Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Problem-finding”

With the financial crisis, many firms suffered from liquidity shortages and needed to quickly change their way of working to release capital from the operations. Scholars argue that firms should handle immediate crisis with short-term measures first, and then change the underlying organizational routines to prevent recurrence. The management of working capital has received increased attention amongst corporate managers as a result of the crisis, whereby it is interesting to understand how firms can reduce their working capital in a sustainable way. By using the problem-finding and problem-solving approach, this study explores how successful firms have found and solved problems to make them sustainable. To answer the research question a multiple-case study is performed, where five firms are explored through interviews with key respondents. The study indicates that urgency is the main driver for both introducing and increasing the focus on working capital management. Different strategies for obtaining sustainable working capital management are found, where focus and commitment from the top management is suggested to be the glue that makes it last. It is furthermore suggested that managers have two main tools for creating and sustaining desired routines and practices; communication and control.

The non-identity problem attempts to explain the moral permissibility of certain procreative acts that determine a future individual’s existence. If we accept that this individual’s life is worth living, than we must also accept that these procreative acts are permissible. However, this is not the case. In this paper, I will argue against the permissibility of these acts and explain why our intuition, that these acts are morally wrong, is in fact correct. Because the non-identity problem affects particular persons, those whose existence is brought about, I argue in favor of a solution that explains that moral impermissibility in terms of the wrong done to this particular person. I do so by demonstrating why solutions offered by Derek Parfit, Elizabeth Harman, and Justin McBrayer have failed, whereas solutions offered by James Woodward and Gregory Kavka successfully explain moral impermissibility of non-identity acts in terms of wronging future individuals.

In a time where competition for software services is big and the time to market crucial, speed and productivity is the key to competing with other organizations. One of the competitors is Spotify, who provide an audio streaming platform to 286 million monthly active users around the world. Due to the number of users, a disturbance in the service has a great impact. In order to avoid disturbances, the back-end developers have to locate and solve the issue fast. To be able to identify user problems and frustrations with a troubleshooting tool, fifteen interviews and five observations were conducted. The resulting data, combined with the five-step Design Thinking model, resulted in the two defined problems: finding specific information and narrowing the problem space. Furthermore, a search feature and a feature to customize the view, were tested on a middle-fidelity prototype to investigate the impact on troubleshooting and the usability of the tool.

The study challenges current literature, which views the notion of problem-finding as the initial identification of a problem to be solved. The concept of problem-finding in this study is that problem-finding continues throughout the problem-solving process and is not distinct from it. This thesis aims to develop a better understanding of problem-finding by examining high school students using problem-finding to solve industrial design problems. The study seeks to find out what types of problem-finding exist and what roles they play in solving design problems. To explore problem-finding, this study uses a Think Aloud methodology to examine the thinking of three high school industrial design students and one high school industrial design teacher solving an authentic industrial design problem. Protocol data was gathered from the subjects and then transcribed, segmented and analysed in three ways, each of which became progressively more specific: Firstly, a macroscopic examination which identified problem-finding episodes occurring throughout the design process; secondly, a microscopic examination which identified four categories of problem-finding; and lastly, a microscopic examination which looked at the role played by the different problem-finding categories in solving design problems. The findings of this study are fourfold. Firstly, problem-finding was found to be used throughout the entire design process. Secondly, there were four categories of problemfinding. Thirdly, each category played an important role predominantly through interaction with other categories. Lastly, the more experienced a person was, the more able they were to use problem-finding effectively to solve design problems. Many current practices use trial and error methods to solve design problems. The importance of this study is that through a better understanding of problem-finding, designers may be able to use metacognitive strategies more efficiently in the process. Similarly, in educational practice, high school design students may be able to learn to think about the methods they use to solve design problems, and this may result in more creative designs.

The study challenges current literature, which views the notion of problem-finding as the initial identification of a problem to be solved. The concept of problem-finding in this study is that problem-finding continues throughout the problem-solving process and is not distinct from it. This thesis aims to develop a better understanding of problem-finding by examining high school students using problem-finding to solve industrial design problems. The study seeks to find out what types of problem-finding exist and what roles they play in solving design problems. To explore problem-finding, this study uses a Think Aloud methodology to examine the thinking of three high school industrial design students and one high school industrial design teacher solving an authentic industrial design problem. Protocol data was gathered from the subjects and then transcribed, segmented and analysed in three ways, each of which became progressively more specific: Firstly, a macroscopic examination which identified problem-finding episodes occurring throughout the design process; secondly, a microscopic examination which identified four categories of problem-finding; and lastly, a microscopic examination which looked at the role played by the different problem-finding categories in solving design problems. The findings of this study are fourfold. Firstly, problem-finding was found to be used throughout the entire design process. Secondly, there were four categories of problemfinding. Thirdly, each category played an important role predominantly through interaction with other categories. Lastly, the more experienced a person was, the more able they were to use problem-finding effectively to solve design problems. Many current practices use trial and error methods to solve design problems. The importance of this study is that through a better understanding of problem-finding, designers may be able to use metacognitive strategies more efficiently in the process. Similarly, in educational practice, high school design students may be able to learn to think about the methods they use to solve design problems, and this may result in more creative designs.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School of Vocational, Technology and Arts Education
Full Text

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1991.
Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: James H. Borland. Dissertation Committee: David Nateman. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 268-283).

Do students in inquiry classes who engage in problem finding report different experiences than those in inquiry classes who do not engage in problem finding? Further, do students who engage in problem finding report more behaviors indicative of good problem solving than students who do not? What are students' common and unique experiences with the process of problem finding? What are students' personal trajectories through the problem-finding process? These questions were answered in a classroom based study that documented students' experiences in two different inquiry-orientedcontexts in three schools located in the United States of America. Through video stimulated interviews with students, a mixture of researcher-constructed and standardized questionnaires, and teacher interviews, the nature of two different, albeit both excellent approaches to instruction, were described and compared. Students engaged in problem finding were continually challenged; these challenges involved many positive and rewarding experiences, but also lead to frustration, fear, anxiety, confusion, and other negative emotions not experienced in the more teacher-directed instructional context. Results from the various data sources converged to indicate that, in line withFredrickson's theory (1998), being able to go off-task allows students to create situations where they experience the positive emotions they need to undo the narrowing of perspective associated with feeling negative emotions in response to the demanding tasks at hand. After these positive social distractions, students have a fresh perspective and positive minds et, they are primed to re-engage with their project and make progress. Students in open-ended inquiry were also two to five times more likely to report engaging in productive problem-solving behaviors, compared to students in more teacher-directed inquiry contexts focused on science demonstrations and laboratory tasks. When focused specifically on the process of prob
Est-ce que les étudiants dans les classes d'enquête qui s'engage dans la résolution de problème rapporte-ils des expérience différentes comparer a ceux dans les classes d'enquête qui ne s'engagent pas dans la résolution de problème? De plus, est-ce que les étudiants qui s'engages dans la résolution de problème rapporte plus de comportements qui démontre une bonne résolution de problèmes que les étudiants qui ne s'engagent pas dans la résolution de problème? Qu'elles sont les liens communs et les expériences unique avec le processus du problème trouvent? D'ou, exactement, viennent les idées des étudiants? Ces questions ont été répondues dans une étude baser en salle de classe qui documente les expériences des étudiants dans deux contexte d'enquête-orientes différents a trois écoles aux Etats-Unis. A travers des entrevues vidéo-stimulées avec des étudiants, un mélange de questionnaires standard et des entrevues de professeur, la nature de deux différents, quoique d'excellentes approches a l'instruction, ont été décrits et compares. Les étudiants engager a résoudre des problèmes ont été constamment éprouve ; ces detis ont implique beaucoup d'expériences positives et enrichie, mais mènent également a la frustration, la crainte, l'inquiétude, la confusion, et a d'autres émotions négatives non vécus dans le contexte d'instruction professeur-dirige. Les résultats des divers points d'émission de données ont converge pour indiquer que, en conformité avec la théorie de Fredrickson (1998), en pouvant all er au différent tache permet a des étudiants de créer des situations ou ils éprouvent les émotions positives qu'ils doivent défaire le rétrécissement de la perspective lie aux émotions négatives de sentiment en réponse aux taches exigeantes actuelles. Après ces distractions sociales positives, les étudiants ont une perspective fraiche et mentalité positive, ils s'amorcent pour s'engager avec leur projet$

A significant proportion of the population engages in entrepreneurial behavior but many ventures do not survive beyond startup thus decreasing the pool of entrepreneurs available to contribute to the economy. Opportunity recognition is central to entrepreneurial success and the improper delineation of opportunities is cited as a leading cause of venture failure. There is a logical link between creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship. The goal of the researcher in this study was to explore the relationships between CPS training and the generation of entrepreneurial ideas. The investigation studied the relationship of training in creative problem solving (CPS) to the opportunity identification skills of entrepreneurial learners. It was hypothesized that CPS training would positively impact attitudes relating to divergent thinking, would increase the number of opportunities identified and would increase the quality of opportunities identified. The tutorial was targeted at novice entrepreneurs who were in the initial stages of identifying an opportunity. Quality at this early stage in the venture formation process was defined as the degree to which the idea meshed with the learner's interests and passions and the extent to which they possessed prior experience. An experimental research design was used and participants were randomly assigned to either a treatment or control group. There were no statistically significant differences in composition between the treatment and control groups. There were statistically significant differences found in one of the two divergent thinking constructs - the tendency to make premature evaluations. Two measures of ideational fluency were tested. No statistically significant differences were found in fluency for the post-test/pre-test measure within the treatment group or between the treatment and control group. Statistically significant differences were found in the number of unique ideas generated post-test/pre-test (within the treatment group and between the treatment and control group) and statistically significant differences were also found in the unique bottles measure (within group only). There were no statistically significant differences found in the 4 quality measures. The findings in this study have the potential to strengthen the link between the enhancement of creative performance and the generation of entrepreneurial ideas. The research also holds the potential to provide practical guidelines for use of instructional techniques for training in opportunity recognition but also more broadly across the continuum of entrepreneurship education. The objective of the training was to increase the size and the quality of the venture idea pool that entrepreneurs draw from when initiating ventures.

Effektivare offentliga upphandlingar kan enligt tidigare forskning innebära stora möjligheter till besparingar för det svenska samhället. Upphandling av läkemedel till slutenvården är ett område som många aktörer identifierat som problematiskt. Syftet med studien är därför att identifiera problem och potentiella lösningar med upphandling av läkemedel. Tillvägagångssättet var att analysera allmänt påtalade problem och lösningar med upphandling samt empiriska resultat från intervjuer och en enkät utifrån problem finding and problem solving metoden. De empiriska resultaten var fyra huvudsakliga problem: (1) olikformighet i kravspecifikationer, (2) bristande dialog mellan aktörer, (3) för kort tid mellan tilldelningsbeslut och avtalsstart samt (4) omfattande dokumenthantering. Alternativa lösningar ställdes upp för varje problem där sedan slutsatser drogs kring vilka potentiella lösningar som var bäst lämpade för läkemedelsupphandlingar.

The original purpose for this study revolved around identifying possible whitespaces (innovation opportunities for unmet needs) applied to the concept of sleep. Through much early work on sleep, it became apparent that sleep is a semi-private concept and the boundaries of what was possible for potential whitespaces needed to be further explored with participants. From there the intention of the research shifted to identify the best possible method to aid in this discovery. Speculative design was considered an appropriate method. Speculative design is meant to garner reactions from viewers. Attempts were made to find a way to get participants to engage with proposed speculative scenarios and explore them as they related to themselves, instead of just reacting to them. Service Fictions were created to take a participant through the thought process to arrive at the speculative scenario. Twelve participants co-created scenarios that would fit into their life with prompts from the designer. This method was successful in understanding underlying values and a participant’s boundaries around what was comfortable and acceptable to them. Service Fictions were applied to a case study meant to expose the boundaries of care around sleep. Insights gained from Service Fictions were distilled down to four main categories. The categories were technology, people, control and sleep. These categories were turned into guidelines to consider when applied to sleep, but possibly extendable to other concepts as well.

Consensus pattern problem (CPP) aims at finding conserved regions, or motifs, in unaligned sequences. This problem is NP-hard under various scoring schemes. To solve this problem for protein sequences more efficiently,a new scoring scheme and a randomized algorithm based on substitution matrix are proposed here. Any practical solutions to a bioinformatics problem must observe twoprinciples: (1) the problem that it solves accurately describes the real problem; in CPP, this requires the scoring scheme be able to distinguisha real motif from background; (2) it provides an efficient algorithmto solve the mathematical problem. A key question in protein motif-finding is how to determine the motif length. One problem in EM algorithms to solve CPP is how to find good startingpoints to reach the global optimum. These two questions were both well addressed under this scoring scheme,which made the randomized algorithm both fast and accurate in practice. A software, COPIA (COnsensus Pattern Identification and Analysis),has been developed implementing this algorithm. Experiments using sequences from the von Willebrand factor (vWF)familyshowed that it worked well on finding multiple motifs and repeats. COPIA's ability to find repeats makes it also useful in illustrating the internal structures of multidomain proteins. Comparative studies using several groups of protein sequences demonstrated that COPIA performed better than the commonly used motif-finding programs.

Working with problems and making investigations is an activity one has to learn already very early. Therefore in primary school children should not only learn concepts and solve given tasks. They also should find out knowledge and reasons by themselves. Here you will find some problem fields in elementary arithmetic within children of primary school can make different investigations and find as well as give reasons for special statements. The topics concerned are partitions of numbers, sums of consecutive numbers, figured numbers, sequences and chains, table of hundred and numberwalls.

The need for cost-effective usability evaluation has led to the development of methodologies to support the usability practitioner in finding usability problems during formative evaluation. Even though various methods exist for performing usability evaluation, practitioners seldom have the information needed to decide which method is appropriate for their specific purpose. In addition, most methods do not have an integrated relationship with a theoretical foundation for applying the method in a reliable and efficient manner. Practitioners often have to apply their own judgment and techniques, leading to inconsistencies in how the method is applied in the field. Usability practitioners need validated information to determine if a given usability evaluation method is effective and why it should be used instead of some other method. Such a desire motivates the need for formal, empirical comparison studies to evaluate and compare usability evaluation methods. In reality, the current data for comparing usability evaluation methods suffers from a lack of consistent measures, standards, and criteria for identifying effective methods. The work described here addresses three important research activities. First, the User Action Framework was developed to help organize usability concepts and issues into a knowledge base that supports usability methods and tools. From the User Action Framework, a mapping was made to the Usability Problem Inspector; a tool to help practitioners conduct a highly focused inspection of an interface design. Second, the reliability of the User Action Framework was evaluated to determine if usability practitioners could use the framework in a consistent manner when classifying a set of usability problems. Third, a comprehensive comparison study was conducted to determine if the Usability Problem Inspector, based on the User Action Framework, could produce results just as effective as two other inspection methods (i.e., the heuristic evaluation and the cognitive walkthrough). The comparison study used a new comparison approach with standards, measures, and criteria to prove the effectiveness of methods. Results from the User Action Framework reliability study showed higher agreement scores at all classification levels than was found in previous work with a similar classification tool. In addition, agreement using the User Action Framework was stronger than the results obtained from the same experts using the heuristic evaluation. From the inspection method comparison study, results showed the Usability Problem Inspector to be more effective than the heuristic evaluation and consistent with effectiveness scores from the cognitive walkthrough.
Ph. D.

Problem solving is a central activity of mathematics and has been throughout its history. Recognizing the problem of problem solving, however, seems to be less explicit in the historical record. In studying three principal contributors to the study of problem solving-Rene Descartes, John Dewey, and George Polya-I have found that problems arise in two broad categories. Mathematics itself generates more mathematical problems, and problems embedded in a wider context can generate mathematics. Recognizing a mathematical problem in a rich context-problem finding-has received much less attention. John Dewey recognized the importance of problem finding and emphasized its role in problem solving. Descartes and Polya spent less time on problem finding, Polya the least of all.
Department of Mathematical Sciences

[This thesis deals with alternate understandings of the relational balance between human activity and global eco-systems. This general understanding shall be conveyed as the ‘problem’ and ‘problem-solution’ for the reason of abstraction from conceptual limitation.  However, also capable of mutation and metamorphosis in terms of meaning, the ‘problem’ concept retains in essence the understanding of imbalance between human activity and the global eco-system. Via this tool, the thesis journeys on through various interpretations of the ‘problem’, from a more theoretical set to more practical interpretations with an ‘operationalization’ of one such interpretation at the business level. Simultaneously, the thesis makes use of a Genealogical and Archaeological method of analysis. Therefore, the thesis does not attest to any chronological master narrative, where one event necessarily follows on from another. This thesis seeks to reject that idea, the purpose of which is both to keep a distance and merge with the discourse itself, and to reveal the emergence of three ‘dominant’ power structures of the interpretation of the ‘problem’. In so doing the author is able to reveal several interpretations, reinterpretations of the ‘problem’, as well as the effect lesser power structures have on the various dominant power structures throughout instances in time. Furthermore, this method is able to incorporate a grand scale perspective on the ‘problem’ idea, which serves as an excellent base from which to assess, analyze and reveal assumptions, gaps and contradictions of the various power structures. Consequently the thesis is able to provide calculated solutions on a theoretical level that does not remain one-dimensional but multi-dimensional.]

This thesis is an account of the lived experience of doing research in the critical paradigm in the context of the discipline of social ecology. It is a story with actors, a plot, and actions over time. The Worldview of social ecology has embedded within its epistemology the scope for the creative act of narrative, therefore this thesis is a critical conversation told in four voices. The research was embedded in critical social science methodology and method, and attempted to understand and transform the problematics concerning the social relations, practice, language and discourse which were uncovered when five novice nurse academics engaged in teaching a problem-orientated curriculum in the practice setting. It was a critical action research project based predominantly on the Kemmis and McTaggart Model (1988). The research also debated the nature of participative, collaborative action research undertaken in the context of gaining an educational qualification. Relevant to this point, two other contexts of the research were uncovered. The lived experience of ?doing? critical action research with colleagues and friends, in the context of gaining an educational qualification revealed both the praxis nature of ethical research and the reclaiming of an authoritative women?s voice in the academy. The ethical nature of research in critical social science, and the nature and role of human identity was explored in an effort to conceptualise both a methodology and a self identity which was embedded in a context of mutual growth. This growth was similar to Bookchin?s (1990) transitory states of ?becoming? what we wished to become in the academy. It was what is known in organisations as professional development. The author named this becoming, ?Finding a Women?s Voice and Being Heard?. Although ?finding voice? is situated in the personal, ?being heard? involves the ?not I? together with structural features of institutions. As a collaborative group, the participants actioned strategies in an attempt to deal with the structural limitations to our ?becoming?. These strategies, together with the consciousness raising nature of this particular action research project, enabled participants to speak of their own empowerment within an academic context in which they were often rendered powerless.
Master of Science (Hons) (Social Ecology)

This dissertation shows that the ab initio prediction of a protein using torsion angles will work using the correct fitness function. It shows that work can be done on a high-end workstation using a small model of a protein. It was based on the previous work of Dr. Steffen Schulze-Kremer who received limited success with a faculty fitness function and a massively parallel system. The purpose of this work was to not only find the solution but to demonstrate how our rapidly advancing technology will permit this type of research to be moved from the costly parallel systems, nuclear magnetic resonance, and x-ray crystallography to a less costly microcomputer system. In order to accomplish this, the code was run with Microsoft's Visual C++ (version 6) on Intel systems running at 220 MHz, 550 MHz, and 700 MHz with 40 MB, 512 MB, and 256 MB of memory. The results of this work will pave the way for further research in this area on less costly hardware.

Two prominent historians, David Cannadine and Brad Gregory, have recently contended that history is distorted by overemphasis on human difference and division across time and space. This problem has been acute in studies of Native-Newcomer relations, where exaggeration of Native pre-contact stability and post-contact change further emphasized Native-Newcomer difference. Although questioned in economic, social and political spheres, emphasis on cultural difference persists. To investigate the problem, this study examined the Algonquian wihtiko (windigo), an apparent exemplar of Native-Newcomer difference and division. With a focus on the James Bay Cree, this study first probed the wihtiko phenomenon’s Native origins and meanings. It then examined post-1635 Newcomer encounters with this phenomenon: from the bush to public opinion and law, especially between 1815 and 1914, and in post-1820 academia. Diverse archives, ethnographies, oral traditions, and academic texts were consulted. The cannibal wihtiko evolved from Algonquian attempts to understand and control rare but extreme mental and moral failures in famine contexts. It attained mythical proportions, but fears of wihtiko possession, transformation and violence remained real enough to provoke pre-emptive killings even of family members. Wihtiko beliefs also influenced Algonquian manifestations and interpretations of generic mental and moral failures. Consciously or not, others used it to scapegoat, manipulate, or kill. Newcomers threatened by moral and mental failures attributed to the wihtiko often took Algonquian beliefs and practices seriously, even espousing them. Yet Algonquian wihtiko behaviours, beliefs and practices sometimes presented Newcomers with another layer of questions about mental and moral incompetence. Collisions arose when they discounted, misconstrued or asserted control over Algonquian beliefs and practices. For post-colonial critics, this has raised a third layer of questions about intellectual and moral incompetence. Yet some critics have also misconstrued earlier attempts to understand and control the wihtiko, or attributed an apparent lack of scholarly consensus to Western cultural incompetence or inability to grasp the wihtiko. In contrast, this study of wihtiko phenomena reveals deeper commonalities and continuities. They are obscured by the complex evolution of Natives’ and Newcomers’ struggles to understand and control the wihtiko. Yet hidden in these very struggles and the wihtiko itself is a persistent shared conviction that reducing others to objects of power signals mental and moral failure. The wihtiko reveals cultural differences, changes and divisions, but exemplifies more fundamental commonalities and continuities.

Cílem této práce bylo popsat řízení bezpečnosti a kontrolní mechanizmy, které jsou používané v korporátním prostředí. Práce se zabývá teoretickým popisem standardů používaných pro aplikační bezpečnost, dále popisuje nástroje určené pro získavání informací o firemním prostředí, které mohou být použity pro odhalovaní bezpečnostních zranitelností, nebo pro jejich odstranění. Také popisuje procesy, kterými se mají společnosti řídit, aby byla minimalizována možnost dopadu na produkci a rovněž zaručena trvalá bezpečnost prostředí. Uvedené jsou i kontroly dosažených výsledků při použití nových technologií a jejich finanční i časové výhody.

There is an emphasis in current school education on the teaching of thinking skills, yet there has been little research into the modes of thought that are appropriate for secondary school Art students. A range of qualitative methods were used in this study of eminent professional artists and secondary school Art students. Interviews and observation were used to examine the ways artists and students think in going about the art process of finding ideas, conceptualising or developing those ideas and resolving those ideas in the production of artworks. Eight modes of thought, each with numerous micro-skills, were derived from the data. The modes of thought proposed are Creative Thinking, Intuitive Thinking, Life Theme, Metaphorising, Visual Thinking, Conceptualisation, Critical Thinking and Reflective Thinking.

碩士
國立暨南國際大學
資訊工程學系
96
A string S is a palindrome if it is of the form of S1S2 or S1aS2 such that the reverse of S1 exactly matches with the S2. An approximate palindrome with error k is a string S1S2 or S1aS2 such that the edit distance between S2 and the reverse of S1 is smaller than or equal to k. In this thesis, we introduce some algorithms related to palindromes and discuss the approximate palindrome finding problem. We propose an algorithm to solve the all approximate palindrome finding problem defined as follows: Given a text string T and a k, find all occurrences of approximate palindromes with error k’ in T for 0<=k’<=k.

碩士
德明財經科技大學
資訊科技與管理研究所
101
In this thesis we investigate the repeating group detection problems. We define a special kind of repeating groups, namely maximal repeating group. Based upon this definition, we define a special string, called complete repeating group string. Using dynamic programming method, we can find all repeating groups of a string, determine whether a string is a complete repeating group string and find all maximal repeating groups. By applying our algorithms to some DNA data, we detected one repeating group, with length 16036 of a DNA sequence. This shows that our algorithms may be helpful to biologists.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
科學教育研究所
88
In this study the scientific activity is seen as problem solving activity. The purpose of this study mainly discusses two physicists'' problem finding and problem solving in the process of scientific activity. This study attempts to (1)discuss how a physicist formulates a topic of scientific experiment, (2) discuss what type of heuristics physicists use to solve problems, and (3) discover what factors may influence physicists to be devoted themselves to scientific work. To achieve these purposes, the participants are all members of the two laboratories. The main subjects are the leaders of the two laboratories. All staff members of the two laboratories also involved in this study. In order to collect data, semi-structured interview and field observation are conducted. The main findings are summarized as follow: 1.Before formulating a research topic, the physicists collect the correlative scientific literature, refer to previous experiments and their background knowledge to find a topic that can be further studied. 2.According to their background knowledge, they can predict the result of the experiment in the course of scientific work. 3.The following heuristics the scientists use may lead to scientific discovery: (1) to set the goal, (2) to be aware of inconsistent results, and (3) to cooperate with others people from different domain. The scientists indicate that many findings designated are not serendipitous. Rather, such findings are the results of careful experimentation and for a well-prepared mind. 4.When scientists face with problems, they use the following heuristics: (1) analogy, (2) to discuss with others and to take different approaches to deal with a problem, (3) to check periodically all the steps they take, (4) to create a model to explain all the systematic behaviors, and (5) to use a diagram to solve problem. 5.A working style of the leader may influence the members of the laboratory and the direction of scientific studies they are working on. 6.The scientists use metacognitive skills to plan, to monitor, and to evaluate the process of a scientific experiment. 7.The following factors influence the scientists'' the scientific work: (1) one''s knowledge background, (2) characteristic of personality, (3) motivation, (4) heuristic methods of problem finding and problem solving, (5) interaction of the members, and (6) metacognitive skills. All the factors discussed above also interact each other during a scientific process.

碩士
國立清華大學
資訊系統與應用研究所
97
This thesis presents a heuristic algorithm for solving traveling salesman problem by utilizing dynamic programming and divide-and-conquer methods. In our algorithm, a complete, whole tour is divided into several sub-tours, and refined by dynamics programming respectively to get the better solution. In order to escape from local optimal, we modify the refinement algorithm to city group version that refine solution in city group unit. This algorithm does work under many instances with the size of thousand of cities, showed in chapter 4 experimental results).

碩士
國立交通大學
管理學院資訊管理學程
100
Nowadays advanced manufacturing and information technologies have impacted on every aspect of product development significantly. With the increasing of product complexity and globalization manufacturing, enterprise manufacturing information change more and more complex. Therefore, sharing manufacturing knowledge understanding such as personal experience and exception handling is one important issue to be solved. This paper introduces a research integrated text mining technique and top-k support documents expert search model based on Case-based reasoning (CBR) by using knowledge of the semantic structure of documents. CBR can use known experiences to solve new problems, we store the past problems as cases in a case base and a new case is classified by determining the most similar case from the case base. And the use of degree centrality of the expert candidate network can find the expert with the most influence through the experts score rank. Our approach of the CBR based expert recommends combined the reliability and influence between the experts can help users to get the expert support and resolve the potential problems of CBR such as lack of feedback and lack of a sufficiently rich case library. With these methodologies, we establish the Problem Support and Expert Recommend System (PSERS), which applied in the case base of fault diagnosis expert system of manufacturing information. From the experimental results, these techniques are shown to be very effective in the modeling and extraction of the domain knowledge in the case base.

碩士
國立政治大學
教育學系
89
First, this study probed into the contents of divergent thinking, mathematical problem finding, and mathematical achievement by literature review. Then the researcher made hypotheses of the relationships between divergent thinking, mathematical problem finding, and mathematical achievement based on the contents of them and the views of learning and problem solving, and designed survey research to examine these hypotheses. The subjects were 318 9th grade students from five junior high schools in Taipei county and Taipei city. The data- collection instruments included：(a) New Creativity Test; (b) Mathematical Problem Finding Test; (c) Basic Educational Indicator Tests of Mathematics. After utilizing frequency, cluster analysis, correlation analysis, ANOVA, and stepwise regression, the main results of this investigation are：(a) Students can find problems of all kinds of intellectual products and mathematics. Among them, problems of relations and problems to find were found most and problems of units and classes and problems to prove were found least ; (b) There are individual differences between mathematical problem finding styles; (c) The correlations between divergent thinking and mathematical problem finding are significantly positive; (d) Most of the correlations between divergent thinking and mathematical achievement are significantly positive; (e) The correlations between mathematical problem finding and mathematical achievement are significantly positive; (f) Students who can finds many high-level problems have higher mathematical achievement than those who can not; (g) Fluency of divergent thinking, mathematical achievement, and flexibility of divergent thinking can be used to predict the number of problems of mathematical problem finding effectively; (h) Fluency of divergent thinking, mathematical achievement, and flexibility of divergent thinking can be used to predict the rarity of problems of mathematical problem finding effectively; (i) Mathematical achievement and fluency of divergent thinking can be used to predict the quality of problems of mathematical problem finding effectively; (j) The quality of problems and the number of problems can be used to predict mathematical achievement effectively. Finally, the researcher brings up some suggestions on mathematical education and the future research. 第一章 緒論 第一節 問題背景與研究動機---------------------------------1 第二節 研究目的與待答問題---------------------------------4 第三節 名詞釋義-------------------------------------------4 第二章 文獻探討 第一節 「問題」的意義--------------------------------------7 壹．「問題」界說…………………………………………………….7 一、何謂「問題」…………………………………………………….7 二、 「問題」的成分…………………………………………………9 三、問題參數………………………………………………………….9 貳．「問題」的出現…………………………………………………10 參．「問題」的過程…………………………………………………12 肆．「問題」對解題者的作用………………………………………14 第二節 「問題」的分類-------------------------------------16 壹．依照「問題」本身分類…………………………………………16 貳．依照問題發現程度分類…………………………………………19 一、顯明性問題、隱含性問題、潛在性問題………………………19 二、矛盾式問題發現、潛在式問題發現……………………………22 三、Getzels的八大類問題………………………………………….22 四、Getzels的三大類問題………………………………………….24 第三節 「數學問題」的分類與品質---------------------------26 壹．數學問題…………………………………………………………26 貳．數學問題的分類…………………………………………………26 一、明顯可解的問題、選擇應用的問題、選擇組合的問題、 接近研究等級的問題……………………………………………26 二、例行性問題、非例行性問題……………………………………27 三、發現性問題、驗證性問題………………………………………27 參．數學問題的品質…………………………………………………28 第四節 問題發現------------------------------------------30 壹．問題發現的研究簡史……………………………………………30 貳．問題發現的界說…………………………………………………31 一、問題發現…………………………………………………………32 二、數學問題發現……………………………………………………34 三、問題發現與問題解決的區別……………………………………34 四、問題發現電腦程式………………………………………………36 五、問題發現與擬題…………………………………………………36 六、問題識別…………………………………………………………38 七、問題定義…………………………………………………………38 八、問題形成…………………………………………………………38 九、問題敏覺力………………………………………………………39 十、問題表達…………………………………………………………39 十一、問題發現類型…………………………………………………39 十二、數學臆測………………………………………………………40 參．問題發現的相關心智歷程與模式………………………………40 一、問題發現的成分模式……………………………………………40 二、問題發現的認知歷程模式………………………………………41 三、問題形成的心智歷程……………………………………………43 四、問題發現／問題解決的假設成分………………………………46 五、問題發現的發生認識論詮釋……………………………………47 肆．問題發現能力的測量……………………………………………48 一、實地觀察與訪問…………………………………………………49 二、紙筆測驗…………………………………………………………50 三、口語分析…………………………………………………………53 第五節 擴散性思考----------------------------------------55 壹．擴散性思考的本質………………………………………………55 一、擴散性思考的意義………………………………………………55 二、擴散性思考與回憶………………………………………………56 貳．擴散性思考的特性………………………………………………57 參．擴散性思考測驗…………………………………………………60 一、擴散性思考測驗不等同於創造力測驗…………………………60 二、擴散性思考測驗…………………………………………………62 三、擴散性思考測驗的信度與效度問題……………………………65 第六節 擴散思考、數學問題發現與學業成就的關係------------68 壹．數學學業成就……………………………………………………68 貳．擴散性思考與數學問題發現的關係……………………………69 參．擴散性思考與數學學業成就的關係……………………………70 肆．數學學習問題發現與數學學業成就的關係……………………73 伍．研究假設…………………………………………………………75 第三章 研究方法 第一節 研究架構------------------------------------------77 第二節 研究對象------------------------------------------78 第三節 研究工具-------------------------------------------79 第四節 研究程序-------------------------------------------90 第五節 資料分析-------------------------------------------92 第四章 研究結果 第一節 基本資料------------------------------------------93 第二節 學生所發現的數學問題------------------------------96 第三節 擴散性思考與數學問題發現的關係-------------------103 第四節 擴散性思考與數學學業成就的關係-------------------104 第五節 數學問題發現與數學學業成就的關係-----------------105 第六節 擴散性思考、數學問題發現與數學學業成就的關係-----107 第五章 討論、結論與建議 第一節 討論---------------------------------------------114 壹．學生所發現的數學問題……………………………………….114 貳．擴散性思考、數學問題發現與學業成就的關係…………….115 參．研究方法……………………………………………………….127 第二節 結論---------------------------------------------131 第三節 建議---------------------------------------------135 壹．對數學教育的建議…………………………………………….135 貳．對未來研究的建議…………………………………………….137 參考文獻 壹．中文部分……………………………………………………….140 貳．英文部分……………………………………………………….141 附錄 附錄一 數學問題發現測驗正式版本………………………………….146 附錄二 數學問題發現測驗預試版的測驗說明……………………….154 附錄三 國中數學概念………………………………………………….156 附錄四 情境一的數學問題…………………………………………….159 附錄五 情境二的數學問題…………………………………………….165 附錄六 情境三的數學問題…………………………………………….171 附錄七 擴散性思考、數學問題發現與數學學業成就 兩兩變項間的二維座標分布圖……………………………….181 圖 表 目 錄 圖 目 錄 圖2-2-1 「問題發現的環境與心理因素」……………………………22 圖2-4-1 「標準的問題解決模式」……………………………………36 圖2-4-2 「顛倒的標準問題解決模式」………………………………37 圖2-4-3 「非標準(non-standard)『問題』模式的摘要圖」………37 圖2-4-4 「滋生問題的系統與發現問題的心智歷程」………………41 圖2-4-5 「問題發現的認知過程流程圖」……………………………44 圖2-4-6 「問題形成的過程」…………………………………………45 圖2-4-7 「問題發現/問題解決的假設成分」……………………….47 圖2-5-1 「火柴棒問題舉例」…………………………………………58 圖2-5-2 「思考技巧的情境理論」……………………………………61 圖2-6-1 「CRESST問題解決模式」………………………………….72 圖3-1-1 「研究架構」…………………………………………………77 表 目 錄 表2-2-1 「思考產物種類Ⅰ」…………………………………………17 表2-2-2 「思考產物種類Ⅱ」…………………………………………18 表2-2-3 「問題情境與心智活動的對應關係」………………………21 表2-2-4 「Getzels(1964)的問題分類」…………………………….23 表2-2-5 「Getzels & Csikszentmihalyi之問題分類法」…………24 表2-3-1 「各種問題分類法」…………………………………………28 表2-4-1 「主要的『問題發現』研究」………………………………31 表2-4-2 「人類的問題解決與問題發現」……………………………35 表2-5-1 「拓弄思語文和圖形創造思考測驗活動名稱」……………62 表2-5-2 「TTCT各中文修訂版的修訂者和年代」……………………63 表2-5-3 「瓦拉克和科根測驗」………………………………………64 表2-6-1 「Hoover & Feldhusen(1990)研究的TTCT與產出 假設間的相關係數矩陣」………………………………….70 表2-6-2 「擴散性思考、數學問題發現與學業成就的關係…………75 表3-2-1 「研究對象基本資料」………………………………………78 表3-3-1 「新編創造思考測驗信度」…………………………………80 表3-3-2 「新編創造思考測驗效度」…………………………………81 表3-3-3 「新編創造思考測驗的內部凝聚性」………………………81 表3-3-4 「預試對象基本資料」………………………………………83 表3-3-5 「思考產物分類系統的解說」………………………………86 表3-3-6 「數學問題分類系統的解說」………………………………86 表3-3-7 「數學問題發現內部凝聚性」………………………………89 表3-4-1 「研究進度甘特圖表」………………………………………91 表4-1-1 「主要變項之平均數與標準差」……………………………94 表4-1-2 「數學問題發現測驗各情境之問題數、問題獨特性 與問題品質」……………………………………………….94 表4-1-3 「數學問題發現測驗各變項次數分配表」…………………95 表4-1-4 「數學基本學力測驗次數分配表」…………………………95 表4-2-1 「情境一被發現最多次的前十名數學問題」………………97 表4-2-2 「情境二被發現最多次的前十名數學問題」………………98 表4-2-3 「情境三被發現最多次的前十名數學問題」………………99 表4-2-4 「各種類問題被發現次數1」………………………………100 表4-2-5 「各種類問題被發現次數2」………………………………100 表4-2-6 「各種集群分析數學問題發現型態之ANOVA的F值」…….101 表4-2-7 「各種數學問題發現型態下所發現的各類問題平均數」.101 表4-3-1 「擴散性思考與數學問題發現的零階相關」…………….103 表4-4-1 「擴散性思考與數學學業成就的零階相關」…………….104 表4-5-1 「數學問題發現與數學學業成就的零階相關」………….105 表4-5-2 「不同數學問題發現型態對於數學學業成就之變異數 分析摘要表」………………………………………………106 表4-5-3 「不同數學問題發現型態之數學學業成就主要效果 事後比較」…………………………………………………106 表4-6-1 「以問題數為效標變項之複相關分析模式」…………….107 表4-6-2 「以問題數為效標變項的複相關分析摘要表」………….108 表4-6-3 「以問題數為效標變項，各預測變項之迴歸係數表」….108 表4-6-4 「以問題獨特性為效標變項之複相關分析模式」……….109 表4-6-5 「以問題獨特性為效標變項的複相關分析摘要表」…….109 表4-6-6 「以問題數為效標變項，各預測變項之迴歸係數表」….110 表4-6-7 「以問題品質為效標變項之複相關分析模式」………….111 表4-6-8 「以問題品質為效標變項的複相關分析摘要表」……….111 表4-6-9 「以問題品質為效標變項，各預測變項之迴歸係數表」.111 表4-6-10 「以數學學業成就為效標變項之複相關分析模式」…….112 表4-6-11 「以數學學業成就為效標變項的複相關分析摘要表」….112 表4-6-12 「以數學學業成就為效標變項，各預測變項之迴歸 係數表」……………………………………………………113 表5-1-1 「擴散性思考、數學問題發現與學業成就的實證關係」.128

Trabalho de Projeto do Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Biomédica apresentado à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Medical breakthroughs nowadays depend almost entirely on scientific research which relies in elaborating numerous hypotheses and running them through continuous and exhausting processes and experiments. These processes usually generate large amounts of data which are normally processed and treated with standard statistical methods that do not live up to the demands imposed by the technological advances that demark our era. Doxorubicin (DOX) is an antitumor anthracycline antibiotic used for treating several types of cancer, such as breast cancer, Hodgkin’s disease and leukemia. Although mitochondrial disruption is an early and sensitive marker of DOX cardiotoxicity, how metabolic stress contributes to the development of cardiomyopathy still needs to be clarified. To address this problem, an experimental dataset was built at the MitoXT laboratory using a model of metabolic inhibition of perfused hearts from Saline (SAL) and DOX-treated Wistar rats to identify metabolic alterations caused by an acute DOX treatment. The hearts were removed and perfused with three diferent energy substrates such as glucose, Galactose plus Glutamine (GG) and Octanoate plus Malate (OM). Separately, glycolytic (Iodoacetate (IODO)) and oxidative phosphorylation (Rotenone (ROT) or Potassium Cyanide (KCN)) inhibitors were added to the distinctive metabolic perfusion buffers, aiming at detecting mitochondrial defects in the DOX-treated group. In this work we applied techniques and computational tools to organise and mine the generated data in order to ex- pose hidden patterns. Our conclusions suggest the exclusion of the protocol concerning the hearts perfusion with OM, confirming the original analysis. Additionally, we suggest that to spare time, means and animals, future experiments could only execute the glucose perfusion protocol. We also suggested that ANT and LDH transcripts expression, absolute weight diference, and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC-1alpha) ratio are the most relevant features to be considered for this problem. Finally, we established a classifier capable of an automatic distinction between DOX- and SAL- treated groups. Thus, we not only contributed to a better understanding of how metabolic stress contributes to the development of cardiomyopathy, by selecting which parameters show greater disparity between treatments, but we also confirmed that a detailed data analysis driven by Machine Learning allows a better exploration of these biological datasets enabling new discoveries and breakthroughs in this field.
Hoje em dia, progressos na área da medicina são quase sempre influenciados pela investigação científica, a qual se apoia na elaboração de hipóteses e processos experimentais para as validarem. Geralmente, estes processos geram grandes quantidades de dados, os quais são, posteriormente, processados e tratados com o auxílio de métodos estatísticos tradicionais, ficando, muitas vezes, aquém das expectativas impostas pelos avanços tecnológicos que marcam a nossa era. A Doxorubicina (DOX) é um fármaco antitumoral utilizado no tratamento de diversos tipos de cancro, como cancro da mama, doença de Hodgkin's e leucemia. E embora a disrupção mitocondrial seja um indicador sensível e precoce da cardiotoxicidade provoca pela DOX, subsiste ainda sobre debate a razão pela qual o stress metabólico contribui para o desenvolvimento de cardiomiopatia. Assim foi elaborado, no laboratório Mito-XT, um modelo de inibição metabólica em corações perfurados de ratos Wistar, tratados com solução salina ou com DOX, de modo a evidenciar as alteraçõesmetabólicas causadas por este fármaco. Os corações foram removidos e perfurados com três substratos cardíacos diferentes: glucose, galactose e glutamina, e octanoato e malato. Separadamente, foram adicionados, aos distintos tampões metabólicos da perfusão, os inibidores glicolíticos (iodoacetato), e de fosforilação oxidativa (rotenona e cianeto) com o objetivo de detectar defeitos metabólicos ocultos nos grupos tratados com o fármaco. Assim, neste estudo aplicaram-se diversas técnicas e ferramentas computacionais, incluindo algoritmos de aprendizagem automática, com o objetivo de expor padrões desconhecidos nos dados recolhidos, analisando e estruturando o dataset, de forma a estabelecer, também, um classificador capaz de distinguir automaticamente os grupos tratados com e sem DOX.As conclusões deste trabalho, verificaram a análise original dos dados, confirmando a exclusão do protocolo de perfusão correspondente ao substrato octanoato e malato, devido a não manifestar quaisquer conclusões relevantes. Adicionalmente, sugerimos que para poupar tempo, fundos e animais se deveria, apenas, implementar o protocolo relativo à perfusão com glucose. Verificámos, também, que os parâmetros mais importantes para o problema em questão são: a informação genética relativa aos transcriptos ANT e LDH, a informação proteica e a diferença dos pesos das amostras.Deste modo, este trabalho não só revelou informação importante referente à contribuição do stress metabólico para o desenvolvimento cardiomiopatia, visto que foram selecionadas as features que melhor identificam as amostras tratadas com e sem o fármaco, como também confirmou que uma análise detalhada, utilizando abordagens provenientes de ML, permitem uma melhor exploração de datasets biológicos, revelando novas informações que podem levar aos progressos inicialmente mencionados.

碩士
國立交通大學
應用藝術研究所
86
Creativity has been a common issue in many research fields. However, thediscussion about creativity in the design thinking field are still in the preliminarystage. There are few empirical studies talked about creativity in aspect of problem- finding. Csikszentmihalyi and Getzels(1976) have studied creativity inthe field of art with cognitive approach. They found that the time spend on the concern for problem-finding before beginning to draw are significantly related to creativity. This research attempt to study the following subject matters: during the process of architecture design, do the rate of problem-finding and problem-solving play an important and influential role to creativity. Moreover, this research tries to find some related phenomena and tries to identify a preliminary model about architectural design creativity and problem-finding. The method for this empirical research is protocol analysis. The work of the first experiment is to choose two subjects from eighteen students. One subject is a good designer with great creative ability; the other one is a good designer with weak creative ability. The work of the second experiment is protocol analysis experiment. The subject is required to think aloud in the design process. Protocol data is collected and encoded. Then the analysis is proceed by the transcript. The result of the empirical research reveals that problem-finding play an important and influential role to creativity. Moreover, the result also reveals that design process can be divided into two stage: problem-finding stage and problem-solving stage. Only the problem-finding stage plays an important role to creativity. Finally, we discover that there are two different kinds of problem-finding in the design process. Only one of them can influence creativity.

博士
國立臺灣師範大學
科學教育研究所
87
Research of Problem Finding Ability from Mechanics Situation of High School Students Yu-Chang Hsu Abstract This dissertation mainly discusses the problem finding ability from mechanics situation of the high school students in Taiwan. The research samples are chosen from two public high schools in Taipei, including 7 classes, 292 students. The research is done by self-made “Contradictory Problematic Situation” and “Potential Problematic Situation” as themes for problem finding along with other testing tools, including Mechanics Essential Knowledge Test, Group Assessment of Logical Thinking(GALT), Test of Divergent Thinking, Test of Metacognition, Test of Divergent Feeling, and so on. From the gathered data by above mentioned tools, this research first categorizes the content, times and types of how the subject finding the problems. Then evaluates the performance of the problem finding ability of students by different criteria. By using Descriptive Statistics, Multiple Regression Analysis and Quality Analysis, We may figure out and understand the level of high school students’ problem finding ability. The result of research shows that in addition to basic physical knowledge, among all tools’ subscales, only the logical reasoning ability is related to problem finding ability. The above mentioned is only linear related to convergent problem finding ability. Thus, the knowledge of the subject is important to the problem finding ability. Moreover, one of the sample classes, though in poor knowledge, the divergent problem finding ability is better than the convergent problem finding ability. In my assumption, the class is good at finding divergent problems, Yet is probably unable to do problem solving. As for the result of Multiple Regression Analysis, we find that the knowledge of the subject is very important in predicting students’ problem finding ability. In conclusion, this research discovers that the problem finding ability of current high school students takes a great effort to be improved. Yet, as for how to provide adequate teaching materials and condition to cultivate high school students’ problem finding ability, it is still a big issue for educators to have further discussion and study.

碩士
實踐大學
產品與建築設計研究所碩士在職專班
94
Product Design emphasizes creative activities, and industrial designers can design products to touch people’s hearts that depends on the main design creativity whether the designers can find realistic problems in life and effetely apply their professional knowledge to propose solutions. Nevertheless, when a valuable problem has been found that can be attracted a serial of design solving idea and directly affected product creative inspiration. The objective of this research is to explore designers how to discover problems, which guide design creative development in the beginning of product development. Hence, the research intends to base on this idea through actual interviews with industrial designers to explore problem issues whether are the same or distinct and classify the issues so that can be effetely promoted the quality of design creation as referral methods during the process of design. The essential of summary is as the followings: 1.The research has classified that there are four stages such as phenomenon, discovery, transformation, and expression for industrial designers from finding problems to product creation. 2.There are six influence factors of industrial designer of finding problem and image design creation such as personality character, design idea, ability of finding problem, approach of problem finding, the boundary of problem, and design creative expression. 3.The major personality characters of industrial designer of finding problem are “Curiosity”. Nevertheless, “Highly attitude of interest in design” of personality character is motivity of industrial designer of continuously finding problem. 4.First all, industrial designer of finding problem ability is cultivation of observation ability; A custom of the result of observation recording can provide the designers an inspiration source of design creation. 5.For approach of industrial designer of finding design problem, there are six major methods such as situational finding problem, finding problem in interview, image idea method, the current information, finding problem by user’s point of view, database of the result of observation establishment etc. The most common methods for interviewer of the designers are “Situational finding problem” and “Finding problem in interview”. 6.Ability of excellent problem boundary promotes design problem of situational transformation to quality of design creation.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
電機工程學研究所
105
In the study of seniors, we put forward a scenario of how to use FANET. This scenario contains a UAV as a node for FANET and some missions. The study of the seniors suggests how to allocate the mission of the algorithm, one is a simple greedy method, and one is by comparing the surrounding device information to reduce the power consumption. We want to further extend this result, observe the results of the algorithm and find existence of the model between mission and device. By collecting a lot of experimental information, and then by visualization of technology to observe the information we want to observe. When the amount of data in the experimental results is too large to be useful for direct observation, we must use some tools. Visualization technique is one of the technologies that can handle large amounts of data efficiently. In order to understand the problem and put forward the system requirements and data model, we design four kinds of views, from the perspective of time, space and energy to analyze the problem, and finally summed up the different circumstances of the device flight mode.

碩士
國立屏東師範學院
特殊教育學系碩士班
92
The main purpose of this action research is to create a model focus on school-based viewpoint to improve inclusive-education in an urban elementary school in Kaohsiung city. During the time, researcher was both practical participant and observer. Data collecting mainly stems from observing, interview, questionnaire, articles and documentations. The major findings of this research divided into three parts and summarized as follows: Part A: Problems about inclusive education Following analyzing the data from the interviews, questionnaires, and observation, the author concludes the main problems to integrated education are listed blow. 1.A lack of supporting mechanism from school administration 2.The heavy teaching and administration loads distract teachers from being willing to make adjustment to the demands from students. 3.A lack of professional consulting channels for teachers. 4.Insufficient supports from pupils’ parents. 5.A need to boost people’s understanding and acceptance to children in special needs. Part B: Factors to work in inclusive education The major factors to work in inclusive education are classified into internal and external constraints. ※Internal constraints comprises the followings: 1.The pressure in line with course progress, which highly limits the development of activities. 2.Administration and regulatory policies, which fail to meet teachers’ demands. 3.School cultures, in part which works as an obstacle to sparking changes. ※External constraints includes three parts below: 1. Attitudes towards the degree of acceptance. 2. The differences of people’s personalities. 3. Use of professional knowledge about special education. Part C: Results of this action research The action research has been valued when it comes to problem-solving and professional knowledge generating. The research contributes to provoking the awareness of special needs education, sparking the interaction and experience sharing amid teachers, creating a link between special needs and students counseling education, and triggering more improvement on it. The suggestions from the research are useful for elementary school teachers, special needs teachers, school administrators, and those interested in integrated education, apart from being a good reference for future studies.

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
科學教育研究所
92
Due to the rapid development and popularity of information technology,the challenge and impact of knowledge economy,creativity has become the key factor to judge whether a country is competitive or not.Problem-finding abilities play a crucial role in creativity.As a result,the research takes critical thinking and cognitive strategies,which are dispensable to problem-finding performance for individuals,as variables and also discusses the comparative proportion relationships of how 8th Graders’ subcapacities of critical thinking and cognitive strategies influence their problem-finding performance.The research may provide the educators in related fields with references to improve pupils’ problem-finding abilities and meanwile,to develop students’ potentials in creativity effiectively. The research tools include: “ctrical thinking test-Ⅰ”(CTT-1),”the inventory of cognitive strategies” (ICS), and “plant open-endedness test”edited by the researcher.The study sampled a total of 291 8th Graders in Kaohsiung City . Having applied the obtained data to decripitive statistics, one-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, and stepwise multiple stepwise regression analysis statistics methods to analysis, research results are as followed: 1.The 8 th graders with different level of critical thinking perform differently on “empirical-convergent” problem-finding , “conceptual- convergent” problem-finding , and “empirical-divergent” problem-finding. 2.The 8 th graders with different level of cognitive strategies perform differently on “empirical- divergent” problem-finding. 3.The 8 th graders’ critical thinking performance has a positive correlation with their “empirical-convergent” problem-finding performance , “conceptual- convergent” problem-finding performance ,and “empirical-divergent” problem-finding performance . 4.The 8 th graders’ performance in cognitive strategy has a positive correlation with their “conceptual- convergent” problem-finding performance ,and “empirical-divergent” problem-finding performance. 5.Among all the 8 th graders’ subcapacities of critical thinking and cognitive strategies, deductions has highest degree of connection with the problem- finding performance. 6.The comparative proportions relationships of how 8 th graders’subcapacities of critical thinking influence their problem-finding performance are as followed.(in degree sequence) (1)In “empirical-convergent” problem-finding performance,deductions,and then recognition of assumptions. (2)In “conceptual -convergent” problem-finding performance, Interpretations, inductions,and then deductions. (3) In “empirical-divergent” problem-finding performance, deductions,and then inductions. 7. Among all the comparative proportion relationships of how 8 th graders''subcapacities of critical thinking influence their problem-finding performance,monitoring cognitive strategies have the highest degree of effect.

碩士
國立交通大學
理學院科技與數位學習學程
98
The main purpose of this research is to explore the influence of learning styles and problem-solving strategies on players’ finding game rules during gameplay. Finding the rules is an important ability to do things on a daily basis. Mastering the game rules of a new stage in life decides whether an individual can successfully take a part in the new environment, understand and solve problems quickly. Of course, finding rules and making use of them are the keys to enjoy high quality of interaction and progress in the game. However, it is up to the players to find the game rules through playing, problem-solving and overcoming the challenges presented in the game. Games are designed to help players to pass the challenges and have fun. In fact, a game is formed to make players understand the rules and able to apply the rules, thus rule-finding and problem-solving are intertwined. Would the strategies adopted by the players affect their rule finding because of varied characteristics of individuals？ Whether a unique learning method or a special way of solving the learning problem for individuals affects their rule findings in the game？ These are the subjects of this study. Experiments and analyses are employed in this study. Telescope is our game for research. Four learning styles of Kolb’s experiential learning theory---Diverger, Accommodator, Converger, Assimilator, were used as independent variables. Based on the analysis of our pilot-study data, problem-solving strategies are divided into three types---means-end analysis, working backwards, and trial-and-error. In our formal experiment we had 120 ninth-graders as subjects. All observations and analyses were based on their answers to questionnaire and data recorded in their gameplay. Based on our analyses of the data, assimilators found the largest number of rules. There was no obvious correlation between different types of problem-solving strategies and rule finding. Trial-and-error was used as the main strategy for the players to play the game whether they have similar gaming experience or not. In summary, if the players were aware of finding the rules during the gameplay, it is helpful for the process of gaming.

M.Comm.
The objectives of the study are: To define "creativity", to understand how people think when they solve problems, and to identify the major barriers to creative problem solving and opportunity finding and to investigate whether these barriers can be overcome. To investigate the essence of TRIZ, its history of development, how it works, its nderlying inventive principles, its psychology and whether it is an effective problem solving technique in the sense that it is a cure for barriers to creative thinking. To investigate whether TRIZ can be applied in a non-technical context as a creative problem solving technique, whether it can be applied in conjunction with other creative problem solving techniques and whether it is effective in relation to other creative problem solving techniques.

碩士
國立中央大學
工業管理研究所
102
We consider the job shop scheduling problem with minimum and maximum time lags while minimizing the makespan. This problem typically arises in a manufacturing environment where the next operation has to be carried out within a specific time range after the completion of the immediately preceding operation. This type of temporal constraints occurs in practical applications such food production, chemical production and steel production. We describe a branch and bound algorithm, based on the input and output of given clique, a concept first proposed by Carlier and Pinson (1989), and the relevant propositions adopted from Sheen and Liao (2007), for finding the optimal waiting times. For enumerating the solutions efficiently, we incorporate the branching scheme form Giffler and Thompson (1960) and Carlier and Pinson (1989) to generate semi-active schedules for the job shop scheduling problem with minimum and maximum time lags. In the computational experiments, we generate scenarios to showing we can either find an optimal schedule or establish the infeasibility in different waiting time ranges.

碩士
中原大學
應用數學研究所
107
According to the Global Views Monthly say "Teaching Reform 20 Years of Education in 2015", the survey showed that 36.2% of teachers believe that the current situation of education is much worse than that of 20 years ago, among which mathematics and natural science teachers are the most responsive. Nearly 90% of the teachers said that solving the problem is the necessary ability of the students in the future. How to find the problem before solving the problem and solve the problem further tests the students'' thinking ability. 　　For example, students who are interested in mathematics or want to participate in a multidisciplinary exhibition, how to cultivate students to explore problems and think ability is one of the important topics. To explore problems and improve thinking ability, training and guidance are needed. This study hopes that students can understand the theorem or the subtleties in the examples by reversing the problem, so as to cultivate students'' thinking and understanding of the problem. 　　In this paper, we discuss the problems of the ruler problem, the angle of the ruler, the parallel section, the discussion of the Montessori theorem, the Steiner theorem, the Ptolemy property and the circular quadrilateral. The conditions established in the definition, in order to enhance students'' ability to think about mathematical exploration problems. 　　It is believed that through the method of inverse narrative, students can develop their thinking ability and enhance their logical thinking ability, so that students can feel the use of their knowledge while discovering problems and solving problems, and finally improve their comprehensive ability of mathematics, and then change from passive learning to passive learning. Active learning.

碩士
國立交通大學
應用藝術研究所
85
In the field of creative design thinking, many scholars have proposed explanations for the processes of problem-finding and problem-solving. Among them, there are more discussions on the process of problem-solving and its theoretical models. On the contrary, only Csikszentmihalyi and Getzels have proposed general theoretical models for the process of problem-finding. Because of the lack and urgency of the above understanding, this research is to propose an integrated framework of studying creativity base on

碩士
國立屏東師範學院
數理教育研究所
91
The purpose of this study was to investigate the thinking model of scientific problem finding（TMSPF） from documents, and to interpret the TMSPF of graduate students and elementary school students. The surveys in this study included two parts: the Scientific Problem Finding Test（SPFT）and the Interview Questionnaire. The subjects included 62 elementary school students and 20 graduate students. Based on their responses in SPFT, 6 sixth graders and 2 graduate students were selected for in-depth interviews. The major findings were: 1. The elementary school student’s numbers of the problem finding are significant better than graduate student’s numbers of the problem finding. For number of the ‘good scientific problem’, graduate students are significant better than elementary school students. Moreover, the performance of the scientific problem finding（SPF）had no significant difference in sex. 2. In the process of SPF, graduate students were used more kinds of thinking ways, and they were good at the thinking types of ‘analytical thinking→inductive thinking’, ‘analytical thinking→deductive thinking’, and ‘analytical thinking→deductive thinking→analogical thinking’. Besides, graduate students were used ‘evaluative thinking’ in the process of SPF. 3. In the process of SPF, elementary school students were used less kinds of thinking ways, and they were good at the thinking types of ‘analyze→analogy’, ‘analyze→deduction’, ‘analyze→deduction→analogy’, and ‘analyze→analogy→deduction’. Besides, a small number of the elementary school students were used ‘evaluation thinking’ in the process of SPF. 4. To compare with the TMSPF for graduate students and elementary school students, they were usually to use ‘analyze thinking’, ‘deduction thinking’, and ‘analogy thinking’.