Artykuły w czasopismach: „Primary shools”

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Jansa, Petr, i Karel Kovář. "Selected determinants of the primary shools teachers lifestyle". Tělesná kultura 33, nr 1 (1.01.2010): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5507/tk.2010.004.

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Eales, Connie, i Wendy de Paoli. "Early Entry and Advanced Placement of Talented Students in Primary and Secondary Shools". Gifted Education International 7, nr 3 (wrzesień 1991): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026142949100700308.

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Erdei, Norbert. "Comparison study of student with special educational need in elementary school". Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, nr 58 (8.04.2014): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/58/1975.

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The aim of this lecture is to observe the status of students with special educational needs (SEN) in Europe and Hungary. The European Union has made tough decisions in financing and educating disabled people, so they can be integrated into the society. According to the European directives, Hungarian jurisdiction and educational politics tend to follow the pedagogical processes. The relevant juridical and economical laws for SEN students have already been implemented. The number of students with SEN in Europe increases permanently, so it is reasonable to detect their controversy. Despite this fact, differences can be experienced in teaching methods among primary schools, as a result development of SEN students can be different. The aim of this study to compare the motor skills of SEN students in two different primary schools, with different pedagogical program. My research base were the Ferenc Móra primay school and Gyermekház alapítvány primary school in Budapest. My main question was, if a specially developed program targeted SEN students can increase their motor skills. Studying the girls in the 2 age-groups, we have not experienced significant differencies out of the 3 motor tests between the control and the experimental groups.Studying the boys in the 2 age-groups, we have experienced 3 significant differencies out of the 3 motor tests between the control and the experimental groups. SEN students, who have been taught in segregated form with the help of ’Alapozó Terápia’ – a special therapy – achieved better motor skills. The study makes recommendation to primary shools how to organise trainigs for these students.

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Budhdeo, Sanjay, Ramez A. Ibrahim, Monika Hofer i Martin Gillies. "Primary intraosseous osteoblastic meningioma". JRSM Short Reports 2, nr 6 (czerwiec 2011): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/shorts.2011.011066.

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Paddock, Michael, Carolyn Lynch i Lubomyr Paska. "Wegener's granulomatosis in primary care". JRSM Short Reports 1, nr 7 (grudzień 2010): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/shorts.2010.010100.

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Serra, Marta, Antonio Arévalo, Cristina Ortega, Ana Ripoll i Nuria Giménez. "Minor surgery activity in primary care". JRSM Short Reports 1, nr 4 (wrzesień 2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/shorts.2009.090035.

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Manjaly, Joseph G., Gillian Mt Watson i Mary Jones. "Primary meningioma of the middle ear". JRSM Short Reports 2, nr 11 (listopad 2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/shorts.2011.011061.

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Pronisceva, Veronika, Nipin Bagla, Siddappa Lakshmaiah i Elizabeth Sharp. "Rare presentation of primary coloduodenal fistula". JRSM Short Reports 3, nr 5 (maj 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/shorts.2011.011132.

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Shehzad, Khalid N., Amjid Riaz i John Meyrick-Thomas. "Primary Aortoduodenal Fistula – A Rare Clinical Entity". JRSM Short Reports 1, nr 1 (czerwiec 2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/shorts.2009.090430.

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Wu, Xuan, Shuyin Liang i David H. Byrne. "Heritability of Plant Architecture in Diploid Roses (Rosa spp.)". HortScience 54, nr 2 (luty 2019): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13511-18.

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Plant architecture is a crucial trait in plant breeding because it is linked to crop yield. For ornamental crops such as roses, plant architecture is key for their aesthetic and economic value. In 2015, six rose plant architectural traits were evaluated on 2- to 3-year-old plants of F1 rose populations in May and December in College Station, TX, to estimate variability and heritability. The traits included plant height, the number of primary shoots, the length of primary shoots, the number of nodes on the primary shoot, the number of secondary shoots per primary shoot, and the number of tertiary shoots per primary shoot. Among these traits, plant height, the number of primary shoots, and the length of primary shoots showed a substantial amount of variability, whereas the number of secondary and tertiary shoots per primary shoot were skewed toward zero. Using a random effects model restricted maximum likelihood (REML) analysis, the architectural traits demonstrated low to moderate narrow-sense heritability (0.12–0.50) and low to high broad-sense heritability (0.34–0.92). Plant height and the number of primary shoots changed little after the first growth phase, whereas the other four traits were affected greatly by the genotype-by-environment (growth phase) interaction.

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Maund, Isabella, Edward Banham-Hall i Robert Mallinson. "Local Thrombolytic Therapy for Primary Axillosubclavian Vein Thrombosis". JRSM Short Reports 1, nr 1 (czerwiec 2010): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/shorts.2009.090393.

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Malde, Sachin. "Primary retroperitoneal seminoma: an unusual cause of testicular pain". JRSM Short Reports 1, nr 7 (grudzień 2010): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/shorts.2010.010066.

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Abdullah, Anwar A., John Grace i Michael M. Yeoman. "Rapid micropropagation of Calabrian pine from primary and secondary buds on shoot explants". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, nr 3 (1.06.1986): 637–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-109.

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Axillary shoot production was achieved in 6 weeks using excised shoot explants of Pinusbrutia Ten. on a modified Schenk and Hildebrandt medium containing cytokinin. Primary shoots arose from existing axillary buds and secondary buds arose from bases of the primary shoots. Their production could be increased by regulating the cytokinin level and by surgical removal of apical buds from the cultured explants. However, the best performance was achieved with a low level of 6-benzylaminopurine (3 × 10−6 M) or a mixture of 6-benzylaminopurine and kinetin (10−6 M of each). Subsequent transfer to a cytokinin-free medium resulted on average in the production of 43 shoots per cultured explant and up to 67 shoots per clone within 12 weeks. When the primary shoots, which had already produced one crop of secondary shoots, were maintained under conditions favourable for shoot production, a doubling in number was obtained within 4–6 weeks. To encourage further elongation, newly formed shoots were incubated for 2 weeks on a cytokinin-free medium to which 1% activated charcoal was added. The time taken with this method was much shorter than with other published methods and is, therefore, likely to be important for the vegetative propagation and multiplication of selected seedlings of this species.

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Williams, Nia, Helen Woodward, Azeem Majeed i Sonia Saxena. "Primary care strategies to improve childhood immunisation uptake in developed countries: systematic review". JRSM Short Reports 2, nr 10 (październik 2011): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/shorts.2011.011112.

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Khandelwal, Rohan, Iia Jain, Sudhanshu Punia, Arshdeep Singh, Siddharth Yadav, Piyush Sharma, Shailendra Singh i P. C. Mohanty. "Primary actinomycosis of the thigh – a rare soft tissue infection with review of literature". JRSM Short Reports 3, nr 4 (kwiecień 2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/shorts.2012.011137.

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Aljuburi, Ghida, Karen J. Phekoo, Nv Ogo Okoye, Kofie Anie, Stuart A. Green, Asaah Nkohkwo, Patrick Ojeer i in. "Patients’ views on improving sickle cell disease management in primary care: focus group discussion". JRSM Short Reports 3, nr 12 (grudzień 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/shorts.2012.011153.

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Barrera, Lena, Christopher Millett, Marta Blangiardo, Utz J. Pape i Azeem Majeed. "Differences in the classification of hypertensive controlled patient in primary care: Cross sectional study". JRSM Short Reports 3, nr 10 (październik 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/shorts.2012.012008.

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Pagliari, Claudia, Tim Shand i Brian Fisher. "Embedding online patient record access in UK primary care: a survey of stakeholder experiences". JRSM Short Reports 3, nr 5 (maj 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/shorts.2012.012009.

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Summary Objectives To explore the integration of online patient Record Access within UK Primary Care, its perceived impacts on workload and service quality, and barriers to implementation. Design Mixed format survey of clinicians, administrators and patients. Telephone interviews with non-users. Setting Primary care centres within NHS England that had offered online record access for the preceding year. Participants Of the 57 practices initially agreeing to pilot the system, 32 had adopted it and 16 of these returned questionnaires. The 42 individual respondents included 14 practice managers, 15 clinicians and 13 patients. Follow-up interviews were conducted with one participant from 15 of the 25 non-adopter practices. Results Most professionals believed that the system is easy to integrate within primary care; while most patients found it easy to integrate within their daily lives. Professionals perceived no increase in the volume of patient queries or clinical consultations as a result of Record Access; indeed some believed that these had decreased. Most clinicians and patients believed that the service had improved mutual trust, communication, patients’ health knowledge and health behaviour. Inhibiting factors included concerns about security, liability and resource requirements. Non-adoption was most frequently attributed to competing priorities, rather than negative beliefs about the service. Conclusions Record access has an important role to play in supporting patient-focused healthcare policies in the UK and may be easily accommodated within existing services. Additional materials to facilitate patient recruitment, inform system set-up processes, and assure clinicians of their legal position are likely to encourage more widespread adoption.

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Ambros, Elena Valerievna, Ol'ga Viktorovna Kotsupiy, Tat'yana Abdulkhailovna Kukushkina, Tat'yana Vital'yevna Zheleznichenko i Tat'yana Ivanovna Novikova. "SYNTHESIS OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN HAIRY ROOTS OF ASTRAGALUS PENDULIFLORUS LAM." chemistry of plant raw material, nr 2 (10.06.2020): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2020026284.

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Agrobacterium rhizogenes – mediated genetic transformation of medicinal plant A. penduliflorus Lam. using A4-RT, R-1601, 15834 SWISS strains was performed. The competences for transformation of three types of explants: hypocotyls, cotyledons, and primary shoots were tested. The virulent strain (15834 SWISS) and types of explants for transformation (primary shoots and cotyledons) with high growth index (I) were determined. The frequency of transformation of cotyledons by strain 15834 SWISS after 4 weeks of cultivation was 15.4% (I = 59.6), hypocotyls – 9.1% (I = 7.3) and primary shoots – 37.5% (I = 21.0). After 8 weeks of cultivation I increased 4.5 times for primary shoots (I = 94.5 ± 0.20) and cotyledons (I = 265.8 ± 0.35), for cultures from hypocotyls – 5.97 times (I = 43.6 ± 0.30). The roots’ transgenic status and the absence of agrobacterium contamination were confirmed by PCR analysis using rolB-, virC-specific primers. The lines of hairy roots characterized by active increases of biomass with high content of biologically active metabolites were selected, moreover, the content of metabolites in hairy root cultures exceeded their content in the roots of introduced plants. The maximum accumulation of compounds was found in hairy roots obtained from primary shoots (pectins – up 7.8%, protopectins – up 15.3%) and cotyledons (tannins – up 16.1%, triterpenic saponins – up 30.5%) after 8 weeks of cultivation. High perfor-mance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis demonstrated that hydrolysates of extracts of hairy roots from primary shoots contained 2 flavonol aglycones – quercetin and isorhamnetin whereas ethanol extracts were characterized by presence of quercetin and 4 flavonoid components. In hairy roots from cotyledons the maximum of phenolic compounds (PСs) content did not differ significantly at 8 and 12 weeks of cultivation (1.38 ± 0.01 and 1.49 ± 0.06% of dry weight, respectively). The content of PCs in hairy roots from primary shoots increased two-fold from 4 to 12 weeks of cultivation (up 1.24 ± 0.18%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first efficient protocol reported for the establishment of hairy root cultures in A. penduliflorus using A. rhizogenes.

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Rainsbury, PG, A. Mitchell-Lnnes, NJ Clifton i HS Khalil. "Primary lymphoma of the pituitary gland: an unusual cause of hemianopia in an immunocompetent patient". JRSM Short Reports 3, nr 8 (sierpień 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/shorts.2012.012067.

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Williamson, J. G., D. C. Coston i J. A. Cornell. "Root Restriction Affects Shoot Development of Peach in a High-density Orchard". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117, nr 3 (maj 1992): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.117.3.362.

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Planting treatments were evaluated for their influence on shoot development and root distribution of own-rooted `Redhaven' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees planted to high density (5000 trees/ha). Planting in fabric-lined trenches (FLT) or narrow herbicide strips (NHS) reduced the diameter and length of primary shoots, the number and combined length of second-order shoots, and the total length of shoots. Flower density, the number of flowers per node, and the percentage of nodes containing one or more flowers were increased for FLT trees but not for NHS trees when compared with controls. The length of primary shoots increased quadratically for all treatments with increasing limb cross-sectional area (LCA). The total length of shoots increased more with increasing LCA for controls than for FLT trees. The number of flowers per shoot increased linearly for all treatments with increasing LCA values. Root concentration decreased with increasing soil depth and distance from tree rows for all treatments. Reduced widths of weed-free herbicide strips had little effect on root distribution. Roots of FLT trees were reduced in number and restricted vertically and laterally when compared with other planting treatments. The FLT treatment modified shoot development by reducing the length of total shoots and length of primary shoots across LCA values measured when compared with NHS and control-treatments.

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Tsang, Carmen, Azeem Majeed i Paul Aylin. "Consultations with General Practitioners on Patient Safety Measures Based on Routinely Collected Data in Primary Care". JRSM Short Reports 3, nr 1 (styczeń 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/shorts.2011.011104.

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Objectives To gauge the opinions of doctors working, or interested, in general practice on monitoring patient safety using administrative data. The findings will inform the development of routinely collected databased patient safety indicators in general practice and elsewhere in primary care. Design Non-systematic participant recruitment, using personal contacts and colleagues’ recommendations. Setting Face-to-face consultations at participants’ places of work, between June 2010 and February 2011. Participants Four general practitioners (GPs) and a final year medical student. The four clinicians had between eight to 34 years of clinical practice experience, and held non-clinical positions in addition to their clinical roles. Main outcome measures Views on safety issues and improvement priorities, measurement methods, uses of administrative data, role of administrative data in patient safety and experiences of quality and safety initiatives. Results Medication and communication were the most commonly identified areas of patient safety concern. Perceived safety barriers included incident-reporting reluctance, inadequate medical education and low computer competency. Data access, financial constraints, policy changes and technology handicaps posed challenges to data use. Suggested safety improvements included better communication between providers and local partnerships between GPs. Conclusions The views of GPs and other primary care staff are pivotal to decisions on the future of English primary care and the health system. Broad views of general practice safety issues were shown, with possible reasons for patient harm and quality and safety improvement obstacles. There was general consensus on areas requiring urgent attention and strategies to enhance data use for safety monitoring.

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Juburi, G. Al, O. Okoye, A. Majeed, Y. Knight, SA Green, R. Banarsee, A. Nkohkwo i in. "Views of Patients about Sickle Cell Disease Management in Primary Care: A Questionnaire-Based Pilot Study". JRSM Short Reports 3, nr 11 (listopad 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/shorts.2012.011173.

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Poni, Stefano, Matteo Gatti, Sergio Tombesi, Cecilia Squeri, Paolo Sabbatini, Nieves Lavado Rodas i Tommaso Frioni. "Double Cropping in Vitis vinifera L. Pinot Noir: Myth or Reality?" Agronomy 10, nr 6 (4.06.2020): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060799.

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A novel bud-forcing technique aimed at obtaining two crops (primary and forced) within the same season was tested on potted Pinot noir grapevines. Removing young, vegetative organs from primary shoots trimmed to six nodes in early summer allows dormant buds to break para-dormancy, leading to a delayed, second crop. Meanwhile, the primary crop is left untouched. In our study, bud-forcing was applied at three different timings (full flowering, fruit-set, groat-sized berries) and compared with an unforced control (UC). Vegetative growth, yield components, shoot and vine balance as leaf area-to-yield ratios, leaf gas exchange, and grape composition were determined. Regardless of the timing of application, forcing was effective at unlocking either apical or sub-apical dormant buds on the trimmed shoot, whereas the more basal nodes stayed dormant. The additional crop present on forced shoots was 40%–50% of primary crop, which equated to approximately 1 kg/vine for all treatments. Fruitfulness on newly formed forced shoots varied from 0.8 to 1.1 clusters/shoot. Primary clusters in vines subjected to forced treatments reached target maturity with a delay of 7–12 days compared to UC, whereas forced-crop, picked at the latest available date (October 7) showed higher total soluble solids, anthocyanins and phenolics than the primary crop while retaining higher acidity. This ripening behavior was reflected in the higher A rates measured in late season on the basal leaves of forced shoots versus those of primary shoots. Forcing did not compromise fruitfulness of the basal primary nodes, which set at about 1.2 inflorescence primordia/shoot. This is the first report supporting the feasibility of double cropping in Vitis vinifera L. in warm viticulture regions.

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Li, G. D., J. Hodgson i P. D. Kemp. "Morphological development of forage chicory under defoliation in the field and glasshouse". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, nr 1 (1998): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97060.

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Four field and 2 glasshouse experiments were carried out to study the morphological development of forage chicory under defoliation from 1993 to 1996 at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. ‘Grasslands Puna’ chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) was used in all experiments except the last one, where 3 cultivars, ‘Grasslands Puna’, ‘PG90’, and ‘Orchies’, were compared. Puna chicory produced 2 separate growths from the crown, one in spring and the other in autumn, when left ungrazed. Defoliation stimulated the development of secondary shoots but suppressed the development of the primary shoot. Axillary shoots, however, developed fully regardless of whether plants were defoliated. The main source of feed from chicory for livestock was primary leaves during spring, and secondary and axillary leaves during summer and autumn. Orchies produced more primary leaves than Puna an PG90 because it had a larger crown, but there were no differences in the number of secondary shoots among cultivars. The development of axillary shoots varied with cultivars.

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Astashenkov, Alexey, Evgeniya Talovskaya i Gul’noriya Denisova. "Branching pattern in the ontogenesis of Nepeta manchuriensis (Lamiaceae) individuals". BIO Web of Conferences 24 (2020): 00005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202400005.

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The features development and branching pattern of N. manchuriensis individuals in the conditions of the Far East were studied. It is established that ontogeny consists the ontogeny of the seed individual and the private ontogeny of the ramet. The seed individual pass through the following stages of development: primary shoot-main axis-primary bush-clump-system of partial shoots; ramet: system of partial shoots. Individuals develop according to the sympodial long shooted model of the shoot formation. Basis structure the whole plant is a consistent development of dicyclic rhizomatous-long shoots. The branching pattern is determined by the functioning the buds the first annual growth of the dicyclic shoot. The mechanism of branching occurs according to dychasial type. The geophilic parts of the shoots form a rhizome.

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Novikova, Tatyana, Elena Ambros, Tatyana Zheleznichenko, Yulianna Zaytseva i Yungeree Oyunbileg. "Agrobacterium rhizogenes-transformed roots of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch. Ex Link) Bunge as a source of valuable secondary metabolites". BIO Web of Conferences 24 (2020): 00064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202400064.

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In this study the results of agrobacterial transformation of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch. Ex Link) Bunge, a medicinal plant from Mongolia and China with a wide spectrum of pharmacological action were presented. As explants for transformation, in vitro derived microshoots as well as hypocotyls, cotyledons and primary shoots isolated from seedlings were used. The most effective from two tested Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains (A4-RT, 15834 SWISS) was 15834 SWISS, causing the transformation of various types of explants, including primary shoots as a more responsive type. The optimal co-cultivation time of explants with bacterial suspension (48 hours) and the highest transformation rate of primary shoots (36.4%) were established. PCR analysis confirmed the transgenic nature of the roots transformed with strain 15834 SWISS and the absence of bacterial contamination.

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Murray, Joanna, Azeem Majeed, Muhammad Saleem Khan, John Tayu Lee i Paul Nelson. "Use of the NHS Choices website for primary care consultations: results from online and general practice surveys". JRSM Short Reports 2, nr 7 (lipiec 2011): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/shorts.2011.011078.

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Berrang, P. C., i K. C. Steiner. "Seasonal changes in the cold tolerance of pitch pine". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, nr 2 (1.04.1986): 408–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-073.

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Primary needles, secondary needles, and stems of 1-year-old pitch pine (Pinusrigida Mill.) seedlings were evaluated for cold tolerance on eight dates from October to April. Male and female strobili and elongating shoots of mature trees were evaluated on four dates in May and June. Stems acclimated more rapidly than secondary needles, but were less cold tolerant in midwinter. Secondary needles and primary needles had similar levels of tolerance on most dates. Strobili and emerging shoots were essentially identical in tolerance except on May 17, about 10 days before pollination, when strobili were 5.8–7.7 °C more tolerant than elongating shoots.

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McAdam, Scott A. M., Matías Manzi, John J. Ross, Timothy J. Brodribb i Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas. "Uprooting an abscisic acid paradigm: Shoots are the primary source". Plant Signaling & Behavior 11, nr 6 (31.03.2016): e1169359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2016.1169359.

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Renner, Matt A. M., i Joshua Salter. "Unique shoot architecture in the leafy liverwort Herzogianthus vaginatus (Herzogianthaceae): insights into novel growth patterns in Jungermanniidae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 193, nr 2 (12.03.2020): 207–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boaa012.

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Abstract All studied leafy liverworts have shoots with leaf to underleaf ratios of either 2:1 or 1:1. These ratios are the product of growth by either helical or pendular segmentation of the tetrahedral apical cell. Here we report that Herzogianthus vaginatus has a leaf to underleaf ratio approaching 3:1 on primary shoots, and on secondary shoots the ratio is closer to 4:1. These ratios are incompatible with the simple helical or pendular growth patterns found in other leafy liverworts. Further, the sequence of leaves and underleaves on Herzogianthus shoots is not wholly regular, which is previously unrecorded. We assess potential growth models that may explain the leaf to underleaf ratios and architecture of Herzogianthus shoots, including (1) branch modification, (2) merophyte or leaf-initial duplication and (3) changes in segmentation sequences. We compared leaf sequences produced by pendular and helical segmentation and a range of non-standard models, with sequences observed on shoots of Herzogianthus. Structure allows us to discriminate between the many alternative growth models, because each make testable predictions about leaf and underleaf sequences. We propose that Herzogianthus possesses growth processes unique among leafy liverworts, in which the direction of helication periodically and, sometimes irregularly, reverses. This, in combination with the secondary shoots having different growth patterns from primary shoots, emphasizes that Herzogianthus warrants detailed histological study to test our proposition.

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Nadeau, Léonie B., Mark R. T. Dale i Jane R. King. "The development of spatial pattern in shoots of Linaria vulgaris (Scrophulariaceae) growing on fallow land or in a barley crop". Canadian Journal of Botany 69, nr 11 (1.11.1991): 2539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-316.

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Linaria vulgaris root pieces 10 cm long with 10 cm tall shoots were planted with a barley crop and on fallow land in 1988 and 1989. Positions of new shoots of L. vulgaris were recorded once a week throughout both summers. Densities of L. vulgaris stands growing on fallow land were similar in both 1988 and 1989, ranging from 167 shoots∙m−2 in August to 247 shoots∙m−2 in October. Densities of L. vulgaris stands growing with a barley crop varied between years, ranging between 1587 and 539 shoots∙m−2 from August to October in 1988 and being relatively stable at 95 shoots∙m−2 between August and October in 1989. Stand diameter was consistently greater when on fallow land than in barley, with a maximum diameter of 1 m in 1988 and 2 m in 1989 when on fallow land, and a maximum diameter of 40 cm in 1988 and 1 m in 1989 in barley. In both years, new shoots produced in a week emerged in primary clumps 5–10 cm in diameter, and these were aggregated into secondary clumps that grew larger with time. Primary clumps on fallow land were produced in rings around initial stands, whereas when growing with barley they were scattered around and within initial L. vulgaris stands. Key words: spatial pattern, pattern of shoot growth, Linaria vulgaris, toadflax.

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Moore, Gloria A. "Phenotypic Stability of Transgenic Citrus". HortScience 30, nr 4 (lipiec 1995): 903G—904. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.903g.

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We have produced a number of transgenic citrus plants via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of seedling stem segments with a vector plasmid containing a β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene. All regenerated green shoots produced in our experiments are assayed histochemically for expression of GUS by cutting a section from the base of the shoot. Many of the shoots express GUS only in sectors, which vary in size from shoot to shoot. Analyses suggest that sectored regenerated shoots are chimeric, consisting of nontransformed cells as well as transformed cells. However, plants derived from shoots with large GUS+ sectors in the original assays do not necessarily contain the GUS gene; conversely, some plants derived from shoots with small sectors appear solidly transformed. Plants that appear solidly transformed have maintained gene expression for up to 5 years. None of the transgenic plants have obviously altered morphologies. It has not been possible to analyze progeny plants because of the long juvenile periods and polyembryony of the primary transformants. However, because citrus is clonally propagated, long-term phenotypic stability of primary transformants is the most important factor in producing useful transgenic plants.

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Nguyen, Tien Long, Nhu Cuong Le, Thi Thu Hang La, Thi Trieu Ha Tran i Thanh Thuy Duong. "A study on the primary materials for in vitro propagation of Petunia hybrida L." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 63, nr 7 (30.07.2021): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjst.63(7).53-56.

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The aim of this study was to identify the primary materials for in vitro propagation of the Petunia hybrida L. The sterilisation method and the medium in different stages: shoot regeneration, rapid shoot multiplication, and the part of the in vitro plant used for rapid multiplication were identified. The study results showed that using nodal segments with axillary buds as the primary material and sterilising by HgCl2 0.1% in 10 minutes gave the best disinfection effect (survival rate reached 60%). Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg of BAP/l + 6.5 g agar/l + 30 g sacarose/l was reported as the best one for shoot regeneration (100% of shoot formed and number shoot per sample was 2.73), meanwhile, the mixture of MS + 1 mgBA/l + 0.2 mg IBA/l + 6.5 g agar/l + 30 g sacarose/l was considered as the best medium for rapid shoot multiplication (average shoots/sample reached 19.53). In vitro,leaf tissue is the most suitable vegetative organ for rapid multiplication, 100% of in vitro shoots regenerate through the form of callus, and the ratio of shoots/sample reached 21.53.

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Cortesi, Paolo, Marie-Paule Ottaviani i Michael G. Milgroom. "Spatial and Genetic Analysis of a Flag Shoot Subpopulation of Erysiphe necator in Italy". Phytopathology® 94, nr 6 (czerwiec 2004): 544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2004.94.6.544.

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Erysiphe necator overwinters as ascospores in cleistothecia and mycelium in dormant buds of grapevines. Shoots developing from infected buds early in the growing season are covered with dense mycelium and are known as “flag shoots”. Combining epidemiological and genetic analyses, the objective of this study was to analyze the spatial and genetic structure of a flag shoot subpopulation of E. necator as a way to assess the contribution of flag shoots as primary inoculum, and to determine if flag shoot subpopulations are clonal with only one mating type. One vineyard in Tuscany, Italy was surveyed intensively for flag shoots for 8 years; isolations of E. necator were made from flag shoots for 5 years. We observed distinct disease foci developing around flag shoots early in epidemics, demonstrating a steep dispersal gradient of conidia and the importance of flag shoots as primary inoculum sources. Flag shoots were spatially aggregated within and between years, most likely as a result of short-distance dispersal of conidia from flags early in the season when dormant buds for the next year's shoots are formed and are susceptible to infection. The two mating types were found in 1:1 ratios in this flag shoot subpopulation. Genotypic diversity, based on inter-simple sequence repeat markers, was high in all years with only two haplotypes occurring twice, and subpopulations were genetically differentiated between years. Similarities between haplotypes were not spatially autocorrelated. One multilocus analysis of population structure is consistent with the hypothesis of random mating but another is not. These results are not consistent with expectations for a strictly clonal or strictly randomly mating flag shoot subpopulation. Instead, the hypothesis that the flag shoot subpopulation of E. necator may reproduce clonally and sexually needs further testing.

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Stojakowska, Anna, i Janusz Malarz. "In vitro propagation of lnula royleana DC". Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 73, nr 1 (2011): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2004.001.

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A micropropagation method, through axillary shoot proliferation, was elaborated for Inula royleana DC. (Asteraceae), a medicinal plant native of Himalaya. Primary explants (cotyledonary node explants) and secondary explants (node explants of in vitro regenerated shoots) of the plant, inoculated on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 μM NAA and 5.0 μM kinetin, regenerated 3.4 ± 1.2 and 5.1 ± 1.9 axillary shoots per explant, respectively. The regenerated shoots were easily rooting and adapting to growth in soil.

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Mansur, Irdika, i Muhd Indarwan Kadarisman. "Teknik Pembibitan Kayu Putih (Melaluca Cajuputi) Secara Vegetatif di Persemaian Perusahaan Batubara PT Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk". Journal of Tropical Silviculture 10, nr 1 (14.08.2019): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.10.1.21-28.

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Melaleuca cajuputi has an ability to sprout easily, this is one of indicator for plants that potentially could be reproduced productively. PT Bukit Asam Ltd. has used Melaleuca cajuputi as the main of tree species for the reclamation of its post-mining land. The seedlings are produced generatively using seeds. The purpose of this research was to determine responses of IBA and Growth Media on the tip cutting of Melaleuca cajuputi The results showed that 88.9% of the cuttings, 61.2% of the rooted, and 80.9% of the shoots were viable. The used of IBA and a variety of growing media did not significantly affect to life percentage, rooted percentage, shoots percentage, fresh weight and dry weight of root, fresh weight and dry weight of shoots, numbers of primary and secondary roots, length of primary roots, and length of shoots. The result of this research can be adopted by PT Bukit Asam Ltd. to shorten production time of Melaleuca cajuputi seedlings in the future, where the availability of seeds is limited.Keywords: IBA, Melaleuca cajuputi, cutting, mining

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Devasahayam, Anoop, Tara Lawn, Maurice Murphy i Peter D. White. "Alternative Diagnoses to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Referrals to a Specialist Service: Service Evaluation Survey". JRSM Short Reports 3, nr 1 (styczeń 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/shorts.2011.011127.

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Objective To assess the accuracy of diagnoses made by referrers to a chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) service. Design Retrospective service evaluation surveys of both rejected referral letters and medical case-notes after full clinical assessment. Setting A specialist CFS clinic in London, UK. Participants In the first survey, we assessed rejected referral letters between March 2007 and September 2008. In the second survey, we ascertained the primary diagnosis made in case-notes of 250 consecutive new patients assessed between April 2007 and November 2008. Main outcome measures Reasons for rejection of referrals and primary diagnosis in those assessed. Results In the first survey, 154 out of 418 referrals (37%) were rejected. Of these, 77 out of the available 127 referrals (61%) had a likely alternative diagnosis. In the second survey of clinically assessed patients, 107 (43%) had alternative medical/psychiatric diagnoses, while 137 out of 250 (54%) patients received a diagnosis of CFS. The commonest alternative medical diagnoses of those assessed were sleep disorders and the commonest alternative psychiatric diagnosis was depressive illness. Altogether 184 of 377 (49%) patients had alternative diagnoses to CFS. Conclusions Half of all the referred patients to a specialist CFS clinic had alternative medical and psychiatric diagnoses. Specialist medical assessment for patients with unexplained, disabling, chronic fatigue needs to incorporate both medical and psychiatric assessments.

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Albers, F., i U. Meve. "Mixoploidy and cytotypes: a study of possible vegetative species differentiation in stapeliads (Asclepiadaceae)". Bothalia 21, nr 1 (22.09.1991): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v21i1.867.

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Mixoploidy is common in proembryos and embryos as well as in meristems of radicles, primary, secondary and adventitious roots and in innovation shoots of stapeliad species (Asclepiadaceae). The proportion of polyploid cells in the meristem of single adventitious roots is significantly higher than in meristems of primary and secondary roots. This may lead to a complete polyploidisation of adventitious roots. Innovation shoots display a low percentage of polyploid cells, comparable to the condition found in primary and secondary roots. Nevertheless cells of different euploid levels are frequently found. During field studies, however, individuals of a given population were always found to have the same chromosome number: infraspecific polyploidy was found in only three out of 305 investigated stapeliad species. Genera with an orthotropic growth form were found to be diploid throughout, whereas the genera of which the members spread vegetatively by means of innovation shoots, comprise di-, tetra- and polyploid species. This phenomenon can be ascribed to ecological rather than morphological factors. The often proposed hypothesis that new cytotypes can have a vegetative origin is not found to be acceptable.

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Kang, Julie, John Tang, Petra Donnelly i Nancy Dengler. "Primary vascular pattern and expression of ATHB-8 in shoots of Arabidopsis". New Phytologist 158, nr 3 (21.05.2003): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00769.x.

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Dengler, Nancy G., Carol E. Ritland i Petra M. Donnelly. "LEAF DEVELOPMENT AND PRIMARY VASCULAR ORGANIZATION IN SHOOTS OF ANISOPHYLLEA DISTICH A". American Journal of Botany 76, nr 9 (wrzesień 1989): 1326–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1989.tb15113.x.

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Sabatier, Sylvie, Daniel Barthélémy, Isabelle Ducousso i Éric Germain. "Modalités d'allongement et morphologie des pousses annuelles chez le noyer commun, Juglans regia L. 'Lara' (Juglandaceae)". Canadian Journal of Botany 76, nr 7 (1.07.1998): 1253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-055.

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Shoot extension during a growth season has been investigated in three morphological types of floriferous annual shoots (monocyclic with or without a small axis with immediate development and bicyclic) on four types of parental branches within 4-year-old Juglans regia L. 'Lara' growing in the south-west of France. The morphological type of parental branches has an influence on the time of inception of monocyclic shoot extension. No correlation has been found between the parental shoot length and monocyclic shoot length, while a positive correlation has been found between parental shoot length and bicyclic shoot length. Bicyclic annual shoots expand during two successive flushes : in spring and summer, respectively. The intra-annual resting phase results in the presence of a series of cataphylls in the median part of the shoots. Spring shoots and summer shoots may be distinguished by variations in form and in number of foliar organs. Annual shoots exhibiting an acrotonic axis with immediate development or a summer shoot generally possess greater extension periods and lengths of spring shoots than the unbranched ones.Key words: Juglans regia 'Lara', persian walnut, shoot extension, primary growth, morphology, annual shoot.

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Amalia, Leily, Oktavianus Para Endro i Rizal M. Damanik. "PREFERENSI DAN FREKUENSI KONSUMSI MAKANAN JAJANAN PADA ANAK SEKOLAH DASAR DI KECAMATAN CIJERUK,KABUPATEN BOGOR". Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan 7, nr 2 (21.06.2016): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2012.7.2.119-126.

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ABSTRACTThis study aimed to analyze preference and consumption frequency of street foods among elementary school children at Cijeruk sub-district, Bogor District. The design used as survey method at three elementary schools at the area, namely SDN 01 Palasari, SDN 02 Palasari, dan SDN 01 Cipicung. The data was collected in April until June 2012. The subjects of study were 80 students at 4th and 5th grade of elementary school, consisted of 40 boys and 40 girls. Data collection was done by observation and interview to students. The data collected were: family characteristics, individual characteristics, nutrition knowledge, preference and the reasons, and consumption frequency of the street foods. The results showed that family size of subjects mostly (65.5%) categorized as moderate (consisted of 4—6 persons). Both father’s and mother’s education level were categorized as low, namely graduated from elementary shools (42.5% each) and even ungraduated of elementary schools (31.3% and 23.8%). In general, family income per capita was categorized as poor (51.3%) and almost poor (40.0%), with average of Rp 183 063 which was lower than poverty line of West Java Province at sub-urban areas (Rp 210 000). The average of pocket money of subjects was Rp 2 293.7. Nutrition knowledge of subjects was generally categorized as moderate (47.5%). All of subjects stated that they like street foods. The order of street foods from high to low prefered by subjects was fruit, beverages, fried food, cakes, dried snack, and dish foods. The primary preference reason of subjects on street foods was taste (minimal 60% for each food group). The order of street foods which highly to rarely consumed per week was fried food (7.0 times), beverages (6.7 times), cakes (6.3 times), dish foods (6.2 times), salted-dried snacks (5.3 times), and fruits (5.0 times).Key words: consumption frequency, preference, reasons of preference, street foodABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis preferensi dan frekuensi makanan jajanan pada anak SD di Kecamatan Cijeruk, Kabupaten Bogor. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode survey, di tiga Sekolah Dasar di Kecamatan Cijeruk, Kabupaten Bogor, yaitu SDN 01 Palasari, SDN 02 Palasari, dan SDN 01 Cipicung. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada bulan April hingga Juni 2012. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas 4 dan kelas 5 SD, berjumlah 80 siswa, terdiri dari 40 siswa laki-laki dan 40 siswa perempuan. Penarikan subjek dilakukan secara purposive proposional dari populasi siswa di ketiga SD terpilih. Data dikumpulkan dengan cara pengamatan dan wawancara kepada siswa, terdiri dari karakteristik keluarga, karakteristik individu, pengetahuan gizi, preferensi dan alasannya, serta frekuensi konsumsi makanan jajanan. Besar keluarga subjek sebagian besar (65.5%) tergolong sedang (4—6 orang). Pendidikan ayah dan ibu subjek sebagian besar tamatan SD (42.5%) dan tidak tamat SD (31.3% dan 23.8%). Pendapatan keluarga per kapita subjek umumnya tergolong miskin (51.3%) dan 40.0% termasuk kategori hampir miskin. Rata-rata pendapatan keluarga per kapita adalah Rp 183 063, lebih rendah dari garis kemiskinan Jawa Barat pedesaan (Rp 210 000). Rata-rata uang jajan subjek adalah Rp 2 293.7. Pengetahuan gizi subjek umumnya (47.5%) berada pada kategori sedang. Urutan makanan jajanan yang paling disukai hingga agak disukai adalah buah, minuman, makanan gorengan, kue, keringan asin, dan jajanan sepinggan. Alasan utama subjek dalam menyukai semua kelompok makanan jajanan adalah rasa (minimal 60%). Urutan kelompok jajanan dengan frekuensi konsumsi dalam seminggu dari tertinggi hingga terendah adalah makanan digoreng (7.0 kali), minuman (6.7 kali), kue (6.3 kali), jajanan sepinggan (6.2 kali), keringan asin (5.3 kali), dan buah (5.0 kali).Kata kunci: alasan suka, frekuensi konsumsi, makanan jajanan, preferensi

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Cooper, Endymion D., i Matt A. M. Renner. "Lepidozia bragginsiana, a new species from New Zealand (Marchantiopsida)". Phytotaxa 173, nr 2 (25.06.2014): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.173.2.2.

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Molecular and morphological data support the recognition of a new Lepidozia species related to L. pendulina and also endemic to New Zealand, which we dedicate to Dr John Braggins. Lepidozia bragginsiana can be distinguished from closely related and other similar species by its bipinnate branching, the narrow underleaf lobes, typically uniseriate toward their tip on both primary and secondary shoots, the asymmetric underleaves on primary shoots that are usually narrower than the stem and also possess basal spines and spurs, the production of spurs and spines, or even accessory lobes, on the postical margin of primary and secondary shoot leaves; and by the relatively small leaf cells with evenly thickened walls. Lepidozia bragginsiana is an inhabitant of hyper-humid forest habitats where it occupies elevated microsites on the forest floor. A lectotype is proposed for L. obtusiloba.

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Bai, Jianming, Yun Chen, Chun Yuan i Xiaoling Yin. "Limit Theorems for Local Cumulative Shock Models with Cluster Shock Structure". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/828979.

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This paper considers a more general shock model with insurance and financial risk background, in which the system is subject to two types of shocks called primary shocks and secondary shocks. Each primary shock causes a series of secondary shocks according to some cluster pattern. In reliability applications, a primary shock can represent an issue of insurance policies of an insurer company, and the secondary shocks then denote the relevant insurance claims generated by the policy. We focus on the local cumulative shock process where only a certain number of the most recent primary and secondary shocks are accumulated. This process is a very new topic in the available literature which is more flexible and realistic in modeling some more complex reliability situations such as bankrupt behavior of an insurance company. Based on the theory of infinite divisibility and stable distributions, we establish a central limit theorem for the local cumulative shock process and obtain the conditions for the process to converge to an infinitely divisible distribution or to anα-stable law. Also, by choosing the proper scale parameters, the process converges to a normal distribution.

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KUMARA, I. GEDE BUDI YUDA, I. WAYAN PASEK ARIMBAWA i I. NYOMAN SUTEDJA. "Pengaruh Pemotongan Daun dan Pemberian Konsentrasi Ekstrak Bawang Merah terhadap Pertumbuhan Setek Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora P.)". Agrotrop : Journal on Agriculture Science 10, nr 1 (29.05.2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ajoas.2020.v10.i01.p09.

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Effect of Leaf Cutting and Concentration of Shallot Extract on the Growth of Cuttings Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora P.). Robusta coffee plants (Coffea canephora P.) in general can be reproduced generatively by seeds, while the vegetative method can be done by grafting, cuttings, and tissue culture. Breeding of robusta coffee by generative method was often unsatisfactory, therefore the propagation of Robusta coffee is recommended using vegetative methods, namely cuttings. This study aims to determine the effect of leaf area cutting and the concentration of shallot extract and its interaction on the growth of Robusta coffee cuttings. This study used 2 factors in factorial design, namely: percentage of leaf cutting and the concentration of shallot extract. Variables observed were shoots growth time, shoots length, shoots diameter, number of leaves of seedling, leaf area of ??seedling, number of primary roots, length of primary root, oven dry weight of the root, oven dry weight of shoots, leaf oven weight, photosynthetic partition coefficient and total dry weight of plants.The results of this study showed that the best growth of Robusta coffee cuttings was shown in the 0% leaf cutting treatment with the heaviest total dry weight of the seedlings, which was 4.35 g and experienced an increase of 131.38% compared with 75% leaf cutting. Interaction of 0% leaf cutting by giving the concentration of onion extract 25% is the best treatment, this can be seen from the observation of the primary root length, but the total oven dry w eight showed no significant difference.

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Lin, Youjian, i Charles A. Powell. "Visualization of the Distribution Pattern of Citrus Tristeza Virus in Leaves of Mexican Lime". HortScience 41, nr 3 (czerwiec 2006): 725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.725.

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The distribution pattern of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) T-36 isolate in leaves of infected mexican lime [Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle] plants was visualized using a whole-leaf-blot immunoassay (WLBIA) procedure in combination with a computer scanning imaging technique and CTV-specific monoclonal antibody 17G11 (CTV MAb 17G11). The distribution pattern of CTV T-36 in leaves varied with the age of the leaves and shoots of infected plants. In the young leaves, especially the about 5-day-old leaves and the completed expanded leaves, CTV T-36 was easily detected in most of the leaf veins, the main veins and the large and small primary veins. In the old leaves, CTV T-36 only was detected in the main veins, sometimes in a few of the large primary veins with weak signals, and seldom in the small primary veins. The distribution density and immunoassay reaction signals of CTV T-36 reacted to CTV MAb 17G11 in leaves from new shoots were much higher than that in leaves from old shoots. ELISA test results using leaves with different ages from different shoots of the same mexican lime plants infected with CTV T-36 supported the visualized-test results obtained by the WLBIA in combination with computer scanning imaging technique. This is the first reported visual analysis of the distribution pattern of CTV in leaves of infected citrus plants. The results indicate that the WLBIA in combination with computer scanning imaging technique is a useful tool for studying the distribution of plant viruses in leaves of virus-infected plants.

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Sweeney, Michael O. "The Contradiction of Appropriate Shocks in Primary Prevention ICDs". Circulation 122, nr 25 (21.12.2010): 2638–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.110.000208.

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McDougall, Stuart J., i Michael C. Andresen. "Independent transmission of convergent visceral primary afferents in the solitary tract nucleus". Journal of Neurophysiology 109, nr 2 (15.01.2013): 507–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00726.2012.

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Cranial primary afferents from the viscera enter the brain at the solitary tract nucleus (NTS), where their information is integrated for homeostatic reflexes. The organization of sensory inputs is poorly understood, despite its critical impact on overall reflex performance characteristics. Single afferents from the solitary tract (ST) branch within NTS and make multiple contacts onto individual neurons. Many neurons receive more than one ST input. To assess the potential interaction between converging afferents and proximal branching near to second-order neurons, we probed near the recorded soma in horizontal slices from rats with focal electrodes and minimal shocks. Remote ST shocks evoked monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), and nearby focal shocks also activated monosynaptic EPSCs. We tested the timing and order of stimulation to determine whether focal shocks influenced ST responses and vice versa in single neurons. Focal-evoked EPSC response profiles closely resembled ST-EPSC characteristics. Mean synaptic jitters, failure rates, depression, and phenotypic segregation by capsaicin responsiveness were indistinguishable between focal and ST-evoked EPSCs. ST-EPSCs failed to affect focal-EPSCs within neurons, indicating that release sites and synaptic terminals were functionally independent and isolated from cross talk or neurotransmitter overflow. In only one instance, focal shocks intercepted and depleted the ST axon generating evoked EPSCs. Despite large numbers of functional contacts, multiple afferents do not appear to interact, and ST axon branches may be limited to close to the soma. Thus single or multiple primary afferents and their presynaptic active release sites act independently when they contact single second-order NTS neurons.

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Hendley, Paul, John W. Dicks, Thomas J. Monaco, Susan M. Slyfield, O. John Tummon i John C. Barrett. "Translocation and Metabolism of Pyridinyloxyphenoxypropionate Herbicides in Rhizomatous Quackgrass (Agropyron repens)". Weed Science 33, nr 1 (styczeń 1985): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500083867.

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Radiolabeled (14C) 2-[4-(3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridinyloxy)phenoxy] propionic acid (Compound C); its methyl-,n-butyl-, and ethoxyethyl-esters; and fluazifop-butyl {(±)-butyl 2-[4-[(5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl)oxy] phenoxy] propionate} were applied to the primary shoots of young rhizomatous quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv. # AGRRE]. Plants were sampled from 0.5 to 24 days after treatment (DAT) and analyzed for radiochemical. All treatments caused phytotoxic symptoms in primary shoots, rhizomes, and tillers and significantly reduced growth of primary shoots and rhizomes. Treatment with compound C or its methyl and butyl esters eliminated regrowth from all rhizomes excised from treated plants. The ethoxyethyl-ester and fluazifop-butyl controlled regrowth from rhizomes from 50% of the plants and substantially reduced shoot regrowth from the remainder. Rhizomes that did produce shoots contained significantly less radiochemical than those from which no regrowth occurred. At 24 DAT, a maximum of only 1% of each radiochemical applied was translocated to the first tiller and rhizomes and had been sufficient to cause marked phytotoxic symptoms. Soon after application (1 DAT), the major metabolites in the treated leaves and remainder of the plant for all compounds were the free acid and substantial amounts of polar conjugates that were hydrolyzable to the free acids. Radiochromatography of extracts from rhizomes and first tillers from all treatments gave similar chemical profiles, with the free acids and their conjugates as the predominant components present. These results provide evidence that esters of the pyridinyloxyphenoxypropionic acids are rapidly hydrolyzed after absorption by quackgrass; the free acids are then translocated and are the active form of these herbicides.

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