Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Productivité – Environnement”
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Desgagné, Patrice. "Aspects de la productivité primaire et secondaire d'un réservoir hydroélectrique québécois, le lac Saint-Jean". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0001/MQ43287.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaShen, Zhiyang. "Essays on Green Productivity". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL12004.
Pełny tekst źródłaAs economic development and population growth, human’s production activity lays a heavy burden on the natural environment. In order to maintain sustainable development, investigating the relationship between economic development and environmental impact has received much attention. This thesis takes into account undesirable factors in production technology and tries to integrate the negative externality of carbon emissions into the measurement of economic performance, referred to as green productivity. This thesis employs a nonparametric estimation approach with directional distance function to analyze environmental efficiency, total factor productivity, and carbon shadow prices among different developed and developing countries at the macro level. We propose new contributions to the measurement and decomposition of productivity indices which capture environmental efficiency. Based on empirical results, we discuss the current environmental regulations and economic policies among countries, to provide useful information for decision and policy makers from an economic point of view
Ghali, Mohamed. "Allier environnement et performances économiques des exploitations : des outils pour l'analyse de l'agriculture écologiquement intensive". Angers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ANGE0054.
Pełny tekst źródłaEcologically Intensive Agriculture (EIA) has emerged as a concept that could reach the dual challenge of environmental sustainability and productivity. The aim of this these is to understand the relevance of this concept through the analysis of agriculture-environment-economic performance relationship. We used different economic and multidisciplinary tools : 1) to discuss the originality of this concept, which aims to integrate environmental features and natural ressources as a specific production factors 2) to measure the technical efficiency of French farms, analyze their scope for improving energy ressources productivity and determine factors that could influence their overuse and 3) to analyze the economic and environmental impacts on a farm engaged in the EIA process. In addition to quantifiable and monetized ressources, this research has permitted to take into account other ressources such as soil quality, through the « engineer » production function obtained unsing biophysical models. Afficiency analysis has showed that the majority of farms are overusing energy ressources. Agricultural practises have heterogeneous effects on this overuse depending on the farm types and the nature of the used ressource. The bio-economic modeling of the studied farm shows that the adopted practices are as productive as traditional practices and help improving its economic and environmental efficiency
Maillard-Quisthoudt, Chantal. "Environnement physique et chimique, productivité primaire phytoplanctonique et bactérienne dans le détroit du Pas-de-Calais". Lille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL10043.
Pełny tekst źródłaMai, Anh. "Les conséquences sur les performances humaines du redesign organisationnel dans un contexte de changement institutionnel : le cas du Vietnam". Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100209.
Pełny tekst źródłaOrganizational redesign has become a never- never land of proliferating metaphors and methods. It has been a strategic choice for organizations to deal with the uncertainties of their external environment. It is also set for facing human constraints and problems of employee integration so that the organizations can maintain and promote the motivation and performance of their employees. It seems that these two approaches of organizational redesign, when employed separately, are not able to meet the actually increasing number of questions emanating from this process. This is because each approach is only conceptualized for a unique context. This thesis proposes an integrated approach for organizational redesign responding to both external and internal needs of the organizations. The conceptual model is built based on the relationships among four main variables: institutional environment, organizational redesign, motivation, and human performance. It employs the research methodologies of case study (5 cases) and of survey method (157 usable responses) on 40 Vietnamese state-owned enterprises for the test of the research model
Charru, Marie. "LA PRODUCTIVITÉ FORESTIÈRE DANS UN ENVIRONNEMENT CHANGEANT : CARACTÉRISATION MULTI-ÉCHELLE DE SES VARIATIONS RÉCENTES À PARTIR DES DONNÉES DE L’INVENTAIRE FORESTIER NATIONAL (IFN) ET INTERPRÉTATION ENVIRONNEMENTALE". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0027/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaGrowth trends have been reported in many regions of Europe over the twentieth century. However, an integrated assessment of productivity changes, including focus on a wide geographical scale, analysis of spatial heterogeneity, and the inter-specific diversity of growth responses is still lacking. The aim of this Ph.D work was to assess recent changes in forest productivity on a national, regional and local scale in France, and to investigate their potential environmental causes, based on statistical modeling approaches of stand basal area increment (BAI), and environmental indicators. We used the French NFI data for 8 species of contrasted ecological niches and distributions (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, Quercus petraea, Quercus pubescens, Picea abies, Abies alba, Pinus sylvestris and Pinus halepensis), taken in pure and even-aged stands. We identified the main factors influencing tree species productivity on a national scale, and produced productivity maps suggesting that species distribution ranges are not always limited by environmental conditions. Between 1980 and 2005, the productivity trends reported were positive, modal or non-significant for all species, except the two Mediterranean species for which productivity decreased, highlighting inter-specific differences in these changes. We observed strong variations of productivity changes, both in intensity and sign, on a regional and intra-regional scale. These results question the relevance of wide-scale average assessments and highlight their context-dependence. The role of recent climatic warming in featuring the BAI trends was highlighted. This work provides an enriched scale- and species-dependent assessment of tree species reaction to a changing environment. We emphasized the species- and context dependence of productivity changes, due to differences in species autecology and spatial variations in the limiting factors. Further focus on the effect of environmental factors and their complex interactions is needed for the prediction of species future productivity
Berre, David. "Les nouveaux enjeux économiques et environnementaux des productions animales : développements méthodologiques par une approche interdisciplinaire des frontières d’efficience". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL12016.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe challenge of feeding 9.6 billion people in 2050 requires to identify sustainable livestock production systems that are able to produce more agricultural products while consuming less resources and producing less externalities. As part of a multidisciplinary research program (ANR-EPAD), we explored microeconomic tools for productivity analysis such as efficient frontiers to shed a new light on sustainable development of livestock production. Our models empirically showed that the progress margins can significantly differ depending on the objectives pursued in the context of eco-inefficiency reduction (input and pollution reduction, output augmentation). Exploration of "dual" models also showed that efficient frontier methods were relevant to provide an economic valuation of non-monetary negative externalities. For instance, our results on the economic value of carbon emissions were close to the observed carbon tax levels. The possibility for farmers to consider that nitrogen surpluses can generate some revenue illustrates the current debate on the integration of undesirable outputs in the Data Envelopment analysis (DEA), and the ambivalence of this indicator of environmental impact as well (either considered as a source of pollution to the air or soil as well as a source of income through organic fertilization). We developed an innovative approach to assess the determinants of eco-efficiency in livestock production. By combining GAMEDE (a "whole-farm" model) with a DEA methodology, we highlighted the potential for further questioning raised by the exploration of new types of modelling in agronomy (such as "simulation-based optimization" or "inverse modelling")
El, Moussaoui Soufiane. "Contribution dans l'industrialisation de la construction : étude d'implémentation des centres logistiques dans les projets de logements". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Centrale Lille Institut, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021CLIL0023.
Pełny tekst źródłaLogistics and Supply Chain Management (SCM) are advocated as improvement areas for the performance of construction sites. Initiatives and attempts to improve supply chains have been implemented recently. In particular, Construction Logistics Centers (CLCs) are gaining more interest among general contractors trying to restructure their materials management methods in complex and confined urban sites. Given the lack of experience and research in the literature regarding CLC solutions and services, this research work aims to contribute to a better understanding of CLC implementation and its corresponding effects. This research work was prepared mainly by a deep investigation of the construction logistics through semi-structured interviews. Lack of time, scarcity of tools, difficulty in estimating costs and benefits and in mobilizing partners were the main difficulties identified in the implementation of a logistics solution. Three levels of criteria are proposed to better understand the choice of these solutions for construction projects. Then, a real experimentation of CLC has been investigated. In fact, this supply system has reduced deliveries, saved time for the workers and improved ergonomics. Nevertheless, it requires more advanced management and causes difficulties in inventory control. Recommendations were provided, both at the strategic and operational levels, for better implementation. The financial viability of CLC from a construction site perspective as well as the effects in terms of deliveries and storage, are also investigated. The results of the exploratory simulation show a relatively positive financial balance and a potential reduction of 26%, 36% and 44% in the number of pallets, storage area and excess storage, respectively. This work has been capitalized in the form of applications that are made available to construction teams. Towards the end of this research work, the effect of CLC on the polluting emissions from the transport of materials is evaluated based on a case study. The results of this study showed a reduction of up to 9%, 12%, 10%, 18%, 19% and 9% of CO2, PM2.5, PM10, CO, NOx and VOC emissions, respectively
Kedjar, Malia. "Essais sur les déterminants de l'éco-innovation : une application aux entreprises françaises". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMC020.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe main objective of this thesis is to study the factors that trigger the development of eco-innovations for the case of French firms. We have addressed this question in different contexts using original data. We contribute to the empirical literature by focusing on entrepreneurial and spatial aspects. The main results show that environmental policy instruments have a different impact on the types of eco-innovations (waste treatment, renewable energy and climate change mitigation technologies) and that eco-innovations are not always profitable for firms. Hence, it is essential to adjust public policy instruments in a way to improve the profitability of eco-innovations. After carrying out a survey on French start-ups, the results of the analysis have shown that there is a diversity of profiles of eco-innovators. Indeed, firms cluster into five main profiles and exhibit different eco-innovation drivers. We have shown empirically that the different categories of eco-innovators do not have the same difficulties in accessing funds. This led us to conclude that public policies must be designed taking into account the specificity of each profile. We have also shown that the recombination of environmental and non environmental technologies and environmental political support are the main factors explaining the location of eco-innovative firms. Moreover, by applying spatial econometrics we found that there is a clear spatial dependence on their creation while the impact of knowledge spillovers is quite local
Bakiri, Mohamed. "Contribution à la conduite et à l'évaluation des systèmes de production intégrant les domaines Qualité, Sécurité et Environnement". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00399405.
Pełny tekst źródłaMalki, Tarik el. "Environnement des entreprises, responsabilité sociale et performance : analyse empirique dans le cas du Maroc". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX24022/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis research aims to study the potential link existing between the different environments of Moroccan manufacturing firms, external (institutional and regulatory) as well as internal (relationships with stakeholders), and their economic and financial performance measured by profitability ratios. The general context of the study is the openness of Moroccan’s borders to European’s products in 2012, and the signature of the “Advanced statute” with European Union (EU) in 2008. In consequence of this, Moroccans firms will have to compete with European firms, which will impact their competitiveness, profitability and efficiency. The investment climate (IC) can therefore play an important role. In addition to that, Moroccanfirms will have to comply with European norms in terms of sustainable development and corporate social responsibility (CSR). In the first part of our study, we aim to identify the determining factors of the IC that impact the economic and financial performance of Moroccan firm. The results show that the taxation (in term of conformity) has a positive impact on performance while the fiscal’s iniquity has a negative effect. In addition, the disloyal informal sector competition has a negative impact on firms’ performance. The regulatory environment plays a role in a sense that firm’s performance is negatively associated with firm’s activity constraints, but positively related to firm’s export administrative constraints. Our results show also non significant link with the financing. In the second part, we measure the social and environmental engagement of Moroccan’s firms based on a measure of corporate social performance (CSP) created from perceptual data. We verified then the potential link existing between this CSP measure and the financialperformance. The results show that no consensus toward a theory is emerging: the stakeholder’s theory is validated for the social dimension (relation with employees) of CSP while the “classic” theory is validated for the other dimensions (environment, etc.). At last, the social commitment of Moroccan’s firms toward their employees seems to be an important dimension of the CSR, while the other dimensions are not
Michel, Klaus-Bernhard. "Economic and environmental causes and consequences of offshoring: an empirical assessment". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209302.
Pełny tekst źródłaWith the increasing scale and scope of offshoring, it becomes crucial to get a grasp of its drivers as well as the gains and threats associated with it. The latter are the focal point of the public and academic discussion around offshoring, in particular the potential threats for workers in developed economies. Typical questions that are being raised are whether offshoring leads to job losses in developed countries and whether it favours certain categories of workers and is to the disadvantage of others. These threats are directly linked to the motivations for engaging into offshoring. In this respect, wage costs play a prominent role. But other factors may also influence offshoring decisions, e.g. regulations, in particular those regarding the environment. Last but not least, offshoring may also entail gains for developed economies through the improvements in the efficiency of production. In this PhD thesis, several causes and consequences of offshoring are examined empirically for Belgium.
The first issue that is investigated is whether offshoring of materials and business services affects industry-level employment. An improved offshoring intensity measure is introduced. It is a volume measure of the share of imported intermediates in output split into materials and business services and according to the country of origin of imports, i.e. high-wage and low-wage countries. Estimations of static and dynamic industry-level labour demand equations augmented by offshoring intensities do not reveal a significant impact of either materials or business services offshoring on total employment for Belgium. This result holds for both the manufacturing sector and the service sector and it proves robust to splitting the manufacturing sector into high-technology and low-technology industries.
These results raise the question whether there are actually productivity gains from offshoring. Therefore, estimates of the impact of materials and business services offshoring on industry-level productivity in Belgium are presented. Two features of the analysis are new compared to the existing literature on this subject: the issue is examined separately for manufacturing and market services industries and the possibility of forward and backward spillovers from offshoring, i.e. that productivity gains from offshoring feed through to upstream and downstream industries, is investigated. Results show that materials offshoring has no effect on productivity, while business services offshoring leads to productivity gains in manufacturing. Furthermore, there is no evidence of either forward or backward spillovers from offshoring.
Despite the absence of an industry-level total employment effect, offshoring may alter the within-industry composition of employment. In this respect, a major concern is the worsening of the labour market position of low-skilled workers. This issue is addressed by providing evidence on the impact of offshoring on the skill structure of manufacturing employment in Belgium between 1995 and 2007. Offshoring is found to significantly lower the employment share of low-skilled workers. Its contribution to the fall in the employment share of low-skilled workers amounts to 35%. This is mainly driven by offshoring to Central and Eastern European countries. Business services offshoring also contributes significantly to the fall in the low-skilled employment share. As a complement to the existing literature, the widely used current price measure of offshoring is compared with a constant price measure that is based on a deflation with separate price indices for domestic output and imports. This reveals that the former underestimate the extent of offshoring and its impact on low-skilled employment. Finally, further results show that the impact of offshoring on low-skilled employment is significantly smaller in industries with a higher ICT capital intensity.
Furthermore, attention is drawn to environmental effects of offshoring by asking whether offshoring contributes to reducing air emissions from manufacturing. Indeed, since the mid-90’s, production-related air emissions in Belgian manufacturing have been reduced substantially. It can be shown that the pace of the reduction has been fastest for domestic intermediates. The issue of whether offshoring has played a role in this reduction by replacing domestic intermediates by imported intermediates is widely debated. Here, a decomposition analysis is developed to measure the contribution of offshoring – the share of imported intermediates in total intermediates – to the fall in air emissions for domestic intermediates. Based on the results from this decomposition analysis, it is possible to calculate that 17% of the fall in greenhouse gas emissions, 6% of the fall in acidifying emissions and 7% of the fall in tropospheric precursor emissions in Belgian manufacturing between 1995 and 2007 can be attributed to offshoring.
Finally, emission intensities are also considered as a potential determinant of offshoring. An econometric approach for testing the pollution haven effect for imported intermediate materials is developed. The approach is new with respect to the existing literature on pollution havens through its specific focus on imports of intermediates. The test is embedded in a cost function framework from which a system of cost share equations for variable input factors is derived. The set of potential determinants of the demand for imported intermediate materials includes emission intensities for three types of air pollutants. Their impact constitutes a test of the pollution haven effect. The system of cost share equations is estimated by a within ISUR using data for the Belgian manufacturing sector. Results show some albeit relatively weak evidence of a pollution haven effect for imported intermediate materials.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Tran, Nam-Quoc. "Essays on environmental performance and productivity of firms : applications to Vietnamese SMEs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAB014.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis aims to examine the impacts of environmental performance on economic performance of firms which apply to Vietnamese SMEs. In addition, this thesis also develops a theoretical model of tax on firm’s emissions, bribery, and political connection. Chapter 2 examines the synergy effects of environmental compliance, innovation, and export activities on firm TFP. This study finds that the synergy of environmental compliance and product innovation is complementary in explaining firm’s TFP. In addition, the impact of the synergy of export activities and environmental compliance may be influenced by innovation. Chapter 3 presents the impact of these synergies on firm’s survivability. This work reveals that the synergy between environmental compliance and export activities is complementary in enhancing firm survival. The latter may be also affected by separated environmental compliance. Chapter 4 investigates the impact of environmental compliance on firm’s productivity convergence. Its findings indicate that environmental compliance may not directly affect this convergence. This impact may become to be significant if this compliance is accompanied by innovation. Finally, in Chapter 5, we develop a theoretical model of the relationship between emission tax, emissions and willingness to commit bribery and to maintain political connection of firms. The result points out that firm’s political connection canaffect emission tax efficiency. Furthermore, the impacts of tax on bribery and political connection are non-monotonous, depending upon the nature of audit and penalty mechanism, sensitivity of firm’s profit and political connection costs
Grunig, iribarren Silvia, i iribarren Silvia Grunig. "Ivan Illich (1926-2002) : la ville conviviale". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00849958.
Pełny tekst źródłaPellat, Ghislaine. "Evaluation de la productivité administrative dans un environnement bureautique". Grenoble : ANRT, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37595058k.
Pełny tekst źródłaSun, Shuie. "Servitization dynamics and financial and environmental performance in China's manufacturing enterprises". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUA028.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the process of manufacturing servitization, Chinese government pays great attention to two questions, namely, the relationship between manufacturing servitization and financial performance of China’s manufacturing enterprise, and the relationship between manufacturing servitization and environmental performance in the context of China's deteriorating environment. Based on the specific data from China, the impact of manufacturing servitization on enterprise financial performance and environmental performance are analyzed in this thesis.Regarding to the first problem, an empirical study from the perspective of regional heterogeneity, sub-industry heterogeneity, and type heterogeneity is conducted. The impact of manufacturing servitization of 30 sub-industries, 31 provinces (cities) and 4 different types of enterprises on financial performance of China is discussed by using the data obtained from 512 manufacturing enterprises. Four major conclusions can be drawn: (1) Overall, there is a positive nonlinear relationship between servitization and financial performance of China's manufacturing enterprises. (2) In the state-owned manufacturing enterprises and private manufacturing enterprises, the impact of servitization on financial performance of enterprises presents a “saddle type”. (3) Servitization cubed of six provinces(Jiangsu, Fujian, Zhejiang, Anhui, Guangdong and Guangxi) passed the significance test, indicating the nonliner relationship between manufacturing servitizaion and financial performance. (4) Servitization cubed of 9 sub-industries passed the significance test, suggeting the nonliner relationship between manufacturing servitizaion and financial performance. These sub-industries are agriculture sideline products processing industry (C13), food manufacturing industry (C14), textile manufacturing (C17), manufacturing of chemical raw materials and chemicals (C26), pharmaceutical manufacturing industry (C27), ferrous metal smelting and calender processing industry (C31), non-ferrous metal smelting and calender processing industry (C32), general equipment manufacturing (C34), railway, ship, aerospace and other transport equipment manufacturing (C37). Besides, there is a positive linear relationship between servitization and financial performance in the electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing industry (C38).For the second problem, the global value chain not only brings trade in value added, but also forms a global trade carbon emission chain. The value-added decomposition method better considers servitization characteristics, it is a more comprehensive explanation of the regional and industrial sources of manufacturing servitization. An study based on the global value chain point of view is conducted to present the relationship between manufacturing servitzation and environmental performance, it can be concluded that: (1) When servitization level is low, an increase in the proportion of servitization in manufacturing exports will promote carbon emissions of export trade, but when servitization level is high, the increase in the proportion of servitization will instead reduce carbon emissions. (2) The scale effect and structural effect caused by manufacturing servitization will lead to the increase of carbon emission. (3) The technological effect, foreign capital effect and environmental regulation effect brought by servitization have no effect on carbon emission reduction
Maillard-Quisthoudt, Chantal. "Environnement physique et chimique, productivité primaire phytoplanctonique et bactérienne dans le détroit du Pas-de-Calais". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376155632.
Pełny tekst źródłaShen, Zhiyang. "Essays on Green Productivity". Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL12004/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaAs economic development and population growth, human’s production activity lays a heavy burden on the natural environment. In order to maintain sustainable development, investigating the relationship between economic development and environmental impact has received much attention. This thesis takes into account undesirable factors in production technology and tries to integrate the negative externality of carbon emissions into the measurement of economic performance, referred to as green productivity. This thesis employs a nonparametric estimation approach with directional distance function to analyze environmental efficiency, total factor productivity, and carbon shadow prices among different developed and developing countries at the macro level. We propose new contributions to the measurement and decomposition of productivity indices which capture environmental efficiency. Based on empirical results, we discuss the current environmental regulations and economic policies among countries, to provide useful information for decision and policy makers from an economic point of view
Mahjoubi, Habib. "Nouvelle stratégie d'amélioration de la productivité végétale en condition de stress environnemental via un meilleur contrôle du cycle cellulaire". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ059/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSalt stress is one of the main environmental factors limiting plant growth and yield in cereal crops. It is therefore imperative to develop varieties more tolerant to salt stress in order to increase yield and ensure food security. The signaling pathway linking salt stress perception to cellular response was addressed here by studying RSS1-like proteins in plants. RSS1 (Rice Salt Sensitive 1) protein plays an important role in salt stress tolerance. It acts at the interface of stress perception and developmental control and division in meristems. During this work, the RSS1 counterpart named TdRL1 (Triticum durum RSS-Like 1) was isolated from the durum wheat Tunisian variety "Oum Rabiaa". We have demonstrated that TdRL1 carries the conserved D and DEN-Box motifs involved in the post-translational regulation of the protein. In addition, we show that TdRL1 is the functional homologue of RSS1 since it was able to complement the loss-of-function mutant rss1, hypersensitive to salt stress. In addition, heterologous expression of TdRL1 enhances salt stress tolerance in yeast and in Arabidopsis by increasing germination and reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Our cytological studies have shown that the TdRL1 protein is cytoplasmic in interphase and is localized at the spindle during mitosis. Remarkably, TdRL1 changes its subcellular localization under salt stress treatment and shows a partial accumulation in the nucleus, highlighting the multifunctional nature of this protein during salt stress response. Our data suggest that under salt stress, TdRL1 plays a role in the regulation of the cell cycle in relation with the microtubule network. Pursuing the study of RSS1-like multifunctional proteins will open up new research areas for the creation of wheat varieties that are more resilient to environmental stresses
Boudsocq, Simon. "Contrôle du recyclage des nutriments par les organismes vivants : conséquences sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes et perspectives évolutives". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066617.
Pełny tekst źródłaDias, Pereira Filho Antonio. "La structure financière, le dynamisme environnemental et la performance économique : une intégration théorique et une exploitation empirique dans le contexte des entreprises brésiliennes". Grenoble 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE21005.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe goal of this study is to analyze and interpret the relationships between capital structure and environmental dynamism and their repercussions on corporate performance. The main idea is that the impact of the capital structure on performance depends on the degree of dynamism of the sector of activity of the corporation. The study based mainly on the contribution of agency theory and transaction costs theory postulates that indebtedness is counterproductive when dynamism is relatively strong. The empirical study covers Brazilian corporations between 1991 and 2004 inclusive. In addition to examining data in this range, data from the subperiods 1991-1998 and 1999-2004 are also analyzed and a year by year analysis is provided for the entire 1991-2004 period. The sample is composed of 114 firms quoted on the São Paulo Stock Exchange. The data were collected from a cross section in Economatica®. The techniques of analysis comprised variance analysis and a multiple regression model with an interaction term. Among the main findings it is worth mentioning the positive impact of the interaction term between capital structure and environmental dynamism on performance. This is contrary to what was expected both intuitively and according to the theoretical framework that was developed. Two further findings that should be mentioned are related to the positive impact of size on the performance of corporations and the negative relationship between the performance and the capital structure
Riquier, Laurent. "Perturbation des environnements marins à la limite Frasnien-Famennien (Dévonien terminal) : apport de la géochimie inorganique et du magnétisme des roches". Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00206195.
Pełny tekst źródłaL'analyse du signal magnétique montre que les apports détritiques ont progressivement dimi-nué au cours du Frasnien. Ces apports sont minimaux lors du dépôt des deux horizons Kellwasser au Frasnien terminal. A l'inverse, le Famennien inférieur enregistre une hausse de ces apports. Ces varia-tions sont associées aux fluctuations globales du niveau marin reconnues au Dévonien supérieur, ainsi qu'à des changements profonds du régime d'érosion sur les continents. Notre étude suggère que l'évolution du détritisme et de la production carbonatée sur les marges continentales ait été contrôlée par des variations climatiques majeures. Selon nous, la limite entre ces deux étages représente une période de transition entre des conditions chaudes et humides de type "greenhouse", typiques du Dé-vonien, et des conditions plus froides et plus sèches, annonçant les climats de type "icehouse" du Car-bonifère.
L'analyse géochimique des horizons Kellwasser a mis en évidence la hausse de la productivité primaire et a confirmé l'appauvrissement en oxygène des eaux de fonds dans la plupart des environ-nements marins. Nos travaux montrent que le degré et la durée de l'appauvrissement en oxygène ne semblent pas être identiques pour chacun de ces deux horizons. L'horizon Kellwasser inférieur est caractérisé par la mise en place de conditions dysoxiques dans les environnements peu profonds (pla-tes-formes ou hauts-fonds marins), alors que l'horizon Kellwasser supérieur enregistre la mise en place de conditions anoxiques à euxiniques dans les environnements profonds (bassins) et oxiques à dysoxiques dans les environnements moins profonds.
Durant l'épisode de dépôt de l'horizon Kellwasser inférieur, l'appauvrissement en oxygène se-rait le résultat d'une hausse importante de la productivité primaire. Cette hausse de productivité et la consommation d'oxygène auraient été induites par l'eutrophisation des milieux marins peu profonds. La libération accrue de nutriment proviendrait d'une intensification de l'altération chimique, faisant suite au développement des plantes vasculaires et à la mise en place de la chaîne éovarisque à partir du Dévonien supérieur. Ce phénomène d'altération a vraisemblablement été favorisé par un climat parti-culièrement chaud et humide. Durant l'épisode de dépôt de l'horizon Kellwasser supérieur, l'appauvrissement en oxygène résulterait de la stratification des eaux dans les environnements pro-fonds, due à une diminution de la circulation océanique, causée par un confinement plus important des bassins. Cette stratification a été accrue durant la période de haut niveau marin associée à l'horizon Kellwasser supérieur. Les eaux anoxiques ont pu se répandre dans les environnements de plates-formes à la faveur de la montée eustatique. La mise en place de conditions anoxiques, voire locale-ment euxiniques, a favorisé la diffusion des nutriments libérés par la reminéralisation de la matière organique. Ces nutriments ont pu rejoindre épisodiquement les eaux de surface, à la faveur d'interruptions temporaires de la stratification des eaux, et ainsi intensifier la productivité primaire.
Il est proposé que cette période de stockage accrue de carbone organique dans les sédiments ait fortement perturbé le cycle du carbone à long terme, conduisant, au final, à une chute notable de la pression de CO2 atmosphérique et au refroidissement du climat à la base du Famennien. Ainsi, ces travaux suggèrent que la formation des horizons Kellwasser résulte de la conjonction de divers phé-nomènes, comprenant la tectonique s.l., l'évolution des végétaux, la physiographie des océans, la pro-ductivité marine, le tout en interactions directes et indirectes avec le climat.
Sauget, Nicole. "Agro-écosystème et société : la diversité des façons de produire des agriculteurs dans les coteaux de Gascogne". Paris 10, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA100005.
Pełny tekst źródłaMarchand, Sébastien. "Institutions and deforestation in developing countries". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF10372/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis investigates the role of institutions on deforestation within the framework of the New Institutional Economics. This theory states that institutions can be defined such as the incentive systm wich shape economic interactions throughout the modulations of the incentives of agents. This way, institutions are at stake in the process of deforestation and the analysis of this role is the core of this thesis, articulated around three parts : the role of institutional persistence (1), the importance of the deman for good governance (2) and the implications of institutions and governance system as an underlying framework shaping proximate causes of deforestation (3). The first part stresses the importance of taking into account colonial and legal legacies to understand the role of institutions on deforestation. The second part explains the leading role of the demand for good governance. the third part proposes two micro-Economics applications in Brazil. The role of institutions and governance systmem on forest cover is defined as a catalytic role precipitating the effect of proximate causes on deforestation such as agricultural productivity in the Legal Amazon, or strategic behaviors between counties in the creation of municipal conservation units in the state of Paranà
Khuong, Thi thu huong. "Investigation of the regulation of photosynthesis at the molecular level for improvement of plant growth and productivity under limiting light conditions". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4001.
Pełny tekst źródłaLight is indispensable for plant survival, but plants have to cope with different environmental situations where light quantity and quality can be not optimal for photosynthesis. This can cause photodamage due to the formation of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS). To limit ROS formation, plants developed a mechanism important as the dissipation of excess absorbed energy as heat and is called Non Photochemical Quenching (NPQ). The PsbS protein plays the key role of sensor of the low lumenal pH, the signal to activate NPQ. In this thesis, we proposed and investigated the hypothesis that PsbS absence (NPQ decrease) would improve growth under controlled low light upon elimination of the PsbS in Arabidopsis and tomato plants. Results showed that the increase of photosystem II yield in mutant plants leaded to a significant improvement of growth and flower number in mutants as compared with wild type plants under low light, suggesting that this mutation could be useful to improve plant performances in controlled conditions where light is strongly limiting. In addition, another photosynthetic regulation, called “state transitions”, which is important to optimize photosynthesis under variable light for intensity and quality thank to reversible migration of phosphorylated light harvesting complexes LHCII from PSII to PSI also investigated in my thesis
Berre, David. "Les nouveaux enjeux économiques et environnementaux des productions animales : développements méthodologiques par une approche interdisciplinaire des frontières d’efficience". Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL12016/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe challenge of feeding 9.6 billion people in 2050 requires to identify sustainable livestock production systems that are able to produce more agricultural products while consuming less resources and producing less externalities. As part of a multidisciplinary research program (ANR-EPAD), we explored microeconomic tools for productivity analysis such as efficient frontiers to shed a new light on sustainable development of livestock production. Our models empirically showed that the progress margins can significantly differ depending on the objectives pursued in the context of eco-inefficiency reduction (input and pollution reduction, output augmentation). Exploration of "dual" models also showed that efficient frontier methods were relevant to provide an economic valuation of non-monetary negative externalities. For instance, our results on the economic value of carbon emissions were close to the observed carbon tax levels. The possibility for farmers to consider that nitrogen surpluses can generate some revenue illustrates the current debate on the integration of undesirable outputs in the Data Envelopment analysis (DEA), and the ambivalence of this indicator of environmental impact as well (either considered as a source of pollution to the air or soil as well as a source of income through organic fertilization). We developed an innovative approach to assess the determinants of eco-efficiency in livestock production. By combining GAMEDE (a "whole-farm" model) with a DEA methodology, we highlighted the potential for further questioning raised by the exploration of new types of modelling in agronomy (such as "simulation-based optimization" or "inverse modelling")
Ulmann, Laurence. "La dimension environnementale de l'agriculture : la prime à l'herbe dans le Massif central". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CLF20005.
Pełny tekst źródłaOumouhou, M'Bark. "Impacts de l'extraction de biomasse forestière sur le sol et la productivité des stations forestières". Mémoire, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5255/1/M12553.pdf.
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