Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / PROTEIN N

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „PROTEIN N”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 11 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "PROTEIN N"

Duclos, S., P. Da Silva, F. Vovelle, F. Piller i V. Piller. "Characterization of the UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine binding domain of bovine polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase T1". Protein Engineering Design and Selection 17, nr 8 (23.09.2004): 635–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzh075.

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Koyama, Y., M. Hidaka, M. Nishimoto i M. Kitaoka. "Directed evolution to enhance thermostability of galacto-N-biose/lacto-N-biose I phosphorylase". Protein Engineering Design and Selection 26, nr 11 (24.09.2013): 755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzt049.

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Gordon, J. I., R. J. Duronio, D. A. Rudnick, S. P. Adams i G. W. Gokel. "Protein N-myristoylation". Journal of Biological Chemistry 266, nr 14 (maj 1991): 8647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)31490-x.

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Flanagan, Karen, John Walshaw, Sarah L. Price i Julia M. Goodfellow. "Solvent interactions with n ring systems in proteins". "Protein Engineering, Design and Selection" 8, nr 2 (1995): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/8.2.109.

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Imberty, A., i S. Perez. "Stereochemistry of the N-glycosylation sites in glycoproteins". Protein Engineering Design and Selection 8, nr 7 (1.07.1995): 699–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/8.7.699.

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Roth, Jürgen, Christian Zuber, Sujin Park, Insook Jang, Yangsin Lee, Katarina Gaplovska Kysela, Valérie Fourn, Roger Santimaria, Bruno Guhl i Jin Won Cho. "Protein N-glycosylation, protein folding, and protein quality control". Molecules and Cells 30, nr 6 (26.11.2010): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10059-010-0159-z.

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Hope, John N., Hao-Chia Chen i J. Fidding Hejtmancik. "βA3/Al-crystallin association: role of the N-terminal arm". "Protein Engineering, Design and Selection" 7, nr 3 (1994): 445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/7.3.445.

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Kumar, Kapila, Sreejith Rajasekharan, Sahil Gulati, Jyoti Rana, Reema Gabrani, Chakresh K. Jain, Amita Gupta, Vijay K. Chaudhary i Sanjay Gupta. "Elucidating the Interacting Domains ofChandipuraVirus Nucleocapsid Protein". Advances in Virology 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/594319.

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The nucleocapsid (N) protein ofChandipuravirus (CHPV) plays a crucial role in viral life cycle, besides being an important structural component of the virion through proper organization of its interactions with other viral proteins. In a recent study, the authors had mapped the associations among CHPV proteins and shown that N protein interacts with four of the viral proteins: N, phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), and glycoprotein (G). The present study aimed to distinguish the regions of CHPV N protein responsible for its interactions with other viral proteins. In this direction, we have generated the structure of CHPV N protein by homology modeling using SWISS-MODEL workspace and Accelrys Discovery Studio client 2.55 and mapped the domains of N protein using PiSQRD. The interactions of N protein fragments with other proteins were determined by ZDOCK rigid-body docking method and validated by yeast two-hybrid and ELISA. The study revealed a unique binding site, comprising of amino acids 1–30 at the N terminus of the nucleocapsid protein (N1) that is instrumental in its interactions with N, P, M, and G proteins. It was also observed that N2 associates with N and G proteins while N3 interacts with N, P, and M proteins.

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Doughty, S. W., F. E. Blaney, B. S. Orlek i W. G. Richards. "A molecular mechanism for toxin block in N-type calcium channels". Protein Engineering Design and Selection 11, nr 2 (1.02.1998): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/11.2.95.

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Li, Hui-Guang, Shi-Zhen Xu, Shen Wu, Li Yan, Jian-Hui Li, Richy N. S. Wong, Qing-Li Shi i Yi-Cheng Dong. "Role of Arg163 in the N-glycosidase activity of neo-trichosanthin". Protein Engineering, Design and Selection 12, nr 11 (listopad 1999): 999–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/12.11.999.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "PROTEIN N"

Lundell, Sandra J. "Quantum Mechanical Studies of N-H···N Hydrogen Bonding in Acetamide Derivatives and Amino Acids". DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7309.

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Proteins are made of vast chains of amino acids that twist and fold into intricate designs. These structures are held in place by networks of noncovalent interactions. One of these, the hydrogen bond, forms bridges between adjacent pieces of the protein chain and is one of the most important contributors to the shape and stability of proteins. Hydrogen bonds come in all shapes and sizes and a full understanding of these not only aids in our understanding of proteins in general but can bridge the gap to finding cures to many protein-related diseases, such as sickle-cell anemia. The primary aim of this thesis is to discover if a specific type of hydrogen bond, the N-H···N bond, occurs within proteins and if so, if it contributes to the structure and stability of proteins.

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Huffman, Jennifer Elizabeth. "Genetic analysis of protein N-glycosylation". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10038.

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The majority of human proteins are post-translationally modified by covalent addition of one or more complex oligosaccharides (glycans). Alterations in glycosylation processing are associated with numerous diseases and glycans are attracting increasing attention both as disease biomarkers and as targets for novel therapeutic approaches. Using a recently developed high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for high-throughput glycan analysis, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 33 directly measured and 13 derived N-glycan features were performed in 3533 individuals from four European isolated populations. Polymorphisms at six loci were found to show genome-wide significant association with plasma concentrations of N-glycans. Several of these gene products have well characterised roles in glycosylation, however, SLC9A9 and HNF1A were two of the novel findings. Subsequent work performed by collaborators found HNF1A to be a “master regulator” of genes involved in the fucosylation of plasma N-glycans. Additionally, this work led to the discovery that N-glycans could act as biomarkers to discriminate HNF1A-MODY from type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1D, T2D) patients. After the success of the total plasma N-glycan GWAS, it was thought that stronger and more biologically interpretable associations may be found from the investigation of N-glycans isolated from a single protein. Glycosylation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) influences IgG effector function by modulating binding to Fc receptors. To identify genetic networks that govern IgG glycosylation, N-linked IgG glycans were quantitated using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) in 2247 individuals from the same four European populations from the previous study. GWAS of the 77 N-glycan measures identified 15 loci with a p-value < 5x10-08. Four loci contained genes encoding glycosyltransferases, while the remaining loci contained genes that have not previously been implicated in protein glycosylation. However, most have been associated with autoimmune and inflammatory conditions and/or hematological cancers. Several high-throughput methods for the analysis of N-glycans have been developed in the past few years but thorough validation and standardization of these methods is required before significant resources are invested in large-scale studies. To this end, four of these methods were compared, UPLC, multiplexed capillary gel electrophoresis (xCGE), and two mass spectrometric (MS) methods, for quantitative profiling of N-glycosylation of plasma IgG in a subset of 1201 individuals recruited from two of the cohorts used in the previous GWAS studies. A “minimal” dataset was compiled of N-glycan structures able to be measured by all four methods. To evaluate their accuracy, correlations were calculated for each structure in the minimal dataset. Additionally, GWAS was performed to test if the same associations would be observed across methodologies. Chromatographic methods with either fluorescent or MS-detection yielded slightly stronger associations than MS-only and xCGE, but at the expense of lower levels of throughput. Advantages and disadvantages of each method were identified, which should aid in the selection of the most appropriate method for future studies. This work shows that it is possible to identify new loci that control glycosylation of plasma proteins using GWAS and the potential of N-glycans for biomarker development. It also provides some guidelines for methodology selection for future studies of N-glycans.

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Agah, Sayeh. "Parvalbumin stability and calcium affinity : the impact of the n-terminal domain /". Free to MU Campus, others may purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?3164486.

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Lucas, Olivier. "Molecular and systemic functions of the vertebrate-specific TATA-binding protein N terminus". Diss., Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/lucas/LucasO0509.pdf.

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Woollard, Geoffrey Robert Paget. "Redesign of the N-end rule protein ClpS for use in high-throughput N-end protein sequencing". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/46377.

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Current protein sequencing methods include mass spectrometry and Edman degradation. We envision a novel high-throughput protein sequencing method using affinity adapters to recognize the N-terminal residue of a denatured peptide in an iterative process. This thesis takes a first step toward designing robust and selective affinity reagents. We outline our pipeline for designing selective protein adapters that recognize the N-terminal amino acid of a peptide independent of the following sequence. We based our design on a substrate recognition protein in the N-end rule pathway, ClpS. The bacterial N-recognin protein ClpS binds peptide substrates, termed N-degrons, that have a bulky hydrophobic amino acid (L/F/Y/W) at the N-terminus. Using full atom in silico models we designed hydrogen bonding and salt-bridge contacts in ClpS to novel N-degron substrates (N-end D/E/T), predicted the selectivity of these designs, and experimentally verified them. Of 11 designs, we purified nine that were soluble by SDS-PAGE, and obtained a peptide binding profile to 30 peptides with a modified ELISA assay. Most designs were non-specific or had no binding affinity. Four designs M53A, L112F, I45L, I45L_I45L_M53A had an increase in affinity to various substrates, but were not selective as they retained affinity to the native substrates (N-end L/F/Y/W). We performed molecular dynamics simulations on several proteins that were soluble or insoluble under standard expression conditions in E. coli, in order to learn parameters that were indicative of kinetic instability. Using a back-to-consensus approach, we identified a point mutant S104F that stabilizes the scaffold of ClpS as assayed by GFP fluorescence in a GFP-ClpS fusion protein. This thesis outlines the computational design pipeline we developed, which includes a RosettaScripts protocol, an in silico selectivity screen with AutoDock, and a kinetic stability confidence score from a molecular dynamics trajectory. Finally, we make suggestions toward designing selective affinity reagents for high-throughput N-end protein sequencing.

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Wood, Alison. "N-linked protein glycosylation in Helicobacter species". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/nlinked-protein-glycosylation-in-helicobacter-species(ef97ffdd-aca4-40ff-b52b-7b8ca030bc82).html.

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N-linked protein glycosylation involves the transfer of a glycan onto an Asparagine residue (N) of a polypeptide chain. It is common in Eukaryotes and has recently been observed in Prokaryotes, most notably in Campylobacter jejuni. The C. jejuni N-linked glycosylation system is encoded on a single pgl gene locus that also functions when expressed in Escherichia coli. The key enzyme involved in N-linked protein glycosylation is encoded by the pglB gene and transfers lipid-linked glycan onto N residues of glycoproteins in the periplasm. It is clear from accumulating genome sequence data that pglB orthologues are present in all Campylobacter species and in related species such as Wolinella succinogenes, Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. Most Helicobacter species, including Helicobacter pylori, lack the pglB gene but three related Helicobacter species Helicobacter pullorum, Helicobacter canadensis and Helicobacter winghamensis have two distinct pglB genes. These and other orthologues of C. jejuni pgl genes are located not within a single locus but rather at five distinct loci. One of the two pglB genes, termed pglB1, is required for in vitro N-glycosylation of peptides (Jervis et al., 2010). In this thesis I present data on the role of further pgl gene orthologues and previously uncharacterized genes in H. pullorum N-glycosylation. Furthermore I have also identified a number of H. pullorum glycoproteins and provide data comparing N-glycosylation processes in C. jejuni and H. pullorum. These data expand our preliminary observations on the first Helicobacter N-linked glycosylation system, and provide important information on the similarities and differences between the well characterised C. jejuni system and these more recently identified pathways.

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Karlsson, Gunilla Birgitta. "Effects of the imino sugar N-butyldeoxynojirimycin on protein N-linked glycosylation". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333246.

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Raggett, Elaine. "The structure and function of translocation domain of Colicin N". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285400.

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Murray, Anne Riché. "The functional significance of rhodopsin's N-linked glycosylation". Oklahoma City : [s.n.], 2009.

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Su, Wei. "Characterization of N-GAIP, a novel RGS protein". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0010/MQ40774.pdf.

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Książki na temat "PROTEIN N"

Su, Wei. Characterization of N-GAIP, a novel RGS protein. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1998.

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Raouf, Ramin K. Functional regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by serine/threonine protein kinases. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999.

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Verfasser, Schließmann Stephan J., Kirschbaum Andreas Verfasser, Plönes Till 1976 Verfasser, Müller-Quernheim Joachim 1953 Verfasser, Zissel Gernot Verfasser, Klinik für Pneumologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Medizinische Fakultät i Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, red. Roflumilast-N-oxide induces surfactant protein expression in human alveolar epithelial cells type II. Freiburg: Universität, 2012.

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Bartlett, Mary Claire. Modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate currents in cultured hippocampal neurones by protein kinase C. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1992.

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Mah, Thien-Fah. The interaction between E. coli protein NusA and the N-nut site complex bacteriophage [lambda]. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1994.

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Konarski, Jakub Z. Molecular mechanism of protein kinase C enhancement of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor calcium-dependent inactivation. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2002.

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Pieribone, Vincent. Aglow in the dark: The revolutionary science of biofluorescence. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005.

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Martin, R. P. Synthesis of a thiosugar analogue of an N - linked oligosaccharide fragment: A tool for the study of carbohydrate -protein interactions. Manchester: UMIST, 1995.

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Varodayan, Florence Prabha. Alcohol alters the expression of Soluble N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor Attachment Protein Receptors (SNAREs) and spontaneous γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) release... [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2013.

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Vallur, Raghavan. Suitability of N-terminal autophosphorylation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I as an in vivo molecular monitor of cGMP signaling. [S.l: s.n.], 2014.

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Części książek na temat "PROTEIN N"

Schomburg, Dietmar, i Dörte Stephan. "Protein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase". W Enzyme Handbook 12, 481–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61117-9_97.

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Ciechanover, Aaron. "N-terminal Ubiquitination: No Longer Such a Rare Modification". W Protein Degradation, 10–20. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/352760586x.ch2.

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Bill, Roslyn M., Leigh Revers i Iain B. H. Wilson. "Core Issues: Building The Groundwork for N-Linked Sugars". W Protein Glycosylation, 147–212. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4939-0_4.

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Bill, Roslyn M., Leigh Revers i Iain B. H. Wilson. "Branching Out: Constructing The Antennae Of N-Linked Sugars". W Protein Glycosylation, 213–79. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4939-0_5.

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Hirano, Hisashi, i Roza M. Kamp. "Deblocking of N-Terminally Modified Proteins". W Protein Sequencing Protocols, 355–63. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-342-9:355.

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Schomburg, Dietmar, i Dörte Stephan. "Protein-arginine N-methyltransferase". W Enzyme Handbook 11, 101–5. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61030-1_23.

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Schomburg, Dietmar, i Dörte Stephan. "Protein-histidine N-methyltransferase". W Enzyme Handbook 11, 357–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61030-1_81.

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Jackson, Philip J. "N-Terminal Protein Sequencing for Special Applications". W Protein Sequencing Protocols, 287–300. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-342-9:287.

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Mozdzanowski, Jacek. "Deblocking of Proteins Containing N-Terminal PyroglutamicAcid". W Protein Sequencing Protocols, 365–69. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-342-9:365.

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Melton-Celsa, Angela, i Alison D. O'Brien. "Plant and Bacterial Toxins as RNA N-Glycosidases". W Bacterial Protein Toxins, 245–55. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817893.ch17.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "PROTEIN N"

AEBI, MARKUS. "N-LINKED PROTEIN GLYCOSYLATION". W 23rd International Solvay Conference on Chemistry. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814603836_0023.

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Krul, Elaine. "Nitrogen to Protein Conversion Factors - An update and practical guidance for their use and for determining specific factors for novel protein sources". W 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/amwx7627.

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Protein content in food is measured indirectly (since the 1880’s) by determining nitrogen (N) and using a nitrogen to protein conversion factor (NPCF). NPCFs were initially based on proteins that were readily available at the time and found to contain about 16% N. Hence, a NPCF of 6.25 (100/16) was applied to all proteins, assuming all N was from amino acids (AAs). Recent technological advances revealed differences in AA composition and content of non-protein N between proteins indicating that an NPCF of 6.25 overestimates the protein content of most foods. However, 6.25 is still widely used. In 2017, use of specific NPCFs for proteins received attention from the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU) as they addressed standards for infant and follow-up formula. Should proposed specific NPCFs for soy protein of 5.71 (proposed in 1931 based on the AA composition of glycinin) and 6.38 for dairy protein (based on unique methods of determining NPCFs) be used? In July 2019, a joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting on Nutrition (JEMNU) systematically analyzed all data and developed a recommendation. The JEMNU report concluded that there were shortcomings of methods used for protein estimation resulting in low to moderate confidence of the factors recommended: NPCFs of 6.1 and 5.7 for dairy and soy protein, respectively. A September 2021 CCNFSDU report concluded that the NPCF value for 6.25 should be retained based on the low confidence of NPCFs recommended by JEMNU and the significant ramifications of changing the NPCFs. This highlights the challenges faced with determining the protein content for novel proteins. There are published, unstandardized methods for determining NPCFs and if the limitations of these methods are recognized and reported, this can allow data-based comparisons of NPCFs between proteins. Ideally, a universal direct method of protein content determination is needed.

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Jundt, Emily, Kaustav Majumder i Bijesh Maharjan. "Does Soil Nutrient Management with Nitrogen Fertilizer Increase Protein Content in Leguminous Plants". W 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/qgrx4847.

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Dry edible beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are leguminous plants and are an excellent source of dietary proteins. Great Northern (GN) beans are a market class of dry edible beans and a major agricultural commodity in Nebraska. Soil nutrient management with nitrogen (N) fertilizer can enhance bean production by increasing N uptake, potentially improving protein quantity, and resulting in a potential economic benefit to bean farmers. Thus, this experiment aims to evaluate and optimize the effects of N treatment on yield, total protein, and soluble protein in GN beans. Seven treatments were tested, consisting of two controls and 5 treatments of urea at different rates. This field trial used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) structure, with four replications per treatment. GN beans were planted in May 2021, fertilized in June, and harvested in September 2021. Yield was calculated, total protein content was measured via the Dumas method, and soluble protein content was analyzed by Lowry’s protein estimation method. Bean yield linearly increased with fertilizer N rate. Bean yield ranged from 3260 lbs/ac at 0 lbs N/ac to 3710 lbs/ac at 125 lbs N/ac. Results also showed that both total and soluble protein content in GN beans linearly increased with applied N rate. The urea treatment at a rate of 100 and 125 lbs /ac increased the total protein content by 1.0 and 2.9%, respectively. Soluble protein content increased by 1.2 and 1.8% when urea was applied at rates of 100 and 125 lbs/ac, respectively. As the demand for plant-based protein continues to grow, it brings a large market for legume proteins that can be optimized with N management. The use of N management to enhance the bean quality by increasing total and soluble protein will add more economic value to the GN beans and benefit the bean growers.

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Marshall, Glenn M., Pei Y. Liu, Samuele Gherardi, Christopher J. Scarlett, Antonio Bedalov, Ning Xu, Nunzio Iraci i in. "Abstract 3027: SIRT1 promotes N-Myc oncogenesis stabilizing N-Myc protein". W Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-3027.

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Hopmeier, P., M. Halbmayer, H. P. Schwarz, F. Heuss i M. Fischer. "PROTEIN C AND PROTEIN S IN MILD AND MODERATE PREECLAMPSIA". W XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644285.

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In normal pregnancy, total protein S antigen and activity have been reported to be markedly reduced, whereas protein C level was found unaltered. In contrast, in severe preeclampsia protein C antigen was found to be considerably reduced. The presentstudy was done to clarify whether similar changes in protein Cwould alsobe observed for the mildand moderatepreeclamptic state andwhether there would be any effects on the level ofprotein S, since nodata on this cofactor in preeclampsia have been reported to date. 4-0 women in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy - 20 with uncomplicated pregnancies and 20 who had developed a mild (n = 14-) or moderate (n = 6) preeclamptic condition - were included in the study. All groups were well matched in age and gestational age. In addition, 20 healthynon-pregnant women served as controls. All probands had normal liver (SGOT, SGPT) and kidney (BUN, creatinine) values and no other medication than oral vitamins was used. Classification of preeclampsia was done according to a modification of the gestosis index of Goecke using an 11 gradeindex system (0 - 11). ProteinC antigen was measured by an enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay and protein S by the Laurell rocket technique.For statistics, the Wilcoxon rank sum test was appliedWe conclude that in comparison tonormal pregnancies, protein S is found elevated at least in the moderate, and protein C in the moderateas well as in the mild preeclamptic state

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Nasrollahi, S. M., P. Nozière, R. J. Dewhurst, C. Chantelauze, L. Cheng, E. Froidmont, C. Martin i G. Cantalapiedra-Hijar. "Natural 15N abundances in plasma and urea-N concentration in milk as biomarkers of urinary N excretion in dairy cows: a meta-analysis". W 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_66.

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Novikova, L. I., S. S. Bochkareva, A. V. Aleshkin, S. IU Kombarova, O. E. Karpov, A. A. Pulin, O. A. Orlova, IU S. Lebedin, A. M. Vorobev i E. R. Mekhtiev. "DYNAMICS OF ANTIBODIES TO VARIOUS ANTIGENS OF THE SARS-COV-2 CORONAVIRUS IN PATIENTS WITH CONFIRMED COVID-19 INFECTION". W Molecular Diagnostics and Biosafety. Federal Budget Institute of Science 'Central Research Institute for Epidemiology', 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/978-5-9900432-9-9-159.

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Presence of IgG and IgM antibodies in venous blood of 76 patients with confirmed presence of SARS-CoV-2 was determined. The study was carried out by ELISA using Russian test systems. Revealed different levels of IgM antibodies to N-protein and RBD (receptor binding domain of the Spike protein). The level of IgM to RBD did not reach high values, while the level of IgM to N-protein sharply increased in a short period of time to high values by the 3rd week of the disease and decreased only by the 8th week. The dynamics of IgG antibodies to the whole virion antigen and the recombinant spikes was similar, reaching high values at 4-5 weeks of the disease, however, the dynamics of IgG to the N-protein differed, showing a slight increase by the 1st week of the disease and a low level throughout the entire period of observation. Different dynamics of production of IgG and IgM antibodies to N-protein and RBD were noted. The amount of IgM to the N-protein increased sharply and reached a high level, while the amount of IgG increased smoothly and did not show a high level. The opposite picture was observed for antibodies to RBD. The characteristic dynamics of IgG, measured using test systems withsorbed whole virion or recombinant spike proteins, suggests duration of the disease

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Ganapathiraju, M., D. Weisser, R. Rosenfeld, J. Carbonell, R. Reddy i J. Klein-Seetharaman. "Comparative n-gram analysis of whole-genome protein sequences". W the second international conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1289189.1289259.

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Katsumata, M., i S. Wilkinson. "Diurnal variations of activities of disaccharidases and aminopeptidase N in growing barrows". W 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_90.

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Gilabert, J., J. A. Fernández, F. Espana, J. Aznar i A. Estellés. "PHYSIOLOGICAL COAGULATION INHIBITORS (PROTEIN S, PROTEIN C AND ANTITHROMBIN III) IN NORMAL PREGNANCY AND IN SEVERAL HYPERTENSION STATES IN PREGNANCY". W XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644289.

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The protein C (PC) - protein S (PS) anticoagulant system and antithrorribin III (AT III) were evaluated in normal pregnancy (group A, n= 53), severe preeclampsia (group B, n= 15) and chronic hypertension with superinposed severe preeclampsia (group C, n= 18). Group A was classified according to the stage of pregnancy as 1st (n=9), 2nd (n=ll) and 3rd (n=33) trimester (tr). A control group comprised 21 normal, non-pregnant women who were non-users of oral contraceptives. In normal pregnancy a significant decrease in the level of free protein S was observed in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy and was sustained throughout the remaining months. The other coagulation inhibitors (protein C and AT III) undergo no significant changes during pregnancy and remain within the limits of normality. In cases of preeclampsia a significant decrease in protein C was observed. It was more evident in severe preeclarrpsia but was also found in chronic hypertension with superiirposed severe preeclanpsia when compared with the normal pregnancy group at similar gestational age. No statistically significant differences in protein S were found when the normal and pathological groups were compared. AT III decreased slightly in the severe preeclamptic group but the decrease was not significant.The decrease in protein C and AT III levels in severe preeclanpsia could be related with the microthrombotic state that these patients may present. However, protein S, which decreases during normal pregnancy, seems to play no role in preeclanpsia.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "PROTEIN N"

Gumerlock, Paul H. Protein Interaction with the N-Terminus of the Androgen Receptor. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, marzec 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada421196.

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Gumerlock, Paul H. Protein Interaction with the N-Terminus of the Androgen Receptor. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, wrzesień 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada384350.

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Gafny, Ron, A. L. N. Rao i Edna Tanne. Etiology of the Rugose Wood Disease of Grapevine and Molecular Study of the Associated Trichoviruses. United States Department of Agriculture, wrzesień 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575269.bard.

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Rugose wood is a complex disease of grapevines, characterized by modification of the woody cylinder of affected vines. The control of rugose wood is based on the production of healthy propagation material. Detection of rugose wood in grapevines is difficult and expensive: budwood from tested plants is grafted onto sensitive Vitis indicators and the appearance of symptoms is monitored for 3 years. The etiology of rugose wood is complex and has not yet been elucidated. Several elongated clostero-like viruses are consistently found in affected vines; one of them, grapevine virus A (GVA), is closely associated with Kober stem grooving, a component of the rugose wood complex. GVA has a single-stranded RNA genome of 7349 nucleotides, excluding a polyA tail at the 3' terminus. The GVA genome includes five open reading frames (ORFs 1-5). ORF 4, which encodes for the coat protein of GVA, is the only ORF for which the function was determined experimentally. The original objectives of this research were: 1- To produce antisera to the structural and non-structural proteins of GVA and GVB and to use these antibodies to establish an effective detection method. 2- Develop full length infectious cDNA clones of GVA and GVB. 3- Study the roll of GVA and GVB in the etiology of the grapevine rugose wood disease. 4- Determine the function of Trichovirus (now called Vitivirus) encoded genes in the virus life cycle. Each of the ORFs 2, 3, 4 and 5 genes of GVA were cloned and expressed in E. coli and used to produce antisera. Both the CP (ORF 4) and the putative MP (ORF 3) were detected with their corresponding antisera in-GVA infected N. benthamiana and grapevine. The MP was first detected at an early stage of the infection, 6-12 h after inoculation, and the CP 2-3 days after inoculation. The MP could be detected in GVA-infected grapevines that tested negative for CP, both with CP antiserum and with a commercially available ELISA kit. Antisera to ORF 2 and 5 encoded proteins could react with the recombinant proteins but failed to detect both proteins in GVA infected plants. A full-length cDNA clone of grapevine virus A (GVA) was constructed downstream from the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase promoter. Capped in vitro transcribed RNA was infectious in N. benthamiana and N. clevelandii plants. Symptoms induced by the RNA transcripts or by the parental virus were indistinguishable. The infectivity of the in vitro-transcribed RNA was confirmed by serological detection of the virus coat and movement proteins and by observation of virions by electron microscopy. The full-length clone was modified to include a gus reporter gene and gus activity was detected in inoculated and systemic leaves of infected plants. Studies of GVA mutants suggests that the coat protein (ORF 4) is essential for cell to cell movement, the putative movement protein (ORF 3) indeed functions as a movement protein and that ORF 2 is not required for virus replication, cell to cell or systemic movement. Attempts to infect grapevines by in-vitro transcripts, by inoculation of cDNA construct in which the virus is derived by the CaMV 35S promoter or by approach grafting with infected N. benthamiana, have so far failed. Studies of the subcellular distribution of GFP fusion with each of ORF 2, 3 and 4 encoded protein showed that the CP fusion protein accumulated as a soluble cytoplasmatic protein. The ORF 2 fusion protein accumulated in cytoplasmatic aggregates. The MP-GFP fusion protein accumulated in a large number of small aggregates in the cytoplasm and could not move from cell to cell. However, in conditions that allowed movement of the fusion protein from cell to cell (expression by a PVX vector or in young immature leaves) the protein did not form cytoplasmatic aggregates but accumulated in the plasmodesmata.

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Loebenstein, Gad, William Dawson i Abed Gera. Association of the IVR Gene with Virus Localization and Resistance. United States Department of Agriculture, sierpień 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604922.bard.

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We have reported that localization of TMV in tobacco cultivars with the N gene, is associated with a 23 K protein (IVR) that inhibited replication of several plant viruses. This protein was also found in induced resistant tissue of Nicotiana glutinosa x Nicotiana debneyi. During the present grant we found that TMV production is enhanced in protoplasts and plants of local lesion responding tobacco cultivars exposed to 35oC, parallel to an almost complete suppression of the production of IVR. We also found that IVR is associated with resistance mechanisms in pepper cultivars. We succeeded to clone the IVR gene. In the first attempt we isolated a clone - "101" which had a specific insert of 372 bp (the full length gene for the IVR protein of 23 kD should be around 700 bp). However, attempts to isolate the full length gene did not give clear cut results, and we decided not to continue with this clone. The amino acid sequence of the N-terminus of IVR was determined and an antiserum was prepared against a synthetic peptide representing amino acids residues 1-20 of IVR. Using this antiserum as well as our polyclonal antiserum to IVR a new clone NC-330 was isolated using lamba-ZAP library. This NC-330 clone has an insert of about 1 kB with an open reading frame of 596 bp. This clone had 86.6% homology with the first 15 amino acids of the N-terminal part of IVR and 61.6% homology with the first 23 amino acids of IVR. In the QIA expression system and western blotting of the expressed protein, a clear band of about 21 kD was obtained with IVR antiserum. This clone was used for transformation of Samsun tobacco plants and we have presently plantlets which were rooted on medium containing kanamycin. Hybridization with this clone was also obtained with RNA from induced resistant tissue of Samsun NN but not with RNA from healthy control tissue of Samsun NN, or infected or healthy tissue of Samsun. This further strengthens the previous data that the NC 330 clone codes for IVR. In the U.S. it was shown that IVR is induced in plants containing the N' gene when infected with mutants of TMV that elicit the HR. This is a defined system in which the elicitor is known to be due to permutations of the coat protein which can vary in elicitor strength. The objective was to understand how IVR synthesis is induced after recognition of elicitor coat protein in the signal transduction pathway that leads to HR. We developed systems to manipulate induction of IVR by modifying the elicitor and are using these elicitor molecules to isolate the corresponding plant receptor molecules. A "far-western" procedure was developed that found a protein from N' plants that specifically bind to elicitor coat proteins. This protein is being purified and sequenced. This objective has not been completed and is still in progress. We have reported that localization of TMV in tobacco cultivars with the N gene, is associated with a 23 K protein (IVR) that inhibited replication of several plant viruses. This protein was also found in induced resistant tissue of Nicotiana glutinosa x Nicotiana debneyi.

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Epel, Bernard L., Roger N. Beachy, A. Katz, G. Kotlinzky, M. Erlanger, A. Yahalom, M. Erlanger i J. Szecsi. Isolation and Characterization of Plasmodesmata Components by Association with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Movement Proteins Fused with the Green Fluorescent Protein from Aequorea victoria. United States Department of Agriculture, wrzesień 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573996.bard.

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The coordination and regulation of growth and development in multicellular organisms is dependent, in part, on the controlled short and long-distance transport of signaling molecule: In plants, symplastic communication is provided by trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels termed plasmodesmata (Pd). Plant viruses spread cell-to-cell by altering Pd. This movement scenario necessitates a targeting mechanism that delivers the virus to a Pd and a transport mechanism to move the virion or viral nucleic acid through the Pd channel. The identity of host proteins with which MP interacts, the mechanism of the targeting of the MP to the Pd and biochemical information on how Pd are alter are questions which have been dealt with during this BARD project. The research objectives of the two labs were to continue their biochemical, cellular and molecular studies of Pd composition and function by employing infectious modified clones of TMV in which MP is fused with GFP. We examined Pd composition, and studied the intra- and intercellular targeting mechanism of MP during the infection cycle. Most of the goals we set for ourselves were met. The Israeli PI and collaborators (Oparka et al., 1999) demonstrated that Pd permeability is under developmental control, that Pd in sink tissues indiscriminately traffic proteins of sizes of up to 50 kDa and that during the sink to source transition there is a substantial decrease in Pd permeability. It was shown that companion cells in source phloem tissue export proteins which traffic in phloem and which unload in sink tissue and move cell to cell. The TAU group employing MP:GFP as a fluorescence probe for optimized the procedure for Pd isolation. At least two proteins kinases found to be associated with Pd isolated from source leaves of N. benthamiana, one being a calcium dependent protein kinase. A number of proteins were microsequenced and identified. Polyclonal antibodies were generated against proteins in a purified Pd fraction. A T-7 phage display library was created and used to "biopan" for Pd genes using these antibodies. Selected isolates are being sequenced. The TAU group also examined whether the subcellular targeting of MP:GFP was dependent on processes that occurred only in the presence of the virus or whether targeting was a property indigenous to MP. Mutant non-functional movement proteins were also employed to study partial reactions. Subcellular targeting and movement were shown to be properties indigenous to MP and that these processes do not require other viral elements. The data also suggest post-translational modification of MP is required before the MP can move cell to cell. The USA group monitored the development of the infection and local movement of TMV in N. benthamiana, using viral constructs expressing GFP either fused to the MP of TMV or expressing GFP as a free protein. The fusion protein and/or the free GFP were expressed from either the movement protein subgenomic promoter or from the subgenomic promoter of the coat protein. Observations supported the hypothesis that expression from the cp sgp is regulated differently than expression from the mp sgp (Szecsi et al., 1999). Using immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, it was determined that paired wall-appressed bodies behind the leading edge of the fluorescent ring induced by TMV-(mp)-MP:GFP contain MP:GFP and the viral replicase. These data suggest that viral spread may be a consequence of the replication process. Observation point out that expression of proteins from the mp sgp is temporary regulated, and degradation of the proteins occurs rapidly or more slowly, depending on protein stability. It is suggested that the MP contains an external degradation signal that contributes to rapid degradation of the protein even if expressed from the constitutive cp sgp. Experiments conducted to determine whether the degradation of GFP and MP:GFP was regulated at the protein or RNA level, indicated that regulation was at the protein level. RNA accumulation in infected protoplast was not always in correlation with protein accumulation, indicating that other mechanisms together with RNA production determine the final intensity and stability of the fluorescent proteins.

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van Harn, J., A. Rezaei Far, M. M. van Krimpen, J. Phuc i C. Veiga. Low crude protein diets supplemented with free amino acids in laying hens : effects on performance, egg quality, N-efficiency, N-excretion, economics and diet carbon footprint. Wageningen: Wageningen Livestock Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/557184.

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Varga, Gabriella A., Amichai Arieli, Lawrence D. Muller, Haim Tagari, Israel Bruckental i Yair Aharoni. Effect of Rumen Available Protein, Amimo Acids and Carbohydrates on Microbial Protein Synthesis, Amino Acid Flow and Performance of High Yielding Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, sierpień 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568103.bard.

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The effect of rumen available protein amino acids and carbohydrates on microbial protein synthesis, amino acid flow and performance of high yielding dairy cows was studied. A significant relationship between the effective degradabilities of OM in feedstuffs and the in vivo ruminal OM degradation of diets of dairy cows was found. The in situ method enabled the prediction of ruminal nutrients degradability response to processing of energy and nitragenous supplements. The AA profile of the rumen undegradable protein was modified by the processing method. In a continuous culture study total N and postruminal AA flows, and bacterial efficiency, is maximal at rumen degradable levels of 65% of the CP. Responses to rumen degradable non carbohydrate (NSC) were linear up to at least 27% of DM. Higher CP flow in the abomasum was found for cows fed high ruminally degradable OM and low ruminally degradable CP diet. It appeared that in dairy cows diets, the ratio of rumen degradable OM to rumenally degradable CP should be at least 5:1 in order to maximize postruminal CP flow. The efficiency of microbial CP synthesis was higher for diets supplemented with 33% of rumen undegradable protein, with greater amounts of bacterial AA reaching the abomasum. Increase in ruminal carbohydrate availability by using high moisture corn increased proportions of propionate, postruminal nutrients flow, postruminal starch digestibility, ruminal availability of NSC, uptake of energy substrates by the mammory gland. These modifications resulted with improvement in the utilization of nonessential AA for milk protein synthesis, in higher milk protein yield. Higher postruminal NSC digestibility and higher efficiency of milk protein production were recorded in cows fed extruded corn. Increasing feeding frequency increased flow of N from the rumen to the blood, reduced diurnal variation in ruminal and ammonia, and of plasma urea and improved postruminal NSC and CIP digestibility and total tract digestibilities. Milk and constituent yield increased with more frequent feeding. In a study performed in a commercial dairy herd, changes in energy and nitrogenous substrates level suggested that increasing feeding frequency may improve dietary nitrogen utilization and may shift metabolism toward more glucogenesis. It was concluded that efficiency of milk protein yield in high producing cows might be improved by an optimization of ruminal and post-ruminal supplies of energy and nitrogenous substrates. Such an optimization can be achieved by processing of energy and nitrogenous feedstuffs, and by increasing feeding frequency. In situ data may provide means for elucidation of the optimal processing conditions.

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Ohad, Nir, i Robert Fischer. Regulation of Fertilization-Independent Endosperm Development by Polycomb Proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, styczeń 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695869.bard.

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Arabidopsis mutants that we have isolated, encode for fertilization-independent endosperm (fie), fertilization-independent seed2 (fis2) and medea (mea) genes, act in the female gametophyte and allow endosperm to develop without fertilization when mutated. We cloned the FIE and MEA genes and showed that they encode WD and SET domain polycomb (Pc G) proteins, respectively. Homologous proteins of FIE and MEA in other organisms are known to regulate gene transcription by modulating chromatin structure. Based on our results, we proposed a model whereby both FIE and MEA interact to suppress transcription of regulatory genes. These genes are transcribed only at proper developmental stages, as in the central cell of the female gametophyte after fertilization, thus activating endosperm development. To test our model, the following questions were addressed: What is the Composition and Function of the Polycomb Complex? Molecular, biochemical, genetic and genomic approaches were offered to identify members of the complex, analyze their interactions, and understand their function. What is the Temporal and Spatial Pattern of Polycomb Proteins Accumulation? The use of transgenic plants expressing tagged FIE and MEA polypeptides as well as specific antibodies were proposed to localize the endogenous polycomb complex. How is Polycomb Protein Activity Controlled? To understand the molecular mechanism controlling the accumulation of FIE protein, transgenic plants as well as molecular approaches were proposed to determine whether FIE is regulated at the translational or posttranslational levels. The objectives of our research program have been accomplished and the results obtained exceeded our expectation. Our results reveal that fie and mea mutations cause parent-of-origin effects on seed development by distinct mechanisms (Publication 1). Moreover our data show that FIE has additional functions besides controlling the development of the female gametophyte. Using transgenic lines in which FIE was not expressed or the protein level was reduced during different developmental stages enabled us for the first time to explore FIE function during sporophyte development (Publication 2 and 3). Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that FIE, a single copy gene in the Arabidopsis genome, represses multiple developmental pathways (i.e., endosperm, embryogenesis, shot formation and flowering). Furthermore, we identified FIE target genes, including key transcription factors known to promote flowering (AG and LFY) as well as shoot and leaf formation (KNAT1) (Publication 2 and 3), thus demonstrating that in plants, as in mammals and insects, PcG proteins control expression of homeobox genes. Using the Yeast two hybrid system and pull-down assays we demonstrated that FIE protein interact with MEA via the N-terminal region (Publication 1). Moreover, CURLY LEAF protein, an additional member of the SET domain family interacts with FIE as well. The overlapping expression patterns of FIE, with ether MEA or CLF and their common mutant phenotypes, demonstrate the versatility of FIE function. FIE association with different SET domain polycomb proteins, results in differential regulation of gene expression throughout the plant life cycle (Publication 3). In vitro interaction assays we have recently performed demonstrated that FIE interacts with the cell cycle regulatory component Retinobalsoma protein (pRb) (Publication 4). These results illuminate the potential mechanism by which FIE may restrain embryo sac central cell division, at least partly, through interaction with, and suppression of pRb-regulated genes. The results of this program generated new information about the initiation of reproductive development and expanded our understanding of how PcG proteins regulate developmental programs along the plant life cycle. The tools and information obtained in this program will lead to novel strategies which will allow to mange crop plants and to increase crop production.

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Werren, John H., Einat Zchori-Fein i Moshe Coll. Parthenogenesis-Inducing Microorganisms in Parasitic Hymenoptera: Their Mode of Action and Utilization for Improvement of Biological Control Agents. United States Department of Agriculture, czerwiec 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7573080.bard.

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Wolbachia are intracellular bacteria known to cause reproductive and sex ratio disorders in many insects. In various parasitic Hymenoptera, Wolbachia induce thelytokous reproduction. The overall goal of this research was the improvement of biological control agents by reversion of their mode of reproduction. This was attempted from two directions: 1) studying the effect of naturally occurring Wolbachia on the thelytokous species Muscidifuraxuniraptor and 2) trying to transmit thelytoky-inducing Wolbachia to Nasoniavitripennis. In M. uniraptor, gamete duplication was found to be the mode of diploidy restoration and Wolbachia density had a strong effect on sex ratio but not on host fitness. Studies on the natural horizontal transmission of Wolbachia between Nasonia wasps and their Protocalliphora hosts using the Wolbachia Outer Surface Protein (WOSP) gene revealed that (a) two Nasonia species (N. giraulti and N. longicornis) possess closely related strains of B-group Wolbachia, but N. vitripennisapparently acquired B Wolbachia by horizontal transmission from an unknown source, (b) Nasonia and its Protocalliphora host have similar Wolbachia, and (c) the Protocalliphora Wolbachia WOSP gene is a recombinant between the one found in N. giraulti/longicornis and N. vitripennis. Results show parasitoid-host insect transmission of Wolbachia and recombination among Wolbachia strains. Results from gynandromorph studies suggest a novel mechanism of sex determination in Nasonia.

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Dickman, Martin B., i Oded Yarden. Regulation of Early Events in Hyphal Elongation, Branching and Differentiation of Filamentous Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580674.bard.

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In filamentous fungi, hyphal elongation, branching and morphogenesis are in many cases the key to successful saprophytic and pathogenic fungal proliferation. The understanding of the fungal morphogenetic response to environmental cues is in its infancy. Studies concerning the regulation of fungal growth and development (some of which have been obtained by the participating collaborators in this project) point to the fact that ser/thr protein kinases and phosphatases are (i) involved in the regulation of such processes and (ii) share common structural and functional features between saprophytes and pathogens. It is our objective to combine a pharmaceutical and a genetic approach in order to identify, characterize and functionally dissect some of the regulatory factors involved in hyphal growth, branching and differentiation. Using an immunohistochemical approach, a ser/thr protein kinase involved in hyphal elongation in both Neurospora crassa and Colletotrichum trifolii has been localized in order to identify the physical arena of regulation of hyphal elongation. The analysis of additional kinases and phosphatases (e.g. Protein kinase C, cAMP-dependent kinase, lipid-activated protein kinase, components of the type 2A protein phosphatase) as well as a RAS-related gene (an additional key participant in signal transduction) has been performed. In order to succeed in advancing the goals of this project, we have taken advantage of available elongation/branching mutants in N. crassa and continuously combined the accumulated information obtained while studying the two systems in order to dissect the elements involved in these processes. The various inhibitors/effectors analyzed can serve as a basis for modification to be used as anti-fungal compounds. Understanding the regulation of hyphal proliferation is a key requirement for identifying novel target points for either curbing fungal growth (as in the case of pathogenesis) or affecting growth patterns in various biotechnological processes. The major objective of our joint project was to advance our understanding of regulation of hyphal growth, especially during early events of fungal germination. Towards achieving this goal, we have coupled the analysis of a genetically tractable organism (N. crassa) with a plant pathogen o economic importance (C. trifolii). As the project progressed we believe that the results obtained have provided a reinforcement to our basic approach which called for combining the two fungal systems for a joint research project. On the one hand, we feel that much of the advance made was possible due to the amenability of N. crassa to genetic manipulations. The relevance of some of the initial findings obtained in Neurospora have been proven to be relevant to the plant pathogen while unique features of the pathogen have been identified in Colletotrichum. Most of the results obtained from this research project have been published. Thus, the main volume of this report is comprised of the relevant publications describing the research and results obtained.

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