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1
Krasnai︠a︡ kniga I︠A︡malo-Nenet︠s︡kogo avtonomnogo okruga: Zhivotnye, rastenii︠a︡, griby. Ekaterinburg: Basko, 2010.
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Kornicki, Peter, Anthony Best, Hugh Cortazzi, Peter Kornicki, Antony Best i Hugh Cortazzi. British Royal and Japanese Imperial Relations, 1868-2018. GB Folkestone: Amsterdam University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9781898823865.
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This new scholarly study examines the history of the relations between the British and Japanese monarchies over the past 150 years. Complemented by a significant plate section which includes a number of rarely seen images, as well as a chronology of royal/imperial visits and extensive bibliography, British Royal and Japanese Imperial Relations, 1868-2018, will become a benchmark reference on the subject. The volume is divided into three sections. Part I, by Peter Kornicki, examines the ‘royals and imperials’ history during the Meiji era; Part II, by Antony Best, examines the first half of the twentieth century; Part III, by Sir Hugh Cortazzi, focuses on the post-war history up to the present day. Published in association with the Japan Society, its appearance marks the abdication of Emperor Akihito and the enthronement of Crown Prince Naruhito in May 2019. It is also a memorial volume to the late Sir Hugh Cortazzi who died in August 2018, shortly after completing his own contribution to the volume.
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Bachmann, Hugo, i Walter Ammann. Vibrations in Structures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed003e.
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<p>«Vibrations in Structures» concentrates on vibrations in structures as excited by human motion or machine operation. Man-induced vibrations may arise from walking, running, skipping, dancing, etc. They occur mostly in pedestrian structures, office buildings, gymnasia and sports halls, dancing and concert halls, stadia, etc. Existing publications treat by and large some isolated aspects of the problem; the present one attempts, for the first time, a systematic survey of man-induced vibrations. Machine-induced vibrations occur during the operation of all sorts of machinery and tools with rotating, oscillating or thrusting parts. The study concentrates rather on small and medium size machinery placed on floors of industrial buildings and creating a potential source of undesirable vibrations. The associated questions have rarely been tackled to date; they entail probiems similar to those of man-induced vibrations.</p> <p>The book is consciously intended to serve the practising structural engineer and not primarily the dynamic specialist. It should be noted that its aim is not to provide directions on how to perform comprehensive dynamic computations. Instead, it attempts the following:</p> <ol> <li>to show where dynamic problems could occur and where a word of caution is good advice;</li> <li>to further the understanding of the phenomena encountered as well as of the underlying principles;</li> <li>to impart the basic knowledge for assessing the dynamic behaviour of the structures or structural elements;</li> <li>to describe suitable measures, both preventive to be applied in the design stage and remedial in the case of rehabilitation.</li> </ol>
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Torcida, Ma Luisa, i Fernando Lalana. Un Principe Algo Rarito - Chiqui Cuentos. Bruo, 1998.
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Austin, Allan W. The “Friendly Principle of Brotherhood”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037047.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter considers the complicated history of Quaker interracial activism. It specifically looks at the complex relationship between the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) and race, charting both the successes and shortcomings of the organization's activist work. The story of the AFSC, the chapter asserts, is a complex one—best told not as one of minority or white agency alone but instead as one of attempted cooperation, even if halting and awkward at times. While AFSC activists saw the necessity of working in concert with nonwhite Americans from the start, they rarely if ever achieved a color-blind perfection. Indeed, the history of the Service Committee and race during the first half of the twentieth century might best be seen as an ongoing struggle to understand better how shared agency might function in an imperfect and often racist world.
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Bouisson, Maurice. Magic: Its History And Principle Rites (Kessinger Publishing's Rare Reprints). Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2005.
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Hand, David. Improbability Principle: Why Coincidences, Miracles and Rare Events Happen Every Day. Penguin Random House, 2015.
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Hand, David J. Improbability Principle: Why Coincidences, Miracles, and Rare Events Happen Every Day. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2014.
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The improbability principle: Why coincidences, miracles, and rare events happen every day. Scientific American/Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014.
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Hand, David. Improbability Principle: Why Coincidences, Miracles and Rare Events Happen All the Time. Transworld Publishers Limited, 2014.
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Paul J, Conderman, i Sari Aurel. Part II Commentaries to Typical Sofa Rules, 20 Jurisdiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808404.003.0020.
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This chapter concerns the exercise of jurisdiction over Visiting Forces. Here, Sending States and Receiving States rely on competing jurisdictional principles, the territorial principle, and that of service jurisdiction, in order to claim the right to exercise their regulatory authority over Visiting Forces. Neither principle can be allowed to triumph over the other without denying a legitimate and vital interest of one of the parties. This is why agreements providing for the exercise of exclusive jurisdiction are rare. The vast majority of status-of-forces agreements (SOFAs) strike some balance between these competing principles and interests, influenced by the political, legal, and operational context of the deployment.
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Eileen, Denza. Exemption from Personal Services. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703969.003.0039.
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This chapter examines Article 35 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations which concerns the exemption of diplomatic agents from personal services. The Article states that the receiving State shall exempt diplomatic agents from all personal services, from all public services of any kind whatsoever, and from military obligations such as those connected with requisitioning, military contributions and billeting. This exemption comes from the general international practice that any diplomat must be treated as exempt from the obligations imposed on the general public. The chapter describes how this principle of exemption is rarely discussed as because diplomats as foreign nationals would in any event not usually be subject to civic obligations and in the rare cases where they were liable, the diplomats would be protected by their inviolability.
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William A, Schabas. Part 3 General Principles of Criminal Law: Principes Généraux Du Droit Pénal, Art.22 Nullum crimen sine lege. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0027.
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This chapter comments on Article 22 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. According to the ‘principle of legality’, a person may not be punished if incriminating acts, when they were committed, were not prohibited by law. The rule is one of the rare provisions set out as a non-derogable norm in all of the major human rights conventions. Article 22 is the first of three provisions dealing with issues of retroactivity. A Trial Chamber explained that ‘[r]ead together, these three provisions pertain to the substantive law, such as the crimes set out in Articles 5 to 8bis of the Statute. The principle of non-retroactivity is more applicable to matters of substance than to those of procedure’.
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Nemoto, Takahiro. Phenomenological Structure for the Large Deviation Principle in Time-Series Statistics: A Method to Control the Rare Events in Non-Equilibrium Systems. Springer, 2015.
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Nemoto, Takahiro. Phenomenological Structure for the Large Deviation Principle in Time-Series Statistics: A method to control the rare events in non-equilibrium systems. Springer, 2016.
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Nemoto, Takahiro. Phenomenological Structure for the Large Deviation Principle in Time-Series Statistics: A method to control the rare events in non-equilibrium systems. Springer, 2016.
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Nemoto, Takahiro. Phenomenological Structure for the Large Deviation Principle in Time-Series Statistics: A method to control the rare events in non-equilibrium systems. Takahiro Nemoto, 2015.
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Livermore, Roy. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717867.003.0001.
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… it is doubtful whether there will ever again be such a profusion of unexpected discoveries concentrated into so short an interval of time as there has been during the last twenty years.ARTHUR HOLMES, PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL GEOLOGY (1965)Scientific revolutions rarely start with a bang. In 1953, a modest article, barely a page in length, appeared in the weekly science journal ...
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Catanzaro, Michael P. Ranson’s Criteria for Acute Pancreatitis. Redaktor Rachel J. Kwon. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199384075.003.0045.
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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark historical study in surgery. It describes the history of pancreatitis, gives a summary of the study including study design and results, and relates the study to a modern-day principle of evidence-based medicine: clinical decision rules. The management of pancreatitis has evolved from primarily a surgical disease to one in which operation is rarely undertaken, in part because stratification tools such as Ranson’s criteria have enabled more conservative management of those likely to have favorable outcomes. The development of Ranson’s criteria also paved the way for newer clinical scores that may have more discriminatory power.
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Charles T, Kotuby, i Sobota Luke A. Epilogue: General Principles of Law and International Due Process as a Function of Private International Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190642709.003.0004.
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Private international law usually does its part to resolve transnational disputes by pointing parties to the proper forum and the proper law. Its rules are adjectival and rarely provide the ultimate solution to a dispute. But in order to play a more meaningful role in aiding the resolution of modern transnational disputes, the authorities that encompass the rules of private international law might also play a role in determining the substance of the applicable municipal law. In this vein, the “general principles of law recognized by civilized nations” may provide a rich reserve of normative principles on which private international law may draw to interpret, define, and even correct the governing municipal law. These principles are, after all, borne from a distillation and consensus of municipal laws, and they have been fashioned as positive law to function on the international plane. In a transnational case, involving litigants from differing legal traditions, a solution premised on international rather than municipal principles should be preferred given the competing interests of the two foreign parties to the dispute. Private international law scholars and municipal judges might be best suited to explicate and elevate this source of law with the rigor that is needed to ensure its vitality and applicability to modern transnational disputes.
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DuBois, James M., i Beth Prusaczyk. Ethical Issues in Dissemination and Implementation Research. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683214.003.0004.
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This chapter focuses primarily on the protection of human participants in D&I studies. It begins by reviewing the Belmont principles that undergird US research regulations and considering the ethical case for D&I research. It then proceeds to examine some ethical issues that might arise during the course of a public health, D&I research agenda in middle schools. It covers the ethical case for D&I research and common ethical challenges. The chapter also discusses strategies for ethical decision-making. While these strategies may be beneficial to all researchers, the authors believe they are of particular value to dissemination and implementation researchers because the nature of their work—context specific, complex, and unfamiliar to many peers, collaborators, and reviewers—means they will deal with uncertainty and conflict on a regular basis, and solutions to the problems they face will rarely be found through simple reference principles, rules, or regulations.
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Sinharoy, Arindam, i Piet N. L. Lens, red. Environmental Technologies to Treat Rare Earth Elements Pollution: Principles and Engineering. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789062236.
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Rare earth elements (REE) have applications in various modern technologies, e.g., semiconductors, mobile phones, magnets. They are categorized as critical raw materials due to their strategic importance in economies and high risks associated with their supply chain. Therefore, more sustainable practices for efficient extraction and recovery of REE from secondary sources are being developed. This book, Environmental Technologies to Treat Rare Earth Elements Pollution: Principles and Engineering: presents the fundamentals of the (bio)geochemical cycles of rare earth elements and which imbalances in these cycles result in pollution.overviews physical, chemical and biological technologies for successful treatment of water, air, soils and sediments contaminated with different rare earth elements.explores the recovery of value-added products from waste streams laden with rare earth elements, including nanoparticles and quantum dots. This book is suited for teaching and research purposes as well as professional reference for those working on rare earth elements. In addition, the information provided in this book is helpful to scientists, researchers and practitioners in related fields, such as those working on metal/metalloid microbe interaction and sustainable green approaches for resource recovery from wastes. ISBN: 9781789062229 (Paperback) ISBN: 9781789062236 (eBook) ISBN: 9781789062243 (ePUB)
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Catanzaro, Michael P., i Rachel J. Kwon. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Redaktor Rachel J. Kwon. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199384075.003.0050.
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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark historical case study in surgery involving Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It describes the history of the disease, gives a summary of the study including study design and results, and relates the study to a modern-day principle of evidence-based medicine: case reports in study design. The EQUATOR (Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research) network endorses structured case reports according to the CARE (CAse REport) framework, a checklist of 13 items as well as a writing template. More recently, the surgery-specific SCARE (Surgical CAse REport) framework has been developed. Overall, while Zollinger-Ellison syndrome remains an exceedingly rare clinical entity, its initial description by Zollinger and Ellison underscores the value of case reports for identifying rare but important medical conditions.
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Ahlbäck Öberg, Shirin, i Helena Wockelberg. The Public Sector and the Courts. Redaktor Jon Pierre. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.8.
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Recurring themes relating to the central constitutional principles of the public sector and the courts can be summarized asadministrative dualism(administrative agencies are organized in separate units outside the ministries) andinstitutional autonomy. The scope of the dual Swedish administrative model, as well as how much institutional autonomy government agencies and the courts are granted by the Constitution, have been strongly debated. These debates exemplify what we refer to as “the Swedish Constitution as a story of unresolved issues.” Paradoxically, substantial constitutional reforms in this area rarely come about due to regular constitutional reform-making in Sweden. Instead, they are often the result of formally less demanding political decision-making.
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Scott, Imani Michelle, red. Crimes against Humanity in the Land of the Free. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400633782.
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This vital book considers the compelling and addictive hold that racism has had on centuries of Americans, explores historical and contemporary norms complicit in the problem, and appeals to the U.S. government to improve race relations, rectify existent social imperfections, and guard against future race-based abuses. Despite an assertion by the founding fathers that “all men are created equal” and the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that guarantees “equal protection,” the race-based oppression that has characterized most of America’s history shows that in practice our society has rarely measured up to principle. Why has deep-seated racial conflict in America continued for so long? This unprecedented examination into the topic explores the evidence and consequences of what seems to be an “addiction” to racism in the United States, analyzing the related disconnect between our nation’s stated moral principles and social realities, and assessing how U.S. citizens of all races can take individual action to start the long-needed healing process. The contributors to this work present interdisciplinary perspectives and discussions on American history, politics, philosophy, and 21st-century psycho-social conditions as they relate to the oppression, social injustice, and racism that have occurred—and continue to occur—in the United States. The discussions allow readers to grasp the serious challenges at hand and direct them towards recognizing the potential for conflict transformation and reconciliation through a non-conventional co-created Truth, Reconciliation, and Peace Process (TRPP) to begin resolving America’s dysfunction. This is essential reading for anyone who seeks to understand the sources of perpetual racially based conflict, disparity, and hatred in the United States; identify the social injuries of exposure to centuries of racism; move America towards harmonious interracial relationships; and improve its international standing as a peace-building nation that is truly committed to human rights throughout the world.
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Saha, Prasenjit, i Paul A. Taylor. Nuclear Fusion in Stars. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816461.003.0006.
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This chapter enumerates some of the many nuclear reactions in stars. It focuses on a general principle: nuclear fusion requires overcoming the Coulomb barrier between nuclei, which is possible through the relatively infrequent process of quantum tunnelling. The tunnelling probability depends on the atomic num-bers and mass numbers of the nuclei involved, and also on their relative speed. These translate into steep and interesting temperature dependencies for nuclear reactions. Analytic approximations yield a rate that is almost vanishingly rare, yet within the incredibly large number of potential interactions within stars quantum tunnelling can still provide the underlying ignition of nuclear reactions.
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Lomax, James W., i Nathan Carlin. Practical Implications of Personal Spirituality. Redaktorzy John R. Peteet, Mary Lynn Dell i Wai Lun Alan Fung. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681968.003.0009.
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Mental health providers, as a group, tend to think of themselves as liberal and tolerant because they have a commitment to being nonjudgmental in clinical activities and actions. University professors also often think of themselves as liberal and tolerant, if for different reasons. Rarely do mental health providers and university professors think of themselves as fundamentalists. Indeed, both usually look askance at fundamentalism, especially religious fundamentalism. Yet this chapter suggests, following Adam Phillips, that everyone is a fundamentalist about something, about some key personal value or principle. The chapter provides some historical and cultural context for understanding fundamentalisms broadly. Focusing on transference and countertransference dynamics in clinical and educational settings, it argues that it is good to achieve self-awareness about those fundamentals in advance of provocative challenges in order to avoid unprofessional responses to patients and students and that various fundamentalisms can serve adaptive functions.
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Peter, Huber. Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.13. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0067.
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This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.13 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning partial avoidance of a contract. Art 3.2.13 requires that the ground of avoidance affect only individual terms of the contract. While this scenario is easily conceivable with regard to cases of mistake, fraud or gross disparity, it will only rarely happen that a threat can be limited to certain parts of the contract. Cases that satisfy this requirement generally fall into one of two categories. The first category consists of the ‘terms’ cases, while the second category consists of the ‘items’ cases. This commentary discusses partial avoidance as general rule, avoidance of entire contract as exception, and how partial avoidance may lead to restitution.
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Szmukler, George. Emergencies, general medicine, ‘community treatment orders’, and ‘psychiatric advance statements’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198801047.003.0012.
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The implications of the Fusion Law for general medicine, especially inpatient care when non-consensual and involuntary treatment is being considered, are examined in this chapter. The new burdens posed by regulation can be minimized by making requirements essentially parallel ‘good practice’. Involuntary psychiatric treatment in the community under the ‘decision-making capability–best interests (will and preferences)’ principles of the Fusion Law would be substantially different from the way it is commonly instituted today. The Fusion Law offers an important place for ‘advance statements’ and ‘advance directives’, supporting respect for a patient’s beliefs and values (or ‘will and preferences’). Illnesses that impair decision-making capacity, but that are relapsing-remitting—such as the majority of mental illnesses—are good candidates for such advance planning, yet such measures have rarely been employed to date.
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Enoch, David. Political Philosophy and Epistemology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801221.003.0007.
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Public reason theorists in political philosophy—roughly, Rawlsians—often make what sure sound like epistemological statements. They talk about justifying principles to others, about the uncertainty with which we should hold our evaluative commitments, about reasonable persons and comprehensive doctrines, about a morally politically motivated higher epistemic standard, about intellectual modesty, and, of course, about the burdens of judgment. But they rarely explain, let alone defend, these seemingly epistemological commitments, nor do they engage contemporary epistemological literature. This paper exposes these commitments to epistemological scrutiny, arguing that at the end of the day they cannot be vindicated. It focuses on what, on such theories, a reasonable person who is nevertheless committed to a comprehensive doctrine believes, and on what epistemic standard may be politically relevant in this context.
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Kalligas, Paul. Plotinus: First Ennead. Tłumaczy Elizabeth Key Fowden i Nicolas Pilavachi. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691154213.003.0002.
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This chapter presents the English translation of Paul Kalligas’s commentary on the first Enneads of Plotinus. The first Ennead comprises what Porphyry describes as “treatises with mainly ethical subject-matter” (VP 24.36–37). Nonetheless, it is immediately evident to the reader that Plotinus was rarely content with presenting a purely ethical doctrine; he was rather trying to probe into the metaphysical, psychological, and epistemological underpinnings of ethics. Thus, even his treatment of topics such as dialectic or beauty becomes easily integrated into the overall character of this set of treatises. Moreover, the first Ennead lays down some of the basic principles of Plotinus’s system (e.g., concerning the nature of man and the presence of the Good) and thus effectively serves as an introduction to his work as a whole.
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Brayne, Carol, Valery L. Feigin, Lenore J. Launer i Giancarlo Logroscino, red. Oxford Textbook of Neurologic and Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749493.001.0001.
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The Oxford Textbook of Neurologic and Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology is designed to focus on the overlaps and inter-relationships between neuro-epidemiological disorders, as well as on ways to harmonize large cohort studies to maximize opportunities for determining causes related to rarer disorders. Divided into three main parts, the book covers: (1) the principles of neurological and neuropsychiatric epidemiology; (2) specific neuropsychiatric disorders and their inter-relationships; and (3) the implications of neuro-epidemiologic research for patient populations and current medical practice. This comprehensive work serves as an invaluable reference to current neuroepidemiological methods for neurologists, psychiatrists, senior trainees in those disciplines, as well as public health practitioners and students with an interest in neurology and neuropsychiatry.
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Goodhart, Michael. The Trouble with Justice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190692421.003.0002.
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This chapter offers a review and critique of the core assumptions and procedures of ideal moral theory, the dominant approach to theorizing questions of justice and injustice in global normative theory. It does so with the aim of defamiliarizing readers with this approach, that is, of making it seem less like a natural, sensible, coherent, and necessary approach to theorizing injustice than like a strange, bewildering, and profoundly problematic one. The chapter stresses two important but rarely discussed assumptions of ideal moral theory: it conceptualizes injustice as the absence or opposite of justice, and it presumes that only justified moral principles can provide an adequate and reliable guide for critique and reform. These assumptions are problematic and contribute to three pathologies that cripple ideal moral theory: analytical paralysis, a reflex to subordinate politics to morality, and a disposition to distortional thinking.
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Halliday, Catriona L., i Sarah E. Kidd. Cryptococcus species. Redaktorzy Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum i Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0012.
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Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are the principal pathogenic species within the genus Cryptococcus and the causative agents of cryptococcosis. Although rare, the incidence of infection due to other Cryptococcus species previously regarded as saprophytes, has increased over the last 40 years. Irrespective of the infecting species, infections are acquired following inhalation from the environment, causing localised or disseminated disease. The severity of disease is dependent on the organism’s virulence factors and the host’s immune response, and the clinical manifestations are indistinguishable. Accurate identification of the pathogenic species relies on rDNA sequencing
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Boutin, Aimée. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039218.003.0007.
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This concluding chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. It argues that the collective experience of sounds is what gives aurality meaning, even though there is an element of idiosyncrasy in sound perception. The street cries of peddlers and hawkers were meaningful sounds that resonated as a shared cultural experience in the nineteenth century, even for those who rarely heard them, or chose not to write about them. In the twenty-first century, peddlers still operate and vocalize in locations as diverse as New York City, Mexico City, Dakar, Port-au-Prince, Calcutta, Sidi Bouzid, and even Paris. Modern forms of peddling are alive and well, and the intrusiveness of street trade remains a point of contention in today's noise-conscious society.
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Emam, Moataz H. Covariant Physics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864899.001.0001.
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This book is an introduction to the modern methods of the general theory of relativity, tensor calculus, space time geometry, the classical theory of fields, and a variety of theoretical physics oriented topics rarely discussed at the level of the intended reader (mid-college physics major). It does so from the point of view of the so-called principle of covariance; a symmetry that underlies most of physics, including such familiar branches as Newtonian mechanics and electricity and magnetism. The book is written from a minimalist perspective, providing the reader with only the most basic of notions; just enough to be able to read, and hopefully comprehend, modern research papers on these subjects. In addition, it provides a (hopefully short) preparation for the student to be able to conduct research in a variety of topics in theoretical physics; with particular emphasis on physics in curved spacetime backgrounds. The hope is that students with a minimal mathematical background in calculus and only some introductory courses in physics may be able to study this book and benefit from it.
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Homburg, Stefan. Framework. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807537.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 sets out the basic framework. It considers an economy evolving indefinitely in discrete time, with producers, consumers, and a central bank as principal actors. Individuals plan over finite horizons and form expectations according to what they see. Money is conceived of as a commodity that is produced through credit creation rather than distributed by a fancy helicopter. This natural way to represent money is rarely followed in the literature and differs sharply from the usual helicopter drops because it ties money creation to credit creation. The chapter’s upshot is a system of simultaneous equations determining prices, wages, and the nominal interest rate. Using this solution, individuals revise their expectations, and the economy proceeds to the next period. The chapter concludes with functional and numerical specifications for later simulations, the purpose of which is to analyze key economic processes and to derive meaningful results.
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Bernal, Angélica Maria. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190494223.003.0001.
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Foundings have long captured the political imagination and continue to be a pervasive element of contemporary politics as statesmen, citizens, and new social movements wage many a political battle through appeals to shared origins, Founding Fathers, and foundational principles. Despite their ubiquity in democratic politics, rarely do we stop to examine this notion. Reviewing the uses of this term in contemporary political and constitutional discourse, I introduce the problem addressed by this book: the dominant vision of founding as an authoritative binding origin. The introduction explicates the problems with this view and makes the case for why it is important to reconsider it. Against this view, the book will offer an alternative vision centered on the disaggregation of foundings from originary authority. The introduction outlines this vision and how it will be developed throughout the book, explicating the use of cases that complicate the relationship between foundings and origins.
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Sonja, Meier. Ch.11 Plurality of obligors and of obligees, s.2: Plurality of obligees, Introduction to Section 11.2 of the PICC. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0227.
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Section 11.2 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) deals with the plurality of obligees in a contractual setting. Where an obligor is bound towards a plurality of obligees, various issues arise. The main questions concern the relationship between the obligees and the obligor, and the relationship between the obligees. Section 11.2 provides for three types of plurality of obligees: separate claims, joint and several claims, and joint claims. This Section appears to be only of limited assistance. Substantial rules are provided only for one type of plurality which is, arguably, rare in practice, namely joint and several claims.
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Duncan, Roderick. Arthrogryposis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.013009.
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♦ A rare condition with the potential to cause serious physical disability♦ Early recognition and treatment reduces the impact of the condition on the individual♦ Physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and orthotists play a pivotal role in patient management and a coordinated multidisciplinary team is required♦ Many children need orthopaedic surgery but the treatment principles differ from those applied to unaffected children with similar individual deformities♦ Prolonged postoperative splinting reduces the risk of recurrent deformities♦ Individuals with amyoplasia or distal arthrogryposis often have normal intelligence and great potential to cope with their physical disability.
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Bělohlávek, Radim, Joseph W. Dauben i George J. Klir. Prehistory, Emergence, and Evolution of Fuzzy Logic. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200015.003.0002.
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This chapter first identifies the rare instances throughout the long history of classical logic when the principle of bivalence was challenged and shows that they all have been rather inconsequential. It then briefly examines the early research on many-valued logics during the first half the twentieth century, and describes in some detail circumstances that led to the emergence of fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic in the mid-1960s. This is followed by characterizing the evolving attitudes toward fuzzy logic, especially within the academic community, and by a summary of major and well-documented debates between members of the emerging fuzzy logic community and opponents of fuzzy logic. Finally, the chapter describes how the supporting infrastructure for fuzzy logic evolved during the early and rather critical stage of development of fuzzy logic.
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Anderson, John A., Pierre-Antoine Laloë i Derek J. Tuffnell. Amniotic fluid embolism (anaphylactoid syndrome of pregnancy). Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0038.
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Amniotic fluid embolus (AFE) is a rare occurrence but consistently remains one of the leading causes of maternal death in the developed world each year. Incidence in the United Kingdom is approximately 1 in 50,000 maternities and this seems to have stayed roughly stable. Quoted survival rates are improving, which may be a reflection of improved understanding and better care. This chapter aims to give an epidemiological background, outline the principles which are believed to underpin the pathophysiological changes which occur in episodes of AFE, and give readers a guide to treatment immediately following a maternal collapse due to AFE and ongoing supportive care thereafter.
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French, Jeff. Building social programme coalitions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198717690.003.0010.
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It is rare that one group, profession, or sector has all the answers, levers for change, or resources to promote health in a systemic way. This chapter sets out the rationale and processes for developing effective partnerships and delivery coalitions, which are often an important component of many social marketing initiatives and programmes. It sets out a number of common principles for establishing and maintaining delivery coalitions across different sectors. The chapter also reviews the differences between stakeholders and partners, explores how to find the right partners, and outlines how best to manage these groups of supporters so that all partners achieve the desired outcomes of the coalition.
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Goldie, Mark. Absolutism. Redaktor George Klosko. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0017.
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Absolutism is a nineteenth-century term designed precisely to address the mismatch between doctrine and power. The intellectual resources of absolutism were far older than the Renaissance and Reformation. The absolutism of monarchs was a contingent and temporary corollary of the principal juridical development of the early modern period: the emergence of the concept of sovereignty. Absolute monarchy was a free rider on a concept that would later unseat it. Theorists of absolute sovereignty drew heavily on Roman law, and often invoked the idea of the translatio imperii, the inheritance by modern monarchies of Roman imperial authority. The sovereignty of kings, seeking to trump the divine imperium of the papacy, masqueraded its jurisprudence as the divinity of kings. The “divine right of kings” was a theological meditation on a juridical concept, not a species of mysticism, and rarely did absolutists endow monarchs with magical or sacerdotal attributes. Absolutism conspicuously appropriated religious form when expressed as a theory of obedience. Absolutist theory offered an account of the origins of civil authority.
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Scott, Victoria Chien, i Greg Meissen. Leading the Way. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190457938.003.0007.
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There are numerous leadership opportunities and a great need for more effective leadership in the nonprofit sector. While community leadership is one of the 18 community psychology competencies, it is rarely addressed by community psychologists or taught in community psychology graduate education programs. In this chapter, a framework and rationale for community leadership is provided along with ideas and encouragement for community psychologists to become more intentional in using a community leadership framework. Principles for effectively working with and within nonprofits are provided along with the qualities needed for effective leadership. Community psychology students are motivated to work in the nonprofit sector because they care deeply about the social justice and health issues addressed by these organizations, so we included ideas for how students could develop a leadership framework and pursue experience with nonprofits as part of their education. Working with the assumption that all community psychology activity should have empowerment as one of its outcomes, a community leadership framework ensures giving voice to nonprofit staff and those they serve.
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Mann, Peter. Linear Algebra. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0037.
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This chapter is key to the understanding of classical mechanics as a geometrical theory. It builds upon earlier chapters on calculus and linear algebra and frames theoretical physics in a new and useful language. Although some degree of mathematical knowledge is required (from the previous chapters), the focus of this chapter is to explain exactly what is going on, rather than give a full working knowledge of the subject. Such an approach is rare in this field, yet is ever so welcome to newcomers who are exposed to this material for the first time! The chapter discusses topology, manifolds, forms, interior products, pullback and pushforward, as well as tangent bundles, cotangent bundles, jet bundles and principle bundles. It also discusses vector fields, integral curves, flow, exterior derivatives and fibre derivatives. In addition, Lie derivatives, Lie brackets, Lie algebra, Lie–Poisson brackets, vertical space, horizontal space, groups and algebroids are explained.
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Mann, Peter. Differential Geometry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0038.
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This chapter is key to the understanding of classical mechanics as a geometrical theory. It builds upon earlier chapters on calculus and linear algebra and frames theoretical physics in a new and useful language. Although some degree ofmathematical knowledge is required (from the previous chapters), the focus of this chapter is to explain exactlywhat is going on, rather than give a full working knowledge of the subject. Such an approach is rare in this field, yet is ever so welcome to newcomers who are exposed to this material for the first time! The chapter discusses topology, manifolds, forms, interior products, pullback and pushforward, as well as tangent bundles, cotangent bundles, jet bundles and principle bundles. It also discusses vector fields, integral curves, flow, exterior derivatives and fibre derivatives. In addition, Lie derivatives, Lie brackets, Lie algebra, Lie–Poisson brackets, vertical space, horizontal space, groups and algebroids are explained.
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Rizvi, Sajjad. Mīr Dāmād’s (d. 1631). Redaktorzy Khaled El-Rouayheb i Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199917389.013.23.
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It is rare to find a philosopher so fixated on a single issue as the much-neglected thinker, prominent at the court of Shah ʿAbbās, Mīr Dāmād. His corpus is very much concerned with reconciling the key theological dispute between the “philosophical” position holding that the cosmos exists as a logical consequence of the principle and hence a cosmos that is coeternal with God, and the theological (scriptural even) imperative that God creates out of nothing in time. Mīr Dāmād offers a solution that mirrors some early modern scholastic approaches to middle knowledge and a way to reconcile eternal and temporal origination of the cosmos through the notion of “perpetual creation” (ḥudūth dahrī). We consequently find thinkers in the later Safavid-Mughal period contesting this solution, with some key students of Mīr Dāmād defending it. But broadly it remained an artifact of Islamic intellectual history in the early modern period.
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Levy, David. Technology, current and future. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766452.003.0005.
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People with Type 1 diabetes benefit from appropriate use of technology when it is affordable. Insulin pump treatment, in increasing use from the 1970s, is becoming widespread, and in certain countries near-universal. The principles, indications for, and examples of available pump devices are outlined, and an approach to insulin dosing with pumps. Minor complications are still common, but hyperglycaemic emergencies rare, and overall quality of life broadly increases with pump treatment. Continuous glucose monitoring, in use since the late 1990s, is also increasing in sophistication. Blinded diagnostic systems are widely used in clinics, and more recently personal continuous monitoring devices have been shown to improve glycaemic control if worn most of the time. The ultimate aim – the closed-loop system, or artificial pancreas – is in sight.
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Monico, Caro. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome for Ambulatory Surgery. Redaktorzy Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel i Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0055.
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Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a disease of the nervous system characterized by pain localized in an extremity. This pain is typically out of proportion to the inciting event and is accompanied by sensory disturbances, as well as motor, vasomotor, and sudomotor signs and symptoms. CRPS is a challenging clinical presentation and diagnosis. The etiology of this previously rare condition in children, is typically post-traumatic. It’s management requires a biopsychosocial approach. The principal modality that will improve pain and function in children with CRPS is physical therapy together with an interdisciplinary approach to management. The key to successful treatment involves early appropriate intervention, education for the child and family, and excellent communication between team members. This chapter uses a case study of a 12-year-old girl with CRPS to illustrate these concepts.