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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Prices, United States, 1910"

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O'Rourke, Kevin, i Jeffrey G. Williamson. "Late Nineteenth-Century Anglo-American Factor-Price Convergence: Were Heckscher and Ohlin Right?" Journal of Economic History 54, nr 4 (grudzień 1994): 892–916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700015539.

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Due primarily to transport improvements, commodity prices in Britain and the United States tended to converge between 1870 and 1913. Heckscher and Ohlin, writing in 1919 and 1924, thought that these events should have contributed to factor-price convergence. It turns out that Heckscher and Ohlin were right: a significant share of the Anglo-American real-wage convergence was due to commodity-price convergence. It appears that this late nineteenth-century episode was the dramatic start of world-commodity and factor-market integration that continues today.
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GÓMEZ-GALVARRIATO, AURORA, i JEFFREY G. WILLIAMSON. "Was It Prices, Productivity or Policy? Latin American Industrialisation after 1870". Journal of Latin American Studies 41, nr 4 (listopad 2009): 663–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x09990551.

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AbstractThe new trade data used here document the significance of industrialisation in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico after 1870. By 1910 Brazil and Mexico, in particular, led most of the poor periphery in Asia, Africa and the Middle East. While some of this impressive industrialisation was due to fast productivity growth in manufacturing, perhaps yielding some catch-up on their competitors in the United States and Europe, this article argues that there were even more powerful forces at work. Much of the industrialisation that occurred in Latin America was due to a cessation in the seven-decade rise in its net barter terms of trade, trends that reversed the deindustrialisation and ‘Dutch Disease’ forces that had dominated Latin America for almost a century. Equally important for Brazil and Mexico was favourable policy in the form of higher effective rates of protection for manufacturing, and a depreciation of the real exchange rate. These policies were missing in Argentina and Chile, and industrialisation suffered there as a consequence. Changing market conditions and policies seem to have been more important than changing fundamentals in accounting for Latin American industrialisation after 1870.
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DE BOYER DES ROCHES, JÉRÔME, i REBECA GOMEZ BETANCOURT. "AMERICAN QUANTITY THEORISTS PRIOR TO IRVING FISHER’STHE PURCHASING POWER OF MONEY". Journal of the History of Economic Thought 35, nr 2 (10.05.2013): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837213000035.

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The aim of this paper is to analyze the state of the quantity theory in the United States prior to the publication of Irving Fisher’s ThePurchasing Power of Moneyin 1911. We start by presenting the participants in the monetary debate. Next, we analyze the controversies regarding prices, purchasing power of money, and credit, prior to the Gold Standard Act of 1900, in particular the opposing views of Francis Amasa Walker and James Laurence Laughlin. We then go on to study of the restatement of the quantity theory at the beginning of the twentieth century, through the introduction of credit in the analysis and the statistical tests of the exchange equations. Finally, we study the problems and management of the gold standard, focusing on the elasticity of money supply, the characteristics of the gold exchange standard, and the contrast between the fixed price of gold and its fluctuating purchasing power. We show the improvement of the quantity theory and the new issues that emerged from the rich and original American monetary debate, prior to the publication in 1911 of Fisher’s book.
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Skaggs, Neil T. "The Methodological Roots of J. Laurence Laughlin's Anti-quantity Theory of Money and Prices". Journal of the History of Economic Thought 17, nr 1 (1995): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837200002261.

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From the 1880s until after the creation of the Federal Reserve System in 1913 the United States was a hotbed of monetary controversy. The secular price deflation that began in 1865 prompted a host of efforts to increase the money supply, in the belief that more money would check the decline of prices. The agitation for free coinage of silver that arose in the 1870s and carried into the 1880s and 1890s generated a maelstrom of arguments and counterarguments. Such theoretical support as the “cheap money advocates” provided was in the form of a crude application of the quantity theory of money. Not surprisingly, using the quantity theory in such a manner brought the theory itself under fire.
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Adams, Edward E. "Collusion and Price Fixing in the American Newspaper Industry: Market Preservation Trends, 1890–1910". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 79, nr 2 (czerwiec 2002): 416–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769900207900210.

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This study cites examples of price fixing and collusive practices used among newspapers in several cities across the United States during the late 1890s and early 1900s. An examination of the E.W. Scripps papers reveals secret agreements or “combinations” that were utilized among competitors to gain market advantages or to limit competition. The practices included, but were not limited to, profit pooling, price fixing, collusion, and contract exclusivity. The extent to which these agreements were established in differing markets and the candid discussion among the parties involved suggest these agreements were widespread in their use by Scripps newspapers.
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Husain, Fazal, i Traiq Mehmood. "Monetary Expansion and Stock Returns in Pakistan". Pakistan Development Review 38, nr 4II (1.12.1999): 769–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i4iipp.769-776.

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The effect of changes in money supply on stock returns has been a matter of controversy among economists for many decades. Those in favour of presence of links between money market and stock market argue that any change in money supply creates a wealth effect which disturbs the existing equilibrium in the portfolio of investors. When they re-adjust their asset portfolio, a new equilibrium is established in which the price level of various assets is changed. On the other hand, if the stock market is efficient, it would already have incorporated all the current and anticipated changes in money supply. Consequently, a causal relationship between changes in money supply and stock prices will not be established. Moreover if the change in money supply coincides with a corresponding change in the velocity of money, it will not have any effect on stock prices. The pioneering work in this regard was done by Sprinkel (1964). Using the data from 1918 to 1960, he found a strong relationship between stock prices and money supply in the United States. His conclusions, however, were mostly based upon graphical analysis.
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Butkiewicz, James L., i Mihaela Solcan. "The original Operation Twist: the War Finance Corporation's war bond purchases, 1918–1920". Financial History Review 23, nr 1 (kwiecień 2016): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565016000068.

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In 1918 the United States Treasury delegated to the War Finance Corporation, a newly created off-budget federal agency, the task of buying Liberty bonds and later Victory notes in an effort to stabilize prices. Bayesian vector autoregression analysis of the security purchases indicates that the WFC purchases provided statistically significant price support, and marginally lowered bond yields while the program operated. Once WFC purchases ended, war bond yields increased substantially. Between bond issues, the Treasury financed its operations, including security purchases from the WFC, by issuing short-term debt, which affected the money market interest rate. The WFC's bond purchases are found to have a positive and significant impact on the call loan rate. Thus the WFC's bond purchases twisted the yield curve.
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Kovalkov, Oleksandr. "US sanctions against the USSR in response to soviet aggression in Afghanistan (1980 – 1988)". American History & Politics: Scientific edition, nr 11 (2021): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2021.11.7.

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The aim of the article is to studу the sanctions against the Soviet Union imposed by the United States in response to Soviet aggression in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. At the core of the research methodology is the method of a content analysis of historical sources, problem-chronological, typological, comparative methods. Main results and conclusions. The Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in December 1979 was condemned by most countries in the world. The reaction to those events on the part of the United States, which led to the escalation of the Cold War and the deterioration of Soviet-American relations, was especially sharp. The continuation of the policy of sanctions announced by President J. Carter in 1980 became the main means of putting pressure on the USSR under the Reagan΄s Administration. The stages of introduction of trade, economic and scientific-technological restrictions on the USSR and discussions about them in American political and business circles have been observed. Thanks to the efforts of American diplomacy, the US allies in Western Europe, Canada, Australia, Japan and other countries joined the sanctions. It was found that the main direction of sanctions was the restriction on the sale to the USSR of equipment for the fuel and energy complex, high-tech products and the refusal to provide «cheap» loans. The effects of the sanctions were exacerbated by falling oil prices in 1985–1986, in which, according to the author, could be involved the United States. The purpose of American sanctions policy was to force the Soviet leadership to make internal changes, as well as to revise the principles of foreign policy, in particular, in the «Afghan question». American sanctions had a detrimental effect on the Soviet economy, deepened the crisis of the Soviet system and contributed to the further technological backwardness of the USSR from developed countries. Scientific novelty. The sanctions against the Soviet Union imposed by the United States in connection with the Soviet aggression in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan on the base of new US sources are specified for the first time.
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Wright, James R. "The Politics Underlying the Provision of and Changes in Pathology and Laboratory Services in the United States During the Roaring Twenties". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 140, nr 9 (3.05.2016): 983–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2016-0113-hp.

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Context.—Prior to 1900, laboratory tests were simple enough to be performed by clinicians on the wards and most pathologists were academicians with little involvement in patient care issues. In the next 2 decades, laboratory test menus expanded rapidly and the increasing complexity of the tests created a potential niche for clinical pathologists (ie, pathologists providing patient-oriented anatomic and clinical pathology services). In the late 1910s and early 1920s, most of these services were provided by mail-order commercial laboratories or state public health laboratories rather than by hospital-based pathologists. Objective.—To describe the political events in the 1920s that would drastically alter the practice of pathology and laboratory medicine and that would have been important to the discipline at the time the Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine was being conceived and first published. Design.—Available primary and secondary historical sources were reviewed. Results.—In the 1920s, clinical pathologists organized, forming the American Society of Clinical Pathologists, and took on the powerful American Medical Association for permitting advertisements by private laboratories in the pages of the Journal of the American Medical Association that listed test prices as if these were commodities. They found a strong partner in the American College of Surgeons, which was attempting to elevate surgical practice by creating minimum standards for hospitals. Through this symbiotic relationship, hospital-based practice was firmly established and the commercial laboratory model faltered. Conclusions.—The Roaring Twenties was the time when the practice of pathology and laboratory medicine evolved into what we recognize today.
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Gainor, J. Ellen, i John Un. "Jacques Copeau's “The Spirit in the Little Theatre”: Contexts and Texts". Theatre Survey 65, nr 2 (maj 2024): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557424000140.

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The story of influential French stage director Jacques Copeau's 1917–19 residency in New York City was documented at the time by Copeau himself and subsequently analyzed by Copeau scholars.1 Copeau (1879–1949) is remembered today for his innovative, experimental theatre work in the early twentieth century; he developed core practices that became foundational for modernist stage artistry, including mime and physical theatre as well as devised theatre techniques.2 In 1913, he established his Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier in Paris, breaking away from traditional ornate design practices and envisioning an ensemble of actors trained in methods comparable to those used by Konstantin Stanislavsky, although Copeau knew comparatively little of his techniques at this time.3 Copeau's “‘attempt at dramatic renovation’”4 included staging plays to be performed in repertory and maintaining modest budgets and ticket prices to secure financial stability. In these and other regards, his vision paralleled those of other modernist colleagues not only in Europe, but also in the United States, where the Little Theatre movement was already underway,5 although Copeau similarly had little knowledge of US theatre at this early moment.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Prices, United States, 1910"

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Vandegrift, Shia-Lu Chu. "Impact of government regulation on the dairy industry in the United States". Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03122009-040601/.

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Albrecht, William David. "The determinants of the market reaction to an announcement of a change in auditor". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39947.

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The Securities and Exchange Conunission (1974) has stated that the one of the fundamental underpinnings of federal securities law is the external auditor opinion of registrant financial statements. The SEC believes that the corporate practice of voluntary auditor change may be perceived by the investing public as attempted opinion shopping. The monitoring hypothesis of Jensen and Meckling (1976), on the other hand, posits that companies may change auditors in an attempt to control net agency costs. The objective of this dissertation is determine if the monitoring hypothesis is descriptive of the phenomenon of voluntary auditor change. The monitoring hypothesis posits that changes in net agency costs are related to the change in auditor quality at the time of an auditor change. and that both changes in agency costs and change in auditor quality are related to the market reaction to the auditor change. Auditor changes from 1980 to 1986 for New York Stock Exchange and American Stock Exchange companies were analyzed. The results indicate that changes in agency costs are related to change in auditor quality, as measured by the difference, from the old auditor to the new, in the auditor's share of the industry audit fees for the company that is changing auditors. Significant variables that measure changes in agency costs aregrowth in company sales, change in long-term compensation plans, and change in the dividend payout ratio. The results also indicate that changes in agency costs are related to market reaction to a change in auditors, but that the change in auditor quality is not. Variables that are significant in explaining the relationship are change in the debt ratio, change in the holdings of the largest stockholder, and prior receipt of a qualified opinion or disclosure of a disagreement between the company and the previous auditor. The results provide strong support for the monitoring hypothesis and weak support for the opinion shopping hypothesis.
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Shelnutt, John Paul. "Transition in the world primary copper industry, 1975-1990". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/41997845.html.

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Woodley, Jenny. "The cultural campaigns of the NAACP: 1910-1955". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://etheses.nottingham.ac.uk/1839/.

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The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) used a wide range of strategies for securing racial equality. These included some perhaps surprising tactics: it encouraged black writers and artists, published poems and plays, organised an art exhibition, picketed cinemas and dined with Hollywood moguls. This thesis explores the NAACP''s involvement with and use of the arts and popular culture between 1910 and 1955. It asks why the NAACP developed a culturalf strategy, what this strategy was and how it was implemented, and what it reveals about the NAACP as an organisation during the first half of the twentieth century. The NAACP believed that racial inequality was caused by racial prejudice. In other words, African Americans suffered political, social and economic discrimination because of the attitudes of white Americans toward the race. These attitudes were formed in large part by the depiction of blacks in American culture. Therefore, the NAACP hoped that if it could change the representation of the race then it could alter white prejudices and achieve racial equality. The NAACP challenged what it considered to be negative cultural representations of African Americans and sought to replace them with positive images. It saw the creation of ''high'' culture as a signifier of a group''s status and believed the production of fine art and literature could be used to prove that African Americans ''deserved'' equal rights. Furthermore, it used culture to instil racial pride and to forge a sense of a collective black identity. The arts were also utilised to change attitudes on specific issues, most notably to encourage anti-lynching sentiment amongst whites. The NAACP believed that culture could be used as a weapon in the fight for racial equality.
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Trevelyan, Barry. "The geographical spread of poliomyelitis in the United States, 1910-1971". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431325.

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Coloma, Roland Sintos. "Empire and education: Filipino schooling under United States rule, 1900-1910". The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1086209087.

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Krčál, Adam. "High-dimensional VAR analysis of regional house prices in United States". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-202128.

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In this thesis the heterogeneity of regional real estate prices in United States is investigated. A high dimensional VAR model with additional exogenous predictors, originally introduced by \cite{fan11}, is adopted. In this framework, the common factor in regional house prices dynamics is explained by exogenous predictors and the spatial dependencies are captured by lagged house prices in other regions. For the purpose of estimation and variable selection under high-dimensional setting the concept of Penalized Least Squares (PLS) with different penalty functions (e.g. LASSO penalty) is studied in detail and implemented. Moreover, clustering methods are employed to identify subsets of statistical regions with similar house prices dynamics. It is demonstrated that these clusters are well geographically defined and contribute to a better interpretation of the VAR model. Next, we make use of the LASSO variable selection property in order to construct the impulse response functions and to simulate the prices behavior when a shock occurs. And last but not least, one-period-ahead forecasts from VAR model are compared to those from the Diffusion Index Factor Model by \cite{stock02}, a commonly used model for forecasts.
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Reed, Janet. "Experiments in Social Salvation: The Settlement Movement in Chicago, 1890-1910". TopSCHOLAR®, 2000. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/697.

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In this study, the settlement movement in Chicago is presented as a crucible for the development of Progressive reform. The subjective and objective necessities for social settlements are described through the lives of men and women central to the movement. Reformers such as Jane Addams, Graham Taylor, and Mary McDowell fused their personal motives to their expanding assumptions regarding public welfare in their pursuit of social salvation. The settlement community advanced a methodology of experimentation and flexibility, which was instrumental to the transformation of nineteenth century ideas of charity into the new twentieth century science of social work. The processes of reform were greatly influenced by the evolving concepts of class, gender, and race. The feminine nature of settlement work and the opportunities afforded to generations of college-educated women were integral to the impact the settlement community had on Progressive reform in general and to the role settlement workers played in affecting public opinion. Primary sources include Jane Addams' correspondence, Twenty Years at Hull-House, and issues of the periodical The Commons. The historiography of the Progressive Era is also considered, and the effects of class, gender, and race upon its development throughout the twentieth century.
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Mejia, Angie Pamela. "Las Pioneras : New Immigrant Destinations and the Gendered Experiences of Latina Immigrants". PDXScholar, 2009. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1910.

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Are experiences with migration affecting culturally specific gendered practices, roles, attitudes, and ideologies of Mexican women and men? Which experiences reinforce patriarchy? Which experiences transform patriarchy? This thesis proposes that Mexican immigrant women will subscribe to and enact different gendered behaviors depending upon their perception of gendered gains. Various factors, such as time of arrival, previous experiences with negative machismos, and workforce participation affect how they construct gendered identities. The context where bargaining occurs-whether itwas the home, the community, or the workplace - inform women of what strategies they need implement in order to negotiate with patriarchy. This study employs two models, Deniz Kandiyoti's concept of the patriarchal bargain and Sylvya Walby' s theoretical position of patriarchy fomenting unique gender inequalities within different contexts, to process the different ways Mexican immigrant women perceive and perform gender. The author analyzed data collected from participant observation activities, focus groups, and interviews with women of Mexican descent living in new immigrant destinations. Mexican immigrant women's narratives of negotiations and transformations with male partners indicated equal adherence of traditional and nontraditional gendered behaviors in order to build satisfactory patriarchal bargains. In addition, data suggested that identity formation was the outcome of migratory influences; it also indicated that progressive ideas about gender were salient before migrating to the U.S .. Findings also suggested that reassured masculine identities, due to the stable work options open to Mexican immigrant males in this area, became a factor in the emergence and adherence of distinct gendered attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions by women in this study.
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Reddy, Vijaya Shekher. "The price sensitivity of industrial buyers to softwood lumber product and service quality: an investigation of the U.S. wood treating industry". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39037.

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Książki na temat "Prices, United States, 1910"

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Ontario. Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Policy Analysis Branch. A comparison of farm input prices in Ontario and the United States 1990. Toronto: Policy Analysis Branch, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 1991.

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Collins, Keith J. The 1990 Farm Act & 1990 Budget Reconciliation Act: How U.S. farm policy mechanisms will work under the new legislation : includes description of target prices, loan rates, deficiency payments, and new planting flexibility provisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1990.

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Office, General Accounting. Major acquisitions: Summary of recurring problems and systemic issues, 1960-1987 : briefing report to the Chairman, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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United, States Congress Senate Committee on Agriculture Nutrition and Forestry. Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990: Report of the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, to accompany S. 2830 together with additional and minority views. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry. Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990: Report of the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, to accompany S. 2830 together with additional and minority views. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry. Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990: Report of the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, to accompany S. 2830 together with additional and minority views. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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R, Frederick. Some theoretical problems suggested by the movements of interest rates, bond yields and stock prices in the United States since 1856. London: Risk Books, 1999.

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United States. General Accounting Office., red. Roles, cost, and criteria for assessing agriculture disaster assistance programs between 1980 and 1988: Statement of John W. Harman, Director, Food and Agriculture Issues, Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division, before the Subcommittee on Agricultural Production and Stabilization of Prices, Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry, United States Senate. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1990.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Home heating fuel crisis: Hearing before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, second session, January 16, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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Conservation, United States Congress Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy Regulation and. Improving the collection and dissemination of information of winter heating fuels and the EIA's report on heating oil markets: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy Regulation and Conservation of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, second session, on 2177 ... July 26, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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Części książek na temat "Prices, United States, 1910"

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Wertheimer, Albert I., i Ming-Yi Huang. "The Healthcare System and Pharmaceutical Prices in United States". W Pharmaceutical Prices in the 21st Century, 309–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12169-7_17.

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Leonard, Gregory R., James D. Reitzes, Adam C. Schumacher i James G. Bohn. "Regional Interactions in Electricity Prices in the Eastern United States". W Markets, Pricing, and Deregulation of Utilities, 109–42. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0877-9_6.

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Clarke, Adele E. "Research Materials and Reproductive Science in the United States, 1910–1940". W Physiology in the American Context 1850–1940, 323–50. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7528-6_15.

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Getzen, Thomas E. "United States". W Money and Medicine, 118—C7.N89. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197573266.003.0007.

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Abstract During the 20th century the United States became the largest national health care market and the global leader in medical technology. Historical records and archival data for the period before 1960 give specificity to generalizations made in previous chapters. A patchwork financing system based on private employee benefits, Medicare and Medicaid, and local safety net providers was developed during a time of exceptional prosperity. When the oil embargo and inflation hit in 1973, nonprofit hospitals, community-rated premiums, visiting nurse services, and other voluntary institutions struggled to remain viable. Without the universal coverage and national controls over budgets or prices found in most OECD countries, the health financing transition appears to have been incomplete in the United States. Excess growth after 1975 made it an outlier, an expensive exception where NHE rose 50% faster than comparable countries over the next two decades.
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"Pricing Pharmaceuticals in a World Environment". W Pharmaceutical Economics And Policy, redaktor Stuart O. Schweitzer, 177–90. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195300956.003.0009.

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Abstract International comparisons of pharmaceutical prices are playing an increasing role in public policy toward the pharmaceutical industry. Many countries including Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Canada refer to prices of drugs in other countries when setting allowable prices in their own country. In the United States, the Congress and many other consumer organizations have been eager to know if U.S. drug prices are higher than those in other industrial countries. Although earlier studies (e.g., Reekie 1984, Schut and Van Bergeijk 1986, Szuba 1986, Pharmacy Freedom Fund 1990, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS] 1990) have indicated that prescription drug prices are generally higher in the United States than in foreign countries, these studies have been criticized for methodological shortcomings, leading some to discount their conclusions. In the early 1990s, the Congress requested the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to compare ex-manufacturer prices in the United States to those of drugs sold in Canada and the United Kingdom. The GAO found significant price differences at the manufacturers’ level between the United States and these other countries. In fact, all frequently dispensed prescription drugs included in their analyses were priced higher in the United States than they were in the United Kingdom and Canada. The GAO reports had an explosive effect on both the Congress and the pharmaceutical industry. Upon receiving the first report on the U.S.-Canada comparison in early 1992, a hearing was immediately held before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce in the House of Representatives. Legislative bills targeted at regulating prescription drug prices were proposed at once, including the Prescription Drug Prices Review Board Act of 1993, sponsored by Congressman Fortney Stark (D-CA).
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Loveman, Gary W. "An Assessment of the Productivity Impact of Information Technologies". W Information Technology and the Corporation of the 1990s, 84–110. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195068061.003.0004.

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Abstract The United States has recently suffered through a protracted period of low productivity growth and has experienced essentially no growth in real wages since 1973 (see Love man & Tilly, 1988). Hope for a rebound in productivity growth is often linked to the continued improvement and diffusion of information technologies (IT),1 which have recently undergone massive price declines and increased enormously as a proportion of capital spending.2 Table 4.1 compares the evolution of computer prices with those for other components of producers’ durable equipment: One dollar’s worth of quality-adjusted computing power in 1970 cost $73.60 in 1950, and only 5 cents in 1984. Meanwhile, a 1970 dollar’s worth of non-IT equipment cost only 59 cents in 1950 but rose to $2.54 in 1984. Changes in relative prices of this magnitude have straightforward implications from economic principles: Producers will substitute IT capital for other factors of production to the extent that is optimal given production technologies; output will rise as product prices fall; and total welfare will increase. The decline in the price of IT therefore has positive implications opposite to those precipitated for consumers by the earlier energy crisis, in which an important factor of production became radically more expensive.3
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"CHAPTER 3. Silver Politics and the Secular Decline in Prices, 1879-97". W A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960, 89–134. Princeton University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400829330-006.

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Jorgenson, Dale W., i Masahiro Kuroda. "Productivity and International Competitiveness in Japan and the United States, 1960-85". W International Productivity and Competitiveness, 203–29. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195065152.003.0009.

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Abstract The political relationship between Japan and the United States has become increasingly preoccupied with “trade frictions.” These disputes over trade issues have accompanied the massive expansion of Japanese exports to the United States. Explanations for the resulting trade imbalance must include variations in the yen-dollar exchange rate, changes in the relative prices of capital and labor in the two countries, and the relative growth of productivity in Japanese and U.S. industries.
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Hansen, Randall. "No Blood for Oil". W War, Work, and Want, 87—C8P44. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197657690.003.0008.

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Abstract For both the Americans and Iraqis, oil was a key contributor to the First Gulf War. The Iran-Iraq War left Iraq bankrupt with a bloated army at a time of collapsing oil prices. To capture a large share of global supply, and the capacity to control the price, Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990. Without the post-OPEC surge in oil prices and the global redistribution of wealth, Iraq would neither have had the resources to fund its war against Iran nor the need to maintain high oil prices following that conflict. For the United States, allowing the invasion to stand would have handed the by-then avowedly anti-American Saddam the ability to control global oil supply and prices. Washington could not tolerate such an outcome. The Americans, leading an international coalition, invaded. The war would produce 3 million refugees.
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Cohn, Samuel. "The Origins of National Technological Advantage". W All Societies Die, 91–94. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501755903.003.0027.

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This chapter addresses how big government is also responsible for countries achieving strategic technological advantages. Strategic technological advantage is the key to gaining from unequal terms of trade. If your country has invented something and controls proprietary technology, your nation has a monopoly and can charge monopoly prices. Other countries have to compete with other vendors to sell their goods and sell at low competitive prices. But how do countries get technological monopolies? America's scientific and engineering dominance comes from the superiority of its higher education. The United States was the only country to create large public universities with cheap tuition in every state or province in the nation. The chapter then looks at the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890; the Hatch Act of 1914; and the GI Bill. It also considers the founding of the National Science Foundation. The plan was that not only would the United States have stronger armed forces due to military technology, but it would also have a better economy due to civilian technology and would be better able to solve social problems with the use of social technology.
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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Prices, United States, 1910"

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Tiedemann, K. H. "Modelling United States Housing Prices, 1993-2008". W Modelling and Simulation. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2010.696-001.

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Greenman, William, i Glen Rae. "Radwaste Processing and Volume Reduction in America: A Commercial Providers Prospective". W ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1121.

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Abstract In the early 1980’s, the United States realized the need for developing and implementing volume reduction programs as a result of rapidly increasing disposal prices. To better serve the nation, in 1984 Duratek established a fixed base volume reduction facility near Oak Ridge, TN to provide radwaste volume reduction and enhanced waste forms. Over the years, this facility has been expanded to provide many different treatment schemes with technologies that include two of the nations only radwaste incinerators, the largest ultra compactor and the largest metal melter. The original Oak Ridge site has also geographically expanded to three other volume reduction sites (two in Tennessee and one in South Carolina). These technologies provide extreme VR’s for DAW and other solid waste as well as a beneficial and controlled recycling outlet for metals resulting in essentially “0” waste for disposal. In addition, technologies such as waste segmentation and sorting, material decontamination, liquid waste processing (with benefits of 80–90% reduction in radwaste generation compared to media based systems), survey for release, and other beneficial metal recycling completed the primary technologies and reduced waste volumes further. This paper will provide information on the techniques developed and utilized over the years to reach ultimate volume reduction and assist in reducing the nations radwaste disposal volume by well over 50%.
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Ding, Xinying. "Macroeconomic Factors Affecting Housing Prices: Take the United States as an Example". W 2022 7th International Conference on Financial Innovation and Economic Development (ICFIED 2022). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220307.380.

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Liperi, Glen, Egla Mansi i Nerajda Feruni. "The COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Effects on the United States Housing Market". W 7th International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.s.p.2023.133.

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This research examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the housing market in the United States, with a specific focus on housing prices and their relationship with COVID-19 infection rates. The study utilizes a pan­el-data regression model, using monthly county-level data spanning from January 2020 to December 2022. Two separate models were employed, one for urban counties and another for rural counties, determined by population data. These models employ a fixed effects regression approach with robust standard errors and incorporate various independent variables to explore the associa­tion between county-level economic activity, unemployment rates, long-term interest rates, COVID-19 infection cases, and national housing market prices. The findings of this investigation reveal that the prices of homes in the Unit­ed States were influenced by both the number of COVID-19 infection cases and the economic factors under consideration. Interestingly, urban counties experi­enced more pronounced fluctuations in housing prices compared to their rural counterparts. Moreover, there was a noticeable shift in housing demand, with a preference for less densely populated areas over densely populated ones. The outcomes of this study offer insights into spatial disparities and their implica­tions for the real estate market.
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Biglarbigi, Khosrow, James Curtis Killen i Marshall John Carolus. "The Impact of Oil Prices on Oil Shale Development in the United States". W SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/124885-ms.

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Turchi, Craig S., Parthiv Kurup i Guangdong Zhu. "Revisiting Parabolic Trough Concentrators for Industrial Process Heat in the United States". W ASME 2016 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2016-59621.

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After significant interest in the 1970s, but relatively few deployments, the use of concentrating solar collectors for thermal applications, including enhanced oil recovery, desalination, and industrial process heat (IPH), is again increasing in global interest. In particular, recent advances in collector design and manufacturing have led to reduced cost per square meter of aperture area. In this study, analysis of a modern parabolic trough that is suited for use in small solar IPH (SIPH) applications predicts that the installed solar field cost can be as low as $170/m2. A slightly higher cost of $200/m2 is estimated for facilities typical of a SIPH plant size. Full project costs will include additional costs for contingency, piping and heat exchanger interface, and project indirect costs. The cost for solar-generated heat by SIPH is quantified by defining the levelized cost of heat (LCOH). California offers a favorable environment for SIPH given its good insolation, gas prices typically higher than the national average, and policies promoting solar-thermal deployment. Given historically low gas prices, competing with natural gas remains the primary challenge to deployment. However, this study finds that the solar LCOH for many regions in California is lower than the LCOH from natural gas, using a representative installed solar hardware price and the average price for industrial natural gas in California. Lastly, modification are in progress to the parabolic trough model within NREL’s System Advisor Model (SAM) to allow users to more easily predict performance for these steam-generation applications.
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Benson, Andrew. "Falling Pack Prices, Rising Installed Prices: understanding the market for Behind-the-Meter Battery Energy Storage Systems." W Proposed for presentation at the DOE Office of Electricity Energy Storage Program Annual Meeting and Peer Review held October 11-13, 2022 in Albuquerque, NM United States of America. US DOE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2006399.

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Vilaplana Prieto, Cristina. "Teaching experience: Inequalities in prices of drugs to fight against COVID-19". W Seventh International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head21.2021.12549.

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As the Sars-CoV2 pandemic continues to grow, researchers around the world are urgently seeking new treatments to prevent infection, cure those infected, or lessen the severity of the disease. Although there are several recently approved vaccines, clinical trials are underway to "re-use" drugs normally indicated for other diseases. This teaching experience studies the market for 8 pharmaceutical products used to fight the pandemic (remdesivir, favipiravir, lopinavir/ritonavir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, sofosbuvir, pyrfenidone and tocilizumab) in 13 countries (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, France, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, South Africa, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom and United States). Through the analysis of prices and costs, we reflect on the difficulty of access to treatment according to the country.The objective is to deepen knowledge of the pharmaceutical market: (i) to demonstrate in a tangible way the differences between production costs and final prices of medicines, (ii) to perceive the difficulty of access to certain treatments depending on the country, (iii) to reflect on what initiatives should be implemented in an international emergency context such as the one we are experiencing.
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Milburn, A. H. "Windscale Pile 1: A New Approach". W ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4540.

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One of the most technically challenging reactor decommissioning projects in the UK, if not the world, is being tackled in a new way managed by a team lead by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority. Windscale Pile 1, a graphite moderated, air cooled, horizontal, natural uranium fuelled reactor was damaged by fire in October 1957. De-fuelling, initial clean-up and isolation operations were carried out in the 1960’s. During the 1980’s and 90’s a successful Phase1 decommissioning campaign resulted in the plant being cleared of all accessible fuel and graphite debris and it being sealed and isolated from associated facilities and put on a monitoring and surveillance regime while plans for dismantling were being developed. For years intrusive inspection of the fire damaged region has been precluded on safety grounds. Consequently early plans for dismantling were constructed using pessimistic assumptions and worst case predictions. This in turn lead to technical, financial and regulatory hurdles which were found to be too high to overcome. The new approach utilises the best from several areas: • The design process incorporates principles of the US DoE safety analysis process to address safety, and adds further key stages of design concept and detail to generate concurrent development of a technical solution and a safety case. • A staged and gated Project Management Process provides for stakeholder involvement and consensus at key stages. • Targeted knowledge acquisition is used to minimise uncertainty. • A stepwise approach to intrusive surveys is employed to systematically increase confidence. The result is a process which yields the optimum solution in terms of safety, environmental impact, technical feasibility, political acceptability and affordability. The change from previous approaches is that the project starts from the hazards and associated hazard management strategies, through engineering concept, to design manufacture and testing of the resulting solution rather than starting with the engineer’s “good idea” and then trying to make it work, safely and at an affordable price. Progress has been made in making the intrusive survey work a reality. This is a significant step in building a realistic picture of the physical and radiological state of the core and in building confidence in the process.
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Kialashaki, Arash, i John Reisel. "Transport Energy Demand Modeling of the United States Using Artificial Neural Networks and Multiple Linear Regressions". W ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6447.

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In 2009, the transportation sector was the second largest consumer of primary energy in the United States, following the electric power sector and followed by the industrial, residential, and commercial sectors. The pattern of energy use varies by sector. For example, petroleum provides 96% of the energy used for transportation but its share is much less in other sectors. While the United States consumes vast quantities of energy, it has also pledged to cut its greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. In order to assist in planning for future energy needs, the purpose of this study is to develop a model for transport energy demand that incorporates past trends. This paper describes the development of two types of transportation energy models which are able to predict the United States’ future transportation energy-demand. One model uses an artificial neural network technique (a feed-forward multilayer perceptron neural network coupled with back-propagation technique), and the other model uses a multiple linear regression technique. Various independent variables (including GDP, population, oil price, and number of vehicles) are tested. The future transport energy demand can then be forecast based on the application of the growth rate of effective parameters on the models. The future trends of independent variables have been predicted based on the historical data from 1980 using a regression method. Using the forecast of independent variables, the energy demand has been forecasted for period of 2010 to 2030. In terms of the forecasts generated, the models show two different trends despite their performances being at the same level during the model-test period. Although, the results from the regression models show a uniform increase with different slopes corresponding to different models for energy demand in the near future, the results from ANN express no significant change in demand in same time frame. Increased sensitivity of the ANN models to the recent fluctuations caused by the economic recession may be the reason for the differences with the regression models which predict based on the total long-term trends. Although a small increase in the energy demand in the transportation sector of the United States has been predicted by the models, additional factors need to be considered regarding future energy policy. For example, the United States may choose to reduce energy consumption in order to reduce CO2 emissions and meet its national and international commitments, or large increases in fuel efficiency may reduce petroleum demand.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Prices, United States, 1910"

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Micco, Alejandro, i Tomás Serebrisky. Competition Regimes and Air Transport Costs: The Effects of Open Skies Agreement. Inter-American Development Bank, czerwiec 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011319.

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The relevance of transport costs has increased as liberalization continues to reduce artificial barriers to trade. Is it worthwhile to implement policies designed to increase competition in transport markets? Focusing on air transport, this paper quantifies the effects of liberalization of air cargo markets on transport costs. Between 1990 and 2003, the United States implemented a series of Open Skies Agreements, providing a unique opportunity to assess the effect that a change in the competition regime has on prices. In our sample, Open Skies Agreements reduce air transport costs by 9% and increase by 7% the share of imports arriving by air. Those results hold for developed and upper-middle-income developing countries but for lower-middle-income and low-income developing countries Open Skies Agreements do not reduce. This paper was presented at the Fourth LAEBA Annual Meeting, held in Lima, Peru, on June 17, 2008.
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Friedman, Benjamin, i Mark Warshawsky. Annuity Prices and Saving Behavior in the United States. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, sierpień 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w1683.

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Kitchens, Carl, i Taylor Jaworski. Ownership and the Price of Residential Electricity: Evidence from the United States, 1935-1940. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, maj 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22254.

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Ong, S., N. Clark, P. Denholm i R. Margolis. Breakeven Prices for Photovoltaics on Supermarkets in the United States. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzec 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1071982.

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Schwert, G. William. Indexes of United States Stock Prices From 1802 to 1987. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, maj 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2985.

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Goldin, Claudia, i Lawrence Katz. Why the United States Led in Education: Lessons from Secondary School Expansion, 1910 to 1940. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, sierpień 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6144.

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Spelter, Henry. Review of alternative measures of softwood sawtimber prices in the United States. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-rp-629.

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Haines, Michael, i Samuel Preston. "The Use of the Census to Estimate Childhood Mortality: Comparisons fromthe 1900 and 1910 United States Census Public Use Samples". Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, maj 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/h0085.

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Anderson, Richard G., Jane M. Binner i Vincent A. Schmidt. Connectionist-Based Rules Describing the Pass-through of Individual Goods Prices into Trend Inflation in the United States. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.2011.007.

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Goodrich, Alan, Ted James i Michael Woodhouse. Residential, Commercial, and Utility-Scale Photovoltaic (PV) System Prices in the United States: Current Drivers and Cost-Reduction Opportunities. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luty 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1036048.

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