. Behavioural co-morbidities in epilepsy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791577.003.0001.

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The association between epilepsy and specific behavioural co-morbidities has long been recognized. The most common and clinically significant psychiatric disorders reported by patients with epilepsy encompass affective, anxiety, and psychotic symptoms. Behavioural co-morbidities in epilepsy can be classified according to the temporal relationship with seizures—inter-ictal, peri-ictal (pre-ictal, ictal, post-ictal), and para-ictal symptomatology. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can modulate behavioural changes in patients with epilepsy through different pathways and are directly responsible for the clinical phenomenon of ‘forced normalization’ (‘alternative psychosis’).

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Bjørk, Marte Helene, i Malin Eberhard-Gran. Perinatal Depression in Neurological Disease and Disability. Redaktorzy Emma Ciafaloni, Cheryl Bushnell i Loralei L. Thornburg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0034.

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Women and men with neurological disease more often suffer from depression in relation to pregnancy and delivery than other parents. Perinatal depression may harm the parent-child relationship as well as the health of the child. Postnatal psychosis, suicide, and infanticide are rare but severe consequences of the disorder. Symptoms of perinatal depression may overlap with symptoms of neurological disease. Both disorders may aggravate each other. Side effects from neurological treatment could mimic symptoms of depression, and antidepressive drugs could worsen neurological symptoms and interact with other treatment. Neurological patients should be evaluated for risk factors for perinatal depression before delivery. These include previous psychiatric disease, sexual or psychical abuse, sleep problems, high neurological disease activity, and low social support. Pregnant women with previous psychotic episodes or bipolar disease should be referred for psychiatric evaluation before delivery. All patients should be screened for depressive symptoms during follow-up using a 3-step method.

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Parnas, Josef, i Annick Urfer-Parnas. The ontology and epistemology of symptoms: The case of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. Redaktorzy Kenneth S. Kendler i Josef Parnas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.003.0026.

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We present a phenomenological account of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in schizophrenia. We examine the mode of articulation of AVH, their spatial and temporal characteristics, and their relation to self-alienation, reflecting an emergence of otherness (alterity) in the midst of the patient’s self. This process of self-alienation is associated with the emergence of a different reality, a new ontological framework, which obeys other rules of causality and time. Patient becomes psychotic not because they cannot distinguish AVH from mundane perception, but because they are in touch with an alternative form of reality. A characteristic feature of schizophrenia is the coexistence of these incompatible realities. AVH are radically different from perception, and associated delusions stem from a breakthrough to another ontological framework. Thus, the current definition of AVH seems incorrect: The symptom is ontologically complex, involving first- and second-person dimensions, relations to the structure of consciousness, and other psychopathological phenomena.

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Broussard, Beth, i Michael T. Compton. The First Episode of Psychosis. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190920685.001.0001.

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Now in its second edition, The First Episode of Psychosis is the ideal book for young people and their families experiencing the frightening and confusing initial episode of psychosis, which often occurs during late adolescence or early adulthood. The updated edition includes information on specialized early intervention services, going back to school and work, and the latest treatments and medicines. The book covers a range of topics essential for young people and families facing the challenges of psychosis. Topics covered include early warning signs, symptoms, types of primary psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder, evaluation, treatment, and healthy lifestyle choices. Worksheets helps readers to track and better understand their own experiences, and to openly communicate with care providers. An extensive glossary clarifies the dizzying array of terms used by medical professionals. Optimistic, practical, and recovery-oriented, The First Episode of Psychosis will help young people and their families take an active, informed role in their care as they take steps towards achieving their goals.

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Cavanna, Andrea E. Other antiepileptic drugs: rufinamide, lacosamide, perampanel. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791577.003.0017.

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Rufinamide, lacosamide, and perampanel are third-generation agents licensed for use as antiepileptic drugs in recent years. Clinical experience is still limited, and little is known about their positive and negative psychotropic properties or their implications for the management of behavioural symptoms in patients with epilepsy. There are initial reports of anxiety, depression, irritability, and agitation in patients with epilepsy treated with rufinamide, whereas depression, irritability, agitation, and psychotic symptoms have been reported during lacosamide treatment. There are initial reports of behavioural disturbances (especially depression, anxiety, irritability, and psychosis) in patients with epilepsy treated with perampanel. These effects seem to be dose-related and tend to appear within the first weeks of treatment. Overall, these antiepileptic drugs have no indications for the treatment of psychiatric disorders and there is insufficient experience to draw any conclusion regarding their psychotropic profiles.

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Lauriat, Tara L., i Jacqueline A. Samson. Endocrine Disorders Associated with Psychological/Behavioral Problems. Redaktor Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.32.

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Common endocrine disorders often present with psychiatric symptoms and may be mistaken for primary psychiatric disorders. Dysregulation of the following endocrine systems commonly affects behavior: the adrenocorticoid system, the thyroid system, the parathyroid system, the pancreas and regulation of glucose, and the reproductive system. Symptoms of depression and anxiety are common across the spectrum of endocrine disorders and more severe cases may include psychotic features. Clinicians are often faced with the challenge of identifying an underlying endocrine etiology for behavioral changes based on relatively nonspecific symptoms. A general understanding of the signs and symptoms associated with elevated or decreased hormone levels can assist in the differential diagnosis and ultimately increase the likelihood that a patient receives appropriate treatment. Accurate diagnosis can be especially critical in acute behavioral emergencies.

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Burns, Tom, i Mike Firn. Self-neglect. Redaktorzy Tom Burns i Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0014.

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The chapter describes ways of managing self-neglect in psychotic patients living in their own homes. Incidence in the general and mentally ill populations is poorly reported in the literature. The impact of the negative symptoms often found in schizophrenia on behaviour and activities of daily living, as well as consequences for physical health and social inclusion, are presented. The case study in this chapter illustrates ways to document assessed risk and to formulate interventions. Interventions need to be presented practically and sensitively within established relationships.

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Bateman, Anthony W., i Roy Krawitz. Borderline personality disorder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199644209.003.0001.

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Chapter 1 outlines borderline personality disorder (BPD), the history of BPD, its epidemiology, diagnosis and a thorough discussion of the elements of the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for BPD, and explores individual factors to help understand a person’s BPD (biological vulnerability theory, emotional sensitivity, mentalizing vulnerability, Beck’s core schemas, dichotomous (all or nothing) thinking, fluctuating competence, active passivity), and co-occurring conditions (depression, bipolar disorder, psychotic symptoms, dissociation, personality disorders). The chapter also discusses etiology (biological factors, psychological factors, nature and nurture, sociocultural factors), self-harm, prognosis, and psychosocial treatment outcome studies.

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Rucci, Jennifer M., i Robert E. Feinstein. Neurocognitive Disorders and Mental Disorders Due to Another Medical Condition. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0005.

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The defining feature of neurocognitive disorders is a decline in cognitive functioning. Patients suffering from delirium experience an acute change in mental status, fluctuating levels of consciousness, and an inability to acquire new information. Patients with major neurocognitive disorder experience significant cognitive decline in complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual-motor, and social cognition. The chapter also discusses mental disorders due to another medical condition. These patients can experience psychotic, mood, or anxious symptoms or a personality change; their intellectual functioning usually remains intact. A patient presenting with a first episode of psychiatric symptoms and no prior psychiatric history should be evaluated for an acute medical etiology causing the psychiatric symptoms, particularly if he or she is over 40 years of age. Anticholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine) may slow the rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease, and the combination of an anticholinesterase inhibitor and memantine may be more effective than either medication alone.

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Harvey, Philip D., i Elaine Walker, red. Positive and Negative Symptoms in Psychosis. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203782033.

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Cavanna, Andrea E. Topiramate. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791577.003.0013.

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Topiramate is a second-generation antiepileptic drug characterized by a good range of antiepileptic indications, with an acceptable interaction profile in polytherapy. Topiramate has an acceptable behavioural tolerability profile, although it has been associated with a number of negative behavioural effects in patients with epilepsy (in particular depression, irritability, and psychotic symptoms). Identified risk factors for the development of behavioural adverse effects include high starting doses and rapid titration schedules, as well as personal or family history of psychiatric disorders. Topiramate has a restricted range of psychiatric uses , although its clinically significant effect in promoting weight loss in patients with behavioural problems can increase its potential usefulness in psychiatric populations.

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Phillips, Katharine A. Differentiating Body Dysmorphic Disorder from Normal Appearance Concerns and Other Mental Disorders. Redaktor Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0018.

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This chapter discusses differentiation of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) from disorders that may be misdiagnosed as BDD or that present differential diagnosis challenges: eating disorders, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), excoriation (skin-picking) disorder, illness anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, gender dysphoria, avoidant personality disorder, olfactory reference syndrome, and several other constructs. This chapter also discusses how to differentiate BDD from normal appearance concerns and from problematic preoccupation with obvious physical defects.BDD is commonly misdiagnosed as another mental disorder. Sometimes misdiagnosis occurs because patients are too embarrassed and ashamed to reveal their appearance concerns; in such cases, BDD symptoms that are more readily observable (such as social anxiety) may be assigned an incorrect diagnosis while BDD goes undetected. In other cases, BDD symptoms are recognized but are misdiagnosed as another disorder. BDD must be differentiated from other conditions so appropriate treatment can be instituted.

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Cavanna, Andrea E. Levetiracetam, piracetam, and brivaracetam. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791577.003.0008.

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Levetiracetam is a third-generation antiepileptic drug characterized by a wide range of antiepileptic indications, with a very good interaction profile in polytherapy. Levetiracetam has an acceptable behavioural tolerability profile, but limited potential for psychiatric uses. Behavioural adverse events (irritability and emotional lability) are often reported by patients with epilepsy taking levetiracetam; psychotic symptoms and episodes of severe aggression have occasionally been reported. Initial reports suggesting a possible role for levetiracetam in the treatment of bipolar depression and anxiety disorders have not been confirmed by the findings of controlled trials. Two other pyrrolidone derivatives chemically related to levetiracetam, the nootropic drug piracetam and the third-generation antiepileptic drug brivaracetam, do not have psychiatric uses.

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Yang, Yvonne, i Stephen Marder. Pharmacological management of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: fundamentals of clozapine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198828761.003.0006.

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Evidence from controlled clinical trials supports the prescribing of clozapine for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). Early studies focused on severely ill TRS patients. More recent studies indicate that clozapine can be effective for patients who are relatively stable but are burdened by persistent psychotic symptoms. Clozapine treatment is associated with a substantial side effect burden, including sedation, orthostasis, weight gain, constipation, and seizures. In addition, because of a risk of potentially fatal agranulocytosis, clozapine patients require regular monitoring of their neutrophil count. Measuring clozapine plasma concentrations can be helpful in managing patients with severe side effects and those with an inadequate clinical response. A trial of clozapine should consist of a minimum duration of 12 weeks.

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Brink, Johann, i Todd Tomita. Psychotic disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0033.

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The presentation of psychotic disorders in jails and prisons can be quite complex and diverse. In addition to the schizophrenia spectrum disorders, there are the many disorders of unclear etiology or secondary to the neurotoxic effects of substance abuse. In parallel, the provision of empirically informed care for incarcerated offenders with psychotic disorders presents significant clinical, security, and administrative challenges. However, strong scientific evidence exists that a configuration of interventions offers substantial benefit in the treatment of incarcerated individuals with psychotic disorders. Such a configuration incorporates both psychotherapy and psychopharmacology. Specifically, cognitive behavioral therapy, designed and presented within a risk-needs-recovery (R-N-R) framework, when combined with appropriate pharmacological interventions, has strong empirical support as best practice in the treatment of severe mental illness in the correctional population. Further, specific issues related to care coordination, treatment engagement and adherence, implementation of best practice, and treatment fidelity each contribute to resulting symptom reduction and functional improvement. Careful attention to reducing the risks of inappropriate polypharmacy through clinician feedback and practice monitoring is another critical element. This chapter discusses the evidence basis for appropriate treatment of the psychotic disorders and the range of opportunities for both psychotherapy and psychopharmacology in correctional settings.

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Brink, Johann, i Todd Tomita. Psychotic disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0033_update_001.

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The presentation of psychotic disorders in jails and prisons can be quite complex and diverse. In addition to the schizophrenia spectrum disorders, there are the many disorders of unclear etiology or secondary to the neurotoxic effects of substance abuse. In parallel, the provision of empirically informed care for incarcerated offenders with psychotic disorders presents significant clinical, security, and administrative challenges. However, strong scientific evidence exists that a configuration of interventions offers substantial benefit in the treatment of incarcerated individuals with psychotic disorders. Such a configuration incorporates both psychotherapy and psychopharmacology. Specifically, cognitive behavioral therapy, designed and presented within a risk-needs-recovery (R-N-R) framework, when combined with appropriate pharmacological interventions, has strong empirical support as best practice in the treatment of severe mental illness in the correctional population. Further, specific issues related to care coordination, treatment engagement and adherence, implementation of best practice, and treatment fidelity each contribute to resulting symptom reduction and functional improvement. Careful attention to reducing the risks of inappropriate polypharmacy through clinician feedback and practice monitoring is another critical element. This chapter discusses the evidence basis for appropriate treatment of the psychotic disorders and the range of opportunities for both psychotherapy and psychopharmacology in correctional settings.

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Poyurovsky, Michael. Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Schizophrenia. Redaktor Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0057.

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This chapter evidence for a relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder and psychosis, in some patients. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms are common in individuals with schizophrenia; this ‘schizo-obsessional’ population has been relatively little studied and presents marked clinical challenges. Longitudinal studies suggest that OC symptoms precede psychosis in some patients but develop later in illness in others; they can be induced by some second-generation antipsychotics. Neurobiological and cognitive psychological studies suggest that schizo-obsessional patients have greater impairment in several domains than those with schizophrenia or OC symptoms alone. The literature on pharmacological treatment of this patient population, which is limited, is review.

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Casstevens, W. J. A Mentored Self-Help Intervention for Psychotic Symptom Management. VDM Verlag Dr. Mueller e.K., 2007.

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Fairbrother, Nichole, i Jonathan S. Abramowitz. Obsessions and Compulsions During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Redaktor Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.010.

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Although for most women the perinatal period is an exciting and joyful time, some new mothers experience the onset (or intensification) of emotional distress during this period. Whereas a great deal of attention has been paid to depression and psychotic symptoms during the postpartum period, pre- and postpartum anxiety disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), have received relatively less consideration. This is despite the fact that anxiety disorders are, as a group, the most prevalent of all psychological disorders. Anxiety disorders are more common among women compared with men, and OCD is the only anxiety disorder for which there is evidence of an increased risk of onset and exacerbation in the perinatal period; this risk is most apparent for women giving birth to their first child. In this chapter, we provide an overview and description of the clinical features of perinatal obsessive-compulsive disorder and consider the degree to which perinatal OCD is related to OCD in general. We review the data pertaining to the incidence and prevalence of perinatal OCD and discuss the relation between perinatal OCD and postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis. Theoretical perspectives on perinatal OCD are then presented before turning to treatment. Lastly, two interventions have been shown to be effective for perinatal OCD are described: cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmacotherapy.

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Roze, Emmanuel, i Frédéric Sedel. Gangliosidoses (GM1 and GM2). Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0050.

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GM1 gangliosidosis is due to beta-galactosidase deficiency. The adult-onset form is characterized by progressive generalized dystonia, often associated with akineto-rigid Parkinsonism. Mild skeletal dysplasia and short stature are good diagnostic clues. GM2 gangliosidosis is due to beta-hexosaminidase deficiency. The adult-onset form is characterized by complex neurological disorders, in which features resulting from cerebellar and motor neuron dysfunction are the most frequent. Movement disorders, psychotic symptoms, mild pyramidal signs, axonal polyneuropathy, autonomic dysfunction, and vertical supranuclear palsy can also be observed. Clinical severity and the rate of progression both vary widely from one patient to another. Diagnosis is based on measurements of enzyme activity and molecular analysis. Physiotherapy, speech therapy and management of swallowing are crucial for these patients’ quality of life and prognosis.

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Turkington, Douglas, Hagen Roger, Torkil Berge i Rolf W. Grawe. CBT for Psychosis: A Symptom-Based Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2010.

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Turkington, Douglas, Roger Hagen, Torkil Berge i Rolf W. Gråwe. CBT for Psychosis: A Symptom-Based Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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Turkington, Douglas, Roger Hagen, Torkil Berge i Rolf W. Gråwe. CBT for Psychosis: A Symptom-Based Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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Turkington, Douglas, Roger Hagen, Torkil Berge i Rolf W. Gråwe. CBT for Psychosis: A Symptom-Based Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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Turkington, Douglas, Roger Hagen, Torkil Berge i Rolf W. Gråwe. CBT for Psychosis: A Symptom-Based Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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Turkington, Douglas, Roger Hagen, Torkil Berge i Rolf W. Gråwe. CBT for Psychosis: A Symptom-Based Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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Turkington, Douglas, Roger Hagen, Torkil Berge i Rolf W. Gråwe. CBT for Psychosis: A Symptom-Based Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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Steinberg, Martin. Treatment of Depression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199959549.003.0006.

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Most depression in the elderly can be effectively treated in the primary care setting. Psychiatric referral should be considered in the setting of severe depression, suicidal ideation, prior suicide attempts, multiple risk factors, psychotic symptoms, bipolar disorder, poor response to prior treatment, or high medical comorbidity. Combining pharmacological and psychosocial interventions is most likely to be effective. Available antidepressants include serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, novel mechanism agents, tricyclic antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Antidepressant selection should take into account adverse effects, medical comorbidities, potential medication interactions, and patient preferences. Additional strategies (e.g. augmentation) are available for treatment resistant depression. Available psychotherapies include supportive, cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and problem solving. Lifestyle interventions (e.g. exercise) may be helpful adjuncts. Given limited evidence for antidepressant treatment in cognitive impairment, for those with mild to moderate depression severity, non-pharmacological interventions should be attempted first.

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Abbas, Atheir I., i Jeffrey A. Lieberman. Pharmacological Treatments for Schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0006.

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Schizophrenia, a chronic mental disorder, has a lifetime prevalence rate of approximately 1%. The first antipsychotic drug, chlorpromazine, was introduced in 1954, followed by several similar drugs. With the introduction of clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, and more recently paliperidone, iloperidone, asenapine, and lurasidone, antipsychotic drugs are often classified as first generation or typical (chlorpromazine-like) versus second generation or atypical (clozapine-like), although the distinction between the two classes, particularly with respect to efficacy, is not as meaningful as initially believed. Both classes have been demonstrated to safely improve psychotic symptoms in the acute phase of the illness and to reduce the risk of relapse in the maintenance phase of treatment. Because of the limited efficacy of antipsychotics in resolving the full range of schizophrenic psychopathology, adjunctive treatments are often used to reduce morbidity. This chapter reviews controlled trials of the pharmacological agents used to treat schizophrenia.

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