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Reivax, Daniel. "Raoul Allier (1862-1939), un protestant engagé : une voix du protestantisme au début du XXe siècle". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AMIE0012.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaoul Allier was born in 1862, in Vauvert in a winegrowing family, he was one of the key leading figures of Protestantism in the beginning of the 20th century. He was a graduate student of Ecole Normale Supérieure and in philosophy and Ph. D. in theology. He was a lecturer of the Faculty of Theology in Montauban before being appointed as a staff member of the Faculty of Theology of Paris. He became publicly well known in the famous Dreyfus’ case, supporting the demand for a trial review. Despite being a late member of the Dreyfusards, he occupies a leading role nonetheless through publishing firstly, in 1898, an essay entitled: Voltaire et Calas, une erreur judiciaire pour le XVIIIe siècle and secondly, in 1903, a series of articles that will be published in Cahiers de la Quinzaine directed by Charles Péguy, and also in the newspaper Le siècle. On Méjan brothers’ request, he campaigns against Emile Combes’ project, though being in favour of the separation of Church and State laws, as a faithful successor of d’Alexandre Vinet et d’Edmond de Pressensé among others. He demonstrates again his gift for writing. A few years later, it’s the Great War: his son was declared missing from the beginning. Far from being dispirited, he holds a series of conferences in different churches of Paris, every Tuesday, inviting the Tout-Paris set to support the war effort with a mastered rhetoric. As the supposedly short war extends, the audience increases. When his son’s body in found in 1916, he suspends the conferences for a while, burying himself away in pain, overwhelmed, before starting them again in November as a national mission of patriotic communion. Subsequently, people encourage each other to attend, more each time, turning him into the Great War speaker, beyond the protestant microcosm. The post-war period was a turning point, in terms of his priorities. He leads a missiological mission, even anthropological, about the said "primitive" peoples by publishing many works that question the complex relationship between the colonization and mission. How indeed should we promote an evangelization without accepting the colonization’s wrongdoings? At the same time, he carries on with his academic career as dean of the Faculty of Theology, he gives lectures at the Faculté des Lettres de Paris about morals and democracy, and he reinforces his position as an historian of ideas. He goes on with his ecclesiastical commitment, becoming the president of the synod of the Union des Églises Evangéliques Libres and gets involved especially in Argentière where he is considered as a pastor without having any pastoral recognition. He dies at the beginning of World War II, as foolish history repeated itself. The itinerary of this committed man to the point of becoming a high-profile protestant voice is an occasion to revisit the history of French Protestantism in the beginning of the 20th century, but also of the 3rd Republic and his challenges
Richard, Ronan. "La nation, la guerre et l'exilé : représentations, politiques et pratiques à l'égard des réfugiés, des internés et des prisonniers de guerre dans l'Ouest de la France durant la Première guerre mondiale". Rennes 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN20064.
Pełny tekst źródłaFrom 1914 to 1918, the West of France welcomed a great many displaced populations. Among them, the refugees, the prisoners of war and the civilian prisoners where the most numerous group. The sense of nationhood implied free and spontaneous integration of refugees and repressive rejection of those belonging to enemy nations. The refugees, considered locally as "foreigners", were generally warmly welcomed whereas those coming from enemy countries where immediately considered as "undesirables". However, from the end of 1914, the hopes to have a short war where shattered and the coming back on the forefront of material and manpower concerns led to a change in opinions and attitudes. The refugees where less warmed spontaneously welcomed and where often confined to groups of huts while the prisoners of war and the civilian prisoners were massively integrated into the local economy and appreciated as workers. This evolution proved that at the beginning of the century the sense of nationhood was an ideal cut out for a short war
Gambarotto, Laurent. "Le protestantisme réformé français pendant la première guerre mondiale : la prédication". Montpellier 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON30026.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this thesis is to study the preaching of french reformed protestantism during the first world war. By the method of content analysis, all the themes met are identified, the classified and counted (both words and occurrences). A corpus of three hundred and twenty eight sermons is treated in that way. The numerical results allow to trace the homiletic structure of these speechers, but also to specify their exegetical and hermeneutical approach. The second and third parts of this work develop an historical analysis of the various and theological themes. Concerning the imperatives of the war situation and the search for peace, feelings, attitudes and opinions of the preachers are examined in respect of the traumatic events of the war, the "union sacree", the origins of war, the patriotic stances and the nature nof the enemy; and also regarding the aims of war and the conditions for a just and lasting peace. As for the christian life and faith amid such a turmoil, we study how are unfolded "holy war" arguments, a theology of sacrifice, christological and ethical ideas. Moreover, we attempt to grasp how were discussed the problems of protestant identity and unity as well as questions about divine providence, interpretation of history and eschatology. The conclusion evaluates far the protestant clergymen have able to face their responsabilities of ministers of the word of god in those distressful circumstances
Maréchal, Denis. "La photographie, quelle source pour l'histoire ? : l'étude du cas français". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986IEPP0006.
Pełny tekst źródłaPhotography represents a rich pictorial source of very considerable importance. This documentary profusion is to be found stored in both public and private archives. The print room of the French National Library, the armed forces cinematographic and photographic services, the Library for international and contemporary documentation, photographic press agencies : Keystone, magnum and Sygma, are brimming over with photographic documents, and one can thus assess the difficulty of mastering the sheer bulk of several tens of millions of photographs. There after two complementary lines of study, the first concerned with the man behind the camera, the second with contents, can profitably be exloited to show the use to which photography can be put in the service of history. The first line of enquiry retraces the history of reporter-photographers in the French press from 1945 to 1975. The most significant vicissitudes of this professionat body, subject to constant change as the French press evolved, have been dealt with successively. A first examination explains the legitimate place of this "elite of the instantaneous moment". The origins of a professional identity (1945-1965) are recalled with the birth of the Magnum agency, the acquisition of the status of journalist assimilated to the press corps in 1962, and the day-to-day running of the National association of journalists who are reporter-photographers. The second line of enquiry : the confrontation with photographic documents from the Great war (1914-1918), seen from the French side. This provides a prodigious source of iconographical material for the historian. Nevertheless, while these "living documents" as they were described at the time by the burgeoning pictorial press, do convey in pictures and captions, the daily life of the soldiers, they suppress the negative aspects of war. Thus, on the French side, death is absent from the battlefield. . . The essential function of such photographs is to reassure. This survey of the methods used serves to demonstrate the value of photography as a useful, first-hand ancillary document for the study of contemporary history
Cabanes, Bruno. "Finir la guerre : l'expérience des soldats français (été 1918-printemps 1920)". Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010636.
Pełny tekst źródłaLagrange, François. "Moral et opinions des combattants français durant la première guerre mondiale d’après les rapports du contrôle postal de la IVe armée". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040003.
Pełny tekst źródłaTrench Warfare is commonly described by war veterans and historians as a highly dangerous and fast unbearable experience. This comprehensive study tries to improve our understanding of morale and opinions of French soldiers during World War I. Why did so many people fight such a long time, in spite of death; suffering and danger? Reports of military censorship of the IVth Army from January 1915 to March 1918 help, as sort of opinion polls, to find answers by giving us a lot of valuable and various information
Lagrange, François. "Moral et opinions des combattants français durant la première guerre mondiale d’après les rapports du contrôle postal de la IVe armée". Thesis, Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040003/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaTrench Warfare is commonly described by war veterans and historians as a highly dangerous and fast unbearable experience. This comprehensive study tries to improve our understanding of morale and opinions of French soldiers during World War I. Why did so many people fight such a long time, in spite of death; suffering and danger? Reports of military censorship of the IVth Army from January 1915 to March 1918 help, as sort of opinion polls, to find answers by giving us a lot of valuable and various information
Bourré-Bouhet, Agnès. "Politique, stratégie et armement, 1890-1925 (l'exemple français)". Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010529.
Pełny tekst źródłaDespite the ministerial instability of the third republic, the army benefited from a certain political unanimity, particularly before and during the first world war. At the beginning of the between the wars period, this feeling had not changed, but the financial means available to france were much more limited. In a little over thirty years, from 1890 to 1925, the relationship between armament and political objectives had developed considerably. Of course the war played a strategic severing role, while techological developments also brought their share of upheavals. However, the efficiency of the military tool does not depend solely on the means that politics and science have available to them ; the use made of that tool remains a very important factor. Here, results vere unequal. The weight of a troubled, and somewhat humiliating, past determined french strategy during the newly developing third republic, with regards to weapons as well as to other areas. The first world war forced the regime to be effective in order to avoid an upheaval of power, or even a kind of second empire. With the victory in 1918, the republic had, in some respects, fulfilled its mission. It then aspired to peace, wanting above all to forget the war. As a result, the army lost its place in the hierarchy of preoccupations. This change brought its share of difficulties. Theories for employing the military tool were obliged to take into consideration the reduction of means and to seek to optimise. Forced to do so by the clauses of the versailles treaty, germany succeeded in this transformation. Cradled by an illusion of materiel abundance, then disconcerted by its sudden reduction, the french army could not manage to efficiently adapt its armament to the new strategy imposed by peace
Desplantes, Anne. "Les grands réseaux de chemin de fer français pendant et après la Première Guerre Mondiale : 1914-1921". Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100192.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe French railways companies have played a great role during the First World War. For the first time, the staffs used them for the French and allied armies. The military role was very difficult. Personnel and wagons missed. There was a crisis on the railways during and after the war. The repercussions of the war were important: financial crisis, problems with personnel and material, rails to rebuild
Graur, Michel. "Les religieux capucins français engagés dans la Grande Guerre (1914-1930)". Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0030.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn august 1914, the french monks of the Franciscan order founded in 1528 by Matteo Bascio, fa away from their country, following the application of the anti-congregationist laws, responded well to the patriotic call of the war. Within the period of 4 and half years, a certain number of the monks of this order had exercised diverse actions within the army. Many knew of the life in trenches and its misery, the material suffering, both physically and morally, the offensive and counter-offensive stages, some certain periods of unending idleness. This event resulted in the Great War which gave them the opportunity to be close to and share in the experience of the citizens and often the foreigners as well, of varying social classes. Therefore several questions are asked to the historian by the presence in the army of men considered as "segregati" by a large part of public opinion: the minister whose service is close to the mobilized has the main aim to ensure a form of spiritual life which corresponds with their religious engagement. . . As members of a religious missionary congregation, they endeavour to convert some of their army companions to God and to reconcile two clearly contradictory values : patriotism and religious ideal
Pappola, Fabrice. "Le “bourrage de crâne” dans la Grande Guerre : approche socioculturelle des rapports des soldats français à l’information". Toulouse 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU20071.
Pełny tekst źródłaBeyond their human and politic aspects, national mobilizations during World War I take the form of a “dominant discourse” conveyed by whole media-related vectors in an attempt to support confidence in victory of civil and military populations. In a context of lack of information evolve, during the first months of the conflict, a news-making which diverge from war realities. Soldiers demonstrate in a constantly more visible way during the war their disinclination of what subjectively appear to them as lies purposed to hide war horrors. An expression, born in late 19th century, is soon used to qualify those practices : the “bourrage de crane” (literally “head stuffing”). Soldiers, however, feel in an acute way the need to understand and give sense to the war in which they are implicated. In a permanent seek of information, they maintain an ambivalent relation, mixing of attraction and repulsion, toward the legitimate information sources and the numerous rumors that cross front's social spaces. The purpose of this study is, by a comparative analysis and statistic examination of a corpus of intimate sources, to grasp the structure and evolutions of soldier's relations to information during war time, so as to specify the social and cultural issues inherent to the use by French soldiers of “bourrage de crane” expression and its synonyms and thus contribute to refine the comprehension of the mental environment that presided over their war experience
Pignot, Manon. "Allons enfants de la patrie ? : filles et garçons dans la Grande Guerre : expériences communes, construction du genre et invention des pères (France 1914-1920)". Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0102.
Pełny tekst źródłaBeside a traditionnal approach of childhood through family's or school's history, it is possible to study childhood as an historical object in itself. The use of intimitate history is forced by the nature of our sources itself: letters, diaries, drawings and also oral testimonies. The Great War appears therefore as the « developer bath » of a childish word : the conflict produces the subject as well as the need of a personnal expression. Our work is structured by three axis : first, experiences that girls and boys have in common (war's outbreaking and armistice, physical consequences of war, men's mobilization experience, mourning and grief) ; secondly, the gender's construction, which partially separates boys' and girls' wartime experiences ; and then, the invention of fathers, which interrogates the revelation of a new paternal figure
Kern-Coquillat, Françoise. "Les femmes dans le service de santé pendant la guerre de 1914-1918 en France". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON30008.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis subject mainly concerns female nurses, « the most praised » women at that time, but also female doctors who had newly arrived in that profession at the end of the last century. The former, very numerous, are « evident » in a way, well known by everybody, but finally « invisible » owing to an over-representation that outshines them. The latter, in small numbers, are forgotten or more precisely ignored. This subject seems close to us, almost familiar, but it is more complex than we think it is, being at the crossroads of several fields of research. First, it has to do with the military history, as women evolve in a man's world, a militarized universe. Then, it is also the history of women entering medical professions for the first time, with a reflexion on medical techniques and the treatment of pain. It is the history of gender, as we witness the building of a social gender gap which highlights man's domination in his relationship with women. The history of the representation of women through different prisms, imagined and built by a male society. Lastly, it is the history of privacy through women's words too. It is the history of women who were dominated, excluded from knowledge, power, the war sphere, women confined to a watched environment - yesterday the home, here the hospital. Women tied by behavioral duties, training and hierarchical obligations. The work comes in a triptych : women such as we want them – and this is men's view - then women as we see them, through the prism of representations and lastly, women as they tell themselves through their testimonies
Gaudenzi, Enrico. "Il cinema italiano e francese sulla prima guerra mondiale : una filmografia documentata (1914-2013)". Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100092.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of my thesis was to create a catalog of fiction films related to the First World War produced in Italy and France between 1914 and 2013. Methodologically, 1 worked on a variety of sources (movie collections, specialized magazines, rating and direct viewing of picture show), depending on the availability of materials which came to us. I have tried to propose an analytical investigation that also includes movies concerning the war without showing it; I am well aware my work will be certainly incomplete but it tries to be the more comprehensive possible. I have devoted a special attention to the censorious intervention exercised by the government, particularly until the early Sixties, indeed those years political censorship was very strong. In addition to the analysis of general censorship, I added that of prior one (in Italy 1945-65, in France 1945-61) and I found two similar attitudes but with different methods of intervention. Although the investigation is centered on the two countries, more importance will be given to the Italian CBSE instead of French one. The choice of comparison with France was influenced by several considerations; not least, the main point of the First World War has in both film and French public history even today. These factors have not been strange to the will to compare with the history of this country, considered as one of the most interesting. The evolution of fiction story has been put in relation with the political, cinematographic, and legislative and historiography background; I also tried to understand the film reception through two factors: the results of the box office and the opinions expressed in specialized magazines
Lahaie, Olivier. "Renseignements et services de renseignements en France pendant la guerre de 1914-1918 : 2ème bureau et 5ème bureau de l'Etat Major de l'Armée. ; 2ème bureau du G.Q.G. (section de renseignement, section de centralisation des renseignements) : évolutions et adaptations". Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040032.
Pełny tekst źródłaOn August, 1914, the French Intelligence Services knew German war plans, but intelligence specialists went against Joffre's scepticism. With the beginning of Trench Warfare, the French High Commander wished to inquire about enemy casualties, but also economic and political situation or morale in Germany. New techniques helped to control information gathered by Human Intelligence. The Secret Service imposed Telegraphic then Postal control, initiated an allied cooperation dealing with Intelligence Warfare. On 1915, new spying methods appeared, including use of planes to shake off enemy defences. Cooperation with Belgian and British Intelligence Services created preference conditions for spying. The Great War, which was a Total War, developed new kind of services dealing with Economic Intelligence. Propaganda and Psychological Warfare were developed as well, both on frontline and inside Germany. Counter-Intelligence was strengthened too, but the mutiny crisis of 1917 showed the danger of it when used against Brothers of Arms. At the end of World War I, implication of some officers belonging to the Secret Service in high treason trials tarnished their reputation. French Intelligence gathered many independent and rival services, but working all together to facilitate military victory on Germany and its Allies. Two distinct but complementary branches coexisted in France: one created by the “Etat-Major de l'Armée”, and the other by the “Grand Quartier General”. Among the three French High Commanders, Pétain was remarkable by the clever use of intelligence he made, in order to spare soldiers' blood. Supreme Commander of Allied Forces, Foch used it as well to lay Ludendorff low. From 1914 to 1918, French Intelligence proved its high capacity to innovate. W. W. I created favourable conditions to experiment new techniques, which were used after 1918 to develop the future “Special Services” of W. W. II. Thanks to a skilful mixing of consideration and improvisation, but also with the wish of gathering clever and firm individualities, French Secret Services really contributed to defeat Imperial Germany
Maingon, Claire. "Les Salons du rappel à l'ordre, Paris 1914-1925 : des artistes français aux artistes indépendants". Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100135.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis study of Art history focuses on the “Salons des Beaux-Arts” from 1914 to 1925. It gathers a corpus of several hundred works by painters and sculptors. The purpose is to demonstrate the resilience of the Culture of Great World War and the importance of the artistic national tradition. It uses unreleased archives, exhibitions books and documents found by the inheritors of the artists. The study shows the State deficiencies and the influence of art dealers and industry people in the art market. The iconographic work shows that the cultural demobilisation was a slow and painful process coming from the 1870’s warrior ideology. It points out the birth of a tradition of independent art, what we call the Third way, which opens the prism of the call to order and announces the menacing times of the 1930’s
Couderc, Agathe. "Sous le sceau du secret : les coopérations internationales des Chiffres britannique et français, militaires et navals pendant la Première Guerre mondiale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUL060.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaAt the end of the 19th century, thanks to the evolution of telecommunications, military and naval circles rediscover cryptology, also known as “science of secret writing”, and become more and more interested by it. Its quick development in wartime can be depicted by the creation or expansion of several units, called “Cipher services”, in France and in the United Kingdom. These services have two missions: protecting the national and allied communications, and attacking the secret codes of the enemy. Their growth during the First World War illustrates the emergence of a brand new branch of intelligence and its reflection in counter-espionage: signals intelligence, or SIGINT. A comparison between the French and British Cipher services within their armed forces shows that there were similarities in the establishment of these services, particularly in recruiting personnel whom were subject to secrecy, although the temporalities of certain missions differed. Within the Entente Cordiale, a secret, joint and allied cooperation was established between the various French and British signals intelligence services. This alliance included the creation of shared codes, as well as the sharing of information resulting from the interception and decrypting of enemy communications. It thus highlights the importance of cryptology for the Franco-British alliance in the fight against the Central Empires, which can also be observed in their other alliances, such as the one with the Americans. It also sheds light on the extent to which this intelligence specialty took on in the conduct of the war, which explains the shape taken by the French and British Ciphers after the war
Jouishomme, Bernard. "Le génie français et allemand en campagne sur le front occidental d'août à novembre 1914". Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010637.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn spite of lessons from past experiences , command did not use the engineers correctly in the field from august to november 1914 , specially as far as lines of communication and field fortification are concerned in the offensive and defensive tasks. Six major wars took place from 1861 to 1912 , on different theaters of operations such as america during civil war , transvaal, the balkans, europe and far east. They showed that the engineers used varied techniques, mainly field fortification which allowed some armies to save personnel strength and produced to some other armies high casualties for underestimating the value of the factor terrain. In france and germany , the general doctrine was the offensive and the corresponding field manuals are in the same way , but command was not greatly concerned by the "fourth service". Training was generally well archieved in the engineer units but less efficient in infantry and cavalry ones. Equipments to carry out the missions were varied and basically well suited to the engineer and pioneer units with some superiority in the german army. Masses of about two million soldiers are going to face in august 1914 from alsace to belgium. The german imperial staff knows what he wants ; on the French side, the lack of informations and sometimes of decisions prevent command from having an overall plan. During four months of operations, sappers and pioneers carry out their mission properly but they are not always well commanded. Nevertheless , command of both side draw many lessons concerning the employment of engineers , organization and the manufacturing of different equipments. But will agreed sacrifices and lessons for the short and medium terms serve for future generations ?
Dupont, Vincent. "De la Belle Époque au putsch d'Alger, évolution politico-militaire d'une génération d'officiers français". Thesis, Amiens, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AMIE0050.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work aims to understand the evolution of a French officers generation born between 1888 and 1898 and who will become generals going back to the origins of these men, the education they received, in order to grasp the full relief of their engagements during their military career and more widely in their lives, until the wars of decolonization where they were at the head of the French army. These officers have indeed gone through an unusual time, that of the 20th century made of political and military crises and more directly of wars where their role became more and more important, helping to assert their political and military identity. If some of them still have streets with their names, to study their history and that, less known, of many of their comrades, allows to grasp the evolution of this group of individuals from a prosopographic angle, and to illuminate both the history of the French officer corps in the 20th century, but also, more broadly, the politico-military history of France through their eyes during this period
Dupont, Vincent. "De la Belle Époque au putsch d'Alger, évolution politico-militaire d'une génération d'officiers français". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AMIE0050.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work aims to understand the evolution of a French officers generation born between 1888 and 1898 and who will become generals going back to the origins of these men, the education they received, in order to grasp the full relief of their engagements during their military career and more widely in their lives, until the wars of decolonization where they were at the head of the French army. These officers have indeed gone through an unusual time, that of the 20th century made of political and military crises and more directly of wars where their role became more and more important, helping to assert their political and military identity. If some of them still have streets with their names, to study their history and that, less known, of many of their comrades, allows to grasp the evolution of this group of individuals from a prosopographic angle, and to illuminate both the history of the French officer corps in the 20th century, but also, more broadly, the politico-military history of France through their eyes during this period
Lorrain, Sophie. "De Sedan à Locarno : les pacifistes français et allemands pionniers de l'entente franco-allemande". Paris 8, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA080947.
Pełny tekst źródłaFrench and german pacifists, who fighted for peace and international arbritation may be considered as the forerunners of the franco-german reconciliation. They have been trying to find a balance between the defense of the national interest and the construction of peace which demanded an harlonious relation between france and germany. The difficulty lied in the fact that they mostly remained caught up in their social-political context. But just after 1871, the french pacifists who could rely on a strong tradition, tried to establish contacts with their german colleagues to solve the epinous question of alsace-lorraine. The first years were not so evident but they managed until 1913 to create some franco-german comitees. Inspite of the persistant franco-german gap in the social and political influence of the two movements, they gained some attention from their governments and their populations. The first world war destructed all their work; the french pacifists adopted the hard line course of the french politics, while german pacifism turned up to a political movement. Its claim of the renewal of the domestic policy made of its leaders the first democrates of the republic of weimar. The aftermath of the war was quite difficult. Although the contact has been broken till 1921, the pacifists remained the first one to get in touch with the former ennemy; at the beginning of 1922, they met and discuss again together
Soubrier, Stéphanie. ""Races guerrières" : armée, science et politique dans l'empire colonial français (années 1850-1918)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H096.
Pełny tekst źródłaTheorized in 1910 by general Charles Mangin, who advocated the recruitment of a Force noire in French West Africa, the races guerrières category was used in France, between the 1850s and the end of the First World War, to designate colonized groups deemed especially warlike and prone to military service. This dissertation traces the emergence of this unique military and ethnographic category, during the second part of the XIXth century. It studies the ways in which it was put into practice, its imperial and transimperial circulations, as well as the role played by the races guerrières themselves in the construction of the category. Military archives, among which Mangin’s files, colonial officers and soldiers’ writings, and a selection of scientific sources offer insights into the internal definition of races guerrières, and its connection with races non guerrières. Although colonial officers and the military presented it as a recruitment tool, the races guerrières category was very unstable and was never used as a precise guide to select indigenous recruits. However, it gave birth to the ambiguous figure of the native soldier, both reassuring and threatening. The experience of the First World War, during which the category was first put to the test on European ground, offered both a confirmation and a refutation
Tison, Stéphane. "Guerre, mémoire et traumatisme : comment Champenois et Sarthois sont-ils sortis de la guerre ? 1870-1940". Paris 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA030006.
Pełny tekst źródłaGuetting out of the war the persistence of war memory, in peacetime, were two subjects studied through the numerous commemoration and also the speech about war ; thus making it possible to undersand the contemporary's representations and the link between mourning and remebering. Finally, analysing not only allows to channel the violence of the post-war years but also to contemplate the possibility conflict in peacetime. Commemorations play a major part when guetting out of the war, but they also contributed, from 1870 to 1940, to concey war reprsentations ; so much so that it was impossible for the citizen-soldier to forget one of his major duties, even if it meant sacrificing himself for the homeland. That's why the local populations did not really overcome this special relation with war, spread through a warlike culture before 1914. The new pacifist values emerging after 1918 are to challenge this culture. However, guetting out of the war proves difficult especially after the experience of the massive killing of the Great War. .
Mathieu, Mickaël. "Revigny-sur-Ornain, Vaubécourt et la Première Guerre mondiale : histoire et mémoire dans deux anciens cantons ruraux de la Meuse (1914-2018)". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0297.
Pełny tekst źródłaWorld War I strongly affected the department of the Meuse, crossed by the Western front line ... Verdun, the salient Saint-Mihiel and the Argonne still bear the scars of these years of fighting. However, further south, the former cantons of Revigny and Vaubécourt (gathered since 2014) also suffered the fire of the war. Nothing seemed destined to become a battlefield, but they found themselves on the front line of the first battle of the Marne because they are on the road of the two main cities Meus, Bar-le-Duc and Verdun, main stakes on this combat sector. The battle between the 3rd French Army and the 5th German Army is hard. In the end, the Germans are forced to withdraw, as on the whole front. They abandon the cantons of Revigny and Vaubécourt, also theater of the "miracle of the Marne", but with less notoriety in comparison with the rescue of Paris and "taxis of the Marne" ...After the Battle of the Marne, the two cantons, partly ruined, are found in the French rear-front. The line of fire is more northerly, but the effects of the conflict are still felt. Generals oversee operations on the Champagne and Meuse fronts. Military installations are erected to support and supply the combat areas. They welcome French and Allied soldiers on their way out and back from the front. The local population is forced to participate in the war effort, seeing its main resources made available to the French and American armies. During the whole conflict, the inhabitants of the townships of Revigny and Vaubécourt experienced difficult hours, under the sign of anxiety, privations and sometimes difficult relations with the military authority.After the armistice, tributes are paid to these territories for the suffering endured during the hostilities, rendered by the Nation through the two Meusian politicians of the time, Raymond Poincaré and André Maginot. The two cantons honor their inhabitants who died of the conflict, raise their ruins, but make disappear the traces, contributing to the forgetfulness of these combats and the events which occurred during the Great War in the townships of Revigny and Vaubécourt. It was only on the occasion of the centenary of the First World War that this story was partially brought to light
Blair, Scott G. "La France et le pacte de la Société des Nations : le rôle du gouvernement français dans l'élaboration du pacte de la Société des Nations, 1914-1919". Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010529.
Pełny tekst źródłaSufficient historical attention has not been paid to the role of the French governement in the elaboration and drafting, between 1914 and 1919, of the covenant of the league of nations. This role was one of reticence and ambivalence. On one hand, no wartime government gave active, unconditional or persuasive support for the idea of creating a league in order to guarantee french security and international peace on the other hand, for diverse political reasons, each government quietly pursued the league idea, particularly those of Ribot and Clemenceau. A committee, directed by leon bourgeois, was created in 1917 to drait a plan reflecting the french viewpoint of an effective league. This ambivalence, along with the divergent views between the french and anglo-american conceptions of the league, as well as with the poor and distrustful relations between clemenceau and bourgeois, and later btween bourgeois and wilson, all weakened french league diplomacy during the paris peace conference. This permitted the form ation of a secret, anglo-american front that was able to impose and win international acceptance of the final league covenant-a document in which the french had little input and even less confidence
Dagan, Yaël. "La Nouvelle Revue française de la guerre à la paix, 1914-1925 : mobilisations et démobilisations culturelles". Paris, EHESS, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EHES0027.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work studies the process of cultural demobilization from war. It focuses on La Nouvelle Revue française, a literary journal which was founded by André Gide in 1908-1909 and became an important institution in the inter-war France. By combining the recent achievements of the cultural history of the Great War and the intellectual history of France, the period of 1914-1925 is examined with regard both to the journal as a cultural product and to its staff. The war experience and its representations are analyzed in order to reconstitute the line of mobilization-demobilization-remobilization that runs from the begining of the war and goes beyond its official end. Eventually, light is shed on the modalities and the chronology of the process of cultural withdrawal from the Great War. Consequently, this work shows the significant role the First World War had in the intellectual history of the 20th century
Derrien, Marie. ""La tête en capilotade" : les soldats de la grande guerre internés dans les hôpitaux psychiatriques français". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20092/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe primary objective of this thesis is to observe the functioning of a society plunged into war and faced with one of its consequences: the internment of soldiers suffering from mental illness. The aim is to show that we can contribute to the global history of the war by analyzing the experiences of a small group of people within a mental asylum, though their experiences may seem isolated and unrepresentative of the majority. Contrary to the implications of the purely medical literature, it was not in fact the psychiatrists alone who had an interest in the situation of these men: investigation of various kinds of archive shows that their families, fellow soldiers, senior officers, the representatives of the armed forces and the government at national, regional and local level, as well as asylum directors and their staff, reacted, intervened and took decisions concerning them. Between 1914 and 1918, and subsequently until the passing of the last interned 'poilus', the case of soldiers victims of mental illness raises issues of psychological, military, political, economic and cultural nature which transcend their individual particularities. Furthermore, these men’s histories and their voices reveal a long-overlooked dimension of the violence of war and the suffering endured by the soldiers both before and after the armistice. By examining the way in which their conditions were regarded, not only by doctors but by society as a whole, we come to ask ourselves to what extent conflict affects the way in which those who were categorized as mentally ill were perceived. Therefore the second objective of this thesis is to reflect on the role of war in transforming social intervention measures, thereby evaluating the effect of the 1914-1918 period on the evolution of psychiatric assistance during the 20th century
Bourlet, Michaël. "Les officiers français des 2e et 5e bureaux de l’état-major de l’armée (août 1919-juin 1919)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040172.
Pełny tekst źródłaAt the beginning of the 20th century, the “2e bureau” embodied military intelligence at the headquarters of the War Office in Paris. Between August 1914 and June 1919, 366 officers served in this secret administration of the War Office. Through individual files and with the aim of relating the history of services known as special services, this thesis is made up of three main lines: first, an institutional study, then a prosopographic study and finally a biographical dictionary. In less than four years, the intelligence plan set up at the EMA (État-major de l’armée) opened to new fields (economy, politics, diplomacy, inter-allied cooperation). This development went through deep structural reforms. In order to bring its activities to a successful conclusion, the “2e bureau” increased personnel and recruitment, which applied to reserve officers in particular. The intellectual and economic elites of the Nation would then occupy a place of choice in this organisation. Once the war was over, the “2e bureau” was back in charge of purely military matters
Cosson, Olivier. "Horizons d'attente et expériences d'observation au début du XXe siècle : les militaires français face aux conflits périphériques (Afrique du Sud, Mandchourie, Balkans)". Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0020.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe notions of horizon of expectation, experience, and violence, are central for this study of the 1899-1914 sequence. This period, wich also makes up the 1914-1918 pre war period, is approached thanks to the French military, political and cultural reflect of their time, and also anticipation source, the origin of projections in a Franco-German war horizon. Besides the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), the main military event of the time, the South African War (1899-1902) and the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) had an influence on the shaping up of future war representations. War observations of peripherical conflicts by military attachés but also war correspondents and medical staffs, allows to go through a process of historical anthropology enlightening the role of perceived and peace time culturally built violence in the intellectual and doctrinal deviation that constitutes in the French army, from 1905, a temporality of anticipated cultural mobilization
Sauda, Eric. "François Gervais musicien au Front de 1914 à 1919 : affirmation identitaire, sociale et artistique". Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040025.
Pełny tekst źródłaFrançois Gervais was born in Blois in 1885. High school graduated in literature and philosophy he early started musical studies and obtained in 1905 the second prize of cello at the Conservatoire of Paris. In 1913 he joined the ochestra of the Concerts Lamoureux directed by Paul Paray. He was on tour in Netherlands when he heard the declaration of war. F. Gervais was first mobilized at the 313th infantry regiment then at the 329th till the end of the war. Above the fact that he went to the front without instrument, he’s distinguished as musician till the end of the year 1914. But in the spring of 1915, F. Gervais who’s suffering of the absence of music pratical, demand to his superiors the permission to build a cello. The instrument carried out with few collected material, reveals it’s surprising acoustic quality. Nevertheless, it’s been designed to obviate all damages caused by soldier’s living, quite sedentary and exposed to bad weather. During rest time behind the lines, F. Gervais entertains the troups (concerts, revues and shows) and rise in his friends and superiors’s estimation. The pleasure of pratical music regained nearly dayly, F. Gervais alone or in group with others musicians buddies, will play all during the war for the soldier’s relax between two moves to first line. Demobilized, he goes back home with his memories and his cello. Survivor of this war, he returns to the orchestra of Concerts Lamoureux and will become soloist cello in 1920. Later on, he will teach as independant professor (P. Tortelier will be his student) and in his last years, he will be professor at the conservatoire of Tours. After his death in 1956, his elder daughter Françoise Gervais will piousely keep at her domicile, the documents and the cello before to do a donation in 1999 to the french great war museum : l’Historial de la Grande Guerre de Péronne (80)
Bourlet, Michaël. "Les officiers français des 2e et 5e bureaux de l’état-major de l’armée (août 1919-juin 1919)". Thesis, Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040172.
Pełny tekst źródłaAt the beginning of the 20th century, the “2e bureau” embodied military intelligence at the headquarters of the War Office in Paris. Between August 1914 and June 1919, 366 officers served in this secret administration of the War Office. Through individual files and with the aim of relating the history of services known as special services, this thesis is made up of three main lines: first, an institutional study, then a prosopographic study and finally a biographical dictionary. In less than four years, the intelligence plan set up at the EMA (État-major de l’armée) opened to new fields (economy, politics, diplomacy, inter-allied cooperation). This development went through deep structural reforms. In order to bring its activities to a successful conclusion, the “2e bureau” increased personnel and recruitment, which applied to reserve officers in particular. The intellectual and economic elites of the Nation would then occupy a place of choice in this organisation. Once the war was over, the “2e bureau” was back in charge of purely military matters
Dal, Bo Béatrice. "Aux frontières de la norme : usages linguistiques de scripteurs peu lettrés dans des correspondances de la Grande Guerre". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2019. http://www.biu-montpellier.fr/florabium/jsp/nnt.jsp?nnt=2019MON30026.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work focuses on the non-standard linguistic usages of less-literate writers during the First World War, based on their private correspondence
Niogret, Philippe. "Débats idéologiques et esthétique romanesque en France pendant l'entre-deux guerres (1919-1939) dans les périodiques L'Art Libre, Europe, et Vendredi". Paris 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040132.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis explores the evolution of ideas and morals in France during the period between the First and Second World Wars (1919-1939) and their influence on the evolution of the novel, through analysis of three periodicals : L'Art Libre, Europe, and Vendredi. The following themes are addressed: the war and its consequences; the anxiety of the post-war generation and the attraction of the East; the evolution of morals and relations between men and women; the Catholic revival; the social and political involvement of writers. These changes are reflected in the novels of this period and they brought about a crisis concerning the novel because of the unanticipated departure from its traditionnal model, that model no longer being appropriate to the instability of the period. One distinguishes two trends among novelists of this period faced to this dilemma : one is to adapt the novel to its era, the other to envision a novel detached from its time in order to attain the essence of the human condition