Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Principe de rareté”
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Dzaka, Théophile, i Michel Milandou. "L’entrepreneuriat congolais à l’épreuve des pouvoirs magiques : une face cachée de la gestion culturelle du risque ?" Politique africaine 56, nr 1 (1994): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/polaf.1994.5825.
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La sorcellerie (Kindoki) est une composante centrale de l’environnement culturel de l’entrepreneur. Ce phénomène est un facteur essentiel dans l’émergence de l’esprit d’entreprise et de comportement managériaux spécifiques. Elle est un instrument de lutte contre le rareté, exprime des situations de concurrence. Elle intervient aussi bien comme principe régulateur des successions, des changements de forme juridiques d’entreprises, de leur organisation interne. La sorcellerie apparaît à différents égards comme un mode culturel de gestion du risque entrepreneurial.
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Le Heuzey, M. F., O. Halfon, N. Crepin, P. Betolaud i M. Dugas. "Utilisation du DSM III en psychiatrie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent". Psychiatry and Psychobiology 4, nr 1 (1989): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0767399x00004089.
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RésuméLe DSM III, qui est un système nosologique définissant des catégories diagnostiques psychiatriques, a été peu utilisé chez l’enfant et l’adolescent. En effet, les troubles psychiatriques de l’enfant ont longtemps été ignorés, leur abord étant essentiellement pédagogique. De plus, la définition du normal et du pathologique est difficile chez l’enfant, qui est un sujet en évolution. Le principe du DSM III chez l’enfant et l’adolescent est le même que chez l’adulte. Les diagnostics se retrouvent sur deux axes. Si le DSM III a une section séparée pour les diagnostics spécifiques à l’enfant et à l’adolescent, beaucoup d’enfants sont concernés par des diagnostics figurant a la partie adulte du DSM III, et réciproquement. Notre étude a porté sur 894 enfants et adolescents hospitalisés ou examinés en journée d’observation pendant 2 ans dans le Service de psychopathologie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent de l’hôpital Hérold à Paris. Les diagnostics ont été portés en fonction des directives du DSM III au cours d’une cotation collective non aveugle, réalisée par les médecins seniors du service, réunis une fois par semaine. Nos 894 sujets se répartissent en 560 sujets de moins de 13 ans et 334 sujets de 13 ans ou plus. La population comporte 551 garçons et 343 filles. La prédominance masculine est nette pour les moins de 13 ans, alors qu’après 13 ans le nombre de garçons et de filles est équivalent. Un diagnostic DSM III soit sur l’axe I, soit sur l’axe II a été possible dans 97% des cas. Les diagnostics les plus représentés sur l’axe I chez les moins de 13 ans sont le retard mental et les troubles avec manifestations physiques, surtout chez les garçons; chez les plus de 13 ans, ce sont les troubles affectifs et les troubles de l’alimentation, surtout chez les filles. Sur l’axe II, il faut souligner la rareté des troubles de la personnalité, alors que les troubles spécifiques du développement sont nombreux, en particulier chez les moins de 13 ans. Sur l’axe III, environ 20% de notre population présente un problème physique intervenant dans sa pathologie psychiatrique. Sur l’axe IV, on constate qu’il n’y a pas de différence de sévérité de stress dans les 2 groupes d’âges considérés: en revanche, les filles ont des stress plus marqués que les garçons. Sur I axe V, les plus de 13 ans fonctionnent plus mal que les moins de 13 ans. Les résultats de notre étude confirment les autres études en ce qui concerne le sex ratio. En revanche, chez les moins de 13 ans, nous avons beaucoup plus porté de diagnostic de retard mental et de trouble global du développement qu’Anderson, par exemple, et nous constatons moins de troubles des conduites et de déficit de l’attention que dans d'autres études, américaines notamment. De plus, chez les plus de 13 ans, nous comptons beaucoup moins de schizophrènes que Strober. Cette discordance peut être expliquée par le fait que nous ne portons qu’avec grande précaution le diagnostic de schizophrénie chez un adolescent. L'utilisation du DSM III dans un service de pédo-psychiatrie oblige à un minimum de rigueur et de cohérence, permet de pouvoir entreprendre des études de recherche clinique comparable avec d’autres centres. Son principal défaut est le problème de la validité de certaines de ces catégories diagnostiques chez l’enfant et chez l’adolescent due à l’absence de toute référence technique. On peut se demander si le DSM III a actuellement le statut d’une nosographie.
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Phau, I., i G. Prendergast. "Consuming luxury brands: The relevance of the ‘Rarity Principle’". Journal of Brand Management 8, nr 2 (listopad 2000): 122–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540013.
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James, N. "Rarity and rank in Neolithic France". Antiquity 89, nr 347 (październik 2015): 1238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2015.131.
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The pursuit of higher social rank by possessing artefacts of rare skill or distant origin is a familiar principle (Binford 1962; Helms 1993). Signes de richesse (‘Signs of wealth’) is an exhibition of evidence for this practice during the Neolithic period in France. It opened in June 2015 at the French National Museum of Prehistory, Les Eyzies, where the usual fare is Palaeolithic archaeology (Chancerel et al. 2015: 13). The exhibition's main concepts and some of its data spring from the great ‘Jade Project’ on the acquisition, manufacture and distribution of ‘big axes’ (Pétrequin et al. 2012). The display is alluring, but the underlying argument is flimsy because the conceptual principles remain implicit. For whom, then, was Signes designed?
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Neynaber, Sven, Christina Kirschner, Stefanie Kamann, Gerd Plewig i Michael J. Flaig. "Progressive Macular Hypomelanosis: A Rarely Diagnosed Hypopigmentation in Caucasians". Dermatology Research and Practice 2009 (2009): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/607682.
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A 35-year-old woman who developed whitish macules on trunk and limbs at 12 years of age and observed a remarkable increase of the hypopigmentated lesions after her pregnancies at ages 29 and 32 years. Because of the highly characteristic clinical aspect and the light- and electron-microscopic histopathologic findings, we diagnosed progressive macular hypomelanosis (PMH). It is a nonscaly disorder with hypopigmented macules mainly on the trunk and is more often seen in young women. In contrast to some authors assuming the presence ofPropionibacterium spp.as a matter of principle in PMH, we report a case with no evidence forPropionibacterium spp.
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Protivínský, Jiří, i Martin Krejsa. "Making Use of the Principle of Energy Dissipation in the Seismic Design of a Steel Structure of a Steam Boiler / Využití Principu Disipace Při Seismickém Návrhu Ocelové Konstrukce Parního Kotle". Transactions of the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Civil Engineering Series 12, nr 2 (1.12.2012): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10160-012-0028-0.
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Abstract For structural design of steel structures under seismic action there are two possible approaches of global analysis. In global analysis we can consider the structure to behave in linear elastic way or in post-elastic way with developing of plastic hinges during seismic situation. The second method is based on principle of seismic energy transformation into thermal energy. Both design methods are defined in Eurocodes but the post-elastic way is only rarely used because of design complexity. Application of this design method is presented in the entry on an example of a steam power plant boiler structure.
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Gavryliv, Liubomyr, Vitalii Ponomar, Marko Bermanec i Marián Putiš. "The Taxonomy of Mineral Occurrence Rarity and Endemicity". Canadian Mineralogist 60, nr 5 (1.09.2022): 731–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.2200010.
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ABSTRACT Nearly a half of known IMA-approved minerals (as of November 2021) are reported from four localities or fewer and so may be considered rare mineral species. These minerals form a continuum with more common species (e.g., rock-forming minerals), all of which constitute important constituents of Earth and contributors to its dynamics. To better understand the taxonomy of mineral rarity, evaluations have been made on the basis of k-means clustering and kernel density estimation of one-dimensional data on mineral occurrence metrics. Results from second- and third-degree polynomial regression analyses indicate the presence of a divergence between the observed number of endemic minerals discovered since 2000 and those that are likely to represent “true” endemic species. The symmetry index, calculated using the approach of Urusov for each rarity cluster, reveals a gradual decrease from ubiquitous to endemic from 0.64 to 0.47. A network analysis of element co-occurrences within each rarity cluster suggests the existence of at least three different communities having similar geochemical affinities; the latter may reflect the relative abundance of minerals their elements tend to form. The analysis of element co-occurrence matrices within each group indicates that crustal abundance is not the only factor controlling the total number of minerals each element tends to form. Other significant factors include: (1) the geochemical affinity to the principal element in the group (i.e., sulfur for chalcophile and oxygen for lithophile elements) and (2) dispersion of the principal element through geochemical processes. There is a positive correlation between the lithophile element group's abundance in the Earth's crust and the number of common minerals they tend to form, but a negative correlation with the number of rare species.
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Vari, Sabrina, Federica Riva, Concetta Elisa Onesti, Antonella Cosimati, Davide Renna, Roberto Biagini, Jacopo Baldi i in. "Malignant Transformation of Giant Cell Tumour of Bone: A Review of Literature and the Experience of a Referral Centre". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, nr 18 (14.09.2022): 10721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810721.
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Giant cell tumour of bone (GCTB) is a benign, locally aggressive primary bone neoplasm that represents 5% of all bone tumours. The principal treatment approach is surgery. Although generally GCTB is considered only a locally aggressive disease, it can metastasise, and lung metastases occur in 1–9% of patients. To date, only the use of denosumab has been approved as medical treatment for GCTB. Even more rarely, GCTB undergoes sarcomatous transformation into a malignant tumour (4% of all GCTB), but history of this malignant transformation is unclear and unpredictable. Considering the rarity of the event, the data in the literature are few. In this review, we summarise published data of GCTB malignant transformation and we analyse three cases of malignant transformation of GCTB, evaluating histopathology, genetics, and radiological aspects. Despite the rarity of this event, we conclude that a strict follow up is recommended to detect early malignant transformation.
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Mongin, Philippe. "SPURIOUS UNANIMITY AND THE PARETO PRINCIPLE". Economics and Philosophy 32, nr 3 (26.11.2015): 511–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267115000371.
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AbstractThe Pareto principle states that if the members of society express the same preference judgement between two options, this judgement is compelling for society. A building block of normative economics and social choice theory, and often borrowed by contemporary political philosophy, the principle has rarely been subjected to philosophical criticism. The paper objects to it on the ground that it applies indifferently to those cases in which the individuals agree both on their expressed preferences and on their reasons for entertaining them, and those cases in which they agree on their expressed preferences while differing on their reasons. The latter are cases of ‘spurious unanimity’, and it is normatively inappropriate, or so the paper argues, to defend unanimity preservation at the social level for such cases: thus the Pareto principle is formulated much too broadly. The objection seems especially powerful when the principle is applied in an ex ante context of uncertainty, in which individuals can disagree on both their probabilities and utilities, and nonetheless agree on their preferences over prospects.
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Ammar Thaher Yaseen Al Abd Alazeez. "DED: Drift Principle in Educational Evolved Data". Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 26, nr 2 (3.12.2022): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v26i2.128.
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Clustering data streams is one of the prominent tasks of discovering hidden patterns in data streams. It refers to the process of clustering newly arrived data into continuously and dynamically changing segmentation patterns. This article presents a stream mining algorithm to cluster the data stream with focusing on its evolution and concept drift. Even though concept drift is expected to be present in data streams, explicit drift detection is rarely done in stream clustering algorithms. Concept drift is caused by the changes in data distribution over time. Relationship between concept drift and the occurrence of physical events has been studied by applying the algorithm on the education data stream. Viber education data streams produced by Viber Groups in our Computer Science Department are used to conduct this study. The results show that our proposed algorithm superiority existing ones in purity, entropy, and sum of square error measurements. Experiments led to the conclusion that the concept drift accompanied by a change in the number of clusters and outliers indicates a significant education event. This kind of online monitoring and its results can be utilized in education systems in various ways, such as present the capabilities of participants.
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Breguła, Łukasz. "The Principle of Subjectifying of Penal Liability and Guilt". Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego 14, nr 2 (3.01.2023): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32084/sawp.2019.14.2-2.
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The Principle of Subjectifying of Penal Liability and Guilt Summary The article refers to the issue of the principle of subjectification of penal liability, rarely analyzed in the doctrine of penal law and judicial decisions. The main purpose of the discussion is to try to answer the question whether the principle of subjectivization, defined as one of the fundamental principles of penal law, can be equated with the principle of guilt. For the purposes of the considerations contained in the article, it was necessary to determine the essence of the guilt and determine whether the structure of the offence contains elements other than guilt related to the subjectification of liability. It was also necessary to determine whether all premises of guilt always relate solely to issues related to subjectivization.
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Liu, Yi, Bin Wu i Bo Wang. "Study on the Objects and Principles of Inter-Satellite Link Management of Navigation Systems". Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (maj 2014): 2650–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.2650.
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The global network of navigation systems are under busy construction. However, studies on the object and principle of inter-satellite link management are rarely seen in books. This thesis is going to propose some basic principle for the management strategy based on the analysis of objects of management of navigation systems, which will enlighten the development of new navigation systems to some degree.
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Yang, Xiaofan. "Analysis of the Principle and Facilities of Generators and Motor". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 72 (15.12.2023): 660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/pcc18d81.
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As a matter of fact, for motors, the new energy vehicle industry that is forced to develop due to the environment is an industry that rarely develops again in modern society. This paper introduces the application of different kinds of motor and generator in modern society and its development trend. Although the motors currently used have not been able to make new energy vehicles have the same power and durability as traditional fuel vehicles, if the algorithm and internal assembly method proposed recently can be implemented, this will be of great help to new energy vehicles to reduce energy consumption. On the generator side, people's consumption of electricity is in a growing trend, but in China's view, the total amount of power generation is in decline. The reason is also the concept of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in modern society, and the market for thermal power generation is gradually shrinking, while the market for pollution-free hydropower and wind power is gradually increasing.
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Xie, Fang Wei, Pei Li, Li Qiang Zhang, Xiao Liang Wang, Huan Wang i Xi Fu Song. "Optical Properties of in-Doped Wurtzite ZnO Based on First-Principle". Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (wrzesień 2011): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.32.
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In-doped ZnO thin film has been found as one of the most promising materials in the optoelectronics, but its optical properties are rarely reported. We calculated optical band gaps and optical properties of Zn1-xInxO with different In doping by using first-principle. The results reveal that the lattice constants of Zn1-xInxO increase linearly with the doping increasing and Zn1-xInxO (x=0.125, x=0.25) crystal comes to be degenerate semiconductor with band gap reduced. The imaginary part of dielectric function has an increasing trend and the absorption capacity significantly increases in ultraviolet (UV) range after doping. Also there is an obvious red-shift in the absorption spectrum. The reflectivity and energy loss spectrum were investigated, too. The results can provide a theoretical reference for finding appropriate UV protective material.
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Pakpahan, Zainal Abidin. "Implementation of Mediation as an Unique Step in Resolving Banking Business Disputes Sharia in Religious Courts". International Journal of Business, Technology and Organizational Behavior (IJBTOB) 2, nr 6 (31.12.2022): 762–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52218/ijbtob.v2i6.254.
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Mediation steps that are rarely carried out in sharia economic business problems are contained in the Al-Quran and Hadith which have been relied upon to be implemented in sharia banking, so that sharia business problems are now starting to enter a unique renewal phase which is the basis for fast and low-cost processes as the wheels of running the economy. because Islamic banks in their operations are still limited by Bank Indonesia regulations and applicable laws, for example the mudharabah principle, the Bai' Salam principle, the Wadi'ah principle, the Musyarakah principle, and the leasing principle (Ijarah). Islamic banks in their wheel of rotation are certainly inseparable from problems both internally and externally through financing with customers even though they are solely based on the principle of profit sharing.
Keyword:Mediation, Disputes, Business, Sharia Banking.
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Kashlyavik, K. Y. "A. V. Golubkov. Préciosité and the gallant tradition in French salon literature of the 17th c. A monograph". Voprosy literatury, nr 4 (22.08.2019): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2019-4-274-279.
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The monograph deals with a subject that is rarely covered by Russian philologists: préciosité and the gallant tradition of 17th c. French culture. The author singles out the French and Russian approaches to interpreting preciousness, noting their differences and the fact that Russian scholars are lagging behind the French on the subject of salon literature. A. V. Golubkov rejects the principle of ‘neutrality’ towards the subject of the study, which is evident from his context-based use of psychoanalytical tools, including the term ‘frigidity’ to describe the social genesis of the gallant tradition and the habitus of préciosité. In his examination of the sources of these French cultural phenomena (‘academy’, ‘préciosité’, ‘gallantry’, and ‘salon’) the author shows their association with types of creative activity, Baroque and Classicism, and oral and written practices of salon culture, and portrays linguistic and genre-specific experiments of the précieuses. He stresses their preference of the salon literary genres over rhetorical skills, identifies elements of dialogue-based poetics, and reveals the principal indicators of a new language art.
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Dumberry, Patrick. "The Clean Hands Doctrine as a General Principle of International Law". Journal of World Investment & Trade 21, nr 4 (10.08.2020): 489–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340182.
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Abstract The question of the scope and application of the doctrine of clean hands by investment tribunals is controversial. This article examines how scholars, international courts and tribunals and investment tribunals have analysed the concept. I will show that while the doctrine has rarely been used by international tribunals, they have nonetheless recognised and applied the clean hands doctrine in several awards. I will critically assess the reasoning of the Yukos award and, most importantly, the recent South American Silver Limited award, which have both held that the clean hands doctrine is not a general principle of law. I will argue, like many writers, that the doctrine should be considered as a general principle of international law. The article examines this concept and describes how such principles emerge on the international plane in a manner different from general principles grounded in the domestic laws of States.
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Ryabova, Elena V. "Russian Constitutional Court jurisprudence of tax fairness". RUDN Journal of Law 27, nr 1 (26.03.2023): 54–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2023-27-1-54-75.
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Public finance is subject to the principle of fairness, which has a vague character and rarely finds an appropriate reflection in law. Supreme Courts and Constitutional Courts of different countries may refer to this principle and disclose the content of fairness in public finance processes. The scope of the article includes legal establishment and realization of the principle of fairness in contemporary Russian tax law. The author investigates this issue mainly considering the Constitutional Court’s legal positions. The Russian Constitutional Court actively refers to the principle of fairness to resolve disputes in taxation. The analysis of Constitutional Court judgements shows that the content of the principle of fairness for tax purposes depends upon a type of public fee. In some cases, the Court uses the principle of fairness in a broader legal meaning and does not interpret fairness for tax purposes using the vaguest terms and words for arguments. In other cases, the Court may use a more specific and narrow meaning of the principle of fairness in cases on imposition of tax and/or tax liability (tax fairness).
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Laurinavičius, Česlovas. "The Ethnographic Principle as a Phenomenon of History". Lietuvos istorijos studijos 47 (14.07.2021): 8–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lis.2021.47.1.
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The concept of the ethnographic principle is rarely found in the literature, and there is hardly a legal qualification for it. However, historical material (in cases of the Lithuanian, Czech, Bulgarian and Polish peoples) indicates that the ethnographic principle is a significant political and geopolitical phenomenon. This phenomen is especialy characteristic of the development of the peoples of the region of Central and Eastern Europe. First, the ethnographic principle was closely related to the national principle, although it did not coincide with it. The concept of the ethnographic principle points to the special anatomy of nation states, where the basis is ethnic / linguistic culture. Secondly, the advancement of culture to the fore indicated the recognition of its significance, which had not happened before. Consequently, it was a question of freeing this culture from the restrictions imposed on it and even compensating for the damage caused to it. Thirdly, the culture, raised to the state level, needed appropriate guarantees for the future. The article reveals the tendency of great states at the level of their policies and propaganda to act according to the ethnographic principle, thereby encouraging the formation of national states. However, when the latter became a fact, another tendency arose: the Western world began to apply the criteria of a liberal civil society to new states (according to the principle of jus civis romanus sum). This was too hard for the new states. In this context, the alternative was the Soviet ethno-federalist protectorate, which, although under the conditions of a repressive system, actually continued to implement the projections of the ethnographic principle. A fixed paradox: the ethnographic principle, which originated in the West as a variant of democratization, gained strength thanks to Russia, while the West remained, as it were, in aristocratic opposition to this course. The ethnographic principle has not yet acquired a clearer legal legitimacy. But as a historical category, it can serve as a study of the history of Modern times, and especially the Soviet period.
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Xu, Aoni, Chaofang Dong, Angjian Wu, Ruixue Li, Li Wang, Digby D. Macdonald i Xiaogang Li. "Plasma-modified C-doped Co3O4 nanosheets for the oxygen evolution reaction designed by Butler–Volmer and first-principle calculations". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, nr 9 (2019): 4581–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta11424b.
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Electrocatalysts serving in electrochemical cells differ from general chemical catalysts by way of their special double-layer structure and a rarely discussed interface potential drop as described by the Butler–Volmer (BV) equation.
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ITO, GAKU, i SUSUMU YAMAKAGE. "From KISS to TASS Modeling: A Preliminary Analysis of the Segregation Model Incorporated with Spatial Data on Chicago". Japanese Journal of Political Science 16, nr 4 (28.10.2015): 553–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109915000304.
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AbstractThe ‘keep it simple, stupid’ slogan, or the KISS principle has been the basic guideline in agent-based modeling (ABM). While the KISS principle or parsimony is vital in modeling attempts, conventional agent-based models remain abstract and are rarely incorporated or validated with empirical data, leaving the links between theoretical models and empirical phenomena rather loose. This article reexamines the KISS principle and discusses the recent modeling attempts that incorporate and validate agent-based models with spatial (geo-referenced) data, moving beyond the KISS principle. This article also provides a working example of such time and space specified (TASS) agent-based models that incorporates Schelling's (1971) classic model of residential segregation with detailed geo-referenced demographic data on the city of Chicago derived from the US Census 2010.
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Montagnier, Jean-Paul C. "Nicolas Bernier’s ‘Principes de composition’ and the Italian partimento tradition". Early Music 49, nr 1 (1.02.2021): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/caab004.
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Abstract French compositional treatises penned between c.1600 and c.1750 rarely if ever provide any instructional exercises with basses, from which apprentice composers could create multi-voice pieces by applying the rules described by their authors. Instead, these treatises—of which the most famous and widespread were no doubt those by Parran (1639), Mignot (1656), Masson (1697) and Rameau (1722)—reproduce a number of more or less extended examples to illustrate particular theoretical points. Nicolas Bernier’s handwritten ‘Principes de composition’ (c.1726–1734) stands out as the only known French tutorial of the period to supply basses akin to the contemporary partimenti used by Italian music teachers to instruct young pupils in the art of extemporaneous composition. Bernier is said to have studied with Caldara—though Corelli is more likely—in Rome, before settling in Paris in 1692. Thus not only do the partimento-like basses included in his ‘Principes de composition’ offer an echo of his studies with these Italian masters, but they may also reflect the Roman beginnings of the pedagogical partimento tradition. The Bernier treatise provides rare testimony of the importance of Corelli’s six opuses in the Italian contrappunto pratico tradition in the period 1690–1730. This article puts Bernier’s ‘Principes’ into context, and then examines his hitherto overlooked basses, their originality, and their pedagogical implications.
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Sielski, Krzysztof. "Adjudication based on the principle of child welfare by family courts". Gubernaculum et Administratio 26, nr 2 (2022): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/gea.2022.02.08.
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A strategy of formalism prevails among judges. They rarely rule on the basis of legal principles. Although this sometimes requires them to rise to the heights of legal acrobatics, they use various ploys to escape into formalism whenever possible. In particular, they point to the compatibility of formalism with legal positivism and the rule of law. In reality, however, they are not driven by normative or axiological considerations, but by psychological ones, especially the fear of taking responsibility for the content of the decision. In this context, the work of family judges is characterised by an important difference. When deciding, for example, on parental responsibility it is difficult for them to escape into formalism, as the criterion for deciding such cases is the welfare of the child, which is a principle of family law. This, of course, opens up a discussion on the desirable extent of judicial discretion and predictability of family court decisions and, consequently, trust, both in judges and in the content of their judgments. The purpose of this article is to analyse those legal instruments that could realistically enhance trust in family courts.
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Kumagai, Ken, i Shin’ya Nagasawa. "The Influence of Perceived Rarity and Luxuriousness on Consumers’ Brand Attitudes: Observations in Japan". Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 20, nr 4 (19.07.2016): 504–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2016.p0504.
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When a non-luxury apparel brand attempts to raise its brand value by employing the luxury strategy, rarity management is a brand manager’s concern. This study focuses on apparel brand’s rarity as perceived by consumers and its influence on consumers’ brand attitudes depending on the extent of the brand’s luxuriousness. In this paper, a consumer survey is conducted in Japan to analyze consumers’ perceptions and attitudes toward 10 leading apparel brands. The results of principal factor analysis and regression analysis suggest that the higher a brand’s luxuriousness is, the more strongly its perceived rarity positively impacts on consumers’ brand attitudes. On the contrary, it is suggested that the lower a brand’s luxuriousness is, the more strongly its perceived rarity negatively impacts on consumers’ attitudes. This result implies the existence of the snob effect for luxury brands. Conversely, investments to raise consumers’ perceived rarity potentially might harm consumers’ attitudes towards the brand when the extent of brand’s luxuriousness is low.
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Rekha, T., Kottackal Poulose Martin, V. B. Sreekumar i Joseph Madassery. "Genetic Diversity Assessment of Rarely Cultivated Traditional Indica Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties". Biotechnology Research International 2011 (12.07.2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/784719.
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Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting was performed to assess the genetic diversity among rarely cultivated traditional indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties collected from a tribal hamlet of Kerala State, India. A total of 664 DNA bands amplified by 15 primers exhibited 72.9% polymorphism (an average of 32.3 polymorphic bands per primer). The varieties Jeerakasala and Kalladiyaran exhibited the highest percent (50.19%) polymorphism, while Thondi and Adukkan showed the lowest (9.85%). Adukkan (78 bands) and Jeerakasala (56 bands) yielded the highest and the lowest number of amplicons, respectively. Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean analysis using the Dice similarity coefficient showed the highest value of similarity coefficient between the varieties Adukkan and Thondi, both shared higher level of similarity (0.81), followed by Kanali and Thondi (0.88). Of the three subclusters, the varieties of Adukkan, Thondi, Kanali, Mannuveliyan, Thonnuranthondi, and Chennellu grouped together with a similarity of 0.77. The second group represented by Navara, Gandhakasala, and Jeerakasala with a similarity coefficient of 0.76 formed a cohesive group. The variety Kalladiyaran formed an isolated position that joined the second cluster. The Principal Coordinate Analysis also showed separation of Kalladiyaran from the other varieties.
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Perez, Blake, Skyler Hilburn, Dan Jensen i Kristin L. Wood. "Design principle-based stimuli for improving creativity during ideation". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, nr 2 (5.11.2018): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218809117.
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The conceptualization of new designs involves several phenomena. Research indicates that new ideas are rarely, if ever, wholly novel ideas. Instead, new ideas are formed from combinations of existing ideas, supported by synthesis, transformation, analogy, morphing, and replacement. Moreover, while much research has explored the negative implications of fixation from examples and stimuli, there exists an emerging need to study potentially positive effects of inspirational cases. Many works have studied designers' exploratory practices of solution spaces revealing active discovery and investigation of similar solutions as analogies. These exploratory practices enable designers to better understand a problem and inspire new solutions. In this work, the authors demonstrate directed use of design principles as design inspiration to improve outputs of the ideation process. Specifically, this work focuses on design principles for the particular domain of additive manufacturing, but the results suggest avenues to generalize the process with design principles from different areas. In this study, the authors created a set of physical cards to communicate a derived set of design principles. Each card is comprised of three main elements: (i) a textual description of the principle, (ii) a simplified visual representation of the principle, and (iii) an example of a real world application of the principle. Participants (N = 61) were allotted two equally timed rounds to ideate solutions for a standard design problem and given a set of the design principle cards as an intervention between the first and second rounds. Idea quantity, quality, and novelty were measured per round. Results showed no significant change in quantity—an improvement over the established trend of a decline over consecutive sessions without stimulus. Significant improvements in quality and novelty, however, were measured, indicating that the cards did assist designers in ideation. The results demonstrate that the principles, formatted as discussed, provide real avenues to arrive at innovative solutions.
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Mury, Luiz G. M. "Performance Audits Focused on the Principle of Effectiveness: An Overview of Public Audit Agencies". Applied Finance and Accounting 4, nr 2 (27.07.2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/afa.v4i2.3488.
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According to international standards, performance audit is an independent and objective process for reviewing the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of a government’s program, organization, and/or activity in order to evaluate public management’s performance. The relevance of the matter prompted the present study, which aims to inquire if, when conducting performance audits, Supreme Audit Institutions analyze a procedure’s effectiveness, that is to say, the impact that determined government spending had on the program’s target population. In order to do so, a questionnaire was applied to auditors of Public Audit Institutions from several countries. As a preliminary result, our research concluded that the majority of auditors conduct economy, efficiency and efficacy analyses, but rarely assess the effectiveness of government spending.
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Griffin, Stephen. "Disturbing corporate personality to remedy a fraudulent incorporation: an analysis of the piercing principle". Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 66, nr 4 (17.08.2018): 321–241. http://dx.doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v66i4.157.
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Following two recent decisions of the Supreme Court it has been confirmed that the ability to disturb corporate personality by piercing the corporate veil is as an established principle but one that should be used only as a tool of last resort. In ractice the deployment of this ‘piercing principle’ will be a rarity to the point of near extinction. This paper will contend, however, that the Supreme Court’s endorsement of a limited piercing principle does not address fully the commercial necessity of disturbing the corporate personality of companies incorporated to pursue a fraudulent activity; further, that this lacuna could have been averted had the Supreme Court identified a related but broader ‘piercing concept’ which is establishedimpliedly in the case law.
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Mandelkern, Matthew. "If P, Then P!" Journal of Philosophy 118, nr 12 (2021): 645–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jphil20211181242.
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The Identity principle says that conditionals with the form 'If p, then p' are logical truths. Identity is overwhelmingly plausible, and has rarely been explicitly challenged. But a wide range of conditionals nonetheless invalidate it. I explain the problem, and argue that the culprit is the principle known as Import-Export, which we must thus reject. I then explore how we can reject Import-Export in a way that still makes sense of the intuitions that support it, arguing that the differences between indicative and subjunctive conditionals play a key role in solving this puzzle.
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Verine, Bertrand. "Circulation re-marquée vs effacée: des discours rapportés directs à l’oral". Çédille 1 (1.09.2010): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/ced.v1i0.10552.
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Cet article s’interroge sur la rareté à l’oral des formes récursives DD+DD par rapport aux occurrences imputables à une tierce voix en vertu d'inférences contextuelles. Il explique cette disproportion en termes de pertinence dialogique: le marquage de la médiation, formellement très coûteux, est avant tout pertinent lorsqu'il y a doute ou conflit a priori sur la crédibilité de l'énonciation enchâssée; les formes plus économiques de circulation sont davantage pertinentes dans les interactions enchâssantes où il y a consensus, ou lorsque le locuteur principal s'efforce de prévenir par la persuasion / manipulation l'existence d'un doute quelconque chez le destinataire.
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Dayan, Joseph, Suvro Sett i Usha Krishnan. "Silent rupture of sinus of Valsalva aneurysm: a refutation of the Okham's razor principle". Cardiology in the Young 21, nr 6 (24.05.2011): 713–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951111000588.
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AbstractAneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva is an uncommon congenital lesion rarely reported in children. Unruptured aneurysms commonly go undiagnosed until a rupture has occurred. Usually, ruptured sinus of Valsalva presents with cardiac failure. There may be a history of trauma or infective endocarditis preceding the rupture. Asymptomatic paediatric presentation of ruptured sinus of Valsalva is rare. We discuss the cases of two children who presented with a murmur and were diagnosed with ruptured sinus of Valsalva. This unusual presentation in children highlights the importance of careful routine physical examinations and the evaluation of new murmurs. The Okham's razor principle states that “when you hear hoofbeats – think horses not zebras”. Sometimes, it is important to think beyond the usual in medicine, to avoid missing lesions that, if left untreated, could lead to adverse outcomes.
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Fellmeth, Aaron. "The Proportionality Principle in Operation: Methodological Limitations of Empirical Research and the Need for Transparency". Israel Law Review 45, nr 1 (marzec 2012): 125–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223711000057.
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The principle of proportionality, notoriously obscure in application and subjective in interpretation, has been enforced so rarely as to call into question its potency as a meaningful international legal standard. Nonetheless, international criminal tribunals, academics, and the ICRC's monumental study on customary international humanitarian law all confidently proclaim the principle as embedded in the customary international law applicable to both international and non-international armed conflicts. To assess whether these claims are accurate, and to flesh out how states interpret the principle in practice, the author and a colleague have undertaken a long-term, multinational empirical study of state practice in interpreting and enforcing the proportionality principle. This article discusses the methodological options available and explains the one chosen for the proportionality study. The limitations of the study, in spite of its deliberate methodology, suggest that the debilities of the proportionality principle may not be conceptual as much as a byproduct of unnecessary military secrecy. This article concludes that greater transparency in state compliance with the rule of discrimination and the principle of proportionality would, at least, facilitate an understanding of how the hitherto obscure principle operates in practice and, at best, could create systemic effects that would decrease the dangers to civilians in armed conflicts.
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Baratta, Roberto. "Treaty Interpretation in the EU: Ensuring Consistency with the bona fide Principle and jus cogens". Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 32, nr 1 (6.11.2023): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-03201004.
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Abstract Treaty interpretation in the EU involves not only the observance of principles governing the interpretation of international agreements, but also the observance of substantive rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties. While compliance with the former rarely presents an issue for the EU Court of Justice, perhaps because of the open-ended character of rules on treaty interpretation, its judicial practice shows the importance of carefully interpreting treaties so as to ensure their full consistency with customary international rules of a peremptory nature, such as the principle of self-determination of peoples. The Western Sahara saga is illustrative in this regard. These issues are addressed by the article.
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Bagaric, Mirko, i Athula Pathinayake. "The Paradox of Parity in Sentencing in Australia: The Pursuit of Equal Justice That Highlights the Futility of Consistency in Sentencing". Journal of Criminal Law 77, nr 5 (październik 2013): 399–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/jcla.2013.77.5.866.
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Parity in sentencing is the principle that offenders who are parties to a crime should, all things being equal, receive the same penalty. While it is a well-established principle, the reality is that its scope is greatly limited by the largely unfettered nature of the sentencing calculus. Things are rarely equal between offenders due to the large number of variables that current orthodoxy maintains are relevant to sentencing. This makes application of the parity principle unpredictable, resulting in the paradox that parity highlights the unfairness that it is meant to mitigate: inconsistency in sentencing. This article contends that parity will remain an aspiration, as opposed to a concrete principle, until the instinctive synthesis approach to sentencing yields to a more transparent and precise decision-making process. The article focuses on Australian jurisprudence, but the analysis applies to all jurisdictions where sentencing has a considerable discretionary component (including the UK and the USA—apart from the limited circumstances where mandatory sentences apply).
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Gawłowski, Robert, Saulius Nefas i Krzysztof Makowski. "Subsidiarity Principle—Its Realization in Self-Government in Lithuania and Poland". Administrative Sciences 10, nr 1 (9.03.2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci10010014.
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Purpose: This paper analyzes the development of the concept of subsidiarity, its relationship with management theories and the implementation of the principle of subsidiarity in the context of local self-government in Poland and Lithuania by conducting comparative research. Design/ methodology/ approach: The research was conducted based on methods of desk research of scientific literature, analysis of documents and their content from the Lithuanian and Polish parliaments’ commissions and using comparative approach methods. Findings: The research reveals the essential aspects of the concept of subsidiarity and the extent to which this principle is relevant in the work of the Committee on State Administration and Local Authorities of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania and Self-Government and Regional Policy Commission of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland in shaping the policy of self-government. The study demonstrates that subsidiarity principles are used in practice in a very incoherent way regarding public service regulations. Practical implications: The analysis is relevant, as an implementation of public policy in Lithuania and Poland increasingly calls for the integration of values into politics, which cannot be done without relying on certain principles. Research limitations: The generalizability of the results is limited by the number of parliamentary terms that have been taken into consideration. Originality/ value: The originality of this paper lies within the context in which this study took place—an international comparison of Lithuanian and Polish concepts that is rarely taken into consideration in the scientific literature.
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Lupescu, Olivera, Mihail Nagea, Alina Grosu, Alexandru Dimitriu, Gheorghe Ion Popescu, Răzvan Scurtu i Nicolae-Marian Ciurea. "Using External Fixation in distal tibial fractures- good principle, debatable application- Case presentation". Romanian Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology 1, nr 2 (1.12.2018): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rojost-2018-0081.
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Abstract Distal tibial fractures usually result from high-energy trauma, affecting young, active people, producing long-term disability and numerous complications. Their treatment is difficult, especially in type C fractures, which affect both the articular surface and the metaphysis, are quite frequent comminuted fractures, and are accompanied by soft tissue injuries. In these situations, External Fixation (EF) is used as a temporary bridging method, either for treating concomitant soft tissue injuries (in open fractures) or for achieving and maintaining reduction in order to prevent blisters or compartment syndrome, possibly resulting from severe displacement, bleeding or oedema. It must be however underlined that EF is rarely a definitive method for these fractures, especially when the ankle is splinted, and it must be followed by definitive Internal Fixation (IF) - the so-called “sequential method”, otherwise restoration of a normal ankle anatomy and function is improbable, resulting in ankle stiffness or even osteoarthritis. This paper presents a case in which this principle was only partially applied, thus requiring corrective surgery followed by a long-term recovery period.
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Gangaraju, Radhika, Krishna M. Sundar, Jihyun Song i Josef T. Prchal. "Polycythemia Is Rarely Caused By Obstructive Sleep Apnea". Blood 128, nr 22 (2.12.2016): 2444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.2444.2444.
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Abstract There is a high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the United States, with one-quarter of adults aged 30 to 70 years having OSA. Most clinicians consider OSA as one of the causes of elevated hemoglobin (Hb) - polycythemia, but this is based on anecdotal evidence and further work up is often not pursued. Chronic intermittent hypoxia associated with OSA can augment hypoxia-inducible factor-2, the principal regulator of erythropoietin, and may increase red cell mass. But there is a paucity of published data evaluating the effects of OSA and treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on hematologic parameters. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 5152 patients evaluated for OSA with polysomnography at the University of Utah Sleep-Wake Center from January 2013 to October 2015. Hematologic, other laboratory and clinical parameters were available for 527 patients prior to and after therapy of OSA with CPAP. OSA severity was defined as mild (apnea hypopnea index (AHI) 5-15 events/hr), moderate (AHI 15-30/hr) or severe (AHI >30/hr). Data on AHI, lowest oxygen saturation (SpO2) and time spent at SpO2 < 89% were obtained from polysomnography. Other evaluated parameters were age, gender, body mass index, CBC prior to starting CPAP; and Hb and hematocrit (Hct) at 3, 6, 12 and 18 month time points during CPAP therapy. Information regarding comorbidities and medication use that could influence red cell mass was also collected. WHO criteria were used to define polycythemia as Hb >18.5 and 16.5 gm/dl in males and females, respectively. This study included 527 patients, 254 females (48.19%) and 273 males (51.8%), who had at least one Hb measurement prior to starting CPAP therapy. Twenty-one (4%) out of 527 patients had polycythemia, of which 12 were on testosterone supplementation or used home oxygen for chronic pulmonary disease. Excluding these 12 patients resulted in a lower prevalence of polycythemia in OSA of 1.7% (9 patients). JAK2 mutational status or erythropoietin levels, however, were not available for all patients. The polycythemic cohort included 6 females and 3 males with a mean age of 56.6 years. The mean AHI was 35.7; 3 patients had mild, 2 moderate, and 4 severe OSA. Common comorbidities included hypertension (n=5), stroke (n=2) and diabetes (n=2). The mean Hb before CPAP therapy was 17.4 gm/dl, which corrected to normal during CPAP usage in 7 but not in 2. In these 2 patients, Hb corrected to normal with CPAP usage, but increased again by 18 months despite continued CPAP use. The mean Hb was lowest after 3 months of CPAP use and gradually increased thereafter (Table 1). Analysis of mean Hb concentration between different OSA severities (mild, moderate and severe) did not show any significant difference (Table 2). However, when analysis was performed using the normal range for the laboratory used, an additional 16 (3%) patients had Hb above the upper limit of normal (15.9 gm/dl for females and 17.8 gm/dl for males). This resulted in a 7% prevalence of polycythemia in OSA. Excluding patients on testosterone or with chronic lung disease, the overall prevalence was 4.5% (24 patients). Seventeen (3.2%) patients had elevated Hct with normal Hb. Here we report the results from a large dataset of OSA patients measuring the prevalence of polycythemia. Our results show that polycythemia is rarely seen in OSA patients, and other potential causes of polycythemia should be evaluated before attributing it to OSA. The degree of OSA severity does not seem to correlate with Hb level. In those rare polycythemic OSA patients, polycythemia is corrected by CPAP therapy in the majority. However, with the revised WHO criteria for diagnosis of polycythemia vera (16 and 16.5 gm/dl for females and males, respectively), we anticipate that more patients with OSA will be considered to have polycythemia. The low prevalence of polycythemia may be attributed to neocytolysis, wherein transition from sustained hypoxia to normoxia leads to overcorrection of polycythemia due to transient expansion of mitochondria-generating reactive oxygen species, with preferential destruction of young red cells made in hypoxia (Song et al, Mol Med, 2015). We are currently investigating whether neocytolysis also occurs in OSA, which however is characterized by chronic, rapid, repetitious cycles of hypoxia and normoxia that may preclude development of polycythemia in a majority of patients. First and second authors listed contributed equally. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Eychenne, Mathieu. "La production agricole de Damas et de la Ghūṭa au XIVe siècleDiversité, taxation et prix des cultures maraîchères d’après al-Jazarī (m. 739/1338)". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 56, nr 4-5 (2013): 569–630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341334.
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Résumé L’histoire économique de Damas et du Bilād al-Shām à l’époque mamelouke demeure un champ de recherche difficile à explorer du fait de la rareté des documents d’archives disponibles et du caractère épars des informations dans les textes historiques. En prenant comme source principale un passage particulièrement détaillé de la chronique de l’historien al-Jazarī (viiie/xive siècle), cet article entend non seulement mettre en lumière la richesse et la diversité de la production agricole de Damas mais également contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de l’économie et du système fiscal de la ville et de sa campagne, la Ghūṭa, à la fin de la période médiévale.
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Gong, Diguang, Junbin Chen, Cheng Cheng, Yuanyuan Kou, Haiyan Jiang i Jianhong Zhu. "Numerical Simulation on Radial Well Deflagration Fracturing Based on Phase Field Method". Energies 16, nr 12 (16.06.2023): 4758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16124758.
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A radial well has a unique wellbore configuration. Fracture propagation in radial well deflagration fracturing is studied rarely. The mechanism of interaction between deflagration fractures, natural fractures, and micro-fractures is still unknown. Based on continuum mechanics, damage mechanics, and variational principles, a numerical model of fracture propagation in deflagration fracturing is established with the Hamilton principle and phase-field fracture theory. The effects of horizontal principal stress difference, natural fracture distribution, and micro-fractures around the wellbore on fracture propagation in deflagration fracturing are studied. First, when no natural fractures are developed around the radial well, fractures are initiated at both ends of the radial well. Second, when there are three natural fractures around the radial well, the created fractures have the morphology of shorter fractures in the middle and longer fractures on both sides under stress interference mechanisms. Third, a larger density of natural fractures causes obvious stress superposition, changes the initiation points of radial wells and fracture morphology, and increases fracture width and reservoir stimulation volume. Fourth, as the micro-fractures increase, their interference and induction effects on deflagration fractures are enhanced gradually, and the deflection angle of fractures increases by 38.7%. The study provides a reference for optimizing deflagration fracturing in a radial well.
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Deshpande, M., i S. Gurpur. "Connecting the dots in ‘Rarest of rare’: Is judicial discretion the perfection of reason? Tracking judicial discretion in death penalty cases in India". CARDIOMETRY, nr 25 (14.02.2023): 360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.25.360367.
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In order to restrict the imposition of the death penalty to an extremely narrow band of cases, the Supreme Court of India laid down the principle of ‘rarest of rare’ guiding but not fettering the sentencing discretion of judges. Despite the guidelines, the decision remains purely discretionary with its accompanying arbitrariness leading to unpredictability, and disparity in sentencing, which places a tremendous burden of responsibility on the sentencing judge. It is necessary to think of an alternative to the judge-centric discretionary death penalty, such as Sentencing Commission recommended the death penalty, that will help bring transparency and predictability to the entire process of decision making. Discretion delivers discrimination. Therefore, the discretionary death penalty is discriminatory. Whether by a judge or a jury, the exercise of sentencing discretion is arbitrary and capricious, particularly if the discretion is untrammeled and unchannelized. The ‘rarest of rare’ principle does not differentiate between murder simpliciter and murder contemporaneous such as rape-murder. Each judge interprets the meaning of ‘rarest of rare’ in his way. The current system is not working. A guideline-driven sentence is far better than a judge-centric one. The US Congress has constituted the US Sentencing Commission, a statutory judicial body entrusted with formulating a mechanism for sentencing to remove disparity and element of surprise in the sentencing outcome. It lays down structured guidelines with narrow judicial discretion in the matter of sentencing a convict. Sentencing Commission, though not a perfect mechanism- no mechanism can be perfect given the very nature of capital punishment- seems to overcome many of the drawbacks and shortcomings of the existing judge-centric system raising questions on perfect reasoning.
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Zvesper, Jhon. "The Separation of Powers in American Politics: Why We Fail to Accentuate the Positive". Government and Opposition 34, nr 1 (styczeń 1999): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1999.tb00468.x.
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ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS THAT STUDENTS OF POLITICS IN THE USA learn is that the central organizing principle of the Constitution and of the political system is the separation of powers. Yet most students begin with – and few are encouraged to go beyond – a very one-sided view of that principle. For the most part, they are taught about the protective, controlling purposes rather than about the constructive, empowering purposes of the practice of separating governmental powers. They are always taught to appreciate power separation as a means of avoiding certain evils, but they are rarely taught to appreciate it as a means of attaining certain goods.
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Krsmanovic, Bojana. "Castration as a consequence of the strengthening of the dynastic principle". Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, nr 54 (2017): 41–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi1754041k.
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The paper discusses examples of corporal mutilation that accompanied intra-dynastic conflicts or clashes with real or potential pretenders to the imperial throne. Castration was a known but rarely applied measure in the political conflicts of the 7th and 8th century. Hence the two consecutive cases of castration of all sons of the deposed emperor Michael I Rhangabe (813) and the assassinated emperor Leo V the Armenian (820) deviated from the previous Byzantine practice. The paper establishes that in these cases the choice of castration as the most effective means of ensuring the future political disqualification of the princes and their families was a result of the strengthening dynastic principle, which was particularly noticeable in the cases of the descendents of Constantine V from his third marriage. It also highlights that castration was never used on the deposed emperor autokrator, but only on the bearers of imperial dignities (co-emperors) or simply princes with no imperial title. In examples where castration was used to ensure political disqualification, it was not a sanction for an individual wrongdoing (in other words, castration was not a penalty prescribed for a specific transgression); if these cases were a matter of punishment at all, the penalty was meant to sanction the entire bloodline (?????) rather than the (innocent) individual. Castration was a milder form of punishment compared to other forms of physical mutilation (severing of the nose, tongue or ears; blinding). Due to the ambivalent attitude of the Byzantine society towards eunuchs, castration did not necessarily lead to social marginalization. Hence, it was applied more frequently during the reign of the Macedonian dynasty, but prominent castrates were incorporated into the official hierarchy as members of an order of eunuchs (?????? ??~? ????????).
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Chen, Shaoying. "Research on LV Cosmetics Product Line Extension and Luxury Brand Construction". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 10, nr 1 (13.09.2023): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/10/20230463.
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During the Post Covid-19 Era, the luxury brand production category have boomed in two directions, high pricing production & lower pricing production. Western markets have suffered from an economic recession because of the War and the energy tension. Luxury brands how to perform the strategies in different markets to keep the growth and make up the loss from the western markets, minimizing the negative from the mass production. Firstly, this paper talk about the ideological reasons for luxury brand expansion. After that, this paper talks about the economic reasons for luxury brand expansion: why it is so urgent to do the production turn down. Finally, this paper talks about how luxury brands growth is through product line extensions: galaxy mode product line expansion, not the pyramid mode & LV brand growth; Control create product process tightly; Pricing strategy in two directions. This paper defines the principle rarity domain of Luxury brand management. Still, cultural differences exist in Western and Eastern markets, meaning those two markets perceive the rarity principle quite differently. The two paradox discussions in social ideology, the economic perspective from different lands, have managerial implications.
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Wang, Min, Steven M. Kornblau i Kevin R. Coombes. "Decomposing the Apoptosis Pathway Into Biologically Interpretable Principal Components". Cancer Informatics 17 (1.01.2018): 117693511877108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1176935118771082.
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Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the most common techniques in the analysis of biological data sets, but applying PCA raises 2 challenges. First, one must determine the number of significant principal components (PCs). Second, because each PC is a linear combination of genes, it rarely has a biological interpretation. Existing methods to determine the number of PCs are either subjective or computationally extensive. We review several methods and describe a new R package, PCDimension, that implements additional methods, the most important being an algorithm that extends and automates a graphical Bayesian method. Using simulations, we compared the methods. Our newly automated procedure is competitive with the best methods when considering both accuracy and speed and is the most accurate when the number of objects is small compared with the number of attributes. We applied the method to a proteomics data set from patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Proteins in the apoptosis pathway could be explained using 6 PCs. By clustering the proteins in PC space, we were able to replace the PCs by 6 “biological components,” 3 of which could be immediately interpreted from the current literature. We expect this approach combining PCA with clustering to be widely applicable.
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Plotnitsky, Arkady. "The No-Cloning Life: Uniqueness and Complementarity in Quantum and Quantum-like Theories". Entropy 25, nr 5 (24.04.2023): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25050706.
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This article considers a rarely discussed aspect, the no-cloning principle or postulate, recast as the uniqueness postulate, of the mathematical modeling known as quantum-like, Q-L, modeling (vs. classical-like, C-L, modeling, based in the mathematics adopted from classical physics) and the corresponding Q-L theories beyond physics. The principle is a transfer of the no-cloning principle (arising from the no-cloning theorem) in quantum mechanics (QM) to Q-L theories. My interest in this principle, to be related to several other key features of QM and Q-L theories, such as the irreducible role of observation, complementarity, and probabilistic causality, is connected to a more general question: What are the ontological and epistemological reasons for using Q-L models vs. C-L ones? I shall argue that adopting the uniqueness postulate is justified in Q-L theories and adds an important new motivation for doing so and a new venue for considering this question. In order to properly ground this argument, the article also offers a discussion along similar lines of QM, providing a new angle on Bohr’s concept of complementarity via the uniqueness postulate.
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Romano, Stefano, Stephen Jackson, Sloane Patry i Alan Dobson. "Extending the “One Strain Many Compounds” (OSMAC) Principle to Marine Microorganisms". Marine Drugs 16, nr 7 (23.07.2018): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md16070244.
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Genomic data often highlights an inconsistency between the number of gene clusters identified using bioinformatic approaches as potentially producing secondary metabolites and the actual number of chemically characterized secondary metabolites produced by any given microorganism. Such gene clusters are generally considered as “silent”, meaning that they are not expressed under laboratory conditions. Triggering expression of these “silent” clusters could result in unlocking the chemical diversity they control, allowing the discovery of novel molecules of both medical and biotechnological interest. Therefore, both genetic and cultivation-based techniques have been developed aimed at stimulating expression of these “silent” genes. The principles behind the cultivation based approaches have been conceptualized in the “one strain many compounds” (OSMAC) framework, which underlines how a single strain can produce different molecules when grown under different environmental conditions. Parameters such as, nutrient content, temperature, and rate of aeration can be easily changed, altering the global physiology of a microbial strain and in turn significantly affecting its secondary metabolism. As a direct extension of such approaches, co-cultivation strategies and the addition of chemical elicitors have also been used as cues to activate “silent” clusters. In this review, we aim to provide a focused and comprehensive overview of these strategies as they pertain to marine microbes. Moreover, we underline how changes in some parameters which have provided important results in terrestrial microbes, but which have rarely been considered in marine microorganisms, may represent additional strategies to awaken “silent” gene clusters in marine microbes. Unfortunately, the empirical nature of the OSMAC approach forces scientists to perform extensive laboratory experiments. Nevertheless, we believe that some computation and experimental based techniques which are used in other disciplines, and which we discuss; could be effectively employed to help streamline the OSMAC based approaches. We believe that natural products discovery in marine microorganisms would be greatly aided through the integration of basic microbiological approaches, computational methods, and technological innovations, thereby helping unearth much of the as yet untapped potential of these microorganisms.
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Haessler, Sarah, Jennifer Schimmel, Pei-Chun Yu i Michael Rothberg. "Pneumococcal Urinary Antigen Testing in US Hospitals: Underutilized and Rarely Acted Upon". Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx162.042.
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Abstract Background The IDSA guideline for CAP recommends Pneumococcal urinary antigen testing (UAT) in addition to blood and sputum cultures for patients with severe CAP. In controlled settings, UAT is 50–80% sensitive and >90% specific; however, its utility and performance on a large-scale in real-world use has not been assessed. It is unclear whether UAT is clinically useful or whether the results impact prescribing behavior. Methods Retrospective cohort study of adult patients admitted with CAP or HCAP from 2010 to 2015 at 170 US hospitals that submit data to Premier. Date and time-stamped administrative and microbiologic data were assessed. Patients with a principal diagnosis of pneumonia, or sepsis with a secondary diagnosis of pneumonia plus a CXR and antibiotics within the first 24 hours, were included if they had a UAT plus either a blood or respiratory culture within the first 48 hours of admission. Results Of 159,894 eligible pneumonia patients, 24,757 (15.5%) had UAT plus either blood or respiratory cultures performed. Of 1,797 (7%) who had a positive UAT, 457 (25%) also grew S. pneumoniae (SP) from blood or respiratory cultures, 1,240 (69%) had negative cultures, and 100 (6%) an organism other than SP, with S. aureus, Pseudomonas spp., and E.coli being the most common pathogens, predominantly from respiratory cultures. Among 22,960 patients with a negative UAT, 429 (2%) had a positive blood or respiratory culture for SP and 2,653 (12%) had a culture positive for another organism. UAT was performed among 18.4% of patients admitted to the ICU, and 15.3% of those admitted to wards. Among patients empirically started on broad-spectrum antibiotics, 35% who had a positive UAT were de-escalated by Day 5, compared with 49% who grew SP in blood cultures and 24% in respiratory cultures. Conclusion In a large representative US inpatient database, there was poor concordance between UAT and cultures for SP. A positive UAT decreased the probability of having a non-SP pathogen. Antibiotic de-escalation occurred more often in association with a positive blood culture for SP than for UAT or positive respiratory culture, but occurred in less than half the patients with these markers of pneumococcal pneumonia. Overall, UAT is underutilized and does not appear to have a substantial impact on clinical care. Disclosures S. Haessler, AHRQ: Investigator, Research grant; P. C. Yu, AHRQ: Investigator, Research grant; M. Rothberg, AHRQ: Investigator, Research grant
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Takalo, Jouni, i Kalevi Mursula. "Principal component analysis of sunspot cycle shape". Astronomy & Astrophysics 620 (grudzień 2018): A100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833924.
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Aims. We study the shape of sunspot cycles using the Wolf sunspot numbers and group sunspot numbers of solar cycles 1–23. We determine the most typical “model” cycles and the most asymmetric cycles, and test the validity of the two Waldmeier rules: the anti-correlation between cycle height and the length of its ascending phase (rule 1), and between cycle height and the length of the preceding cycle (rule 2). Methods. We applied the principal component analysis to sunspot cycles and studied the first two components, which describe the average cycle shape and cycle asymmetry, respectively. We also calculated their autocorrelation in order to study their recurrence properties. Results. The best model cycles for Wolf numbers are SC12, SC14, and SC16, the successive even cycles from a long period of rather low overall solar activity. We find that the model cycles in eight different analyses using both sunspot series are almost exclusively even cycles. Correspondingly, the most asymmetric cycles are odd cycles. We find that both Waldmeier rules are valid for the whole Wolf number series of 23 cycles. Waldmeier rule 2 is also valid for group number series although its significance is weaker. Waldmeier rule 1 is not significant for the original group number series, but becomes significant for the proxy series. For separate centuries, Waldmeier rules are not always valid for Wolf numbers and very rarely for group numbers. Conclusions. The preference of even cycles as model cycles supports the Gnevyshev-Ohl rule and the related 22-year alternation of cycle amplitudes and intensities, with even cycles on average being 10–15% lower than odd cycles. Our results also offer a new interpretation for the Gnevyshev gap. In addition to being a local depression of solar activity, the Gnevyshev gap is a separatrix that divides cycles into two parts whose relative intensities determine the cycle asymmetry. The Gnevyshev gap is the zero value time of PC2, located approximately 33–42% into the cycle after its start.
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Masnou, Pascal, Jean‐Paul Gagnepain, Amal Fouad, Denis Ducreux i David Adams. "Pilomotor seizures associated with sequential changes in magnetic resonance imaging". Epileptic Disorders 8, nr 3 (wrzesień 2006): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/j.1950-6945.2006.tb00193.x.
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ABSTRACT Piloerection is rarely described in seizures. This symptom has been most frequently observed in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and is rarely the principal clinical feature of seizures. No specific etiology of epilepsy associated with pilomotor seizures has been reported. We present the first case of a patient who experienced sudden and transitory epilepsy with pilomotor seizures occurring several times a day for months, and associated with sequential changes of the left hippocampus demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging. [Published with video sequences]
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B.J., Khursanov. "EXTRACTION OF RARE METALS FROM MINING DUMPS IN BUBBLING EXTRACTORS". American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology 02, nr 05 (1.05.2022): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajast/volume02issue05-07.
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The article investigates the liquid extraction of valuable and rare metals from dumps of mining and metallurgical plants in an extractor with an increased contact time. The design, and the principle of operation of a bubbler extractor with an increased contact time based on pneumatic mixing are studied. The hydrodynamic parameters of continuous extraction without loss of valuable metals in the apparatus are studied.