Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Production economic theory

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Production economic theory”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 2 marca 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Production economic theory"

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Dlouhý, Martin. "Alternative Production Models in Economic Theory". Acta Oeconomica Pragensia 19, nr 5 (1.08.2011): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.aop.345.

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Kuregyan., S. "HUMAN AND ECONOMIC THEORY". Экономическая наука сегодня, nr 15 (19.06.2022): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2309-6667-2022-15-87-93.

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The article is devoted to the study of man as an economic category. It examines the place of man in the system of production forces and production relations. The role of creativity in changing human nature and its influence on the study of economic theory is shown.
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Peixiong, Chen. "The End of Western Economic Growth Theory". Journal of Finance Research 5, nr 2 (2.12.2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/jfr.v5i2.6877.

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Economics is a science that studies how the economy grows, so the theory of economic growth is the most important theory of economics. In the real market economy society, people achieve the goal of economic growth through two kinds of economic activities: production and transaction. Then a correct economic growth theory must be one that can explain both production and transaction economic activities. Just like Newton’s law of universal gravitation in physics, it can explain the motion law of all objects. For a long time, we have been dominated by the western economic growth theory of western mainstream economics. It is not difficult to find that it has a fatal defect, which can only explain production economic activities but not transaction economic activities. So it can’t explain the Chinese economy, and it can’t explain the western economy. The new economic growth theory proposed in this paper makes up for the defects of western economic growth theory, and it is the terminator of western economic growth theory. This is a revolution of new economics to traditional western economics.
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Mukhin, А. А. "THE USE OF COBB-DOUGLAS PRODUCTION FUNCTION IN MODELING PRODUCTION PROCESSES". Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 30, nr 6 (28.12.2020): 822–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2020-30-6-822-829.

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Several alternative economic approaches to the study of organization are discussed in the literature: the neoclassical theory, the theory of transaction costs (the theory of specific assets), the theory of incomplete contracts (the theory of property rights), and the Agency theory (the theory of incentives). Recently, there have been approaches at the intersection of Economics and management: resource theory, knowledge theory, strategic theory, entrepreneurial theory; in the framework of sociology: network theory, the theory of resource dependence, the theory of institutional isomorphism, the theory of situational choice, the theory of strategic choice. The article deals with the basic model of neoclassical theory. The advantage of the neoclassical theory is that it emphasizes the role of technology in General and economies of scale in particular as factors that influence the size of production, turnover of organizations. Within the framework of the considered approach, a certain macrostructure is determined that carries out the costs of economic resources: fixed assets, the number of employees that affect the turnover of organizations. The task of rational economic management, which meets the Udmurt Republic, is to determine the forecast of turnover of organizations with the given resources and to calculate the necessary for its value of fixed assets, the number of employees.
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KUREGYAN, S. "ECONOMIC DESCRIPTIONS OF INTELLECTUAL PRODUCTION". Экономическая наука сегодня, nr 7 (25.06.2018): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2309-6667-2018-5-34-42.

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The article describes new approaches for researching object of economic theory. It gives the definition of intellectual production. Various criteria for evaluating the intellectual product is analyzed, economic evaluation of intellectual work results is proposed.
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Temnenko, S. M. "CONCEPT «MARKET» IN ECONOMIC THEORY". Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology 21, nr 1 (1.06.2020): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36359/scivp.2020-21-1.27.

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The essence of the market as an economic category was analyzed in the article. Interpretation of the "market" concept by the classics of economic thought as well as by modern domestic and foreign scientists was considered. The evolution of scientific knowledge regarding the depth of understanding and difference of approaches to the interpretation of this economic category was traced. The market as an economic phenomenon has emerged as a result of such socio-economic processes as production and exchange. In the process of forming economically independent business entities, there was a transition from direct commodity exchange to more complex economic relations, such as buying and selling. The relationship between sellers and buyers gradually became more complex and multilevel. The concepts of supply and demand appear in economic theory, emerges a basic tenet of economics about the market as the main mechanism for establishing optimal proportions between production and consumption. Thus, over time, the understanding of the "market" has transformed from a narrow interpretation as a platform where purchase and sale takes place to a complex mechanism that regulates economic relations in the process of production and distribution of resources and public goods. An analysis of modern publications has shown that modern discourse on the nature of the "market" significantly expands the semantics of this concept. In our opinion, the thesis about the "market" - as a sphere of realization of human freedom, and about the person - as central and most important subject of market, is extremely interesting. In this regard, the age-old controversy of economists over the freedom of the market and the expediency of state intervention in the relationship between sellers and buyers, producers and consumers is gaining new arguments. Often, modern market definitions are rather cumbersome and difficult to understand, therefore we offer a more concise definition of the market as an economic environment, which serves as a coordinating mechanism where producers, sellers and consumers interact in a competitive environment, and as a result of such interaction a general equilibrium of prices is formed.
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Schilir`o, Daniele. "A Glance at Solow’s Growth Theory". Journal of Mathematical Economics and Finance 3, nr 2(5) (6.02.2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jmef.v3.2(5).04.

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This article examines the growth theory of Robert Solow1 , which has been a point of reference of economic growth since the 1950s. First, the article analyzes the path-breaking model of growth contained in Solow’s article “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growt” published in The Quarterly Journal of Economics (1956). Second, it looks at the contribution of Solow to growth accounting and to the new method of studying capital formation in economic growth through the vintage ap- proach. Therefore, the work analyzes the article “Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function” published in The Review of Economics and Statistics (1957). In the latter publication, Solow, through the aggregate production function, tries to measure growth and provide an explanation of the nature of technical progress. The article also examines Solow’s 1960 essay “Investment and Technical Progress” based on the hypothesis of embodied technological progress and the vintage approach.
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Сорокин, Александр Иванович. "Economic Theory on Role and Place of Entrepreneur in Social Production". ЖУРНАЛ ПРАВОВЫХ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ, nr 1 (15.03.2022): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26163/gief.2022.47.46.031.

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В статье рассматривается эволюция взглядов видных представителей экономической науки разных поколений на роль, место и функции предпринимателя в процессе производства. Статья охватывает значительный временной период - с конца XVIII в. до середины XX в. Отправная точка проблемы это - «экономический человек», явленный А. Смитом как воплощение неуклонной силы рыночной экономики, двигающий экономику вперед и общество к процветанию. Однако признание в экономической науке тезис А. Смита получил далеко не сразу, выдержав серьезную конкуренцию альтернативных воззрений на проблему. И только в конце XX в., благодаря вкладу виднейших представителей экономической науки, великая догадка А. Смита заняла свое достойное место в экономических трактатах. We consider the evolution of the views of prominent economics researchers of different generations on the role, place and functions of an entrepreneur in the production process. The article covers a significant time period - from the end of the XVIII century to the middle of the XX century. The starting point of the problem is the "economic man" introduced by A. Smith as the embodiment of the steady power of the market economy, driving economic and social prosperity. However, A. Smith's thesis did not get immediate recognition in economics facing serious competition from alternative views of the problem. Only at the end of the XX century, due to the contribution of the most outstanding representatives of the economic science, A. Smith's great guess took its rightful place in economic treatises.
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Grassi, Basile, i Julien Sauvagnat. "Production networks and economic policy". Oxford Review of Economic Policy 35, nr 4 (2019): 638–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grz021.

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Abstract In this paper, we show how to combine data on input–output tables and recent insights from the theory of production networks in order to inform policy. We first describe the information contained in input–output tables compiled by statistical agencies, and show how to derive relevant statistics of production networks. We then discuss the implications of production networks for policy intervention in a series of domains, such as fiscal policy, industrial policy, or, finance. Finally, we present a quantitative exercise applied to French data in order to illustrate that production networks shape the overall impact of competition policy on the economy.
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Danilov, Vladimir. "Towards the theory of general economic equilibrium". Economics and the Mathematical Methods 58, nr 3 (2022): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s042473880020012-2.

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The paper proposes a model of general economic equilibrium, when some firms can influence prices by their actions. Their primitives (that is, the description of production, distribution, and consumption) of the proposed model are the same as those of the Arrow–Debreu model. The difference lies in the behavior of oligopolistic firms: it is assumed that they (as in the original Cournot model) assign their production plans. The main innovation is the description of the decision-making process on production plans by oligopolistic firms. In previous models, it was assumed that oligopolistic firms seek to maximize profits at current prices. Here, a more natural assumption is made that oligopolistic firms make decisions about production plans through a vote of shareholders. It is shown how the Arrow–Debreu model can be modified to account for this circumstance. The concept of Condorcet–Cournot–Walras equilibrium is introduced, combining the ideas of these three classics. The question of the existence of equilibria is discussed. A simplified version of the model is also considered, in which each firm is owned by one agent. The simplification is that there is no need to turn to the voting.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Production economic theory"

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Todorova, Zdravka K. Lee Frederic S. "Reconsidering households in economic theory". Diss., UMK access, 2007.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Dept. of Economics. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2007.
"A dissertation in economics and social science consortium." Advisor: Frederic S. Lee. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Dec. 19, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 216-240). Online version of the print edition.
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Allaoua, Hadj Abdelkader. "The neutral economy vs the monetary theory of production". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304097.

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Schaller, Barbara. "Towards a heterodox economic theory of poverty production". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5008/.

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This thesis examines the contributions of three major figures in heterodox economic thought - Thorstein Veblen, Joan Robinson and Michał Kalecki - to the identification of what Else Oyen describes as ‘poverty producing processes’. It is argued that to date no distinct heterodox theory of the causes and consequences of poverty exists. This is surprising, not least because questions of social power, asymmetrical access to resources, and inequality are among the core themes in heterodox thought. This thesis demonstrates that Robinson, Kalecki and Veblen have devoted considerable time and effort to the investigation of poverty-related issues. Combined, they have discussed four key processes that contribute to poverty production: conspicuous consumption, mark-up pricing, industrial sabotage and hegemonic policy-making. This thesis suggests that these four core processes amount to a distinct heterodox perspective on poverty production, and may serve as a basis for a comprehensive enquiry into the causes of poverty in advanced capitalism. Being in essence a history of economic thought analysis of post-Keynesian and institutionalist theorising on poverty, this thesis contributes to economic poverty research, the history of economic thought and the development of an integrated heterodox approach.
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Hickie, Desmond James. "The government and civil aircraft production : 1942-1951". Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260816.

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Monteiro, Goncalo. "The growth process under time non-separable preferences /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7384.

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Clegg, L. J. "The determinants of international production : A comparative study of five developed countries". Thesis, University of Reading, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354079.

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McGuire, Alistair James. "The economics of the hospital : an analysis of production and cost relations". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1987. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU009748.

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This study consists of an economic analysis of the Scottish hospital sector. In particular analysis is directed towards an understanding of the hospital production process and the resultant cost - output relations. Both theoretical and empirical study is undertaken. The underlying methodological approach relies heavily on the transaction cost analysis developed by Williamson (1975). As such the study suggests that many of the traditional neo-classical theories applied to the hospital sector have been misdirected. The study includes a review of existing theories of hospital behaviour and the empirical literature on hospital production and cost functions. This reveals that there has been little overlap between these two literatures. It is suggested that this is largely because the hospital as an economic institution does not readily lend itself to positive analysis. In part this arises because of the inherent characteristics of the hospital production process, but it is also suggested that economic analysis at this level of aggregation is not appropriate. A behavioural analysis of hospital production is forwarded which emphasises the internal allocation processes. The agency relationship that exists between the doctor and the patient is highlighted, as are the underlying ethical constraints within which this relationship operates. The importance of internal organisational and process choice aspects of production are also emphasised. The rights to self-regulation held by the medical profession are seen to lie outside of the normal monitoring and control channels which are focussed largely upon the expenditure determination process. The limitations of a neo-classical production function analysis is outlined through the empirical estimation of a generalisable production function applied to a sample of Scottish hospitals. Following consideration of the behavioural aspects of the hospital production process a behavioural cost function model is estimated. As a secondary objective analysis of the specification of hospital output is undertaken.
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Wiese, Harald. "Language competition: An economic theory of language learning and production". De Gruyter, 2015. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A21367.

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This article employs game theory to contribute to sociolinguistics (or the economics of language). From both the synchronic and the diachronic perspective, we are interested in the conditions (of language learning and literary production) that make some languages dominate others. Two results are particularly noteworthy: (i) Translations have an ambiguous effect on domination. (ii) We offer three different explanations of how a past language like Latin or Sanskrit can develop into a standard for literary production.
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Yildizoglu, Ergin. "A theoretical and historical study of crisis in the capitalist mode of production". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253653.

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Salimian, Abbas. "Production relations and technical efficiencies for selected Iranian sectors and regions : an empirical study". Thesis, University of Essex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387828.

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Książki na temat "Production economic theory"

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A, Landesmann Michael, i Scazzieri Roberto, red. Production and economic dynamics. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

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Frank, Orazem, red. Production economics: Theory with applications. Wyd. 2. Malabar, Fla: Krieger Pub. Co., 1992.

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Färe, Rolf. Fundamentals of production theory. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.

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Saengsan kyŏngjehak: Production economics. Sŏul-si: Pagyŏngsa, 2019.

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Raa, Thijs ten. Productivity Growth: Industries, Spillovers and Economic Performance. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2012.

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J, Ferguson Glenys, i Rothschild R, red. Business economics: The application of economic theory. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 1993.

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Gnos, Claude. Production, répartition et monnaie. Dijon: Editions universitaires de Dijon, 1992.

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Fandel, G. Theory of production and cost. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991.

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Bernard, Schmitt, red. Production et monnaie. Paris, France: Sirey, 1985.

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1946-, Taylor C. R., red. The economics of production. New York: Wiley, 1985.

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Części książek na temat "Production economic theory"

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Heijman, W. J. M. "Theory of Production". W The Economic Metabolism, 13–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5038-5_2.

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Sadr, Seyed Kazem. "Production Theory". W The Economic System of the Early Islamic Period, 209–20. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50733-4_9.

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Choudhury, Masudul Alam. "Production Function". W Comparative Economic Theory Occidental and Islamic Perspectives, 129–44. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4814-7_8.

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Ritschl, Albrecht. "Prices and Production in Economic Theory". W Contributions to Economics, 100–152. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-53716-5_4.

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Reke, Eivind, Daryl Powell i Kodo Yokozawa. "Towards an Economic Theory of Lean". W Advances in Production Management Systems. Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable and Resilient Production Systems, 712–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85874-2_78.

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Jones, Ronald W., i Sugata Marjit. "International Trade and Endogenous Production Structures". W Economic Theory and International Trade, 173–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77671-7_9.

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Wang, Teng-Fei, Kevin Cullinane i Dong-Wook Song. "The Economic Theory of Container Port Production". W Container Port Production and Economic Efficiency, 13–32. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230505971_2.

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Chattopadhyay, Paresh. "Crisis Theory in Marx’s Economic Manuscripts of Early 1860s". W Marx's Associated Mode of Production, 111–24. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57535-7_8.

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Wang, Teng-Fei, Kevin Cullinane i Dong-Wook Song. "A Theory of Container Port Production and its Empirical Validation". W Container Port Production and Economic Efficiency, 116–39. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230505971_6.

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Krelle, Wilhelm. "Production Theory as a Part of a Dynamic General Disequilibrium System". W Economic Theory, Dynamics and Markets, 31–44. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1677-4_3.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Production economic theory"

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Li, Qunxia, i Qun Zhang. "Application of fuzzy set theory to economic production quantity model". W 2011 International Conference on E-Business and E-Government (ICEE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icebeg.2011.5887041.

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Artemenko, T. V. "THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COMPANY'S FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: THEORY AND PRACTICE". W New forms of production and entrepreneurship in the coordinates of neo-industrial development of the economy. PD of KSUEL, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38161/978-5-7823-0731-8-2020-081-090.

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The article considers various options for determining the significance of the foreign economic activity of an enterprise, including the implementation of the main functions or development strategies of an enterprise, depending on the motives of foreign economic activity. Six levels of manifestation of the effect of the foreign economic activity of a single enterprise are identified: the level of the enterprise, regional, sectoral, national, supranational levels, the level of the world economy. Briefly characterized are the areas of manifestation of the effect of the foreign economic activity of the enterprise, such as budget, production, investment, social, other. The nature of the manifestation of the effect (direct, indirect) and its orientation (positive, negative) are indicated.
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Suripto, Suripto, Firmansyah Firmansyah i FX Sugiyanto. "Education and Poverty in Special Province of Yogyakarta: The Approach of Solow Growth Technology Model in Production Theory". W 2nd International Conference on Economic Education and Entrepreneurship. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0006892307240731.

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Mihailov, Penyu. "LAND RENT AS A SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINATION". W SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT - CURRENT PRACTICES AND SOLUTIONS 2019. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/slm2019.26.

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The issues of land rents are of particular importance today, the new times have brought them to the fore, now they are new dimensions. Previously in the works of Plato, Xenophon and others it was mentioned but not used as a term. With the entry of capitalism into agricultural politics - everyone talks about it. Agriculture became the main branch of social production, and rent became the object of study. Contribution to the development of the problem have: У. Petit, Fr. F. P?ti, F. Kenet, A. Smith, D. The work of Marx is indisputable. The neoclassical theory advocates a subjective treatment of the problem -opposed to Marx. The reasons are to be sought in the following circumstances: capitalism has undergone fundamental changes; it has entered a stage of global integration; the scientific-technical revolution has raised it to a greater height; new technologies have entered the economy; electronization, robotization, computerization, science has penetrated all spheres of life, has become an immediate productive force; it is rising to a higher level; production is being naturalized, it is becoming a field of application of science. History, however, follows its own logic. The immature economic forms of production do not submit to exact theoretical reflections; as they change, so do our ideas about them.
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Florentino, Saul, David De Leon i Jorge Silva. "Optimal Inspection Methodology for Offshore Structures Based on an Economic Decision Theory". W ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51214.

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About 200 marine platforms are installed in the Mexican sector of the Gulf of Mexico so that maintenance and inspection schedules play an important role to avoid excessive structural deterioration of the oil facilities and at the same time to keep the facilities within acceptable safety margins. Large costs associated with inspection and repair actions moved managers towards the application of an optimal strategy in order to minimize inspection expenses. For these purposes, it is necessary to consider deterioration process such as fatigue crack growth under the influence of uncertain wave loading which is the dominant force while effort is focused on maintaining structural integrity and safe production. This paper presents an optimal inspection methodology for offshore structures based on an economic decision theory, bearing in mind that large costs are associated with structural failure and extensive inspection and repairs. A system failure analysis of a given sub set of the critical structural components is included as well as a mathematical framework for the assessment of failure and repair cost associated.
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Koretskiy, V. P., M. R. Degtereva i M. I. Fayzulin. "Determination of Labor Intensity of Research, Creative Work Types in Production Based on Complexity Theory Approaches and Fuzzy Logic". W 2nd International Scientific and Practical Conference “Modern Management Trends and the Digital Economy: from Regional Development to Global Economic Growth” (MTDE 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200502.104.

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Polyanskaya, O. A., A. Mikhailova i A. Tambi. "GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CURRENT ECONOMIC SITUATION OF THE LPC OF RUSSIA AND PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT". W Modern machines, equipment and IT solutions for industrial complex: theory and practice. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mmeitsic2021_101-106.

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The Russian Federation is the richest forest power in the world, however, it is significantly inferior to a number of countries in the production of wood products. The development of the timber industry complex (LPC) is currently of particular importance, since it can make a great contribution to the country’s economy and, accordingly, affect a significant increase in the volume of Russia’s gross domestic product. In addition, the Russian LPC has significant potential and provides its products to almost all the leading sectors of the national economy. That is why the authors of the article pay attention to the strategy for the development of the LPC until 2030. In addition, the authors analyze the current state of the Russian timber industry, the impact on the industry of the current economic situation, the main economic results of the forest sector enterprises for the period from 2016 to 2020. The expectations of market participants and the prospects for the development of the industry are considered. The analysis of measures of support from the state is carried out. The main problems of the industry development are outlined.
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Yilan, Gulsah, Arif Ozcan i Tanju Caglar. "Sustainable cardboard label production". W 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p14.

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Recently, all industrial sectors have shown significantly increasing attention in reaching the sustainability goals regarding economic, environmental, social, and also technological aspects not only at the regional level but also nationwide and even global scale. Aside from being an economically popular concept, sustainability is strictly related to effective resource use and efficient waste disposal. Thus, it functions as a complementary issue to be considered in various production activities. The sustainable production approach includes reducing or (if possible) eliminating the negative impacts on the human health and environment, reducing the waste generated, increasing the recycling rate, and developing energy and material saving processes. The printing industry is one of the most important industries in reaching sustainable production goals. The need for the printed products, which is the focus of this study, is increasing in parallel with the changing consumer expectations and technological developments. However, from the point of the printing industry view, a solid sustainability consensus is not settled among the practitioners, yet. This study aims to evaluate the sustainability of the cardboard label production considering several combinations of raw materials such as paper, ink, and surface coating additives via appropriate Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methods. The most frequently used paper and ink types are considered with three alternatives for each. To indicate the sustainability scores economic, environmental, and social evaluation criteria are selected. By applying the Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT), the sustainability score of each label is calculated to determine the optimum alternative in terms of the production process and also the material used. This evaluation provides detailed information to the producer and also to the consumer about the alternative production routes to use less energy and raw material, and also to decrease the environmental impacts while sustaining the economic feasibility. Besides, alternative solutions are offered to reach sustainability goals by considering the economic and environmental life cycle impacts of these materials. Hence, an increase in awareness about the printing industry and service channels is expected. Moreover, this study is also important in presenting the applicability of sustainability assessments in the printing industry.
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Lekashvili, Eka. "The Challenges of Georgia’s Economic Policy in Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 9 in the COVID-19 Pandemic Period". W Challenges in Economics and Business in the Post-COVID Times. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.epf.5.2022.3.

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The increased number of financial crises and ecological catastrophes, as well as expanding inequality in the context of globalisation, have raised questions on the assumptions of mainstream economic theory and its fairness. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, national economies have had to face up to the new reality, which has placed great importance on the context of economic stability, security and sustainable development policies. This paper analyses the issues that need to be considered by national economic bodies in the process of achieving Sustainable Development Goal 9 (SDG 9) and transforming the economy. These issues are based on the experience gained during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is advisable to transform the economy in a way that focuses on the development of the manufacturing industry, including high-tech industries. However, these sectors should be mainly exportoriented. The development of export production should not only be based on the natural comparative advantage, but also, for the sake of expediency, on the acquired comparative advantage.
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Kombarov, Sayan. "Action in Economics: Mathematical Derivation of Laws of Economics from the Principle of Least Action in Physics". W International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02498.

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The thesis of this paper is mathematical formulation of the laws of Economics with application of the principle of Least Action of classical mechanics. This paper is proposed as the rigorous mathematical approach to Economics provided by the fundamental principle of the physical science – the Principle of Least Action. This approach introduces the principle of Action into main-stream economics and allows reconcile main principles Austrian School of Economics and the laws of market, such Say’s law and marginal value and interest rate theory, with the modern results of mathematical economics, such as Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), game theory and behavioral economics. This principle is well known in classical mechanics as the law of conservation of action that governs any system as a whole and all its components. It led to the revolution in physics, as it allows to derive the laws of Newtonian and quantum mechanics and probability. Ludwig von Mises defined Economics is the science of Human Action. Action is introduced into Economics by the founder of Austrian School of Economic, Carl Menger. Production or acquisition of any goods, services and assets are results of purposeful acts in the form of expenditure of work and energy in the form of flow of money and material resources. Humans take them to achieve certain desired goals with given resources and time. Any economic good and service, financial, productive, or real estate asset is the result of such action.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Production economic theory"

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Finkelshtain, Israel, i Tigran Melkonyan. The economics of contracts in the US and Israel agricultures. United States Department of Agriculture, luty 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695590.bard.

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Research Objectives 1) Reviewing the rich economic literature on contracting and agricultural contracting; 2) Conducting a descriptive comparative study of actual contracting patterns in the U.S. and Israeli agricultural sectors; 3) Theoretical analysis of division of assets ownership, authority allocation and incentives in agricultural production contracts; 4) Theoretical analysis of strategic noncompetitive choice of agricultural production and marketing contracts, 5) Empirical studies of contracting in agricultural sectors of US and Israel, among them the broiler industry, the citrus industry and sugar beet sector. Background Recent decades have witnessed a world-wide increase in the use of agricultural contracts. In both the U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many crops, fruits, vegetables and livestock commodities. The increased use of agricultural contracts raises a number of important economic policy questions regarding the optimal design of contracts and their determinants. Even though economists have made a substantial progress in understanding these issues, the theory of contracts and an empirical methodology to analyze contracts are still evolving. Moreover, there is an enormous need for empirical research of contractual relationships. Conclusions In both U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many agricultural commodities. In the U.S. more than 40% of the value of agricultural production occurred under either marketing or production contracts. The use of agricultural contracts in Israel is also ubiquitous and reaches close to 60% of the value of agricultural production. In Israel we have found strategic considerations to play a dominant role in the choice of agricultural contracts and may lead to noncompetitive conduct and reduced welfare. In particular, the driving force, leading to consignment based contracts is the strategic effect. Moreover, an increase in the number of contractors will lead to changes in the terms of the contract, an increased competition and payment to farmers and economic surplus. We found that while large integrations lead to more efficient production, they also exploit local monopsonistic power. For the U.S, we have studied in more detail the choice of contract type and factors that affect contracts such as the level of informational asymmetry, the authority structure, and the available quality measurement technology. We have found that assets ownership and decision rights are complements of high-powered incentives. We have also found that the optimal allocation of decision rights, asset ownership and incentives is influenced by: variance of systemic and idiosyncratic shocks, importance (variance) of the parties’ private information, parameters of the production technology, the extent of competition in the upstream and downstream industries. Implications The primary implication of this project is that the use of agricultural production and marketing contracts is growing in both the US and Israeli agricultural sectors, while many important economic policy questions are still open and require further theoretical and empirical research. Moreover, actual contracts that are prevailing in various agricultural sectors seems to be less than optimal and, hence, additional efforts are required to transfer the huge academic know-how in this area to the practitioners. We also found evidence for exploitation of market powers by contactors in various agricultural sectors. This may call for government regulations in the anti-trust area. Another important implication of this project is that in addition to explicit contracts economic outcomes resulting from the interactions between growers and agricultural intermediaries depend on a number of other factors including allocation of decision and ownership rights and implicit contracting. We have developed models to study the interactions between explicit contracts, decision rights, ownership structure, and implicit contracts. These models have been applied to study contractual arrangements in California agriculture and the North American sugarbeet industry.
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Tull, Kerina. Economic Impact of Local Vaccine Manufacturing. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), luty 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.034.

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Over a period of time, a tier of mostly middle-income developing countries has developed a considerable pharmaceutical and vaccine production capacity. However, outcomes have not always been positive for domestic manufacturers in developing countries. Economic and health lessons learned from vaccine manufacturing in developing countries include challenges and positive spill-over effects. Evidence for this rapid review is taken from the south and southeast Asia (India, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam), and Latin America (Brazil, Cuba, Mexico). Although data on locally manufactured drugs on the balance of trade was available, this was not readily available for vaccine manufacturing. The evidence used in this review was taken from grey and academic literature, as well as interviews with economic specialists. Although market reports on vaccine production are available for most of these countries, their data is not in the public domain.
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Kelly, Luke. Definitions, Characteristics and Monitoring of Conflict Economies. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), luty 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.024.

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The idea of conflict economies is a broad concept encompassing several research angles. Definitions differ according to these focuses. Some of the main uses of the concept are to understand: • economic analysis of the motives for and likelihood of war • financing of state and non-state belligerents • how the continuation of conflicts can be explained by rational motives including economic ones • how conflict affects economic activity, and how conflict parties and citizens adapt Some distinctive characteristics of war economies are (Ballentine & Nitzschke, 2005, p. 12): • They involve the destruction or circumvention of the formal economy and the growth of informal and black markets, • Pillage, predation, extortion, and deliberate violence against civilians is used by combatants to acquire control over lucrative assets, capture trade networks and diaspora remittances, and exploit labour; • War economies are highly decentralised and privatised, both in the means of coercion and in the means of production and exchange; • Combatants increasingly rely on the licit or illicit exploitation of / trade in lucrative natural resources • They thrive on cross-border trading networks, regional kin and ethnic groups, arms traffickers, and mercenaries, as well as legally operating commercial entities, each of which may have a vested interest in the continuation of conflict and instability. The first section of this rapid review outlines the evolution of the term and key definitions. Most of this discussion occurs in the academic literature around the early 2000s. The second looks at key characteristics of conflict economies identified in the literature, with examples where possible from both academic and grey literature. The third section briefly identifies methodologies used to measure and monitor conflict economies, as well as some current research and programmes on conflict economies, from academic literature as well as NGOs and other sources. The findings have been derived via a literature search and advice from experts in the field. Given time constraints, the report is not comprehensive. The review is gender- and disability blind.
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Bajaj, Pallavi, Kristina Baris, Patricia Georgina Gonzales, Christian Regie Jabagat, Janine Elora Lazatin i Elaine Tan. A Case for Value-Added Exports in the Estimation of Export Diversification in Asia and the Pacific. Asian Development Bank, marzec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220068-2.

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As economies integrate into global and regional value chains, these fragmented production structures may not be adequately reflected in diversification measurements. While an assessment of export diversification using gross exports provides insight into the direct exports of a trading economy, it does not tell the full story. Using both gross exports and value-added exports can better inform policy decisions and enable exporting economies to carve their niche in increasingly digitally-enabled value chains.
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Weller, Joel, Harris Lewin, Micha Ron i George Wiggans. Detection and Mapping of Genes Affecting Traits of Economic Importance in Dairy Cattle with the Aid of Molecular Genetic Markers. United States Department of Agriculture, grudzień 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613024.bard.

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Forty-seven poly-TG microsatellites were developed at the U of IL, and 11 genetic markers were developed at ARO, nine of which were poly-AGC microsatellites. Markers were typed on the reference families of CSIRO, Australia; GRANADA, Texas; and IRRF, Illinois, for chromosome assignment and linkage mapping. Nine North American al organizations contributed semen to the Dairy Bull DNA Repository (DBDR), which currently has 65,743 units from 3366 bulls. Semen was obtained for 31 out of 35 grandsires. Semen of 28 and 23 sons of two Israeli bulls was also collected. Eighteen grandsires were genotyped for 75 microsatellites. One thousand, three hundred and sixty-two sons with evaluation from 17 families were genotyped for 24 markers. Eleven thousand, six hundred and twenty sons genotypes were determined, of which 8,802 were informative. The genotype data was matched to the bulls' daughter yield deviations (DYD) for seven traits; milk, fat, and protein production; fat and protein percent; somatic cell concentration (SCS); and productive herd life. Seven loci had significant effects at p<0.05, but only two loci, TGLA263 and MGTG7, had significant effects at p<0.01, and the effect of TGLA263 on fat percentage was significant at p<0.0001. There was at least one significant effect for each of the seven traits analyzed.
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Rentería Palomares, Zaira, Jorge Gutiérrez García i Daniel Perdomo Rodríguez. Digitalization in the Extractive Sector: A Comparative Analysis of the Andean Region. Inter-American Development Bank, grudzień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004675.

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Global efforts to achieve the climate goals specified in the Paris Agreement pose major challenges for the global production system, because demand for clean fuels, metals, and minerals will increase considerably in the coming decades. This trend is the main driver for extractive companies transformations of their production systems to maintain their profitability and operability in the face of an increasingly stringent context in economic, environmental, and social terms. Hence, the adoption of digital technologies appears as a unique opportunity that would enable the industry to meet the challenges posed by the energy transition that is looming. In this challenging context, companies in the extractive sector have started to rethink not only their internal operations, but also the ways in which they interact with communities, the environment, and public opinion.
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Melo-Becerra, Ligia Alba, i María Teresa Ramírez-Giraldo. Transport infrastructure and technical efficiency in a panel of countries: Accounting for endogeneity in a stochastic frontier model. Banco de la República, grudzień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1187.

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In this paper, a global production frontier is estimated using stochastic frontier models to assess the contribution of transport infrastructure to countries’ performance. We find that the role of infrastructure is underestimated under the exogeneity assumption indicating that handling endogeneity is crucial in the estimation. Results suggest that a better endowment of infrastructure contributes to economic growth, highlighting its importance in explaining differences in the economic performance of countries. Efficiency measures indicate that high-income countries are more efficient than low- and middle-income countries, suggesting that there is room for improving economic performance in countries with a lower income level. Better institutions also are essential to foster countries’ economic output.
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Jones, Natalie, Miquel Muñoz Cabré, Georgia Piggot i Michael Lazarus. Tapping the potential of NDCs and LT-LEDS to address fossil fuel production. Stockholm Environment Institute, czerwiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.010.

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The need for a managed transition away from fossil fuel production raises the question of whether and how countries are addressing this need in their national communications to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). A previous 2019 analysis of the first round of nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and long-term, low-emissions development strategies (LT-LEDS) found that few countries discussed how they would address fossil fuel production as part of their climate mitigation activities. Here, we examine new and updated NDCs and LT-LEDS, finding a growing number of NDCs and LT-LEDS that address fossil fuel production as part of mitigation. For the first time, several countries incorporate policies and/ or pathways for a managed decline of fossil fuel production. In contrast, many others foresee continued or expanded fossil fuel production, with no mention of efforts to prepare for a transition. Opportunities remain for countries to make better use of NDCs and LT-LEDS to align fossil fuel production with the Paris Agreement, including by more comprehensively reflecting on the equity implications of their plans, as well as addressing how countries plan to diversify their economies, ensure a just transition for workers, and cooperate internationally on a managed wind-down of fossil fuel supply. As COP26 approaches, this window of opportunity is still open, but it is rapidly closing.
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Cornick, Jorge, Jeffry Frieden, Mauricio Mesquita Moreira i Ernesto H. Stein. Open configuration options Political Economy of Trade Policy in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, luty 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003986.

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Few propositions in economics are as widely accepted as the theory of comparative advantage: If two countries have a comparative advantage in the production of different goods and services, trade can be welfare-enhancing for both. But trade policy has always been controversial in Latin America, as it is not made by academic economists but by politicians who need to gather and maintain the support of constituents who in some cases have much to lose or gain from different trade policies. This book walks the reader through a complex thicket of contending interests and disparate political institutions to analyze why Latin American governments make the trade policies they do. Its chapters show how an array of different governments have attempted to navigate frequently conflicting interests and ideas, and how different institutional arrangements impinge on trade policy design and outcomes. It is to be hoped that the experiences analyzed here can inform the making of future policy and, perhaps, help improve it.
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Miller, Jack, i Marie-Laure Hicks. Small Modular Nuclear Reactors. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, lipiec 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn580.

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There is growing UK and international interest in using ‘small modular nuclear reactors’ (SMRs) to generate electricity, and the UK Government announced a number of measures to support SMR development in the 2018 Nuclear Sector Deal. Stakeholders suggest that, compared with conventional nuclear reactors, SMRs could offer cost savings to operators and consumers, more flexible energy production and a greater choice of potential sites. This note examines key aspects of SMR technology, their economics and regulation.
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