Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „PRIMARY ENERGY SAVING”

This thesis addressed the need for improved analysis and interpretation of primary meter half-hourly energy consumption data. The current work offers a novel benchmarking technique that was tested for 6 types of municipal buildings. This approach is different from conventional annual benchmarking mainly because it uses electricity and gas data in half-hourly periods, together with outside temperature data. A survey to European local authorities’ metering and monitoring practices was conducted in order to assess municipal energy managers' current procedures and needs in terms of data analysis to assess building energy performance and to identify potential energy saving opportunities. The benchmarking approach was developed considering the energy managers’ needs, but also the state-of the art in terms of building energy monitoring techniques, particularly building energy signatures, and the analysis techniques used on electricity grid demand forecasting. The benchmarking approach is based on the use of a metric composed of several indicators that are related to the load demand shape profile and the building energy signature. The comparison of indicators for buildings of the same type using standard scores identifies uncommon load demand profile characteristics and/or gas dependency on outside temperature in specific buildings. The metric is able to support the identification of potential energy wastage, which is linked to the detection of opportunities to save energy. The benchmarking technique was tested in 81 municipal building owned by Leicester City Council. This methodology can be applied to any non-domestic building equipped with primary meters for registering half-hourly electricity and gas consumption. In theory, this approach can also be applied to residential buildings, and to other short time series data types, for example quarter-hourly or 10 minutes interval data. The main contribution of this thesis is to improve the objectivity of building primary meter half-hourly electricity and gas consumption data analysis and interpretation by using quantitative parameters, instead of subjective visualisation techniques. The interpretation of building consumption data in short time series periods can now be streamlined, automated and perhaps incorporated in existing energy analysis software. This thesis raises questions that can lead to future research projects aiming to improve the metric and also to enlarge the scope of its application to national and European scale, to other building types and to other utilities.

Europeiska unionen som helhet är en av de största energianvändarna och har en av världens största utsläpp av växthusgaser. För att minska globala uppvärmningen har mål sats upp för att medeltemperaturen på jorden inte ska öka mer än 2 grader sen förindustrielltid. Närmare 40 % av Sveriges totala energianvändning kommer från bostads- och servicesektorn detta i samband med att 2020-målen närmar sig bidrar till att energieffektiviseringar i byggnader blir allt mer essentiellt. Energikartläggningar är ett verktyg för att bestämma vad som har stört energibesparingspotential innan effektiviseringsåtgärder sker. Examensarbetet inkluderar en energikartläggning av Trödje skola som förvaltas av Gavlefastigheter. Arbetet är utfört med simuleringsverktyget IDA Indoor Climate and Energy. IDA ICE användes för att modulera den befintliga byggnaden där all data för skolan inkluderades. Rapportens vision är att undersöka hur mycket energi som är möjlig att spara genom energibesparingsåtgärder samt vilken åtgärd som är effektivast. Energibesparingspotentialen i skolan är hög, skolan använder 42,6 kWh/m2år mer än genomsnittet för Gavlefastigheters skolor vilket motsvarar 21 %. Resultaten visar att skolans komplexitet samt att påbyggnationen även kallad paviljongen är en stor faktor till att energianvändningen är hög. Skolans energianvändning har en potential att minska med 17 % vilket inte motsvarade det uppsatta 25 % - målet med arbetet. Arbetet visar att störst besparingspotential finns via byte av fönster och värmeväxlare i ventilationssystemet men även att de åtgärder som antas ge störst besparing inte alltid är effektivast.<br>The European Union as a whole is one of the largest energy users and has one of the world's largest greenhouse gas emissions. To reduce global warming, targets have been set to ensure that the average temperature on the earth does not increase more than 2 degrees since the pre-industrial time. Nearly 40% of Sweden's total energy use comes from the building and services sector which in context with that the 2020 targets approaching contributes to the increased need of higher energy efficiency of buildings. Energy audits is a tool for determining what has the greatest potential for saving energy before efficiency measures occurs. The thesis includes an energy audit of Trödje primary and middle school, administered by Gavlefastigheter. The study was performed using IDA Indoor Climate and Energy simulation tool. IDA ICE was used to modulate the existing building where all data for the school was included. The vision of the thesis is to investigate how much energy which is possible to save through energy saving measures and which action that is most effective. The potential energy saving in the school is high, the school uses 42.6 kWh/m2year more than the average for Gavlefastigheter schools, which corresponds to 21 %. The results show that the complexity of the school and the reconstruction, also called the paviljong, are a major factor in the high energy consumption. The school's energy use has a potential to decrease by 17 %, which did not correspond to the 25 % target set for the work. The work shows that the greatest savings potential exists through the exchange of windows and heat exchangers in the ventilation system, but also that the measures that are assumed to give the greatest savings are not always the most effective.

The demand for cooling and air-conditioning of building is increasingly ever growing. This increase is mostly due to population and economic growth in developing countries, and also desire for a higher quality of thermal comfort. Increase in the use of conventional cooling systems results in larger carbon footprint and more greenhouse gases considering their higher electricity consumption, and it occasionally creates peaks in electricity demand from power supply grid. Solar energy as a renewable energy source is an alternative to drive the cooling machines since the cooling load is generally high when solar radiation is high. This thesis examines the performance of PV/T solar collector manufactured by Solarus company in a solar cooling system for an office building in Dubai, New Delhi, Los Angeles and Cape Town. The study is carried out by analyzing climate data and the requirements for thermal comfort in office buildings. Cooling systems strongly depend on weather conditions and local climate. Cooling load of buildings depend on many parameters such as ambient temperature, indoor comfort temperature, solar gain to the building and internal gains including; number of occupant and electrical devices. The simulations were carried out by selecting a suitable thermally driven chiller and modeling it with PV/T solar collector in Polysun software. Fractional primary energy saving and solar fraction were introduced as key figures of the project to evaluate the performance of cooling system. Several parametric studies and simulations were determined according to PV/T aperture area and hot water storage tank volume. The fractional primary energy saving analysis revealed that thermally driven chillers, particularly adsorption chillers are not suitable to be utilizing in small size of solar cooling systems in hot and tropic climates such as Dubai and New Delhi. Adsorption chillers require more thermal energy to meet the cooling load in hot and dry climates. The adsorption chillers operate in their full capacity and in higher coefficient of performance when they run in a moderate climate since they can properly reject the exhaust heat. The simulation results also indicated that PV/T solar collector have higher efficiency in warmer climates, however it requires a larger size of PV/T collectors to supply the thermally driven chillers for providing cooling in hot climates. Therefore using an electrical chiller as backup gives much better results in terms of primary energy savings, since PV/T electrical production also can be used for backup electrical chiller in a net metering mechanism.

Despite the fact that cogeneration (CHP) and tri-generation (CHCP) are among the most efficient ways to produce electricity and thermal energy, there is still some unexploited potential for these techniques. One could say that the circumstances for using these techniques are better now than ever. Some of the reasons for applying CHP and CHCP are: the techniques are well understood, their application could generate some profit, and the required technology is available. Moreover, there is increasing concern in regards to energy security, the need to increase the energy efficiency in power generation and distribution as well as to lower the emissions from fossil fuel combustion. CHP/CHCP promoters and developers face difficulties when analyzing the conditions and proposing a plan of application. On one hand, there are some external barriers which have to be torn down by means of energy regulation schemes. These may include economic incentives, easy and safe interconnection to the grid to export electricity and have backup if necessary, and access to the market to sell the surplus of electricity at a fair price. On the other hand, there are some internal barriers such as the difficulty evaluating potential energy savings, emission reduction, and economic performance of a project based on the circumstances of a specific site; lack of awareness; unwillingness to invest in CHP/CHCP projects; and difficulty in selecting and sizing the equipment which would give the maximum benefits in terms of life cycle cost, energy savings and emission reduction. Nowadays, it is possible to develop software tools which use simulations and optimization algorithms to evaluate several options, compare them and chose the ones that give the optimum performance with respect to an objective function defined by the user. In this project, the general context for the application of cogeneration and tri-generation projects was studied including factors which have an impact on its feasibility and performance. Moreover, a survey of the exiting feasibility analysis tools was done, and a case study was chosen and analyzed. Next, a model was developed using the software Trnsys for the simulation and Matlab for the optimization. The model was tested by evaluating the study case. The result of the simulation and optimization gives several possible equipment size combinations. The tradeoff between two different objective functions such as net present value and primary energy savings or emission reduction is presented in Pareto front diagrams. The main conclusion of this project is that by using Trnsys and Matlab, it is possible to develop more complex models which, when applying optimization algorisms, could become a very useful and helpful tool that CHP/CHCP developers could use to speed up the analysis of projects while contributing to the goal of deploying these techniques.

The Master’s Thesis prospects the suitability of installing a photovoltaic system and a cogeneration unit in the LIPOELASTIC manufacturing facility and proposes their actual realization. Theoretical part describes said facility, its current energy supply situation and presents the proposed realizations' principle of operation. Practical part contains concrete calculations needed for realizations' proposal and their economic evaluation both independently and jointly.

碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>能源與冷凍空調工程系碩士班<br>100<br>Chilled water primary flow of central air conditioning system has been a constant flow operation. The paper focuses on the central air conditioning system of the chilled water primary variable flow of energy-saving operation. The concept is Trane first proposed in 1999, At the beginning , many people hold the altitude of doubt because of the complexity it involves . However, more and more successful cases are gradually raising the marketing acceptance . Decreasing the primary flow rates can obviously save energy from water pump, but the heat transfer coefficient of the evaporator changes at the same time, as well as the temperature of evaporation. These changes might influence the energy consumption. Therefore, the benefit of energy-saving by VPF of the pump is discussed with the primary flow rates to find the flow rates with the most efficiency. This research is based on the regression analysis to derive the equation between the power consumption of chiller and the primary flow rates, the temperature of extracted chilled water, the temperature of infill cooling water and the partial loads, as well as the equation between the power consumption of the pump and the primary rates. Finally, obtain the curve of partial loads and electric consumption vary with primary flow rates, and find the best energy-saving efficiency of primary flow rates under the loads of chiller and pump.

碩士<br>國立勤益科技大學<br>冷凍空調系<br>102<br>This study described the evolution of energy-saving technology of air conditioning chilled water system, and analyzed the operating characteristics and energy-saving benefit of Variable Primary Flow (VPF) and Constant Water Volume System (CWV) chilled water systems. The characteristics, merits and demerits and energy-saving benefits of variable flow and constant flow chilled water systems were also discussed and compared. The VPF system architecture, measuring instrument and measuring method, frequency converter parameter setting were discussed. The precautions in selecting equipments included the coordination between minimum flow of chiller and pump, coordination between frequency converter and pump, flow and lift of pump at different speeds, so as to optimize the operating state. This paper presented a case study of an office building. The energy consumption of VPF chilled water pump was compared with that of CWV chilled water pump system in May, June and July. The power saving rate was 34% in May, 31% in June, and 29% in July. The savable electric costs were compared. The energy and electric cost was reduced, contributing to preventing global warming and reducing the emission of greenhouse gases.

碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>能源與冷凍空調工程系碩士班<br>96<br>The international energy price elevates day by day. How between the various countries with reduces energy consumption all not regarding strength to the energy effective use. Especially regarding it has the CO2 question. The topic has become the international concern course. Discussion content of the final conclusion according to Kyoto’s agreement. The between of stipulation industrialized country from 2008 to 2012. The complete greenhouse gas withdrawal compared with 1990 at least reduces 5%, therefore saved the energy to become all the people’s movement. The article is discussion of vogue in the European and American recent day many years in air-conditioning system —variable primary flow system (VPF), compared with the primary only system (POS) and primary-secondary/de-couplesystem(P-S) in the power consumption, further discusses composes of which the VPF system .The main equipment — like chiller, pump, variable frequency driver, control system and so on, must pay attention to selected. By the time can achieve saves the energy and condition of the electricity power. In order to prevent the whole world is warm and the greenhouse gas discharges a mental effort. Affiliation by the real case comparison, use the precise instrument to measured from the fluid temperature, the current capacity and the electric power. During the summer time from August to October. To measured power consumption , the chilled water current capacity and pump lifting. To compares with the primary only system and primary-secondary/de-couple system in the power consumption to obtains the anticipated result. For the future proprietor, the air conditioning designer, will provide a better choice also will make contribution for Earth''s environment.

碩士<br>國立彰化師範大學<br>工業教育學系<br>87<br>This study was aimed at exploring the effects of informal energy curricula on the primary students’ attitude toward energy saving. The procedure could be divided to analyze relative literatures, to develop questionnaires, to conduct an experiment, to analyze the data, and to conclusion the results. The experimental design for this study was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design. Subject were 53 primary students from Shi-Song Primary School and Hsing-Hwa Primary School. The experimental group received the informal energy curricula for eight weeks while control group received usual material and schedules. In this study, the informal energy curricula created by the author was used to engage in the teaching activity. In addition, “Questionnaire of energy saving cognition” and “Questionnaire of energy saving attitude” also created by the author were adopted to understand testees’ energy saving cognition and attitude. The Oneway analysis of covariance and t-test were conducted to analyze the data. According to the results of the statistic analysis, the following conclusions were incurred: 1. Implementing “ informal energy curricula” on primary students had positive effect and influence on enhancing their attitudes toward energy saving. 2. Gender, mother’s education and mother’s occupation were the factors that effected the attitudes toward energy saving on primary students.

The global warming phenomenon as a significant sustainability issue is gaining worldwide support for development of renewable energy technologies. The term ‘polygeneration’ is referred to as “an energy supply system, which delivers more than one form of energy to the final user”, for example: electricity, cooling and desalination can be delivered from polygeneration process. The polygeneration process in hybrid solar thermal power plant can deliver electricity with lesser impact on environment compared to conventional fossil fuel based power generating system. It is the next generation energy production technique with a potential to overcome intermittence of renewable energy. In this study, the polygeneration process simultaneous production of power, vapor absorption refrigeration (VAR) cooling and multi-effect humidification and dehumidification (MEHD) desalination system from different heat sources in hybrid solar-biomass (HSB) system with higher energy efficiencies (energy and exergy), primary energy savings (PES) and payback period are investigated. There are several aspects associated with hybrid solar-biomass power generation installations such as state wise availability of biomass resources, solar direct normal irradiance (DNI) have been analyzed. Month wise solar and biomass heat utilization also has been analyzed for hybrid system in four regions of India (East: Guwahati, Assam; West: Udaipur, Rajasthan; North: Delhi, South: Madurai, Tamil Nadu). The month wise daily average solar radiation is also considered as 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% and remaining heat is taken from biomass resource in northern region (Delhi) in the proposed hybrid plant. The thermodynamic evaluation (energy and exergy) of HSB power plant has also been investigated. The total input energy of the proposed hybrid system is taken v from the heat transfer fluid through parabolic trough collector (PTC) as per availability of solar resource and remaining from biomass to maintain the steam at superheated state of 5000C and 60 bar and supplied to turbine at steam mass flow rate of 5 kg/sec. The energy and exergy analyses of 5 MW HSB system with series mode was carried out to identify the effects of various operating parameters like DNI, condenser pressure, turbine inlet temperatures, boiler pressure on net power output energy and exergy efficiencies. The VAR cooling system operates using the extracted heat taken from turbine and condenser heat of the VAR cooling system is used in MEHD system for production of drinking water as per demand requirement. Though the production of electricity decreases due to extraction of heat from turbine for VAR cooling and MEHD desalination, the complete system meets the energy requirements & increases the PES. The thermodynamic evaluation (energy and exergy), optimization and payback period of polygeneration process in HSB thermal power plant for combined power, cooling and desalination is investigated to identify the effects of various operating parameters. The system has achieved a maximum energy efficiency of 49.85% and exergy efficiency of 20.94%. The Primary energy savings of polygeneration process (PESPP) in HSB system is achieved at 50.5%. The electricity generation from polygeneration process increased to 78.12% as compared to simple thermal power plant. The payback period of polygeneration process in HSB thermal power plant is 1.5 years, which is less than solar thermal power plant, HSB thermal power plant, Cogeneration in HSB thermal power plant.

碩士<br>國立勤益科技大學<br>冷凍空調系<br>99<br>The cleanroom areas used in the TFT-LCD manufacturing grows with the increasing size of the TFT-LCD with larger and larger production line. The cooling load in the cleanroom also increases with the growing manufacturing area, and need more and more DC and MAU etc. air conditioning equipment. The energy consumption used in the facilities also raises with the increasing equipments. In the energy used in the air conditioning system, the chiller usually spend 60%, the pump spend about 20% of the total system energy. If the chiller pumps have not operated properly, the energy consumptions of pump and chiller will also be increased. The variable volume system becomes popular due to the demand of carbon emission reduction and energy conservation. The control of chiller pump speed was usually ignored in the practice and affects the chiller system performance. The Primary/secondary variable volume chiller system used in the TFT-LCD cleanroom was tested and studied. The chiller performance was tested in the partial load, and chiller plant optimal control was investigated to increase the system efficiency. The chiller pump speed and staging control was investigated in detail, and a simple control algorithm was build to control the chiller pump optimally. This control algorithm was tested and verified in practice to reduce the pump energy consumption effectively.

碩士<br>國立屏東教育大學<br>數理教育研究所<br>102<br>The purpose of this study was to investigate if the IDEAS science reading-writing model can improve knowledge and behavior of energy saving and carbon reduction, and environmental attitude for primary fifth-grade students. Through energy teaching materials made by the researcher, this study examined the students’ change in the teaching process. This study only investigated 17 fifth-grade children taught by the researcher. The research adopted both the qualitative and quantitative research methods. In the quantitative research, the researcher used the “Knowledge and Behavior of Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction, and Environmental Attitude for Fifth Graders” questionnaire developed by Chen (2012) as pre- and post tests administered to the students. In addition, the research also analyzed qualitative data, such as students’ concept maps, semi-structured interviews, and teacher reflection journals to achieve the purposes of this study. The results showed that: 1. From the analysis of the students’ quantified questionnaire and qualified data, the students’ knowledge of energy saving and carbon reduction has significant difference before and after teaching. Thus, the IDEAS model of teaching can promote students’ knowledge of energy saving and carbon reduction. 2. From the analysis of the students’ quantified questionnaire and qualified data, the students’ behavior of energy saving and carbon reduction has significant difference before and after teaching. Thus, the IDEAS model of teaching is helpful for promoting students’ behavior of energy saving and carbon reduction. 3. From the analysis of the students’ quantified questionnaire and qualified data, the students’ environmental attitudes has significant difference before and after teaching. Thus, the IDEAS model of teaching is helpful for increasing students’ environmental attitudes.

碩士<br>大仁科技大學<br>環境管理研究所<br>100<br>The purpose of this study is to investigate the present situations, influences on different personal backgrounds and relevant situations of “energy saving and carbon reduction” of the senior students in the primary schools located in Linyuan District of Kaohsiung City. The author used self-made questionnaire as research instrument. From a total of 714 questionnaires given out, 95.5% or 682 effective samples were collected. SPSS 18.0 statistical software was employed to analyze the data by the tools including basic descriptive statistics, T-test, ANOVA, Scheffé’s method and Pearson’s product-moment correlation. The results were shown as follows: 1. The subjects show a high level on knowledge of energy saving and carbon reduction. 2. The subjects show positive attitude and behavior of energy saving and carbon reduction. 3. The subjects depending on various grades, whom are more interested in curriculum and their family&apos;&apos;s social economic status all show significant differences in the attitude and cognition of energy saving and carbon reduction . 4. The subjects depending on the sizes of schools and the resources of knowledge and information both show significant differences in the cognition of energy saving and carbon reduction, but they don’t show any significant differences in their attitude and behavior of energy saving and carbon reduction. 5. The subjects don’t show any significant differences between male and female students in the cognition and attitude of energy saving and carbon reduction. 6. The results show the cognition and the attitude of energy saving and carbon reduction are significantly correlated with each other. Based on the results, discussions and suggestions are provided for education of energy saving and carbon reduction in the primary schools and further studies.