Gotowa bibliografia na temat „PRIMARY ENERGY SAVING”
Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych
Zobacz listy aktualnych artykułów, książek, rozpraw, streszczeń i innych źródeł naukowych na temat „PRIMARY ENERGY SAVING”.
Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.
Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.
Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "PRIMARY ENERGY SAVING"
1
Hong, Gui Bing, Chih Ming Ma, Kai Jen Chuang i Chang Tang Chang. "Current Situation of Energy Conservation in Taiwanese Textile Industry". Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (styczeń 2012): 968–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.968.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Since Taiwan lacks self-produced energy, and is 98 percent reliant on imports for its primary energy. Increasing energy efficiency and energy savings are an essential part of Taiwan’s energy policy. This work summarized the energy saving potential of the Taiwanese textile industry from the on-line Energy Declare System in 2008. It was found that the total potential energy savings was thus 64,034 KL of crude oil equivalent (KLOE). The energy saving potential identified was 94,614MWh of electricity, 24,536 kiloliters of fuel oil, and 23,722 tons of fuel coal. It represented a reduction of 192,353 tons in carbon dioxide emissions.
2
Wardhana, Alex Sandria Jaya, i Eko Swi Damarwan. "Identification of Energy Saving Potential Through Energy Audit at PT. ABC". Jurnal Edukasi Elektro 7, nr 1 (31.05.2023): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jee.v7i1.61657.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Increasing energy efficiency is one of the most important functions for reducing energy costs as well as production costs. One way to reduce the use of electrical energy consumption is by saving energy. This study aims to determine how much energy savings at PT ABC through an energy audit. An energy audit is carried out with two main activities, namely identifying the profile of patterns of electricity use and analysis of power quality. The results of the analysis are then expected to be the basis for knowing the potential for energy savings and energy conservation in the industry. The method used in this study begins with field observations, measurements of electrical systems, and measurements of production machines and production support equipment. Based on some data, both primary data and secondary data, an analysis is carried out through calculations to determine potential energy-saving opportunities. The main energy source used at PT. ABC is from PLN with 1 subscription to a 3-phase system with an installed power of 197 kVA. Energy use or consumption for a year is 804,279.97 kWh. Opportunities for energy savings through energy audits that have been carried out are expected to have an impact on the company, namely energy cost savings of IDR 137,344,162 per year
3
Zhao, Shujie, Qingbin Song i Chao Wang. "Characterizing the Energy-Saving Behaviors, Attitudes and Awareness of University Students in Macau". Sustainability 11, nr 22 (12.11.2019): 6341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226341.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Currently, energy and its usage are the primary environmental issues in all countries and regions. As a special social group, university students not only have extremely high energy consumption needs, but they have more advanced consumption concepts. Understanding their energy-saving characteristics could provide foresight for predicting the energy-saving characteristics of future residents. Using data collected from 737 valid questionnaires, from five typical universities in Macau, this study investigated university students' energy-saving behaviors, attitudes and awareness, and analyzed the possible influencing factors. The results showed that the energy-saving behaviors and attitudes of respondents from five university were nearly the same. Meanwhile, 75.98% of the respondents clearly recognized that energy-savings behaviors are closely related to their daily study and life, and 96.61% of the university students thought that it is very necessary to save energy. In addition, 92.94% of students thought it was necessary to carry out energy-saving education in universities. The regression analysis indicated that “the relationship between energy-saving awareness and daily life” and “the necessity of energy-saving education” are positively correlated with the energy-saving awareness at the significance level of 1%, whereas the energy-saving behaviors, “give priority to energy-saving products” and “shut down your computer when going out”, are positively correlated with energy-saving awareness at the significance level of 10% and 5%, respectively. Finally, we proposed effective suggestions for raising the awareness of saving energy among university students.
4
Chicco, Gianfranco, i Pierluigi Mancarella. "Trigeneration primary energy saving evaluation for energy planning and policy development". Energy Policy 35, nr 12 (grudzień 2007): 6132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.07.016.
Pełny tekst źródła
5
Li, Qi Fen, Tao Li, Wei Dong Sun, Zhi Tian Zhou, Cui Cui Pan i Li Feng Zhao. "Installation Design and Energy Conservation Analysis of Floor Radiant Cooling/Heating System with Solar Energy". Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (listopad 2012): 2146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.2146.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
How to reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning, to use new energy such as solar appropriately, and to achieve energy savings, are the problems must be treated in HVAC industry. Because of the high energy consumption of traditional air-conditioning and the need for reduction of emission, an air conditioning system (utilizing solar dehumidifying applied to heating/cooling radiant floor) is designed and installed in this paper. At the same time, as an example, the energy saving potential of system is analyzed. This type of heating/cooling radiant floor system is worth promoted if solve the dehumidification properly. By separating to deal with heat and moisture can reduce the energy-cost of traditional air-conditioning, and to achieve purposes of primary energy saving.
6
Drosos, Dimitrios, Grigorios L. Kyriakopoulos, Stamatios Ntanos i Androniki Parissi. "School Managers Perceptions towards Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources". International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, nr 3 (12.03.2021): 573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.36704.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Global economic growth is accompanied by increased energy demand, thus conventional fuels such as coal, oil and gas, which are the primary energy sources, are gradually being depleted. At the same time, the combustion of conventional fuel for energy production causes serious adverse effects on the environment and contributes to climate change due to the emitted greenhouse gases. For the above reasons, most of the developed and developing countries especially during the last decades, have introduced various incentives for the greater penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) in all sectors of the economy. Concerning the building sector, several measures have been adopted, including the promotion of energy efficiency and energy saving. A significant proportion of the building stock are the school buildings where students and teachers spend a significant proportion of their daily time. Teachers' attitudes and views, especially the school unit managers concerning the use of RES in schools, are important in the effort to rationalize and control energy use. This study was conducted through a structured questionnaire applied to a sample of 510 school managers in Greece's primary and secondary education. The school unit managerial role for the case of Greek schools is performed by the school principal who has both administrative and educational duties. Statistical analysis included the application of Friedman's test and hypothesis test on questions concerning school manager environmental perceptions and energy-saving habits. According to the results, Greek school managers have a high degree of environmental sensitivity, since 97.6 % agreed or strongly agreed that the main concern should focus on energy saving. Furthermore, 71% of the respondent reported to have good knowledge on solar energy, followed by 64% on wind energy while only 34% are knowledgeable on biomass. Almost all the respondents (99%) agreed that it is important to provide more RES-orientated education through the taught curricula. Concerning energy saving behaviour, around 90% reported that they switch off the lights when leaving the classroom and they close the windows when the air-condition is operating. Hypothesis tests revealed a relationship between the school managers' ecological beliefs, the energy saving habits in the school environment, and the recognition of the importance of environmental education. Conclusions highlighted the need to intensify environmental education programs in the school environment concerning RES in schools. This will lead to a higher level of environmental awareness of both teachers and students and therefore to a more dynamic behaviour towards the effort to “greenify” the school environment.
7
Budaiwi, Ismail M., i Mohammed Abdul Fasi. "Assessing the Energy-Saving Potential and Visual Comfort of Electrochromic Smart Windows in Office Buildings: A Case Study in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia". Sustainability 15, nr 12 (15.06.2023): 9632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129632.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This study comprehensively evaluates the energy-saving potential and visual comfort aspects of electrochromic (EC) smart windows in a hot-humid climate office building. Using an advanced building simulation tool, EC windows are compared to conventional low-E glazed windows, considering two control triggers: daylighting level and glare control. The primary objective is to determine energy savings achievable with EC windows while addressing visual comfort. Detailed analysis of the building’s energy performance and indoor environment is conducted. Results show significant energy savings of 23% with EC windows using daylighting control but limited visual comfort in some zones. Conversely, EC windows with glare control achieve 17% energy savings while maintaining visual comfort throughout the building. These findings highlight the potential of EC windows with glare control in saving energy and maintaining visual comfort in hot-humid office buildings. Further research is needed to optimize performance for different building types and climates. In conclusion, this study provides insights into energy-saving capabilities and visual comfort considerations with EC smart windows, emphasizing the importance of appropriate control triggers for maximizing energy savings and occupant comfort. Future investigations should explore EC window performance across diverse building typologies and climates to enhance the benefits of this innovative technology.
8
Zou, Hui Fen, Ying Chao Fei, Xiao Zhen Cao i Sheng Ye. "Primary Research about Energy Consumption Analysis and Optimization Strategy of Office Buildings". Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (sierpień 2013): 1666–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.1666.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Based on the energy saving reconstruction of an existing office building in Hangzhou, this paper analysis the building energy consumption through the DEST simulation at the present phase. Then summarize the deficiency and reconstruction of the building, and accordingly we propose a reconstruction scheme for the building which is based on the primary research about the optimization strategy of energy saving. This will provide a strong basis about the energy saving reconstruction direction and the reconstruction emphasis of the office building in hot summer and cold winter area.
9
Telnova, Hanna, Veronica Bytsiuk i Dmytro Khodin. "ANALYSIS OF DIRECTIONS OF ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL MANAGEMENT IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF UKRAINE". Proceedings of Scientific Works of Cherkasy State Technological University Series Economic Sciences, nr 62 (27.09.2021): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24025/2306-4420.62.2021.241838.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Annotation. The aim of the work is to substantiate the areas of energy saving potential management of the industrial sector of the national economy. To achieve this goal, the methods of economic and mathematical modeling were used and a function was obtained that reflects the relationship of structural changes with the energy intensity of Ukraine's GDP. The assessment of the energy saving potential in Ukrainian industry by structural and technical factors allowed to prove a positive impact not only on the energy efficiency of industrial production, but also to determine the potential reduction of energy intensity of the country's GDP by supply of primary energy resources. Thus, structural shifts in the economy of Ukraine towards reducing the share of industrial production and increasing the share of services in the field of information technology, scientific and technical activities, lower rates of primary energy supply compared to GDP, it is possible to achieve target energy efficiency targets by 2030. The result of the research is to determine the potential reduction of energy intensity of the country's GDP by the supply of primary energy resources as a result of structural and technical changes (reduction of industrial production and increasing the share of services in information technology, science and technology, lower primary energy supply GDP, modernization of electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning technologies by reducing coal consumption). The scientific novelty of the study is to improve methods of analysis and forecasting of energy saving potential in industrial production of Ukraine. Improving the technical characteristics of industrial production will significantly reduce the share of coal and natural gas savings. In the sectoral context, the greatest potential for energy savings in industry is to modernize technologies for the supply of electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning by reducing coal consumption. A significant share of potential energy saving technologies is made by the processing industry mainly due to the reduction of natural gas consumption at metallurgical enterprises. The practical significance of the study is determined by further development of appropriate management measures that can affect energy efficiency of Ukraine's industrial sector.
10
Sung, Wen Pei, Tzai Tang Tsai, Hsien Jung Wang i Ming Der Chen. "Improved Energy Performance of Air-Conditioning System Using Variable Primary Flow Chilled Water Systems in an Office Building". Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (lipiec 2011): 1973–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.1973.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The main objective of this on-site study is to use a full-scale HVAC (Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning) system installed in an office building in Taiwan for comparing the power consumption, energy-saving, and CO2reduction by variable primary flow (VPF) chilled water systems for controlling the HVAC. The on-site experimental results indicate that average power consumptions are 44,935 kWh for the constant volume (CV) chilled water systems, and 39,025 kWh for the VPF system. Approximately 19% of the maximum energy-saving rate can be achieved if the HVAC system is operated as a VPF system. Additionally, the reduced quantity of accumulated CO2emission varies from 0 to 44,186 kg with 0.623 kg-CO2kwh-1emission factor during the office hours of 08:00 (a.m.) to 20:00 (p.m.). The results demonstrate that switching the operation of an office building HVAC system from CV to VPF will significantly enhance energy savings and CO2reduction. This study is will offer useful information for evaluating an indoor environmental policy with respect to energy savings and CO2emission reduction for office HVACs used in subtropical regions.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "PRIMARY ENERGY SAVING"
1
Ferreira, Vasco Guedes. "The analysis of primary metered half-hourly electricity and gas consumption in municipal buildings". Thesis, De Montfort University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/3268.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This thesis addressed the need for improved analysis and interpretation of primary meter half-hourly energy consumption data. The current work offers a novel benchmarking technique that was tested for 6 types of municipal buildings. This approach is different from conventional annual benchmarking mainly because it uses electricity and gas data in half-hourly periods, together with outside temperature data. A survey to European local authorities’ metering and monitoring practices was conducted in order to assess municipal energy managers' current procedures and needs in terms of data analysis to assess building energy performance and to identify potential energy saving opportunities. The benchmarking approach was developed considering the energy managers’ needs, but also the state-of the art in terms of building energy monitoring techniques, particularly building energy signatures, and the analysis techniques used on electricity grid demand forecasting. The benchmarking approach is based on the use of a metric composed of several indicators that are related to the load demand shape profile and the building energy signature. The comparison of indicators for buildings of the same type using standard scores identifies uncommon load demand profile characteristics and/or gas dependency on outside temperature in specific buildings. The metric is able to support the identification of potential energy wastage, which is linked to the detection of opportunities to save energy. The benchmarking technique was tested in 81 municipal building owned by Leicester City Council. This methodology can be applied to any non-domestic building equipped with primary meters for registering half-hourly electricity and gas consumption. In theory, this approach can also be applied to residential buildings, and to other short time series data types, for example quarter-hourly or 10 minutes interval data. The main contribution of this thesis is to improve the objectivity of building primary meter half-hourly electricity and gas consumption data analysis and interpretation by using quantitative parameters, instead of subjective visualisation techniques. The interpretation of building consumption data in short time series periods can now be streamlined, automated and perhaps incorporated in existing energy analysis software. This thesis raises questions that can lead to future research projects aiming to improve the metric and also to enlarge the scope of its application to national and European scale, to other building types and to other utilities.
2
Andersson, David, i Philip Olsson. "Hur kan en skola med högre energianvändning än det svenska genomsnittet energieffektiviseras? : Energikartläggning". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-24484.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Europeiska unionen som helhet är en av de största energianvändarna och har en av världens största utsläpp av växthusgaser. För att minska globala uppvärmningen har mål sats upp för att medeltemperaturen på jorden inte ska öka mer än 2 grader sen förindustrielltid. Närmare 40 % av Sveriges totala energianvändning kommer från bostads- och servicesektorn detta i samband med att 2020-målen närmar sig bidrar till att energieffektiviseringar i byggnader blir allt mer essentiellt. Energikartläggningar är ett verktyg för att bestämma vad som har stört energibesparingspotential innan effektiviseringsåtgärder sker. Examensarbetet inkluderar en energikartläggning av Trödje skola som förvaltas av Gavlefastigheter. Arbetet är utfört med simuleringsverktyget IDA Indoor Climate and Energy. IDA ICE användes för att modulera den befintliga byggnaden där all data för skolan inkluderades. Rapportens vision är att undersöka hur mycket energi som är möjlig att spara genom energibesparingsåtgärder samt vilken åtgärd som är effektivast. Energibesparingspotentialen i skolan är hög, skolan använder 42,6 kWh/m2år mer än genomsnittet för Gavlefastigheters skolor vilket motsvarar 21 %. Resultaten visar att skolans komplexitet samt att påbyggnationen även kallad paviljongen är en stor faktor till att energianvändningen är hög. Skolans energianvändning har en potential att minska med 17 % vilket inte motsvarade det uppsatta 25 % - målet med arbetet. Arbetet visar att störst besparingspotential finns via byte av fönster och värmeväxlare i ventilationssystemet men även att de åtgärder som antas ge störst besparing inte alltid är effektivast.The European Union as a whole is one of the largest energy users and has one of the world's largest greenhouse gas emissions. To reduce global warming, targets have been set to ensure that the average temperature on the earth does not increase more than 2 degrees since the pre-industrial time. Nearly 40% of Sweden's total energy use comes from the building and services sector which in context with that the 2020 targets approaching contributes to the increased need of higher energy efficiency of buildings. Energy audits is a tool for determining what has the greatest potential for saving energy before efficiency measures occurs. The thesis includes an energy audit of Trödje primary and middle school, administered by Gavlefastigheter. The study was performed using IDA Indoor Climate and Energy simulation tool. IDA ICE was used to modulate the existing building where all data for the school was included. The vision of the thesis is to investigate how much energy which is possible to save through energy saving measures and which action that is most effective. The potential energy saving in the school is high, the school uses 42.6 kWh/m2year more than the average for Gavlefastigheter schools, which corresponds to 21 %. The results show that the complexity of the school and the reconstruction, also called the paviljong, are a major factor in the high energy consumption. The school's energy use has a potential to decrease by 17 %, which did not correspond to the 25 % target set for the work. The work shows that the greatest savings potential exists through the exchange of windows and heat exchangers in the ventilation system, but also that the measures that are assumed to give the greatest savings are not always the most effective.
3
Ghaghazanian, Arash. "System Integration of PV/T Collectors in Solar Cooling Systems". Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-19554.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The demand for cooling and air-conditioning of building is increasingly ever growing. This increase is mostly due to population and economic growth in developing countries, and also desire for a higher quality of thermal comfort. Increase in the use of conventional cooling systems results in larger carbon footprint and more greenhouse gases considering their higher electricity consumption, and it occasionally creates peaks in electricity demand from power supply grid. Solar energy as a renewable energy source is an alternative to drive the cooling machines since the cooling load is generally high when solar radiation is high. This thesis examines the performance of PV/T solar collector manufactured by Solarus company in a solar cooling system for an office building in Dubai, New Delhi, Los Angeles and Cape Town. The study is carried out by analyzing climate data and the requirements for thermal comfort in office buildings. Cooling systems strongly depend on weather conditions and local climate. Cooling load of buildings depend on many parameters such as ambient temperature, indoor comfort temperature, solar gain to the building and internal gains including; number of occupant and electrical devices. The simulations were carried out by selecting a suitable thermally driven chiller and modeling it with PV/T solar collector in Polysun software. Fractional primary energy saving and solar fraction were introduced as key figures of the project to evaluate the performance of cooling system. Several parametric studies and simulations were determined according to PV/T aperture area and hot water storage tank volume. The fractional primary energy saving analysis revealed that thermally driven chillers, particularly adsorption chillers are not suitable to be utilizing in small size of solar cooling systems in hot and tropic climates such as Dubai and New Delhi. Adsorption chillers require more thermal energy to meet the cooling load in hot and dry climates. The adsorption chillers operate in their full capacity and in higher coefficient of performance when they run in a moderate climate since they can properly reject the exhaust heat. The simulation results also indicated that PV/T solar collector have higher efficiency in warmer climates, however it requires a larger size of PV/T collectors to supply the thermally driven chillers for providing cooling in hot climates. Therefore using an electrical chiller as backup gives much better results in terms of primary energy savings, since PV/T electrical production also can be used for backup electrical chiller in a net metering mechanism.
4
Rosinski, Katarzyna. "Effects of primary treatment optimization on energy savings and recovery in conventional activated sludge process". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ62957.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródła
5
Galvan, Javier. "Simulation of Tri-generation Systems with application of optimization". Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-95191.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Despite the fact that cogeneration (CHP) and tri-generation (CHCP) are among the most efficient ways to produce electricity and thermal energy, there is still some unexploited potential for these techniques. One could say that the circumstances for using these techniques are better now than ever. Some of the reasons for applying CHP and CHCP are: the techniques are well understood, their application could generate some profit, and the required technology is available. Moreover, there is increasing concern in regards to energy security, the need to increase the energy efficiency in power generation and distribution as well as to lower the emissions from fossil fuel combustion. CHP/CHCP promoters and developers face difficulties when analyzing the conditions and proposing a plan of application. On one hand, there are some external barriers which have to be torn down by means of energy regulation schemes. These may include economic incentives, easy and safe interconnection to the grid to export electricity and have backup if necessary, and access to the market to sell the surplus of electricity at a fair price. On the other hand, there are some internal barriers such as the difficulty evaluating potential energy savings, emission reduction, and economic performance of a project based on the circumstances of a specific site; lack of awareness; unwillingness to invest in CHP/CHCP projects; and difficulty in selecting and sizing the equipment which would give the maximum benefits in terms of life cycle cost, energy savings and emission reduction. Nowadays, it is possible to develop software tools which use simulations and optimization algorithms to evaluate several options, compare them and chose the ones that give the optimum performance with respect to an objective function defined by the user. In this project, the general context for the application of cogeneration and tri-generation projects was studied including factors which have an impact on its feasibility and performance. Moreover, a survey of the exiting feasibility analysis tools was done, and a case study was chosen and analyzed. Next, a model was developed using the software Trnsys for the simulation and Matlab for the optimization. The model was tested by evaluating the study case. The result of the simulation and optimization gives several possible equipment size combinations. The tradeoff between two different objective functions such as net present value and primary energy savings or emission reduction is presented in Pareto front diagrams. The main conclusion of this project is that by using Trnsys and Matlab, it is possible to develop more complex models which, when applying optimization algorisms, could become a very useful and helpful tool that CHP/CHCP developers could use to speed up the analysis of projects while contributing to the goal of deploying these techniques.
6
Malchar, Jakub. "Posouzení možnosti využití alternativních zdrojů v energetickém hospodářství výrobního areálu". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318767.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The Master’s Thesis prospects the suitability of installing a photovoltaic system and a cogeneration unit in the LIPOELASTIC manufacturing facility and proposes their actual realization. Theoretical part describes said facility, its current energy supply situation and presents the proposed realizations' principle of operation. Practical part contains concrete calculations needed for realizations' proposal and their economic evaluation both independently and jointly.
7
Chieng, Pin-Cheng, i 江斌誠. "Energy Saving Analysis of Variable Primary Flow System with Screw Chiller". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/pz99m2.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
能源與冷凍空調工程系碩士班
100
Chilled water primary flow of central air conditioning system has been a constant flow operation. The paper focuses on the central air conditioning system of the chilled water primary variable flow of energy-saving operation. The concept is Trane first proposed in 1999, At the beginning , many people hold the altitude of doubt because of the complexity it involves . However, more and more successful cases are gradually raising the marketing acceptance . Decreasing the primary flow rates can obviously save energy from water pump, but the heat transfer coefficient of the evaporator changes at the same time, as well as the temperature of evaporation. These changes might influence the energy consumption. Therefore, the benefit of energy-saving by VPF of the pump is discussed with the primary flow rates to find the flow rates with the most efficiency. This research is based on the regression analysis to derive the equation between the power consumption of chiller and the primary flow rates, the temperature of extracted chilled water, the temperature of infill cooling water and the partial loads, as well as the equation between the power consumption of the pump and the primary rates. Finally, obtain the curve of partial loads and electric consumption vary with primary flow rates, and find the best energy-saving efficiency of primary flow rates under the loads of chiller and pump.
8
Chou, Hsin-Hua, i 周信華. "Analysis of Real Field Energy-Saving Efficiency of Variable Primary Flow System". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77347696443290623431.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
碩士國立勤益科技大學
冷凍空調系
102
This study described the evolution of energy-saving technology of air conditioning chilled water system, and analyzed the operating characteristics and energy-saving benefit of Variable Primary Flow (VPF) and Constant Water Volume System (CWV) chilled water systems. The characteristics, merits and demerits and energy-saving benefits of variable flow and constant flow chilled water systems were also discussed and compared. The VPF system architecture, measuring instrument and measuring method, frequency converter parameter setting were discussed. The precautions in selecting equipments included the coordination between minimum flow of chiller and pump, coordination between frequency converter and pump, flow and lift of pump at different speeds, so as to optimize the operating state. This paper presented a case study of an office building. The energy consumption of VPF chilled water pump was compared with that of CWV chilled water pump system in May, June and July. The power saving rate was 34% in May, 31% in June, and 29% in July. The savable electric costs were compared. The energy and electric cost was reduced, contributing to preventing global warming and reducing the emission of greenhouse gases.
9
Cheng, Ying-Yi, i 鄭鍚譯. "Energy Saving Study on Variable Primary Flow System in Air Conditioning System". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w9z436.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
能源與冷凍空調工程系碩士班
96
The international energy price elevates day by day. How between the various countries with reduces energy consumption all not regarding strength to the energy effective use. Especially regarding it has the CO2 question. The topic has become the international concern course. Discussion content of the final conclusion according to Kyoto’s agreement. The between of stipulation industrialized country from 2008 to 2012. The complete greenhouse gas withdrawal compared with 1990 at least reduces 5%, therefore saved the energy to become all the people’s movement. The article is discussion of vogue in the European and American recent day many years in air-conditioning system —variable primary flow system (VPF), compared with the primary only system (POS) and primary-secondary/de-couplesystem(P-S) in the power consumption, further discusses composes of which the VPF system .The main equipment — like chiller, pump, variable frequency driver, control system and so on, must pay attention to selected. By the time can achieve saves the energy and condition of the electricity power. In order to prevent the whole world is warm and the greenhouse gas discharges a mental effort. Affiliation by the real case comparison, use the precise instrument to measured from the fluid temperature, the current capacity and the electric power. During the summer time from August to October. To measured power consumption , the chilled water current capacity and pump lifting. To compares with the primary only system and primary-secondary/de-couple system in the power consumption to obtains the anticipated result. For the future proprietor, the air conditioning designer, will provide a better choice also will make contribution for Earth''s environment.
10
Huang, Hui-Hsueh, i 黃惠雪. "A study of the effects of informal energy curricula on the primary students'' attitudes toward energy saving". Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23108583000524336857.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
碩士國立彰化師範大學
工業教育學系
87
This study was aimed at exploring the effects of informal energy curricula on the primary students’ attitude toward energy saving. The procedure could be divided to analyze relative literatures, to develop questionnaires, to conduct an experiment, to analyze the data, and to conclusion the results. The experimental design for this study was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design. Subject were 53 primary students from Shi-Song Primary School and Hsing-Hwa Primary School. The experimental group received the informal energy curricula for eight weeks while control group received usual material and schedules. In this study, the informal energy curricula created by the author was used to engage in the teaching activity. In addition, “Questionnaire of energy saving cognition” and “Questionnaire of energy saving attitude” also created by the author were adopted to understand testees’ energy saving cognition and attitude. The Oneway analysis of covariance and t-test were conducted to analyze the data. According to the results of the statistic analysis, the following conclusions were incurred: 1. Implementing “ informal energy curricula” on primary students had positive effect and influence on enhancing their attitudes toward energy saving. 2. Gender, mother’s education and mother’s occupation were the factors that effected the attitudes toward energy saving on primary students.
Książki na temat "PRIMARY ENERGY SAVING"
1
Rosinski, Katarzyna. Effects of primary treatment optimization on energy savings and recovery in conventional activated sludge process. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2001.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
2
Ramos-Sánchez, Jesús Ricardo. Ahorro económico, eficiencia energética y proyección inferencial. Análisis de series de tiempo en celdas fotovoltaicas. ECORFAN, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35429/b.2020.7.1.116.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This literature work includes the phenomenon of the socioeconomic situation of the residents of Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico, who have solar panels as a savings mechanism for their homes and as a tool that contributes to their well-being. The research focuses on the economic flow of residents in relation to energy expenditure and surplus. The approach to the problem is due to the lack of an economic and social measurement system in relation to the energy expenditure of the housewith solar panels in extreme weather in the city of Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Therefore, the research question was established: How much energy savings does the use of solar panels represent in the families of Victoria, Tamaulipas? For the elaboration of the hypothesis, the Cruz-Ardilla theory (2013), was necessary, which maintains that energy plays an important role in society since it allows access to technological and social advances in resources that provide greater comfort; In this same tenor, Díaz (2015), ensures that technological strategies for sustainability have an economic purpose transforming the territory and; as a last assumption according to Elías and Bordas (2012), which indicates that 44% of primary energy worldwide becomes useless. Thus, the hypothesis is: Energy savings with the use of solar panels in the homes of families in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico is equivalent to 40 percent.
3
Vaez-Zadeh, Sadegh. Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198742968.001.0001.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This is the first comprehensive, coherent, and up-to-date book devoted solely to the control of permanent magnet synchronous (PMS) motors, as the fastest growing AC motor. It covers a deep and detailed presentation of major PMS motor modeling and control methods. The readers can find rich materials on the fundamentals of PMS motor control in addition to new motor control methods, which have mainly been developed in the last two decades, including recent advancements in the field in a systematic manner. These include extensive modeling of PMS motors and a full range of vector control and direct torque control schemes, in addition to predictive control, deadbeat control, and combined control methods. All major sensorless control and parameter estimation methods are also studied. The book covers about 10 machine models in various reference frames and 70 control and estimation schemes with sufficient analytical and implementation details including about 200 original figures. A great emphasis is placed on energy-saving control schemes. PMS motor performances under different control systems are presented by providing simulation and experimental results. The past, present, and future of the PMS motor market are also discussed. Each chapter concludes with end-chapter problems and focussed bibliographies. It is an essential source for anyone working on PMS motors in academic and industry sectors. The book can be used as a textbook with the first four chapters for a primary graduate course and the final three chapters for an advanced course. It is also a crucial reading for researchers, design engineers, and experts in the field.
4
Silva, Sergio Mendonça da, Sílvio Parodi Oliveira Camilo, Cristina Keiko Yamaguchi i Miguelangelo Gianezini. Indutores de políticas, programas e práticas socioambientais: análise das distribuidoras de energia elétrica do sul do Brasil. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-420-3.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This study investigates determinants of socio-environmental practices, (mandatory and voluntary), as evidenced in southern Brazil’s electric energy distribution companies. It seeks to understand this phenomenon with interdisciplinary protection through theoretical constructs of Social Responsibility, Environmental Management, Evidence, Legitimacy, Reputation, and Institutional. This integration contributes to understanding the reasons why companies undertake and evidence their socio- -environmental practices to external audiences. The literature suggests that socio-environmental practices are explained by various reasons, such as: enforced by legal impositions and/or voluntariness, to strengthen legitimacy, maintain and develop a reputation, and by isomorphism of the competitive operating environment. Given the above, the objective of this work is to investigate factors that determine the disclosure of socio-environmental practices in electricity distribution companies in the south of Brazil. In the methodological aspects, a qualitative approach was used, with descriptive and exploratory objectives. As a research strategy, a multichannel study was applied through two electricity distribution companies in the south of the country, CELESC Distribuição S.A. (Centrais Elétricas de Santa Catarina) and COPEL Distribuição S.A. (Companhia Paranaense de Energia). Data collection took place in two stages, the first one with a search on documentary, physical and virtual basis, and the second stage using a semi-structured interview with professionals from the Social and Environmental Responsibility area of each of the companies surveyed. The information collected was related to the period of 2014, 2015, and 2016. The results showed that the Annual Reports, service stations, and participation in external events constitute the primary means and channels of evidence of socio-environmental practices. There was a greater tendency to develop social practices. However, there are programs focused on climate change, conscious consumption and electricity saving, social inclusion, recovery of citizenship, and people’s quality of life. The COPEL company presented a tendency to evidence voluntary practices with more intensity, also showing consistency and maintenance of the programs during the studied period. Regarding corporate and sustainability policies, it was noted that companies adopt very similar strategies. It is concluded that the age, size, and corporate reputation of companies are the main determinants of socio-environmental practices, highlighting the presence of mimetic isomorphism characterized by the use of the same types of means and channels of evidence and by the symmetry of practices and policies developed by companies CELESC and COPEL.
Części książek na temat "PRIMARY ENERGY SAVING"
1
Safaei, Samaneh, Farshid Keynia, Sam Haghdady, Azim Heydari i Mario Lamagna. "Design of CCHP System with the Help of Combined Chiller System, Solar Energy, and Gas Microturbine". W The Urban Book Series, 79–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29515-7_9.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractThis work was conducted to design a combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system with photovoltaic energy which provides simultaneous generation of electricity, heat, and cold for a high-rise office building (23 floors) in the city of Mashhad in Iran. Our strategy was to supply load electric, thermal, and refrigeration with the help of solar energy. In addition, its superiority over other systems was evaluated. Analysis and study of solar radiation and the maximum level of solar panels use, according to the architectural plan, were carried out at the project site. The analysis of shadow points, the use of inverters and electrical detectors to increase the maximum solar power, and its cost-effectiveness were carefully studied via PVSOL software. Additionally, the amount of heat, cold, and electricity consumption was accurately calculated according to international standards and utilizing HAP software. The criteria for saving on the initial cost reduction, carbon dioxide emission reduction, operating cost reduction, payback period, revenue, and the minimum life expectancy of the equipment compared to those in other methods were also evaluated. The results obtained from the designed system of simultaneous generation of electricity, heat, and refrigeration, which combines gas microturbines as the primary stimulus, a combination of absorption and compression chiller to provide refrigeration load, a boiler for auxiliary heat load, and a thermal photovoltaic system to produce both electric and thermal loads, were finally revealed. This is believed to be a cost-effective strategy for high-rise residential or commercial buildings with a geographical location like that of Mashhad. Based on the electricity sales to the grid, with the rate of increase in inflation in electricity tariffs, this design in the Mashhad project was estimated to have an annual income of 166.676 thousand dollars. Moreover, the initial capital return period in this project was calculated to be 5.19 years.
2
Islam, M. M. U., J. Li, R. Roychand i M. Saberian. "A Compact Review on the Waste-Based Lightweight Concrete: Advancement and Possibilities". W Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 151–64. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_17.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractLightweight concrete (LWC) has been used for more than 2000 years, and the technical development of waste-based LWC is still proceeding. Notably, the very first representative concrete mix of infrastructural LWC was introduced for building a family house in Berlin, Germany, a few decades ago. The unique and distinctive combination of waste-based LWC successfully creates an appealing alternative to traditional concrete aggregates in terms of durability, robustness, cost, energy-saving, transportation, environmental advantages, innovative architectural designs and implementations, and ease of construction. Numerous researchers have attempted to utilize waste materials to produce LWC, aiming to bring both ecological and economical solutions to the construction industry over the past few decades. Waste materials, such as crushed glass, waste tire rubber, masonry rubber, chip rubber, plastics, coconut shells, palm oil fuel ash, palm kernel shells, fly ash, and rice husks, possess lower specific gravity than traditional concrete aggregates. Thus waste-based LWC can be a significant replacement for conventional raw materials (cementitious material and aggregates) as it requires less strength than conventional concrete for both structural and non-structural applications. Although waste-based LWC is well recognized and has proven its scientific potential in a broad range of applications, there are still uncertainties and hesitations in practice. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to demonstrate the current state-of-the-art understanding and advancement of waste-based LWC over the past decades. Furthermore, an equally critical discussion is reported to shed light on the potential benefits of LWC. We highlight how the performance of LWC has been enhanced significantly over the period, and understanding of the properties of waste-based LWC has advanced.
3
Rezaei, Mahdi, Saghi Salehi, Mohammad Ebadollahi, Hadi Rostamzadeh, Zahra Ghaffarpour, Amir Farhang Sotoodeh i Majid Amidpour. "Primary Fuel Savings and CO2 Emission Reduction in the Municipal Waste via Anaerobic Digestion". W Green Energy and Technology, 203–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90720-4_8.
Pełny tekst źródła
4
Khan, Asfandyar, Azween Abdullah i Nurul Hasan. "Event Based Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks". W Wireless Sensor Networks and Energy Efficiency, 445–62. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0101-7.ch021.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Wireless sensor networks (WSANs) are increasingly being used and deployed to monitor the surrounding physical environments and detect events of interest. In wireless sensor networks, energy is one of the primary issues and requires the conservation of energy of the sensor nodes, so that network lifetime can be maximized. It is not recommended as a way to transmit or store all data of the sensor nodes for analysis to the end user. The purpose of this “Event Based Detection” Model is to simulate the results in terms of energy savings during field activities like a fire detection system in a remote area or habitat monitoring, and it is also used in security concerned issues. The model is designed to detect events (when occurring) of significant changes and save the data for further processing and transmission. In this way, the amount of transmitted data is reduced, and the network lifetime is increased. The main goal of this model is to meet the needs of critical condition monitoring applications and increase the network lifetime by saving more energy. This is useful where the size of the network increases. Matlab software is used for simulation.
5
Stasi, Christian Di, Yarima Torreiro i Ángela Rodríguez-Abalde. "Assessment of micro-combined heat and power system based on an organic Rankine Cycle coupled to a boiler for residual biomass valorization". W Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 1394–96. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_211.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Energy from biomass obtained in rural areas provides a sustainable alternative for heat and power production. In particular, the combustion of biomass in boilers represents the most widely used valorization route for the production of thermal energy. Furthermore, cogeneration has proven to be an efficient and clean way of simultaneous production of electricity and useful heat in the place of consumption, with the consequent saving of primary energy and emissions. The specific aim of this experimental work is to study the feasibility of employing forestry wastes as feedstock for microcogeneration (electrical power
6
Paolo, Malanima, Astrid Kander i Paul Warde. "Definitions and Concepts". W Power to the People. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691143620.003.0002.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This chapter defines some important concepts that are used in the book and which are relevant to energy in the economic context. It first considers energy consumption in the economic sense; here energy is defined as the capacity to perform work, useful for human beings, thanks to changes in the structure of matter or its position in space. The use of energy by humans has an opportunity cost, meaning that the time and resources allocated to using this energy could have been used differently. In the economic sense, energy consumption entails both private and social costs. The chapter proceeds by discussing primary sources of energy as opposed to secondary energy carriers; power; thermodynamic efficiency and energy productivity; the determinants of energy productivity; energy intensity; macro-, meso-, and micro-innovations; development blocks; market widening and market suction; energy expansion and energy saving; and dematerialization of growth.
7
Araújo, Kathleen. "Icelandic Geothermal Energy: Shifting Ground". W Low Carbon Energy Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199362554.003.0007.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Today’s energy sectors hold different potentials for saving on energy, carbon, and other greenhouse gases (GHGs). Buildings, for instance, represent more than 40% of energy use worldwide and one-third of GHGs (United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP], n.d.a). Improvements in heating, cooling, and powering of buildings, as well as industrial processes, can deliver substantial and cost-effective savings. In line with this, geothermal energy represents a more unusual form of renewable energy in that it can directly contribute to heating, cooling, and electricity services. Unlike a number of its counterparts, geothermal energy can provide a more stable and renewable form of energy that is largely unaffected by weather. The chapter focuses on geothermal energy adoption in Iceland, “a little country that roars,” according to UNFCCC Executive Secretary Christina Figueres (Iceland Monitor, 2014), when discussing leadership in renewable energy use and related action. In developing its renewable energy leadership, Iceland has wrestled, like many countries, with tradeoffs in energy, the environment, and economic development. The chapter highlights the interplay of these interests and explores the innovative engineering and industrial spillovers in Iceland’s geothermal adoption. Iceland is a country of roughly 333,000 people, and is a global leader in renewable energy use (Islandsbanki, 2010; Ministry of the Environment, 2010; Statistics Iceland, 2017). Two-thirds of the country’s primary energy consists of geothermal energy, with roughly nine out of ten Icelandic homes heated by the fuel source and a quarter of the country’s electricity powered by it (Orkustofnun, 2015; Ragnarsson, 2015). The nation leads globally in terms of geothermal heat capacity per capita and serves as a principal source of international training and consulting on geothermal energy, with a diverse industrial cluster that has developed around the technology (Gekon, n.d.; United Nations University Geothermal Training Programme [UN- GTP], n.d). The country’s low carbon development pathway reflects choices and debate about how to manage its natural resources and allow for foreign investment. Iceland began the 20th century as one of the poorest nations in Europe and is now a top-ranked country in the United Nations Development Program’s Human Development Index (Hannibalsson, 2008; United Nations Development Program [UNDP], 2015).
8
Abbas, Aqeel, Veeramanikandan Rajagopal i Song-Jeng Huang. "Magnesium Metal Matrix Composites and Their Applications". W Magnesium Alloys [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96241.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Magnesium is one of the lightest structural metals have the capability to replace the conventional alloys for mass saving applications and provides higher strength and stiffness. Additionally, it also has the ability to absorb the hydrogen in the form of hydrides and can be used as a future source of energy carrier. The theoretical hydrogen capacity of 7.6 wt% makes it more suitable for future energy sources but needs to reduce the working sorption temperature. Moreover, magnesium is the primary source of the body and has strength equal to the bone, making it more suitable for biomedical applications and higher biocompatibility. Some challenges of magnesium-based metal matrix composites are still encountering structural applications, hydrogen energy storage, and biomedical applications due to manufacturing methodologies and proper materials selection to get required results.
9
Israr, Nauman. "Energy Efficient Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks". W Wireless Sensor Networks and Energy Efficiency, 274–90. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0101-7.ch012.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Longer life time is the primary goal of interest in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Communication dominates the power consumption among all the activities in WSNs. The classical sleep and wake up scheduling scheme at the application layer is believed to be one of the best power saving schemes for dense WSNs. These schemes reduce redundant transmissions, and as a result, prolong the network life time. This chapter analyzes the effect of density on inter cluster and intra cluster communication and evaluates a hybrid cross layer scheduling schemes to enhance the life time of the WSNs. In the conventional scheduling schemes at the application layer, all the nodes whose area are covered by their neighbors are put to sleep in order to prolong the life time of the WSNs. The hybrid cross layer scheme in this chapter suggests that instead of putting the redundant nodes to sleep if they are used for some other energy intensive tasks, for example the use of redundant nodes as relay stations in inter cluster communication, will be more energy efficient compare to the conventional application layer scheduling schemes in WSNs. Performance studies in the chapter indicate that the proposed communication strategy is more energy efficient than the conventional communication strategies that employ the sleep/wake up pattern at application layer.
10
B. Sutar, Kailasnath. "Energy Efficiency, Emissions and Adoption of Biomass Cookstoves". W Energy Efficiency [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101886.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Indoor air pollution due to inefficient use of solid biomass fuels in traditional cookstoves causing serious threat to human health and millions of deaths, mainly in developing countries. This chapter reports parameters for measurement of thermal as well as emission performance of biomass cookstoves. The thermal performance parameters include fire power, efficiency, specific fuel consumption and turn-down ratio whereas the emission performance parameters include emission factor or indoor concentration of a pollutant. This chapter also reports about technological improvements in the biomass cookstoves. Since early 1980s, efforts were made by the researchers for development improved cookstoves. These efforts include use of metals as cookstove materials, provision of grate for better air circulation, air preheating, provision of swirl and secondary air, provision of insulation, use of chimney, baffles etc. The improved cookstoves were found to be causing saving in biomass fuel but there was not much improvement in emission performance of these stoves as compared with their traditional versions. The research on advanced biomass cookstoves started in early twenty-first century. While designing these cookstoves, advancements in technologies such as insulating the combustion chamber, supplying correct amount of primary and secondary air at right place into the combustion chamber, use of fan to create draft, use of gasification techniques, use of high density pellets as fuel etc. are being used. Advanced biomass cookstoves are found to be highly fuel efficient and they cause negligible pollutant emissions. Various factors affecting adoption of improved biomass cookstoves such as social, functional, and cultural are discussed in detail. Recommendations for use of energy efficient and clean cooking options are also given.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "PRIMARY ENERGY SAVING"
1
Lo´pez, Jose´ Uren˜a, Andreas Klesse i Hermann-J. Wagner. "Primary Energy Saving Potential of Solar Cooling in Residential Buildings". W ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54769.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Cooling in residential buildings becomes more important due to the rising insulation requirements and the increasing human comfort. Therefore, systems that provide heating as well as cooling with a low primary energy consumption will be in future more preferred than conventional single-unit systems. Solar thermal installations can here provide in addition to the domestic hot water and heating demand a significant contribution to the cooling requirement in residential buildings. In this study, low-energy residential buildings with different solar heating and cooling systems are analyzed concerning their primary energy consumption. To cover a large range of different weather conditions, two locations (Madrid and Wu¨rzburg) with different solar energy supply are considered. Further, a conventional solar heating supply system including one or more typical room air-conditioners is as reference system selected. The different systems are modeled by the system simulation platform TRNSYS. In a first step, the question is addressed of whether a solar thermal system with standard dimensioning, taking the domestic hot water and heating demand into account, is sufficient to meet the cooling requirements. To cover the cooling demands, a small-scale thermally driven absorption chiller has been selected. In a next step, the studied systems are compared in terms of primary energy saving as a function of the solar cooling fraction. The simulation results have shown that regions with a high solar energy supply do not take advantage of solar thermal cooling, due to the higher cooling demand. On average, 70% of the cooling demands can be covered by a standard dimensioned solar thermal system. At the same time, a primary energy saving up to 90%, compared to currently installed room air-conditioning units can be achieved.
2
Al-Ragom, Fotouh A., Osamah A. Alsayegh, K. J. Sreekanth i Fareed Alghimlas. "Energy Efficiency Policy Roadmap for the State of Kuwait". W ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59673.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This paper proposes a national energy efficiency policy to go along with the Development Plan of the State of Kuwait 2015–2020. Obstacles hindering the energy savings including, the general consensus of government officials, securing national energy funds, engaging various stakeholders, setting targets and establishing benchmarks and legal framework to monitor and gage progress are discussed. A SWOT analysis is conducted to arrive at short term (5 years) and long term (15 years) milestones for the policy roadmap needed to achieve optimum potential saving. Compared with the present consumption pattern (business as usual), primary energy saving will reach 2.4% by 2020 and extending to 30% saving by 2035. This saving target is the result of analyzing various policy scenarios through the application of energy conservation code, building energy audits, appliance labeling, building labeling, smart building energy monitoring and control, vehicle energy labeling, and electric vehicles.
3
Choo, Kyosung, Renan Manozzo Galante i Michael Ohadi. "Energy Conservation Measures of a Primary Data Center on an Academic Campus". W ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17061.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) of the primary data center at the University of Maryland are developed. Measurement and simulation are performed to validate the developed ECMs. Three ECMs — 1) Increase in the return temperature at Computer Room Air Conditionings (CRACs) 2) Cold aisle containment 3) Elimination of unnecessary CRACs — are suggested to reduce energy consumption by optimizing the thermo-fluid flow in the data center. Power savings of 12.7 kW – 17.4 kW and 14.1 kW are obtained by increasing the return air temperatures at the CRACs and performing the cold aisle containment, respectively. In addition, a power saving of 11.2 kW is obtained by turning off CRACs 3 and 8 which have an adverse effect on the data center cooling.
4
Chang, Qing, Guoxian Xiao, Lin Li i Stephan Biller. "Energy Management in Manufacturing Systems". W ASME 2011 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2011-50098.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Conventionally, improving production efficiency, flexibility and responsiveness has been the primary research focus of production management, while energy consumption has received relatively little attention. Energy consumption plays a more and more important role in manufacturing environment. This is mainly driven by energy cost and environmental concerns. When the energy system becomes complicated and coupled with ongoing production, it is very difficult to hunt the “hidden treasure” which affects the overall benefit of a manufacturing system. This paper provides a systematic method for energy management in a production system. We start from dynamic production transient analysis and provide quantitative analysis for energy saving opportunity in a system. Furthermore, energy saving is integrated into production system which includes downtime and throughput to provide integrated energy management framework for a production system. A case study is conducted to demonstrate its potential on energy savings in a multi-stage manufacturing system.
5
Song, Li, Ik-Seong Joo i Mingsheng Liu. "Energy Use and Performance of a New Variable Primary-Flow Chilled Water System". W ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76066.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The traditional chilled water loop has been designed as a primary/secondary (P/S) system for several years. The primary loop maintains constant chilled water flow through the evaporator, and the secondary loop is designed as a variable flow system in response to variations in building cooling load. The primary/secondary design separates the chiller operation from the building load requirements. This design principle has been working adequately for old chillers that require constant chilled water flow to achieve stable chiller performance. However, these chillers operate inefficiently and consume unnecessary pump power. In recent years, the chiller industry has begun the use of variable water flow through evaporators. Significant energy savings can be achieved by using the variable flow principle. This paper compares the P/S system with variable chilled water system and also proposes an innovative solution: chilled water supply temperature reset to maintain the minimum chilled water flow and eliminate by-pass water flow. The energy consumption models including pump power and chiller compressor power improvement are presented to simulate the energy performance of two systems. ASHRAE detailed cooling coil models are also adopted to simulate the cooling coil discharge air humidity in order to verify the impacts of the chilled water supply temperature reset. Finally, a case study building demonstrates experimental results. Up to 10% pump and compressor power saving is demonstrated by simulations and the case study.
6
Benson, Jeannie. "Energy Efficiency Opportunities for Citrus Processing". W ASME 1994 Citrus Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cec1994-4006.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Improving efficiency and saving money are primary concerns of any citrus processing operation. Conducting a full scale energy audit will reveal the energy use characteristics of your entire operation and help you to discover opportunities to improve energy efficiency. Projects are evaluated on the basis of economic feasibility and operational practicality, and accepted or rejected by the appropriate plant personnel. Utility rebates are often available for the accepted projects based upon energy savings. Energy efficiency programs can be, and have been, used to improve operational efficiency and save money — money that could be better used to expand your operation or increase your profit margin. Paper published with permission.
7
Huang, Chun-Yu, Tsorng-Juu Liang, Kai-Hui Chen i Cheng-Yuan Li. "Primary-side feedback control IC design for flyback converter with energy saving burst mode". W 2018 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apec.2018.8341300.
Pełny tekst źródła
8
Okamoto, S. "Energy Consumption and Technical Potential of Energy Saving in a Hospital". W ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54017.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This paper describes a study starting from an analysis of typical energy demand profiles in a hospital setting followed by the feasibility study of a cogeneration system (CGS). The concept is a future autonomous system for the combined generation of electrical, heating and cooling energy in the hospital. The driving cogeneration units are two high-efficiency gas engines; this is used to produce the electrical and heat energy. Gas engine is used as a driving unit because of high needs for electrical and heating energy. The natural gas-fuelled reciprocating engine is used to generate 735kW of power. In our case electrical energy will be used only in the Hospital. A deficit in electricity can be also purchased from the public network. The generated steam will be used to drive three steam-fired absorption chillers and delivered to individual consumers of heat. This system is capable of doing simultaneous heating and cooling. No obstacles were recognized for the technical feasibility of CGS. The average ratio between electric and thermal load in the Hospital is suitable to make CGS system operate. A feasibility analysis performed for a non-optimized CGS system predicted a large potential for primary energy saving.
9
Lai, Sheng-Ke. "Effects of Construction Elements on Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction". W Japan International Business and Management Research Conference. RSF Press & RESEARCH SYNERGY FOUNDATION, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/jibm.v1i1.225.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
To respond to continuing global warming and rising environmental awareness, owners in the construction industry, a leading industry worldwide, must possess a greater awareness of energy- saving and carbon reduction construction products and their corporate social responsibilities. Construction industry owners are frequently required to focus on profit as the primary goal of projects for corporate sustainability. This study examined the effects on energy saving and carbon reduction efforts on the use of green construction elements in existing construction projects. The analysis results revealed that applying energy-saving and carbon reduction construction elements improves sales prices and rates substantially, even though it raises construction costs. In response to the evolution of green technology and the increase in consumer environmental awareness, future construction projects should increase the application of new energy-saving and carbon reduction construction materials. The results of this study provide a reference to construction industry owners implementing green construction materials.
10
Alsayegh, Osamah A., i Fotouh A. Al-Ragom. "An Energy Transition Scenario for the State of Kuwait". W ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49069.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
With population of 3.9 million and area of 17,818 km2, the State of Kuwait holds about 8% and 1% of the world proven oil and gas reserves, respectively. Its total primary energy (oil and gas) production is about 3.5 million barrel oil equivalent per day (Mboe/d). Yet, Kuwait is facing energy challenges as a result of high and rapid growth of domestic energy consumption that has reached 18% of its total primary energy production. Therefore, adopting policies to transform the present energy system to a sustainable system has become indispensable national requirement. In this paper, a transition scenario for Kuwait’s energy system is proposed. The transition scenario addresses both the supply and demand sides through diversifying primary energy mix and energy demand management measures. The energy mix scenario is the optimum outcome of MARKAL-TIMES model of the energy system of Kuwait. Modeling results show that meeting 10% of the country’s energy demand through the exploitation of solar and wind energies by 2030 is the technical and economical optimal scenario. While the demand management measures are based on pilot energy conservation and efficiency study that shows energy saving could reach 24% and leading to savings of 4% reduction in power installation capacity. Utilization of efficient water desalination systems can reduce national energy consumption by 5%. The paper concludes with policy implications that are essential to launch the transformation toward sustainability.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "PRIMARY ENERGY SAVING"
1
Witzig, Andreas, Camilo Tello, Franziska Schranz, Johannes Bruderer i Matthias Haase. Quantifying energy-saving measures in office buildings by simulation in 2D cross sections. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541623658.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
A methodology is presented to analyse the thermal behaviour of buildings with the goal to quantify energy saving measures. The solid structure of the building is modelled with finite elements to fully account for its ability to store energy and to accurately predict heat loss through thermal bridges. Air flow in the rooms is approximated by a lumped element model with three dynamical nodes per room. The dynamic model also contains the control algorithm for the HVAC system and predicts the net primary energy consumption for heating and cooling of the building for any time period. The new simulation scheme has the advantage to avoid U-values and thermal bridge coefficients and instead use well-known physical material parameters. It has the potential to use 2D and 3D geometries with appropriate automatic processing from BIM models. Simulations are validated by comparison to IDA ICE and temperature measurement. This work aims to discuss novel approaches to disseminating building simulation more widely.
2
Chaparro, Rodrigo, Maria Netto, Patricio Mansilla i Daniel Magallon. Energy Savings Insurance: Advances and Opportunities for Funding Small- and Medium-Sized Energy Efficiency and Distributed Generation Projects in Chile. Inter-American Development Bank, grudzień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002947.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The Energy Savings Insurance Program seeks to promote investment in energy efficiency and distributed generation in Latin America, primarily through small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It focuses on developing an innovative scheme of guaranteed energy performance that mitigates project risk and generates investor confidence (ESI Model). The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) facilitates the development of the ESI Program in alliance with the National Development Banks (NDBs). The ESI Model includes a contract for the supply, installation, and maintenance of equipment for generating a stipulated amount of energy or energy savings over a specific time period; validation by an independent body; insurance coverage that backs the savings or the guaranteed energy generation; and project financing. This paper describes the main attributes of the ESI Model (the contract, the insurance, validation and financing), evaluates market potential and the most attractive technologies, and identifies the priority sectors for implementing projects in Chile. The most promising economic sectors were found to be the hospitality industry, food processing industry, grape growing/wine production, and the fishing industry, and the technologies of electric motors, boilers, air conditioning systems and photovoltaic solar generation. In each of these sectors, estimates were made of financing requirements as well as CO2 emission reductions that could be achieved.
3
Petit, Vincent. Road to a rapid transition to sustainable energy security in Europe. Schneider Electric Sustainability Research Institute, październik 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58284/se.sri.bcap9655.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Decarbonization and energy security in Europe are two faces of the same coin. They are both related to the large dependency of the European Union economy on fossil fuels, which today represent around 70% of the total supply of energy. The bulk of these energy resources are imported, with Russia being the largest supplier, accounting for 40% of natural gas and 27% of oil imports. However, fossil fuels are also the primary root cause of greenhouse gas emissions, and the European Union is committed to reduce those by 55% by 2030 (versus 1990). This report is based on the landmark research from the Joint Research Center of the European Commission, the “Integrated Database of the European Energy Sector”, which for the first time mapped actual energy uses for each country within the European Union, across 17 sectors of activity, with data granularity at the level of each process step (or end-use) of each of these sectors. Our approach here has been to systematically review these process steps (or end-uses) and qualify the extent to which they could be electrified, effectively removing the demand for fossil fuels as a result. We have focused only on those process steps where technology was already widely available and for which we evaluated the switch to be relatively easy (or attractive). In other words, we estimated the impact of rapid electrification of “easy to abate” activities. The conclusion of this evaluation is that the share of electricity demand in the final energy mix could jump from around 20% today to 50%, which would drive a reduction in emissions at end-use of around 1,300 MtCO2 /y, as well as a drop in natural gas and oil supply of around 50%. As a result of such transformation, electricity demand would nearly double, with the bulk of that growth materializing in the building sector. Short-term, the challenge of addressing climate targets while providing for energy security is thus intimately connected to buildings. While such transition would certainly require major infrastructure upgrades, which may prove a roadblock to rapid deployment, we find that the combination of energy efficiency measures (notably digital) and distributed generation penetration (rooftop solar) could significantly tame the issue, and hence help accelerate the move away from fossil fuels, with energy spend savings as high as 80% across some building types; a major driver of change. Beyond this, further potential exists for electrification. Other measures on the demand-side will include deeper renovations of the industrial stock (notably in the automotive, machinery, paper, and petrochemical industries for which our current assessment may be underestimated) and further electrification of mobility (trucks). The transition of the power system away from coal (and ultimately natural gas) will then also play a key role, followed ultimately by feedstocks substitution in industry. Some of these transitions are already on the way and will likely bring further improvements. The key message, however, is that a significant opportunity revolves around buildings to both quickly decarbonize and reduce energy dependencies in Europe. Rapid transformation of the energy system may be more feasible than we think. We notably estimate that, by 2030, an ambitious and focused effort could help displace 15% to 25% of natural gas and oil supply and reduce emissions by around 500 MtCO2 /y (note that these savings would come on top of additional measures regarding energy efficiency and flexibility, which are not the object of this study). For this to happen, approximately 100 million buildings will need renovating, and a similar number of electric vehicles would need to hit the road.
4
Fowler. L51754 Field Application of Electronic Gas Admission with Cylinder Pressure Feedback for LB Engines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), czerwiec 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010363.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
�The purpose of this project was to evaluate the performance of electronic fuel gas admission valves and effects of continuous automatic cylinder balancing of large bore natural gas engines under actual field conditions. These goals have already been met under laboratory conditions at the Colorado State University Engines and Energy Conversion Laboratory in Fort Collins. The specific project objectives were to:1. Extend the feasibility of electronic fuel gas admission valves where gas valve timing and duration are varied to optimize fuel control and charge mixing from the laboratory environment to actual field applications. 2. Extend the feasibility of closed loop control using in-cylinder pressure sensors to achieve continuous, automatic power cylinder balancing from the laboratory environment to actual field applications. 3. Repeat the benefits of automatic continuous cylinder balancing shown in the laboratory testing under actual field conditions (i.e. fuel savings, improved cylinder misfire rates, improved emissions levels). In order to accomplish these objectives, the Woodward Governor Company AutoBalance TM 5000 control system was installed and tested at four host sites. Although the specific test plan differed slightly for the four host sites, the focus of the test program was consistent. The primary objective was to evaluate the effects of engine balance and the performance of the control system by testing a matrix of varying engine loads and speeds. Load and speed are the two primary control parameters affecting engine balance. Other tests were conducted to determine the effects of the electronic gas admission valve (EGAV) configuration (i.e. start of admission, end of admission, and duration).
5
Lucas, Brian. Behaviour Change Interventions for Energy Efficiency. Institute of Development Studies, wrzesień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.138.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Behavioural interventions are policies and programmes that incorporate insights from scientists who study human behaviour (such as psychology and behavioural economics), with the aim of encouraging socially desirable behaviours by removing barriers and creating incentives or disincentives (Cornago, 2021). Very few behavioural interventions for energy efficiency have been documented in Eastern Europe and the Western Balkans, and none in North Macedonia. The limited experience that has been documented in the region consists of a few small trials which used behavioural principles to inform households about approaches to energy conservation, but none of these trials have demonstrated a significant effect on behaviour. Behavioural interventions have been widely used elsewhere in the world, particularly in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, and there are many studies evaluating their impacts in these regions (Andor & Fels, 2018, p. 182). This report focuses primarily on household energy efficiency, and particularly on the most widespread and well-documented interventions, which are those related to providing feedback on energy consumption and labelling consumer goods. Although behavioural interventions have been shown to produce significant impacts and to be cost-effective in many situations, the available evidence has some limitations. Many examples that have been documented are small-scale trials or pilot projects; large-scale, institutionalised policy interventions based on behavioural insights are rare (Users TCP and IEA, 2020, p. 22). In many studies, experiments with small sample sizes and short durations show larger impacts than larger and longer-term studies, suggesting that pilot studies may over-estimate the savings that might be achieved by large-scale programmes (Andor & Fels, 2018, p. 182; Erhardt-Martinez et al., 2010, p. iv). The amount of energy saved by behavioural interventions is often fairly small and varies widely from one programme to another, suggesting that the effectiveness of these interventions may be highly dependent on local context and on details of design and implementation. Finally, many studies rely on participants reporting their intentions, and on hypothetical rather than actual purchasing decisions, and some studies have found a divergence between stated intentions and actual behaviour (Grünig et al., 2010, p. 41; Users TCP and IEA, 2020, pp. 75–76; Yang et al., 2015, pp. 21–22).