Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Production of bio fuel

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Production of bio fuel”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Production of bio fuel"

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Onu, John Chigbo. "Production of Bio Fuel Using Green Algea". Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 3, nr 2 (2015): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/jocet.2015.v3.183.

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Rajan, Pandiya, Abdul samad, Nivas E N, Keerthana . i Ragi Divya shree. "ALTERNATE FUEL BIODIESEL". International Journal of Innovative Research in Information Security 09, nr 03 (23.06.2023): 168–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26562/ijiris.2023.v0903.23.

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The rapid growth of industrialization and transportation has led to a significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. To mitigate these challenges, there is an urgent need for sustainable energy solutions that can reduce dependence on fossil fuels and minimize environmental impact. Bio-diesel, a renewable and cleaner-burning fuel derived from organic sources, has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional petroleum-based diesel. This abstract provides an overview of bio-diesel, its production process, properties, and its environmental benefits. Bio-diesel is typically produced from feedstocks such as vegetable oils, animal fats, and waste cooking oils through a transesterification process that converts triglycerides into esters. The resulting bio-diesel exhibits similar properties to petroleum diesel, making it compatible with existing diesel engines and infrastructure. One of the significant advantages of bio-diesel is its reduced carbon footprint. It has a significantly lower lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions compared to petroleum diesel, primarily due to the absorption of carbon dioxide during the growth of the feedstock plants. Bio-diesel also contributes to a reduction in air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides and particulate matter, resulting in improved air quality and human health benefits. Additionally, bio-diesel offers economic benefits by promoting local agriculture and creating new job opportunities in the biofuel industry. The utilization of waste cooking oils and animal fats as feedstocks also contributes to waste reduction and efficient resource utilization. Despite its numerous benefits, challenges remain in the widespread adoption of bio-diesel. These challenges include feedstock availability, land use competition with food production, and the need for consistent quality standards. Ongoing research and development efforts are focused on optimizing the production process, exploring alternative feedstocks, and improving the overall sustainability of bio-diesel production. In conclusion, bio-diesel holds great potential as a sustainable alternative to petroleum diesel, offering environmental, economic, and societal benefits. Its reduced carbon footprint and compatibility with existing infrastructure make it a viable option for transitioning towards a greener future. Further advancements in technology and policies supporting bio-diesel production and utilization will play a crucial role in realizing its full potential and achieving a more sustainable energy landscape
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Barman, Ananya, Sangita Bhattacharjee, Trina Dutta, Suparna Pal, Swastika Chatterjee, Prodyut Karmakar i Sangita Mondal. "Biofuel from organic waste- a smart solution to conserve nonrenewable resources – A review". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2286, nr 1 (1.07.2022): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2286/1/012028.

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Abstract Use of bio-fuels, fuels produced from renewable organic material, has the potential to reduce undesirable aspects of fossil fuel production and usage including conventional and greenhouse gas emission. With the continuously depleting fossil fuel reserve, production of biofuel from various feed stocks and processes have shown high potential to provide efficient and cost-effective alternatives, such as, algal photosynthesis, electrochemical carbon fixation, apart from well-developed technologies of production of bio-ethanol and bio diesel. A wide range of bio-fuels including charcoal, bio-oil, renewable diesel, methane and hydrogen can be obtained by pyrolysis of suitable biomass.
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Ratnaparkhe, Supriya, Milind B. Ratnaparkhe, Arun Kumar Jaiswal i Anil Kumar. "Strain Engineering for Improved Bio-Fuel Production". Current Metabolomics 4, nr 1 (2.03.2016): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213235x03666150818222343.

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Balat, Mustafa. "Global Bio-Fuel Processing and Production Trends". Energy Exploration & Exploitation 25, nr 3 (czerwiec 2007): 195–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/014459807782009204.

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Jency Joseph, J., i F. T. Josh. "Production of Bio-Fuel From Plastic Waste". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1362 (listopad 2019): 012103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1362/1/012103.

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Kruse, Olaf, i Peter Lindblad. "Editorial - Photosynthetic microorganisms for bio-fuel production". Journal of Biotechnology 162, nr 1 (listopad 2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.09.009.

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Ramesh, S., i Balakrishna Gowda. "Feed stock crop options, crop research and development strategy for bioenergy production in India". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 1, nr 1 (1.06.2009): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v1i1.47.

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Soaring prices of fossil-fuels and environmental pollution associated with their use, has resulted in increased interest in the production and use of bio-energy in India. Government of India has made policies to promote the production and use of bio-fuels which have triggered public and private investments in bio-fuel feed stock crop research and development and bio-fuel production. In this paper, efforts have been made to review and discuss various feed stock crop options and crop research and development interventions required to generate feed-stocksto produce required volume of bio-energy to meet projected demand without compromising food/fodder security and potential benefits of bio-fuels in reducing environment pollution and contributing to the energy security in India.
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Balat, Havva, i Cahide Öz. "Challenges and Opportunities for Bio-Diesel Production in Turkey". Energy Exploration & Exploitation 26, nr 5 (październik 2008): 327–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/014459808787945371.

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This paper will discuss the main challenges and opportunities for sustainable production of bio-diesel fuel in Turkey. Turkey's energy demand has risen rapidly as a result of economic and social development over the past two decades. As in many other countries, Turkey is heavily dependent on fossil fuels to meet its energy requirements. Fossil fuels account for approximately 88% of the country's total primary energy consumption. Turkey imports three major sources of energy, and its dependence on imported fossil fuels is expected to increase even further. At present, Turkey's oil production met only 7% of demand, the rest was imported. In spite of Turkey's heavy dependence on fossil fuels for energy demand, the country has a large potential for development of renewable resources of every type. Bio-fuels can provide an opportunity for Turkey to decrease its dependence on foreign oil, eliminate irregularities in agriculture, create new employment opportunities, decrease rural depopulation, and sustainable energy development. Turkey has a large area of suitable agricultural land for the production of bio-fuel crops. Unfortunately, only about 4–5% of total cultivable area is used for cultivating bio-fuel crops. The vegetable oil sector, which is considered to be one of the strengths of the Turkish agriculture and process industry, could be reformed to meet bio-diesel production demands.
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Ahmad, Syed A. R., Mritunjai Singh i Archana Tiwari. "Review on Bio-hydrogen Production Methods". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 3 (31.03.2022): 610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40679.

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Abstract: Hydrogen is a promising replacement for fossil fuels as a long-term energy source. It is a clean, recyclable, high efficient nature and environmentally friendly fuel. Hydrogen is now produced mostly using water electrolysis and natural gas steam reformation. However, biological hydrogen production has substantial advantages over thermochemical and electrochemical. Hydrogen can be produced biologically by bio-photolysis (direct and indirect), photo fermentation, dark fermentation. The methods for producing biological hydrogen were studied in this study. Keywords: Biological hydrogen, steam reformation, bio-photolysis, photo-fermentation, dark fermentation
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Production of bio fuel"

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Liu, Hong, i 劉紅. "Bio-hydrogen production from carbohydrate-containing wastewater". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31244518.

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Fradler, Katrin. "Improving bio-electricity production and waste stabilization in Microbial Fuel Cells". Thesis, University of South Wales, 2015. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/improving-bioelectricity-production-and-waste-stabilization-in-microbial-fuel-cells(91c2db18-126b-4610-9bdb-42d7e42ae5e9).html.

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Biological wastewater treatment is typically aerobic and an energy intensive process, mainly due to the required aeration. Alternative sustainable processes are sought, such as Microbial fuel cells (MFC) where electrogenic bacteria can degrade organic matter present in the waste stream while simultaneously generating electricity. MFCs represent an emerging technology which may deliver the capability to reduce the pollution potential of low strength wastewaters (< 1500 mg COD l-1) while generating electricity which could be used to self-power the process. Waste streams high in volatile fatty acids (VFAs) with high conductivity are particularly preferred substrate streams. These may include the effluent from two stage bio-hydrogen and bio-methane systems, which in this study were treated in a four-module tubular MFC (V=1 l) to reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and recover further energy from the substrate. It was shown that the power increased with increasing organic loading rate (0.036-0.572 g sCOD l-1 d-1), but COD removal efficiency decreased. The Coulombic Efficiency (CE) was found to decrease significantly at OLR ˃ 0.6 g sCOD l-1 d-1 and the energy recovery was 92.95 J l-1 (OLR=0.572 g sCOD l-1 d-1). Also, wash-down waters from a chilled food producing company were treated in the same tubular MFC, reducing the soluble COD content by 84.8%. The low power (≈ 30 W m-3) and cell potential (≈ 0.5 V) makes it necessary to investigate methods such as external capacitors, DC/DC converters or serial and parallel connection to improve the power quality. In this thesis, the use of the intrinsic capacitance was tested by switched mode, open and closed circuit (OC/CC) operation of a 2-module tubular MFC with high surface area carbon veil anode. The charge accumulated during OC and released when switched to CC was dependent on the external resistor (R = 100-3 kΩ) and duty cycle. Short period OC/CC switching further increased potential due to the pseudo-capacitance of the reactor, but only at the expense of energy efficiency, compared to continuous operation (CC) under constant load. Another approach to enhance the practical implementation of MFCs is integration with other processes such as reverse electrodialysis to increase MFC’s cell potential or e.g. desalination. In this study a MFC was integrated with supported liquid membrane technology (SLM) for the first time, for the removal of metal ions of wastewater. A three chamber reactor, with a common cathode/feed phase containing 400 mg Zn2+ l-1, enabled V the simultaneous treatment of organic- and heavy metal containing wastewaters. The MFC/SLM combination produces a synergistic effect which enhances the power performance of the MFC significantly; 0.233 mW compared to 0.094 mW in the control. It is shown that the 165±7 mV difference between the MFC/SLM system and the MFC control is partially attributable to the lower cathode pH in the integrated system experiment, the consequent lower activation overpotential and higher oxygen reduction potential. The system demonstrates that within 72 h, 93±4% of the zinc ions are removed from the feed phase. A further study, with continuously operated cathode/feed chamber (100 mg Zn2+ l-1), showed that an enhanced effect on increasing cell potential was possible and could also be maintained in continuous operation.
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DE, PORCELLINIS DIANA. "Materials for energy production and storage: fuel cells and redox flow batteries". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/201863.

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Stabilization and electrical contacting of redox enzymes with electrodes are fundamental requirements for the development of bioelectronics devices such as biosensors and EFCs. In the present work, we show that glucose oxidase (GOx) stability could be increased by immobilization with Nafion. The immobilization process affected GOx conformation but was not detrimental to its activity, which was maintained for over 120 days. The GOx/Nafion system was interfaced to a carbon cloth electrode and assembled in a prototype EFC fed with glucose. Polarization and power density curves demonstrated that GOx/Nafion system was able to generate power, exploiting a Nafion-assisted electron transfer process to the electrode. Our findings are consistent with the onset of pH-dependent conformational equilibrium for the enzyme secondary structure and its active site. Significantly, the protective effect by Nafion on the enzyme structure may be tuned by varying parameters such as pH, in order to fabricate durable EFCs with good performance in electricity and power production.
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Vidlund, Anna. "Sustainable production of bio-energy products in the sawmill industry". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Chemical Engineering and Technology, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1734.

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One of the great challenges facing society is to convert theglobal energy system to a sustainable process. Currently, 80%of the world´s energy is supplied through the combustionof fossil fuels. Not only are the fossil resources limited, theutilisation also increases the level of greenhouse gases in theatmosphere. The convertion to a sustainable energy system isproblematic since the technology needed to exploit mostnon-fossil energy sources is not yet fully developed, e.g.solar energy. Biofuel is an available renewable energy sourcewhich is already widely used in many countries. If an effectiveswitch-over from fossil fuels to biofuels is to be realised,biofuels must be viewed as a limited resource. Consequently, itis important that the handling, upgrading and utilisationprocesses involving biofuels are efficient so that itspotential can be fully exploited.

This thesis considers efficient biofuel utilisation andupgrading within the sawmill industry. The goal has been toanalyse not only the technical opportunities for energy savingsin the sawmill industry, but also to analyse the costeffectiveness and environmental impact of studied measures. Theheat demand of the sawmill industry is almost completelycovered by its own by-products; primarily bark, sawdust andwood chips. The increased demand and improved economic value ofwoody biofuels on the market is thus an incentive for thesawmill industry to place more focus on energy issues. Thesawmill industry also has a more or less constant heat loadover the year, which is a beneficial factor for integrationwith district heating networks, biofuel upgrading plants andcombined heat and power plants.

The conclusion of the study is that a variety of energyproducts such as heat, unrefined biofuel, pellets andelectricity can be efficiently produced in the sawmill industryand sold for profit to external customers. The payback periodsfor the proposed investments are moderate and both theemissions of volatile organic compounds and global CO2 aredecreased. Should the proposed measures be fully implemented atSwedish sawmills, about 2.8 TWh of biofuel could be savedannually, 0.5 TWh of waste heat could be sold as districtheating and 0.8 TWh of green electricity could be produced.Language: English

Keywords:Sawmill industry, energy efficiency, heatrecovery, integration, biofuel, upgrading, district heating,fuel pellets, CHP, VOC, CO2

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Parsamehr, Mohammad. "Heat generation by cow dung incineration in the north of Iran". Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik och hållbar utveckling, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-20013.

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The main objective of this thesis was to design an incinerator which was fuelled by cow dung. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the designed incinerator can provide the heat needs of a medium size farm in the north of Iran. This project was conducted to study local energy sources accessible in a farm to cut the costs of fossil fuels in one hand and reduction of environmental impacts caused by use of those fuels in the other hand. The whole system was composed of heating elements inside the farm building and an incineration system to heat generation by combusting dry cow dung outside the farm building. The wet manure contained 40% moisture that should be dried by passing through two dryers in series before entering the incinerator. An appropriate water-tube boiler has been designed to boil water which condensed in a condenser so that the latent heat of steam has used for heating the building. A shell and tube heat exchanger has been designed for condensing the steam in the shell side and warming up water flow circulated through heating elements in the tube side. Therefore there are two water cycles one within the heat generation system and the other cycle through heating elements which are designed to exchange heat inside a condenser. About the dryers it is attempted to use recoverable heat of flue gas so that the heat required for the drying section is supplied by the stack of incinerator. As the result of the project, proposed system is evaluated in terms of heat balance and thermal efficiency. Calculation shows that the system is quite sufficient to supply heat needs of the farm and the theoretical thermal efficiency of the system is about 78%.
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Torella, Joseph Peter. "Synthetic biology approaches to bio-based chemical production". Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13088835.

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Inexpensive petroleum is the cornerstone of the modern global economy despite its huge environmental costs and its nature as a non-renewable resource. While ninety percent of petroleum is ultimately used as fuel and can in principle be replaced by sources of renewable electricity, ten percent is used as a feedstock to produce societally important chemicals that cannot currently be made at a reasonable cost through alternative processes. In this dissertation, I will discuss my efforts, together with several colleagues, to apply synthetic biology approaches to the challenge of producing renewable petrochemical replacements. In Chapter 2, I discuss our efforts to engineer E. coli to produce fatty acids with a wide range of chain lengths at high yield, thereby providing an alternative platform for the production of diverse petrochemicals. In Chapter 3, I describe a novel method of DNA assembly that we developed to facilitate synthetic biology efforts such as those in Chapter 2. This method is capable of simultaneously assembling multiple DNA pieces with substantial sequence homology, a common challenge in synthetic biology. In Chapter 4, I discuss the development of a "bionic leaf": a hybrid microbial-inorganic catalyst that marries the advantages of photovoltaic-based light capture and microbial carbon fixation to achieve solar biomass yields greater than those observed in terrestrial plants. This technology offers a potentially low-cost alternative to photosynthesis as a source of biomass and derived chemicals and fuels. The work described in this dissertation demonstrates the capacity of synthetic biology to address the problem of renewable chemical production, and offers proof of principle demonstrations that both the scope and efficiency of biological chemical production may be improved.
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Schafer, Guy M. "Identifying Bio-Diesel Production Facility Locations for Home Heating Fuel Applications Within the Midwest Region of the United States". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1302263583.

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Guo, Yan, i 郭芃. "Alkaline-catalyzed production of biodiesel fuel from virgin canola oiland recycled waste oils". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36584927.

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Guadagnin, Matteo. "Nutritional value of canola expellers produced "€œon farm"€ by cold extraction of oil used as bio fuel". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422576.

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General aim of this thesis was to study canola expellers (CE) extracted by cold pressing in a small plant (on farm) and to evaluate the validity to use this by-product in ruminant feeding. The thesis includes the results of four experimental contributes: the first one aimed to evaluate the stability of CE at different times and temperatures of storage in order to determine if the conditions usually found in the farms, especially during the hot season, can result in changes in fatty acids profile and in some oxidative parameters. Results found that under different temperatures (12, 24, and 36°C) and times of storage (10, 20, and 30 d), CE maintained a good oxidative stability, as evidenced by low peroxide values (< 10 mEq/kg fat) in all samples collected, by negative response for Kreis test and by low changes in fatty acids profile. From these results it could be hypothesized that the storage of these by-products did not change the characteristics of the lipid fraction. In the second contribute in vitro gas production (GP) values obtained from the incubation of CE, whole soybean seed (WSS) and soybean meal (SBM) were compared, incubating feed samples with two media containing N-rich buffer or N-free buffer, in order to compare the effect of the availability of feed as unique protein source. Results of the experiment showed that CE is an easily degradable protein source. In the first hours of incubation with limiting N availability, higher gas production was recorded compared to the two soybeans. On this basis, CE could be interesting in diets at low protein content, currently suggested in order to reduce nitrogen excretion. No toxic effects on the microbial yield were observed during the fermentation of the three different feeds. The third contribute compared four diets formulated for beef cattle, based on corn silage and containing WSS or CE as protein sources at two different inclusion levels, in order to obtain 15 and 11 % CP of DM in the diets. Diets were tested using Rusitec fermenter. Compared to WSS, CE provided greater NDF degradability (P < 0.01), produced less acetate and propionate (P < 0.001) but more butyrate and branched-chain VFA. The total VFA production was similar for the two protein sources. With regard to nitrogen balance, CE showed greater 15N enrichment in the non-ammonia N (P < 0.01) and nominally lower values of microbial N derived from ammonia compared to WSS (P = 0.06). At high inclusion level, the 15N enrichments for ammonia N, non-ammonia N and total bacteria N were also greater than observed at low inclusion levels (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the two feeds showed different fermentation patterns. The manipulation of dietary protein level seemed to lead primarily to a variation of bypass protein, without effects on the synthesis of microbial N. In the fourth contribute the same diets tested in Rusitec fermenter (third contribute) were evaluated using RF system (Ankom Technology, Macedon, NY, USA) in order to evaluate their gas production kinetics. Results showed that both NDFd and TDMd values were greater (P<0.05) for CE diets compared to WSS, confirming the results obtained with Rusitec and as expected were lower (P=0.04) for L compared to H diets. Compared to WSS, CE inclusion in the diets increased the rate of GP (P<0.05;) but did not affect the total amount of GP. The reduction of CP level in the diets from 15 to 11% decreased the rate of GP without effects on total GP. Ammonia content increased (P<0.01), as expected, with the level of dietary CP. In conclusion, when diets with low CE levels are used, the inclusion of rapeseed cake in replacement to soybean seeds could improve the rate of degradation during the first hours of fermentation. In general CE obtained by cold extraction on farm could be an interesting feed in ruminant feeding with economical and environmental benefits.
Obiettivo generale di questa tesi è stato quello di studiare e valutare il panello di colza (CE) estratto a freddo in impianti aziendali di piccole dimensioni per un potenziale utilizzo nell'alimentazione dei ruminanti. Nella tesi sono riportati i risultati di quattro prove sperimentali: nel primo contributo è stata valutata la stabilità  della frazione lipidica del CE a temperature diverse e per diversi periodi di tempo al fine di valutare se la conservazione in condizioni anche particolari (durante la stagione estiva) in azienda, possa modificare il profilo degli acidi grassi e alcuni parametri di ossidazione lipidica. I risultati hanno evidenziato che a diverse temperature (12, 24, e 36°C) e tempi di stoccaggio (10, 20, e 30 d), CE ha mantenuto una buona stabilità ossidativa, come evidenziato dai bassi valori del numero di perossidi (<10 mEqO2/kg grasso), dal test di Kreis sempre negativo, e dalle scarse variazioni del contenuto di acidi grassi. Da questi risultati preliminari si può ipotizzare che lo stoccaggio aziendale per i panelli sottoprodotti ottenuti dal colza in azienda, non determina grosse variazioni della componente lipidica. Nel secondo contributo sono state valutate, in vitro, le produzioni di gas prodotti da campioni di CE e da semi di soia integrale incubando i questi alimenti con due differenti media: uno ricco in a N e uno senza N in modo da confrontare l’andamento delle fermentazioni quando l’unica fonte di N risulta l’alimento. I risultati hanno evidenziato che CE è una fonte proteica rapidamente degradabile; in caso di diete ipoproteiche come quelle suggerite per ridurre l’escrezione azotata, la sua inclusione potrebbe favorire l'€™attività  microbica ruminale. Non sono sati rilevati effetti tossici sulla microflora ruminale durante la fermentazione dei due alimenti. Nel terzo contributo sono state confrontate in vitro quattro diete per bovini da carne a base di silomais con 2 livelli di inclusione di CE e WSS, in modo da ottenere un livello di proteina grezza paria al 15% e all’11% PG sulla sostanza secca. In questa prova è stato utilizzato il sistema semicontinuo di fermentazione Rusitec. Le diete contenenti CE hanno mostrato una maggior (P <0.01) degradabilità  dell'€™NDF, e prodotto meno (P <0.01) acetato e propionato ma più butirrato e acidi grassi ramificati. La produzione totale di AGV non è risultato diversa tra le due fonti proteiche. Il bilancio dell’N ha mostrato un maggior quantità (P <0.01) di arricchimento in15N nell’azoto non ammoniacale e valori tendenzialmente (P = 0.06) inferiori di N microbico derivato dall'€™uso di ammoniaca rispetto alle diete con inclusione di WSS. Nelle diete ad alto livello di inclusione i valori di arricchimento in 15N delle varie frazioni azotate sono risultati, come atteso, più alti (P <0.01) rispetto a quelle a basso livello di inclusione. In conclusione i due supplementi hanno mostrato andamenti fermentativi molto diversi. I due diversi livelli di inclusione hanno influito principalmente sulla disponibilità di proteina by pass senza effetti sulla sintesi microbica. Nel quarto contributo sono state testate, con la tecnica della gas production, le stesse quattro diete usate nel precedente esperimento. E’ stato utilizzato il sistema RF Ankom® per testare la cinetica della produzione di gas nel corso della fermentazione. I risultati hanno mostrato che sia i valori di degradabilità dell'NDF che della SS sono stati maggiori (P < 0.05) per le diete contenenti CE rispetto a quelle con WSS e, come atteso, sono risultati inferiori nella diete a basso livello di inclusione delle due fonti proteiche. Le diete CE sono state caratterizzate da una produzione oraria di gas superiore (P < 0.05) in, ma non è variata la quantità totale di gas prodotto. La riduzione del livello di CP da 15 all'11% SS ha diminuito il tasso di produzione di gas ma non la quantità totale. Il contenuto di ammoniaca nel liquido ruminale al termine dell’incubazione è risultato più alto (P < 0.001) nelle diete ad alto livello di inclusione. Concludendo possiamo affermare che con diete a basso livello di proteina, l'€™uso di CE in sostituzione alla soia, può migliorare la velocità di degradazione durante le prime ore di fermentazione. In generale, il panello di colza ottenuto per estrazione a freddo in azienda potrebbe essere un alimento interessante nell'€™alimentazione dei ruminanti con effetti favorevoli sia dal punto di vista economico che ambientale
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Tsupko, Yuriy Vadimovich. "Investigation into the suitability of spring triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) for bio-ethanol production in the Western Cape". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1926.

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MScAgric
Thesis (MSc (Genetics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the Western Cape small grain cereals, triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack ex A. Camus) in particular, appear to be among the most promising starch-carrying raw materials for the production of bio-ethanol. A core group of cultivars and lines from the Stellenbosch University Plant Breeding Laboratory spring triticale breeding programme were subjected to initial testing for the purpose of ethanol production. They underwent multi-location field-testing across six (season 2006–2007) and nine (season 2007–2008) locations representing the Western Cape cereal production area. Climatic conditions during the study were characterised as generally favourable, especially in the 2007 season. During the season, trials were visited in order to make in situ observations. Disease susceptibility was given specific attention. After harvesting, grain yield (kg.ha-1), test weight (kg.HL-1), total starch content in whole grain (%), amylose/amylopectin ratio, protein content (%), ethanol output (L.tonne-1) and ethanol yield (L.ha-1) were analysed. Near infra-red reflectance spectroscopy calibration models were developed for moisture and starch contents. The best calibration based on whole grain spectra for moisture content had RPD = 1.691, R2 = 0.657 and SEP = 0.271%, and for starch content RPD = 1.646, R2 = 0.634 and SEP = 1.356%. Calibrations developed from milled grain showed better results for moisture content RPD = 2.526, R2 = 0.843, SEP = 0.182%, and for starch content RPD = 1.741, R2 = 0.673, SEP = 1.277%. These calibrations are suitable for rough screening of samples. In the 2006 season, starch yield was highly positively correlated with grain yield (R2 = 0.988, P <0.001). Both starch yield and grain yield were positively correlated with days to heading (R2 = 0.533 and R2 = 0.556, respectively; P <0.001). The 2007 season was characterised by a generally higher starch yield (2952– 3142kg.ha-1, 95%CI) compared to the 2006 season (2077–2315kg.ha-1, 95%CI). Starch yield was strongly positively correlated with grain yield (R2 = 0.975, P <0.001). Test weight demonstrated weak positive correlation with ethanol yield (R2 = 0.238, P <0.01) and grain yield (R2 = 0.279, P <0.001). Mean ethanol output ranged between 466–477L.tonne-1 at the 95%CI. Ethanol output was demonstrated to be more dependent on starch and other polysaccharides accessibility to enzymatic digestion than on the total starch content as such. The best lines for ethanol output in the 2007 season were G2, D3 and H2 for the Swartland region, and D3, G2 and D1 for the Overberg region. The best triticale lines under investigation showed their potential from a biological point of view to be a suitable crop for ethanol production in the Western Cape, with the achieved ethanol yield ranging between 2446–2625L.ha-1 at the 95%CI. For the Swartland region the best genotypes for ethanol yield were D1, H1 and D2, and for the Overberg H1 and G2. The 23 best lines were selected from the elite and senior blocks, and then used for the establishment of a recurrent massselection pre-breeding block.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die Wes-Kaap is kleingrane, meer spesifiek korog (×Triticosecale Wittmack ex A. Camus), van die mees belowende styseldraende rou-materiale vir die produksie van bio-etanol. ‘n Kern versameling van kultivars en telerslyne van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch se Planteteeltlaboratorium se lente korogteeltprogram is blootgestel aan aanvanklike toetsing met die doel om etanol produksie te meet. Die materiaal het veldtoetsing ondergaan oor verskeie lokaliteite gedurende die 2006–2007 (ses lokaliteite) en 2007–2008 (nege lokaliteite) seisoene wat verteenwoordigend was van die Wes-Kaapse produksie gebied. Klimaatstoestande gedurende die studie kan beskryf word as gunstig, veral gedurende die 2007 seisoen. Gedurende die groeiseisoen is proeflokaliteite gereeld besoek ten einde in situ observasies te kon maak, siektevatbaarheid het veral aandag geniet. Na die oes van proewe was graanopbrengs (kg.ha-1), hektolitermassa (kg.HL-1), totale-styselinhoud in heelgraan (%), amilose/amilopektien-verhouding, proteïeninhoud (%), etanolopbrengs (L.ton-1) en etanolopbrengs per hektaar (L.ha-1) gemeet. Naby-infrarooispektroskopie kalibrasies was ontwikkel vir vog- en styselinhoud. Die beste kalibrasies vir heelgraan voginhoud het ‘n RDP = 1.691, R2 = 0.657 en SEP = 0.271% en vir styselinhoud RPD = 1.646, R2 = 0.634 en SEP = 1.356% opgelewer. Die kalibrasies gebaseer op meel was aansienlik beter vir voginhoud RPD = 2.526, R2 = 0.843 en SEP = 0.182%, sowel as vir styselinhoud RPD = 1.741, R2 = 0.673 en SEP = 1.277%. Die kalibrasies is bruikbaar vir aanvanklike sifting van monsters. 5 Gedurende die 2006 seisoen het styselinhoud en graanopbrangs ‘n baie hoë korrelasie (R2 = 0.988, P <0.001) getoon. Beide stysel- en graanopbrengs was positief gekorreleerd met dae tot aar (R2 = 0.533 en R2 = 0.556; P <0.001). Die 2007 seisoen is gekenmerk deur ‘n hoër styselopbrengs (2952– 3142kg.ha-1, 95%VI) teenoor die 2006 seisoen (2077–2315kg.ha-1, 95%VI). Styselopbrengs was positief gekorreleerd met graanopbrengs (R2 = 0.975, P <0.001). Hektolitermassa het swak korrelasie getoon met etanolopbrengs (R2 = 0.238, P <0.01) en graanopbrengs (R2 = 0.279, P <0.01). Gemiddelde etanolopbrengs het gewissel tussen 466–477L.ton-1 by 95%VI. Data het aangedui dat etanolopbrengs meer aangewese is op stysel en ander polisakkariedverbindings se ensiematiese toeganklikheid eerder as totale stysel aanwesig. Die beste lyne wat etanolopbrangs betref in 2007 was G2, D3 en H2 vir die Swartland en D3, G2 en D1 vir die Overberg. Van die koroglyne wat deel was van die ondersoek het goeie potensiaal getoon, uit ‘n suiwer biologiese oogpunt, as gewas vir die produksie van etanol in die Wes-Kaap met ‘n gerealiseerde etanolopbrengs in die omgewing van 2446-2625L.ha-1 by 95%VI. In die Swartland was die beste genotipes D1, H1 en D2 en in die Overberg H1 en G2. Die beste 23 lyne is geselekteer uit die elite en senior telingsblokke en aangewend in die vestiging van ‘n herhalende-seleksie voortelingsblok.
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Książki na temat "Production of bio fuel"

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Sustainable Energy Production from Jatropha Bio-Diesel: Second Generation Bio Fuel. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2012.

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Shumba, Enos M. Assessment of sugarcane outgrower schemes for bio-fuel production in Zambia and Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: WWWF-World Wide Fund for Nature, 2011.

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Inc, Xenergy, Energetic Management Associates i Northeast Regional Biomass Program, red. Toward a renewable power supply: The use of bio-based fuels in stationary fuel cells. Burlington, MA: Xenergy, 2002.

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K, Dadhich Pradeep, i Energy and Resources Institute, red. Production and technology of bio-diesel: Seeding a change. New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute, 2008.

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The role of catalysis for the sustainable production of bio-fuels and bio-chemicals. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013.

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Altawell, Najib, red. The Selection Process of Biomass Materials for the Production of Bio-fuels and Co-firing. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118852606.

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Kang, Tal-sun. Kyŏngnam chiyŏk paio tijel wŏllyoyong yuchʻae silchŭng chaebae yŏnʼgu =: Studies on empirical culture of rape (Brassica campestris M.) for production of bio-diesel fuel in Kyeongnam province. [Seoul]: Nongchʻon Chinhŭngchʻŏng, 2008.

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Kang, Tal-sun. Kyŏngnam chiyŏk paio tijel wŏllyoyong yuchʻae silchŭng chaebae yŏnʼgu =: Studies on empirical culture of rape (Brassica campestris M.) for production of bio-diesel fuel in Kyeongnam province. [Seoul]: Nongchʻon Chinhŭngchʻŏng, 2008.

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Bio-Diesel: Bio-degradable alternative fuel for diesel engines. New Delhi: Readworthy Publications, 2008.

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Giménez, Sixto, i Juan Bisquert, red. Photoelectrochemical Solar Fuel Production. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29641-8.

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Części książek na temat "Production of bio fuel"

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Yadav, Asheesh Kumar, Sanak Ray, Pratiksha Srivastava i Naresh Kumar. "6 Solar Bio-Hydrogen Production: An Overview". W Solar Fuel Generation, 121–40. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315370538-7.

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Jadhav, Swapnaja K., Anil K. Dubey, Mayuri Gupta, Sachin Gajendra i Panna Lal Singh. "Micro Algae Production for Bio Fuel Generation". W Bioenergy Engineering, 153–72. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003230878-8.

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Shadangi, Krushna Prasad, i Kaustubha Mohanty. "Effect of Upgrading Techniques on Fuel Properties and Composition of Bio-Oil". W Liquid Biofuel Production, 373–85. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119459866.ch12.

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Hombach, Laura Elisabeth, i Grit Walther. "Evaluation of CO2 Abatement Measures for (Bio-) Fuel Production". W Logistics Management, 39–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13177-1_4.

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Jogi, Ramakrishna, Päivi Mäki-Arvela, Pasi Virtanen i Jyri-Pekka Mikkola. "A Sustainable Bio-Jet Fuel: An Alternative Energy Source for Aviation Sector". W Clean Energy Production Technologies, 465–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9593-6_18.

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Granda-Marulanda, Nelson Andrés, Mingzhou Jin i Fei Yu. "Life-Cycle Assessment of Bio-Fuel Production Using Syngas from Biomass". W Handbook of Bioenergy, 279–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20092-7_12.

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Katryniok, Benjamin, Thomas Bonnotte, Franck Dumeignil i Sébastien Paul. "Production of Bioacrylic Acid". W Chemicals and Fuels from Bio-Based Building Blocks, 217–44. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527698202.ch9.

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Akubude, V. C., E. O. Ajala i C. Nzediegwu. "Co-functional Activity of Microalgae: Biological Wastewater Treatment and Bio-fuel Production". W Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology, 401–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2225-0_13.

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Carlson, Alfred, Bill Coggio, Kit Lau, Christopher Mercogliano i Jim Millis. "Industrial Production of Succinic Acid". W Chemicals and Fuels from Bio-Based Building Blocks, 173–90. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527698202.ch7.

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Chakraborty, Sudip, Ranjana Das Mondal, Debolina Mukherjee i Chiranjib Bhattacharjee. "Production of Bio-Based Fuels: Bioethanol and Biodiesel". W Sustainable Development in Chemical Engineering Innovative Technologies, 153–80. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118629703.ch7.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Production of bio fuel"

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Zheng, Chaocheng. "Three generation production biotechnology of biomass into bio-fuel". W GREEN ENERGY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT I: Proceedings of the International Conference on Green Energy and Sustainable Development (GESD 2017). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4992924.

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Ciocci, R. C., I. Abu-Mahfouz i S. S. E. H. Elnashaie. "Analysis to Develop Hydrogen Production From Bio-Oils". W ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43225.

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The United States economy’s dependence on fossil fuels has historical significance but lacks vision for a long-lasting fuel consumption policy. Political complications, economic instabilities, supply shortages, and continued pollution contributions pose significant obstacles to continued reliance on oil. Alternative technologies based on renewable resources offer much more promise for a sustainable approach to meeting global energy needs. Recent research and applications have established hydrogen as a viable clean fuel source. Those applications, including fuel cells, have shown promise for the eventual migration from a fossil-fuel economy to one based on renewable energy sources. Air pollution, specifically contributions to greenhouse gases, is a major environmental hazard due to the use of fossil fuel-related hydrocarbons for fuel and industrial applications. An alternative, hydrogen, offers significant advantages as an ultra-clean fuel of the future when it is burned directly or processed through fuel cells. Currently, the main process for hydrogen production is catalytic steam reforming of natural gas. This process is relatively inefficient and does not allow the use of a wide range of feedstock materials including renewable sources. The objective of impending research is to develop this new, ultra-clean and efficient process, which converts a wide range of hydrocarbons, including renewable bio-oils, into pure hydrogen suitable for fuel cells and which also converts CO2 emission into syngas. The main impact is clearly on air pollution and global warming through the minimization of greenhouse gas emission and the economical production of pure hydrogen to foster the hydrogen economy. This new process will achieve considerable increase in hydrogen productivity and considerable decrease in the energy consumed to produce it. The technology will center on a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) that will separate hydrogen from bio-oils in an efficient process that greatly reduces polluting hydrocarbons compared to traditional fossil fuel processing. Early studies will include the mathematical modeling of computational fluid dynamics to identify process parameters. Eventually, a pilot plant will be used to verify/modify the mathematical model, for a wide range of conditions and renewable feedstocks. Testing the pilot plant will lead to the development of reliable design equations suitable for replication, build, and tight control of this novel process.
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Barelli, L., G. Bidini, E. Calzoni, A. Cesaretti, A. Di Michele, C. Emiliani, L. Gammaitoni i E. Sisani. "Enzymatic fuel cell technology for energy production from bio-sources". W SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATERIAL SCIENCE, SMART STRUCTURES AND APPLICATIONS: ICMSS-2019. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5138747.

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Mansur, Dieni, Ruliana i Cecep E. Rustana. "Hydroprocessed Calophyllum inophyllum Oil for Linear Bio-alkane Fuel Production". W 2018 International Conference and Utility Exhibition on Green Energy for Sustainable Development (ICUE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/icue-gesd.2018.8635732.

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Mrad, Nadia, Maria Paraschiv, Fethi Aloui, Mohand Tazerout i Sassi Ben Nasrallah. "Production of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuel by Catalytic Cracking of Waste Fish Fat in Continuous Pilot System". W ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-17012.

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Liquid fuels can be produced from triglyceride sources via thermo-catalytic process. In the present work, the production of bio-fuel by catalytic cracking of waste fish fat in a continuous reactor at atmospheric pressure has been studied. Different catalysts were used and maximum bio-oil yield of 66% with the lowest acidity of 4.3 mgKOH/goil was obtained with a controlled reaction temperature of 500°C and Na2CO3 as a catalyst. After chemical treatment of this bio-oil, the acidity decreases to 1.5mgKOH/goil. These bio-fuels were characterized according to their physico-chemical properties, and compared with the diesel fuel. The results show that the catalytic cracking process represents an alternative method to produce bio-fuels with physico-chemical characteristics similar to petroleum fuels from fish oil industrial residues.
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Yadav, Anil Kumar, Malleboina Purushotham, Nikita Indrapalsingh Gour, Gaurav Gulab Gurnule, Vikas C. Choudhary i Karm Raj Yadav. "Brief Review on Nanotechnology as an Effective Tool for Production of Biofuels". W International Conference on Recent Advancements in Biomedical Engineering. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-bdzjch.

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Bio-fuel is world's best substitutes to petroleum fuels, particularly in developing countries, especially in present situation, in which fossil fuels are rapidly decreasing. By emitting greenhouse gases when fossil-based fuels are burned, they pose a serious danger to the environment and human health. Bio-fuel production on a large scale requires longer time and activity due to many constraints in currently available technology and supplementary increased costs. Furthermore, depending on the techniques and materials used, the procedures used to convert diverse feed stocks to the intended output are varied. Nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the most versatile materials in terms of time management, energy efficiency, and selectivity. It is the best way to address the issues of biomass usage. Lots of technology has implemented based on nanoparticles includes metal oxide and magnetic oxides, are engaged to progress bio-fuel production. NPs are useful biofuel additives because of their stability, higher surface area, reusability and catalytic activity. Furthermore, nanomaterials include carbon nanofibers, nanosheets and carbon nanotubes have been discovered to be a stable catalyst for enzyme immobilisation, resulting in improved bio-fuel production. The current research provides a thorough examination of the utilisation of different nanocomposites for bio-fuel production, as well as the significant hurdles and potential prospects.
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Maeda, Tsuyoshi, Toshio Shinoki, Jiro Funaki i Katsuya Hirata. "Hydrogen Production by Bio-Fuel Steam Reforming at Low Reaction Temperature". W ASME 2011 Power Conference collocated with JSME ICOPE 2011. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2011-55383.

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The authors reveal the dominant chemical reactions and the optimum conditions, supposing the design of ethanol steam-reforming reactors. Specifically speaking, experiments are conducted for Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst, together with those for Ru/Al2O3 catalyst for reference. Using a household-use-scale reactor with well-controlled temperature distributions, the authors compare experimental results with chemical-equilibrium theories. It has revealed by Shinoki et al. (2011) that the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst shows rather high performance with high hydrogen concentration CH2 at low values of reaction temperature TR. Because, the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst promotes the ethanol-steam-reforming and water-gas-shift reactions, but does not promote the methanation reaction. So, in the present study, the authors reveal that the Ru/Al2O3 catalyst needs high TR > 770 K for better performance than the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst, and that the Ru/Al2O3 catalyst shows lower performance at TR < 770 K. Then, the Ru/Al2O3 catalyst is considered to activate all the three reactions even at low TR. Furthermore, concerning the Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst, the authors reveal the influences of liquid-hourly space velocity LHSV upon concentrations such as CH2, CCO2, CCO and CCH4 and the influence of LHSV upon the ethanol conversion XC2H5OH, in a range of LHSV from 0.05 h−1 to 0.8 h−1, at S/C = 3.0 and TR = 520 K. And, the authors reveal the influences of the thermal profile upon CH2, CCO2, CCO, CCH4 and XC2H5OH, for several LHSV’s. To conclude, with well-controlled temperatures, the reformed gas can be close to the theory. In addition, the authors investigate the influences of S/C.
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Samir Kumar Khanal, Melissa Montalbo, J (Hans) van Leeuwen, Gowrishankar Srinivasan i David Grewell. "Ultrasonic Enhanced Liquefaction and Saccharification of Corn for Bio-Fuel Production". W 2007 Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 17-20, 2007. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.23391.

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Ahmed, Mukhtar, Md Nasre Alam, Anas Abdullah i Zainal Ahmad. "Bio-jet fuel: An overview of various feedstock and production routes". W ADVANCES IN FRACTURE AND DAMAGE MECHANICS XX. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0147982.

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Pinkard, Brian R., Elizabeth G. Rasmussen, John C. Kramlich, Per G. Reinhall i Igor V. Novosselov. "Supercritical Water Gasification of Ethanol for Fuel Gas Production". W ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2019-3950.

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Abstract Supercritical water gasification of dilute ethanol at the industrial scale promises a sustainable route to bio-syngas production for use in combined cycle power plants. Cost-effective bio-syngas production would reduce reliance on fossil fuels for electricity generation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by utilizing waste biomass resources. Continuous supercritical water gasification offers high reactant conversion at short residence times without an added catalyst. The decomposition of ethanol in supercritical water is studied in a continuous reactor at 560 °C, 25 MPa, residence times between 3 and 8 s, and a constant initial ethanol concentration of 8.1 wt%. High-resolution, in-situ Raman spectroscopy facilitates identification of reaction products. Significant yields of H2, CO, and CH4 indicate the dominance of a dehydrogenation reaction pathway at studied conditions, while minor yields of ethane indicate a secondary dehydration reaction pathway. Ethylene yields are virtually nonexistent, indicating rapid hydrogenation of ethylene to ethane at these conditions. Ethanol dehydrogenation to H2, CO, and CH4 results in an overall fuel value upgrade of 84.5 kJ/mol-EtOH. Dehydration of ethanol to ethane results in an overall fuel degradation of −3.8 kJ/mol-EtOH.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Production of bio fuel"

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Capareda, Sergio, Mahmoud El-Halwagi, Kenneth R. Hall, Mark Holtzapple, Royce Searcy, Wayne H. Thompson, David Baltensperger, Robert Myatt i Jurg Blumenthal. Bio-energy Alliance High-Tonnage Bio-energy Crop Production and Conversion into Conventional Fuels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), listopad 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1330450.

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Ghosh, Arup, Jitendra Chikara i Candace Wheeler. Determination of the Economic Viability & Technical Feasibility of Commercial Jatropha Curcas Production for Generation of Jatropha oil as Bio-Fuel Feedstock from Wasteland: Final Technical Report on Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Jatropha Cultivation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), grudzień 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1320736.

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Jezierski, Kelly. National Bio-fuel Energy Laboratory. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), grudzień 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1000783.

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Taheripour, Farzad, i Wally Tyner. Introducing First and Second Generation Biofuels into GTAP Data Base version 7*. GTAP Research Memoranda, luty 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.rm21.

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The first version of GTAP-BIO Data Base was built based on the GTAP standard data base version 6 which represents the world economy in 2001 (Taheripour et al., 2007). That data base covers global production, consumption, and trade of the first generation of biofuels including ethanol from grains (eth1), ethanol from sugarcane (eth2), and biodiesel (biod) from oilseeds in 2001. Version 7 of GTAP Data Base, which depicts the world economy in 2004, is now published (Narayanan, B.G. and T.L. Walmsley, 2008). However, this standard data base does not include biofuel industries explicitly. The first objective of this research memorandum is to introduce the first generation of biofuels into this new data base. To accomplish this task we will follow Taheripour et al. (2007). The rapid expansion of the first generation of biofuels in the past decades has raised important concerns related to food-fuel competition, land use change, and other economic and environmental issues. These issues have increased interest in the second generation of biofuels which can be produced from cellulosic materials such as dedicated crops, agricultural and forest residues, and waste materials. To examine the economic and environmental consequences of the second generation of biofuels, a CGE model is an appropriate and essential instrument. A data base which presents the first and second generation of biofuels will facilitate research in this field. Hence the second objective of this research memorandum is to expand the space of biofuel alternatives to the second generation. Given that advanced cellulosic biofuels are not yet commercially viable, we used the most up to date information in this area to define the production technologies for these industries.
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Letsche, Nicholas, Peter J. Lammers i Mark S. Honeyman. Bulk Density of Bio-Fuel Byproducts. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, styczeń 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-777.

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Shihwu Sung. Bio-hydrogen production from renewable organic wastes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), kwiecień 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/828223.

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Fujimoto, Cy H., Christopher James Cornelius, Daniel Harvey Doughty, Randy John Shul, Andrew William Walker, ), Swapnil Chhabra i in. Bio micro fuel cell grand challenge final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/876287.

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Anthony Terrinoni i Sean Gifford. A Bio-Based Fuel Cell for Distributed Energy Generation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), czerwiec 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/933041.

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Miller, Dennis J. Ediesel: Diesel Additive production from ethanol and bio-diesel coproducts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzec 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1494140.

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Posewitz, Matthew C. Renewable Bio-Solar Hydrogen Production: The Second Generation (Part C). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, listopad 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada614265.

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