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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Prices of sugar”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 29 lipca 2024

Data aktualizacji: 30 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Prices of sugar"

Budzyńska, Anna, i Mirosław Piotr Urbanek. "Prediction of global sugar prices after abolition of EU sugar quotas". Przegląd Prawno-Ekonomiczny, nr 2 (17.06.2021): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/ppe.12450.

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In the article two main goals were indicated. The first is to verify the hypothesis that there is not a relevant relationship between limiting the impact of state intervention mechanisms and sugar prices on world exchanges. The second goal is to choose the best model for forecasting sugar prices after the abolition of the sugar quotas on domestic markets of sugar producers. The starting point for building the model was the time series of sugar prices on a monthly basis on world stock exchanges – London and New York in 1990–2020. One of the three models was used for forecasting. Sugar prices on world stock exchanges showed large fluctuations amounting to USD cents 28 per pound of sugar for white sugar, while for raw sugar the figure was slightly lower and reached USD cents 26 per pound. On average, in 1990–2020, the nominal price for white sugar was 16 cents per pound, and for raw sugar -12 cents per pounds. However, the level of sugar prices in the world is determined primarily by market factors, rather than administrative constraints.

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Fajrin, Ainunnisa El, Slamet Hartono i Lestari Rahayu Waluyati. "PERMINTAAN GULA RAFINASI PADA INDUSTRI MAKANAN MINUMAN DAN FARMASI DI INDONESIA". Agro Ekonomi 26, nr 2 (21.12.2016): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agroekonomi.17267.

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The demand of food, beverage and pharmacuetical industries’ products directly affected the demand of refined sugar. In Indonesia, refined sugar are fullfilled by local products from 11 refined sugar mills and imported products. The volume of imported refined sugar are suspected over capacity, so that there is a excess supply of refined sugar that leak into plantation white sugar market. It caused an unstable condition for plantation white sugar price. This research aims to determine the demand of refined sugar for food, beverage and pharmaceutical industries, then to forecast the demand for the next 10 years and also to determine the correlation between the volume of imported refined sugar and the white plantation sugar price. The method used is a multiple linear regression analysis, simple linear corellation analysis and trend analysis. This research used national data of large and medium industries from 1991 to 2012. The result shows that the factors affected refined sugar demand for food and pharmaceutical industries are world refined sugar prices, exchange rate, sugar beet prices and tariff. The factors affected refined sugar demand for beverage industries are sugar beet prices and tariff. The tendency of refined sugar demand in food, beverage and pharmaceutical industries for the next 10 years is increasing. There is also a positive correlation between volume of imported refined sugar and plantation white sugar prices for consumer.

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Rachmadhan, Aditya Arief, Nunung Kusnadi i Andriyono Kilat Adhi. "ANALISIS HARGA ECERAN GULA KRISTAL PUTIH INDONESIA". Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan 14, nr 1 (15.07.2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30908/bilp.v14i1.433.

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Abstrak Salah satu upaya pemerintah untuk menyediakan gula kristal putih dengan harga terjangkau di tingkat konsumen adalah dengan menetapkan harga acuan penjualan (HAP). Meskipun demikian, harga gula kristal putih di tingkat konsumen terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis faktor yang memengaruhi pembentukan harga eceran gula kristal putih secara komprehensif. Penelitian ini menggunakan model ekonometrika (dibangun berdasarkan data time series bulanan dari tahun 2012 hingga tahun 2017, terdiri dari 13 persamaan dan diestimasi menggunakan metode 2 SLS) dan simulasi kebijakan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang berpengaruh secara signifikan pada harga eceran gula kristal putih adalah konsumsi gula kristal putih, impor gula kebutuhan industri, harga gula dunia, harga beras di tingkat konsumen dan harga eceran gula kristal putih periode sebelumnya. Harga beras di tingkat konsumen merupakan variabel yang paling berpengaruh terhadap pembentukan harga gula kristal putih. Skenario kebijakan yang dapat menurunkan harga eceran gula kristal putih adalah penerapan HAP gula kristal putih yang terintegrasi dengan kenaikan impor gula kristal putih. Abstract One of the government's efforts to provide plantation white sugar at low prices at the consumer level is to set a reference sales price (HAP). Nevertheless, plantation white sugar consumer prices continue to increase. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that influence plantation white sugar consumer prices. This study uses an econometrics model (build from monthly time series data from 2012 until 2017, consist of 13 equations and estimated using the 2SLS method) and policy simulation. The results, an decrease in HAP, has no impact on plantation white sugar consumer prices. An increase in plantation white sugar imports can reduce the plantation white sugar consumer prices. The results show that the factors that significantly influence the retail price of plantation white sugar are consumption of plantation white sugar, import of industrial sugar, world sugar prices, rice prices at the consumer level, and retail prices of plantation white sugar in the previous periods. The price of rice at the consumer level is the most influential variable. The policy scenario that can reduce the retail price of white crystal sugar is the application of white crystal sugar HAP that is integrated with the increase in white crystal sugar imports. JEL Classification: Q02, Q11, Q18

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Mardoni, Ziecky. "Analysis of Factors Affecting the Import and Consumption of Sugar Cane in Indonesia". International Conference On Research And Development (ICORAD) 1, nr 2 (19.12.2022): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.47841/icorad.v1i2.63.

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This study aims to analyze and determine the effect of (1) production, consumption, price and exchange rate on sugar imports in Indonesia (2) import, production and price of sugar on sugar consumption in Indonesia. This type of research is descriptive and associative. While the type of data is documentary data, the data source is secondary data and time series data from 2000 – 2021. The analysis tool is a simultaneous equation model using the Two Stages Least Squared (TSLS) method. The results of the study concluded that (1) sugar production and exchange rate had no significant effect on sugar imports in Indonesia. While sugar consumption and sugar prices have a significant effect on sugar imports in Indonesia (2) sugar imports have a significant effect on sugar consumption in Indonesia. Meanwhile, production and prices have no significant effect on sugar consumption in Indonesia. From the results of the cointegration test using the Unrestricted Cointegration Rank Test (Trace) approach, it was found that there was a long-term relationship or balance between the variables of sugar production, sugar consumption, sugar imports, sugar prices and the exchange rate. Based on these results, the policy that can be suggested is that the Government through the Ministry of Agriculture should issue policies to encourage the expansion of domestic production scale and improve the quality of sugar in order to suppress imports and at the same time control prices, because large imports will harm sugar farmers and also drain foreign exchange reserves.

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Lemos, Jose de Jesus Sousa, Marcos Paulo Mesquta da Cruz, Joao da Costa Filho, Elizama Cavalcante de Paiva, Erika Costa Sousa i Alexandra Pedrosa Monteiro. "Evolution of sugar exports in two centuries". International Journal of Business, Economics and Management 10, nr 2 (1.09.2023): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/62.v10i2.3461.

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The research showed the trajectory of Brazilian exports and sugar prices between 1821 and 2020 (two centuries). The hypothesis of the research was that exporters' price forecasting errors affected their export forecasting errors in the period evaluated. The data were obtained from the Ministry of Development, Industry and Trade (MIDIC). Sugar prices were translated to 2020 Brazilian currency values (R$) and then to US dollars using the 2020 (R$/USD) average conversion rate. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were used to forecast sugar exports and prices over the entire period. Geometric growth rates of exports and prices were estimated for each quartile using trend evaluation models. Dummy variables were used to test whether there were differences between the elasticities measuring the forecast errors of exports as a function of the forecast errors of sugar prices in each quartile. The estimated models proved to be parsimonious and robust from a statistical point of view. The hypotheses that prices and export quantities expanded at different rates in the four quartiles were confirmed and the estimated elasticities were shown to be statistically different suggesting that export forecasting errors are likely to be related to sugar price forecasts.

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Karashсhuk, Oksana S., i Aleksey I. Boldyasov. "SUGAR EXCHANGE TRADING IN RUSSIA: CURRENT STATE AND POSSIBILITIES FOR MONITORING DOMESTIC PRICES". EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2/2, nr 143 (2024): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2024.02.02.001.

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In modern Russia, the role of organized trading, which includes exchange trading, is gradually increasing. As our research has shown, exchange trading in sugar in Russia is developing, as evidenced by the increase in exchange turnover of sales of this product and the expansion of exchange instruments used for trading. In addition, exchange trading can provide up-to-date information on domestic average market prices for commodities. A strong connection was established between average domestic Russian prices for sugar and price quotations for this product on the world’s largest commodity exchanges and on commodity exchanges within Russia. In the course of studying the cause-and-effect relationship between average domestic and average exchange prices for sugar in Russia, it was found that domestic prices are the reason for the establishment of certain exchange prices for sugar and the domestic and exchange Russian prices are very close in size. This allowed us to conclude that it is possible to use exchange trade prices for sugar as an operational information source on the size of domestic prices, which can be used for state regulation of the market and for making business decisions directly by business entities.

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Agustin, Sakila Eta, Sugiyanta Sugiyanta i Rusmini Rusmini. "The Influence of Sugar Consumption and International Sugar Prices toward the Volume of Sugar Import in Indonesia". JOBS (Jurnal Of Business Studies) 7, nr 1 (2.06.2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.32497/jobs.v7i1.3632.

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This study examines the effect of Sugar Consumption and International Sugar Prices on the volume of Sugar Imports in Indonesia. This study uses secondary data from 2010 to 2019 obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the World Bank. To be able to solve the problem using multiple linear regression analysis techniques, F test for simultaneous influence and t-test for partial effect. The t-test result shows that the sugar consumption partially has no significant effect, while the international sugar price partially has a significant effect on the volume of Indonesia’s sugar import. Simultaneously sugar consumption and international sugar prices have a significant effect of 52,6% toward the volume of Indonesia’s sugar import and the rest of 47,4% are from other variables.

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Nugraheni, M.Sc., Reninta Dewi, i Ika Inayah. "Dampak pandemi COVID-19 terhadap harga minyak dan pangan dunia: Analisis VECM". Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 30, nr 1 (31.12.2022): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jep.30.1.2022.15-29.

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The study investigates the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on global oil price, global food price index, meat, and sugar commodity price index using vector error correction (VECM) model covering the sample period of 1st April 2020 to 31st August 2021. Data were collected mainly from WHO, FAO, and Macro Trend Websites. The result from VECM model indicates a strong cointegration relationship among the variables. In the short run, global oil price, meat price index, and sugar price index are negatively and significantly related to the COVID-19 pandemic. In the long run, the prices of these variables do not follow to the others, but there is negative reaction of global oil prices to meat and sugar price index. The COVID-19 pandemic increased the meat and sugar price index, but not significantly at the 5% level.

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Sami, Janesh. "Exchange rate policy, structural breaks, and predictability of sugarcane prices". Journal of Prediction Markets 16, nr 2 (4.11.2022): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jpm.v16i2.1886.

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Sugarcane price uncertainty has been a contentious issue in Fiji’s sugar industry for the past few decades. We study the predictability of sugarcane prices by examining time-series properties of the historical prices data over the sample period 1975 to 2019 allowing for structural breaks. We employ the unit root test of Zivot-Andrews (1992) and the structural break test of Bai and Perron (1998) and find robust evidence that sugarcane prices are characterized as stationary (mean-reverting) processes with structural breaks occurring in 1986 and 2011. The estimated break dates coincide with exchange rate policy decisions such as the devaluation of the Fijian dollar by the Reserve Bank of Fiji. Our findings provide new insights that given concerns of price uncertainty in Fiji's sugar industry, historical data is useful for forecasting sugarcane prices, implying that sugarcane prices, in fact, are predictable. The results also reveal that shocks only have transitory effects on sugarcane prices, and devaluation is an important source of shock to sugarcane prices.

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Mahruf, Mahruf. "Penerapan Kebijakan Pemerintah Dalam Penentuan Harga Jual Gula Kristal Putih Melalui Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 2020". Populis : Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora 7, nr 2 (16.11.2022): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.47313/pjsh.v7i2.1855.

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The Regulation of the Minister of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia Number 7 of 2020 concerning Reference Purchase Prices at the Farmer Level and Reference Sales Prices at the Consumer Level is the legal basis for government policies in regulating the reference purchase price at the farmer level and the reference selling price at the consumer level. In its application, not as a reference price but as a maximum limit or the highest retail price, especially the price of white crystal sugar (GKP), thus making sugarcane farmers and business actors not have legal certainty. The reference price for sugar commodities is always seen from the global sugar price where the price has actually been distorted so that it cannot be used as a benchmark for Indonesian domestic prices where sugarcane plantations and the national sugar factory industry must compete freely without any government protection, so that unfair business competition will lead to unfair competition. kill sugarcane plantations and national sugar mills. This research is an empirical juridical research, which examines the applicable legal provisions and what happens in reality in society. Data collection techniques were obtained from interviews with questionnaires, library research and legislation. The results of this study indicate that the Regulation of the Minister of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia Number 7 of 2020 concerning Reference Purchase Prices at the Farmer Level and Reference Sales Prices at the Consumer Level only regulates the reference price for purchasing white crystal sugar at the farmer level and selling prices at the consumer level, not regarding retail prices. the highest price limit, and the determination of the maximum price for the purchase and sale of white crystal sugar is detrimental to sugar cane farmers and business actors of white crystal sugar. Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 2020 tentang Harga Acuan Pembelian di Tingkat Petani dan Harga Acuan Penjualan di Tingkat Konsumen adalah landasan hukum kebijakan pemerintah dalam mengatur harga acuan pembelian di tingkat petani dan harga acuan penjualan di tingkat konsumen. Dalam penerapannya nyatanya bukan sebagai harga acuan namun sebagai batas maksimal atau harga eceran tertinggi terutama harga Gula Kristal Putih (GKP). Hal demikian membuat para petani tebu dan pelaku usaha tidak memiliki kepastian hukum. Harga acuan komoditas gula selalu dilihat dari harga gula global yang mana harga tersebut sebenarnya telah terdistorsi sehingga tidak dapat digunakan sebagai patokan harga dalam negeri Indonesia dimana perkebunan tebu dan industri pabrik gula nasional harus bersaing bebas tanpa ada perlindungan pemerintah, sehingga persaingan usaha yang tidak adil akan mematikan perkebunan tebu dan pabrik gula nasional. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis empiris, yaitu mengkaji ketentuan hukum yang berlaku serta apa yang terjadi dalam kenyataannya dalam masyarakat. Tehnik pengumpulan data diperoleh dari wawancara, penelitian kepustakaan dan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 2020 tentang Harga Acuan Pembelian di Tingkat Petani dan Harga Acuan Penjualan di Tingkat Konsumen khususnya komoditas gula hanya mengatur harga acuan pembelian gula kristal putih di tingkat petani dan harga penjualan di tingkat konsumen, bukan tentang Harga Eceran Tertinggi, dan penentuan batas maksimal harga pembelian dan penjualan gula kristal putih merugikan petani tebu dan pelaku usaha gula kristal putih.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Prices of sugar"

Porrez, Padilla Federico. "Maize and sugar prices: the effects on ethanol production". Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-8116.

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The world is experiencing yet another energy- and fuel predicament as oil prices are escalating to new hights. Alternative fuels are being promoted globally as the increasing gasoline prices trigger inflation. Basic food commodities are some of the goods hit by this inflation and the purpose of this thesis is to analyse whether the higher maize and sugar prices are having any effect on the expanding ethanol production. This thesis focuses on the two major crop inputs in ethanol production: maize (in the US) and sugar cane (in Brazil). Econometric tests using cross-sectional data were carried through to find the elasticities of the variables. The crops prices were tested against ethanol output using the log-linear model in several regressions to find a relationship. In addition, the output levels of the crops were tested using the same method. It was found that maize prices and output affects ethanol production. Sugar cane prices do not have any significant impact on ethanol production while sugar cane output has a small, yet significant relationhip with ethanol. Consequently, ethanol’s rise in the fuel market could be a result of increased maize input, rather than sugar.

Dagens värld upplever ännu ett energi- och bränsle predikament när oljepriser eskalerar mot nya höjder. Alternativa bränslen marknadsförs globalt samtidigt som de stigande bensinpriserna stimulerar inflationen. Några av de varor som drabbas av denna inflation är grundläggande livsmedelsprodukter och syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera huruvida de högre priserna på majs och socker påverkar den expanderande etanolproduktionen. Uppsatsen fokuserar på de två stora grödor som används som insatsvaror vid framställningen av etanol: majs (i USA) och sockerrör (i Brasilien). Ekonometriska tester genomfördes för att erhålla variablernas elasticiteter med hjälp av den cross-sectional data som behandlades. Genom log-linear modellen utfördes det ett antal regressioner för att hitta ett samband mellan grödornas priser och etanolproduktionen. Därutöver genomfördes tester för att hitta sambandet mellan grödornas utbud och etanol med hjälp av samma modell. Det upptäcktes att både pris och utbudet av majs påverkar etanolproduktionen. Sockerrörspriser har ingen signifikant inverkan på etanolproduktionen medan utbudet av sockerrör har en signifikant, om än svag, relation till etanol. Följaktligen kan etanols tillväxt i bränslemarknaden tolkas som ett resultat av en stigande majsinsats snarare än sockerinstats vid etanolframställningen.

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Savernini, Maira Q. M. "An Econometric Investigation of the Brazilian Ethanol Exports: The Role of Brazilian Sugar Export Prices and World Oil Prices". Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1213135904.

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Effertz, Cary Marshall. "A Reference Price Model of Sugar Consumption with Implications on Obesity". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2007. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29853.

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Obesity has increased dramatically in the past 25 years. The consumption of added sugar has increased significantly during the same time period. Previous research indicates a direct correlation between the consumption of added sugar and the prevalence of obesity. Sugar has been identified in multiple studies as having addictive or opiate-like qualities. Unquestionably, added sugar consumption has contributed to the current obesity epidemic. Here, we apply a reference price economic model to attempt to describe sugar consumption. Using consumption and price data from the Economic Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, we made a reference price estimation of domestic refined sugar (sucrose) consumption. Using time-series econometric techniques, we tested the effects of internal and external reference prices, in the form of first differenced own price and price of other nutrient classes, respectively, on sugar demand. Results indicate that internal and, particularly, external reference prices do indeed play a role in consumption decisions. However, the model lacks socioeconomic variables that may help to provide a more complete consumption picture.

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Diehl, Daiane. "Formação do preço de etanol hidratado no Estado de São Paulo e sua relação com os mercados de açúcar e de gasolina". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-14082012-094235/.

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O principal objetivo deste estudo foi estimar um modelo analítico que explicasse a relação entre os mercados de etanol hidratado e de gasolina C, incluindo, também, efeitos de outros fatores, como o preço de açúcar nos mercados doméstico e internacional e a renda. Por sua capacidade de captar efeitos dinâmicos, utilizou-se o Modelo de Auto-Regressão Vetorial com Correção de Erro VEC. A análise das funções de demanda dos combustíveis mostrou que o consumo de etanol responde de forma expressiva a variações contemporâneas no próprio preço e no preço da gasolina, produto substituto nesse segmento de mercado. Já com relação à demanda de gasolina C, verifica-se que suas vendas respondem menos tanto ao próprio preço como ao do etanol. De maneira geral, a análise das funções de respostas a impulsos permite verificar que os efeitos dos choques não antecipados sobre as variáveis do modelo são de curta duração, desaparecendo, na maior parte das vezes, após o terceiro mês. A renda mostrou-se importante variável explicativa tanto para o consumo de etanol hidratado quanto de gasolina C. Um choque exógeno no preço internacional de açúcar resulta em um efeito elevado no preço do produto no mercado doméstico. De outro lado, um choque no preço doméstico de açúcar tem impacto significativo no preço do etanol anidro (elasticidade acumulada de 0,57), sendo que esses produtos concorrem pela mesma matéria-prima na indústria. Como este preço, por sua vez, representa uma variável proxy para o preço do etanol hidratado no segmento produtor, pode-se afirmar que 60% das variações de preço neste segmento são transmitidas ao preço do combustível no mercado varejista. A análise da decomposição das variâncias do erro de previsão evidenciou que a variável que tem maior impacto sobre o preço do etanol hidratado combustível no varejo é o preço do etanol anidro (proxy do preço do etanol hidratado no segmento produtor). Os principais determinantes da venda de etanol hidratado no varejo são a renda, o preço do etanol hidratado combustível no varejo e o do etanol anidro no segmento produtor. Já com relação às vendas de gasolina C no varejo, o principal determinante é a renda, enquanto as demais variáveis pouco contribuem para explicar suas variações. Finalmente, a análise da previsão dentro da amostra para o preço do etanol hidratado no segmento varejista sugere que este preço assumiria um patamar mais elevado, não fosse a atual política de controle de preços dos derivados do petróleo adotada no Brasil. Nas duas últimas safras do período estudado, o preço praticado está, em média, 23,7% abaixo do previsto pelo modelo estimado neste estudo. Vale ressaltar que o modelo estimado capta o padrão médio do comportamento da série, dados os fundamentos de mercado considerados, os quais explicam pelo menos 76% das variações do preço do etanol hidratado no varejo.
The main objective of this study was to estimate an analytical model to explain the relationship between the markets of hydrated ethanol fuel and gasoline C, including effects of other factors such as sugar prices in the domestic and the International markets and income. Because of its ability to capture dynamic effects, the Auto-regression Model with Vector Error Correction VEC was used. Analysis of the demand function showed ethanol fuel consumption significantly responds to contemporary variations of its price and gasoline price, replacement product in this market segment. Regarding the demand for gasoline C, it appears that sales respond less to its price and ethanol price. In general, analysis of the response functions to impulses allows to verify that the effect of unanticipated shocks on model variables are of short duration and disappears, in most cases, after three months. Income proved to be important in ethanol and gasoline C consumption. An exogenous shock in the international sugar price results in a large effect on the product price in the domestic market. Therefore, a shock in the domestic sugar price has a significant impact on the anhydrous ethanol price (accumulated elasticity of 0.57), once these products compete for raw material in the sector. Given that this price represents a proxy variable for the hydrous ethanol price for the industry, 60% of the price in this segment is transmitted to the fuel price in the retail market. A decomposition analysis of forecast error variance showed that the variable with greater impact on the hydrated ethanol fuel price in the retail market is the anhydrous ethanol price (proxy of the hydrated ethanol price in the industry). The main determinants of hydrated ethanol sales in the retail market are the income, the hydrated ethanol fuel price and the anhydrous ethanol fuel price in the industry. Gasoline C sales in the retail market are mostly determined by income, while the other variables contribute little to explain its variations. Finally, the analysis of the in-sample forecast for the hydrated ethanol price in the retail market suggests that this price would assume a higher level, if there were not the current policy of controlling prices of petroleum derivatives adopted in Brazil. In the last two seasons of the analysis, the price was on average 23.7% below that predicted by the model estimated in this study. It is noteworthy that the estimated model captures the average standard of the series, given the market fundaments considered, which explain at least 76% of the variations in the hydrated ethanol price in the retail market.

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陳德廉 i Tak-lim Chan. "Contractual specification of quality measurement with special application to the United States domestic raw sugar futures". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31234677.

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Cardoso, Larissa Barbosa. "Essays on economics of obesity and food prices : theory and evidences for Brazil". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/132933.

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O objetivo desta tese é analisar a influência do preço dos alimentos sobre o crescimento da obesidade no Brasil e avaliar os efeitos de uma política baseada no preço como instrumento de prevenção da obesidade. Essas questões foram analisadas em três ensaios que utilizam da estrutura econômica, baseada no princípio de racionalidade econômica, para compreender as escolhas individuais quanto à ingestão e gasto calóricos e a dinâmica do ganho de peso dos brasileiros. O ensaio 1 identifica as principais mudanças no índice de massa corporal (IMC) dos brasileiros e estima a contribuição dos preços dos alimentos a partir dos métodos de distribuição relativa e de decomposição contrafactual. Verificou-se que, concomitante ao aumento da obesidade, um deslocamento para a direita da distribuição do IMC revelando: a) uma maior densidade de indivíduos nas regiões de sobrepeso e obesidade; e b) um aumento do IMC mediano uma maior dispersão em torno deste. Os resultados indicaram que o aumento de preço observado entre 2002 e 2009 foi importante para conter o avanço da obesidade. Contudo, o efeito dessa variação (efeito nível) foi inferior àquele verificado para a mudança do impacto dos alimentos sobre o IMC (efeito estrutura). Os preços de alimentos como refrigerantes, carne e leite integral mostraram-se bastante significativos. Por outro lado, a renda e os anos de estudo contribuíram positivamente para o aumento do IMC no período analisado. Considerando os efeitos obtidos para o preço de refrigerantes sobre o IMC, bem como sua associação positiva do consumo desta bebida com obesidade, os ensaios 2 e 3 avaliaram os efeitos individuais e agregados, respectivamente, da adoção uma política de saúde baseada no aumento de impostos sobre bebidas açucaradas. No ensaio 2, adotou-se o modelo de duas partes para estimar as elasticidades preço demanda, as quais indicaram que o aumento do preço de bebidas açucaradas (refrigerantes e sucos) reduz o consumo, especialmente dos grupos que mais consomem destas bebidas. O resultado sobre o peso apresentou magnitude modesta, porém esta medida mostrou-se relevante na prevenção da obesidade, dado que maiores perdas de peso foram observadas na faixa próxima ao IMC correspondente à obesidade. Os efeitos em termos agregados foram simulados a partir do modelo de preços derivado da matriz de insumo produto, e os resultados mostram que uma política tributária sobre refrigerantes tende a gerar poucos efeitos adversos para a economia, com redução da produção do referido setor e daqueles diretamente inter-relacionados sendo compensada pelo aumento na produção de outros setores. O mesmo foi observado para o emprego, que apresentou variação positiva. No que se refere ao consumo, dado que em termos individuais o aumento tributário de 10% contribui para reduzir o consumo em 6,1%, a despesa de consumo agregado das famílias sofreria redução de 2,1%, com maior redução verificada na faixa de renda intermediária. Diante disso, conclui-se que a redução no preço dos alimentos mais calóricos observada nos últimos anos teve impacto sobre o peso dos brasileiros, e portanto, poderia ser levada em consideração na estruturação de políticas públicas para o combate à obesidade.
The objective of this thesis is to analyze the influence of the price of food on the growth of obesity in Brazil and to assess the effects of a policy based on price as a prevention instrument against obesity. These issues were analyzed in three essays that make use of the economic structure, based on the principle of economic rationality, in order to understand individual choices about calorie intake and expenditure and the dynamics of weight gain of Brazilians. Essay 1 identifies the main changes in Body Mass Index (BMI) of Brazilians and estimates the contribution of food prices from the relative distribution method and of counterfactual decomposition. It was verified that, concomitant to the increase in obesity, there is a shift towards the right of the BMI distribution revealing: a) a greater density of individuals in the regions of overweight and obesity; and b) an increase of the medium BMI a major dispersion around this. The results indicated that the price increases observed between 2002 and 2009 were important to contain the advance of obesity. However, the effect of that variation (level effect) was lower than that observed for the change of the impact of food on BMI (structure effect). The prices of foods such as soft drinks, meat and whole milk showed to be quite significant. On the other hand, income and years of study contributed positively for the increase of the BMI in the analyzed period. Considering the effect obtained for the price of soft drinks on BMI, as well as the positive association of consumption of this type of beverage with obesity, essays 2 and 3 evaluated the individual and aggregate effects, respectively, of the adoption of a health policy based on the increase of taxes on sugary drinks. In essay 2, the two part model was adopted in order to estimate the price-demand elasticity, which indicated that the price increase of sugary drinks (soft drinks and juices) reduce the consumption, especially of the groups that most consume these beverages. The result on weight presented a modest magnitude; however this measure showed to be relevant in the prevention of obesity, since the greater weight losses were observed in the group nearest to the BMI corresponding to obesity. The effects in aggregate terms were simulated parting from the price model derived from the product input matrix, and the results show that a tax policy on soft drinks tends to generate few adverse effects for the economy, with a production reduction of that sector and those directly interrelated being offset by increased production in other sectors. The same was observed for employment, which presented a positive variation. Regarding consumption, since in individual terms the 10% tributary increase contributed to reduce consumption in 6,1%, the aggregate consumption expenditure of households would suffer a reduction of 2.1%, with greater reductions observed in the middle-income range. Therefore, it is concluded that the reduction in the price of high-calorie foods observed in recent years has had an impact on the weight of Brazilians, and therefore, could be taken into account in the structuring of public policies for the fight against obesity.

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Martins, Talita Mauad. "Ciclos e previsão cíclica dos preços das commodities: um modelo de indicador antecedente para a commodity açúcar". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-05022010-122747/.

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Na trajetória da economia mundial, destaca-se a importância do agronegócio, que exerce um papel essencial no desenvolvimento econômico e social dos países, devido principalmente à sua capacidade de geração de renda e empregos. Entretanto, o agronegócio possui um obstáculo para a sua sustentabilidade, que é sua natureza cíclica, sofrendo influências de vários fatores de mercado e apresentando elevada volatilidade nos preços das commodities. Nesse sentido, vê-se a necessidade de explorar o aspecto cíclico dos preços das commodities, com o intuito de captar a dinâmica dos fatores de mercado que influenciam a formação do preço, para o seu monitoramento antecipado. Dentro desse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi propor o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta para prever o comportamento dos ciclos de crescimento e retração de uma commodity, especificamente o açúcar, com base no modelo de indicador antecedente. Para isso, foi construído, primeiramente, o ciclo de preços agrícolas, com base nos ciclos de negócios e na exposição das estruturas que representam os principais fatores de alteração nos preços das commodities: econômica, fundamentalista, climática e relacionada. O próximo passo foi datar os pontos de mudança do preço do açúcar, utilizando um modelo de cadeia de Markov e confrontando seus resultados com os acontecimentos históricos do setor. Posteriormente, um modelo de fator dinâmico foi utilizado para extrair movimentos cíclicos comuns a um conjunto de variáveis que apresentam poder de previsão, fora de amostra, com relação ao preço do açúcar. Como resultado, foram encontrados três indicadores antecedentes, que sinalizaram consistentemente a maioria dos picos e vales do ciclo do preço do açúcar, num horizonte de dois anos de antecedência. Cada indicador selecionado é composto por uma combinação linear entre os coeficientes e quatro variáveis independentes, as quais representam, respectivamente, as estruturas setoriais analisadas: fundamentalista, econômica, climática e relacionada. Em seguida, os indicadores foram combinados com o preço em um vetor bivariado auto-regressivo para obter previsões lineares do preço da commodity açúcar. As previsões obtidas revelam que os indicadores apresentaram um desempenho de previsão bem superior ao do modelo base, em todos os horizontes, e muito próximo aos valores reais dos preços. Portanto, da análise de previsão de pontos de mudança e de previsão linear, conclui-se que os indicadores antecedentes da commodity açúcar (IAC) constituem-se em um instrumento informativo para sinalizar o comportamento futuro do preço do açúcar, mesmo quando apenas dados preliminares e não revisados estão disponíveis. A ferramenta proposta, além de servir como um instrumento para compreender a natureza das flutuações dos preços das commodities, pretende tornar-se fonte de subsídios para o projeto de diretrizes, ações e formulação de estratégias de desenvolvimento, tanto no âmbito das políticas públicas, quanto daquelas iniciativas que deveriam ser adotadas pelo setor privado, servindo como um instrumento essencial para o planejamento das instituições integrantes do agronegócio.
In the course of the world economy, underscoring the importance of agribusiness, which plays a key role in economic and social development of countries, mainly due to its ability to generate income and jobs. However, agribusiness has an obstacle to its sustainability, which is its cyclical nature, is influenced by various market factors and a very high volatility in commodity prices. In this sense, we see the need to explore the cyclical aspect of commodity prices, in order to capture the dynamics of market factors that influence the pricing for its monitoring anticipated. Within this context, the objective of this study was to propose the development of a tool to predict the behavior of cycles of growth and shrinkage of a commodity, specifically sugar, based on the type of leading indicator. For that was built first, the cycle of agricultural prices, based on business cycles and exposure of the structures that represent the main factors of change in commodity prices: economic fundamentalism, climate and related. The next step was dating the turning points of the price of sugar, using a model of Markov chain, comparing their results with historical events in the industry. Subsequently, a dynamic factor model was used to extract common cyclical movements in a set of variables that have predictive power, out of the sample to the price of sugar. As a result, there were three leading indicators, which signaled consistently most of the peaks and valleys of the cycle of the price of sugar, a horizon of two years in advance. Each indicator selected is composed of a linear combination of the coefficients and four independent variables, which represent, respectively, industry structures analyzed: fundamentalist, economic, climate and related. Then, the indicators were combined with the price in a bivariate vector autoregressive forecasts for linear price of crude sugar. The predictions show that the indicators showed a predictive performance far superior to the base model at all horizons, and very close to the actual values of prices. Therefore, the analysis of forecasting turning points and linear prediction, it is concluded that the leading indicators of crude sugar (IAC) is based on an informative tool for signaling future behavior of the price of sugar, even when only preliminary data not reviewed are available. The proposed tool, besides serving as a tool to understand the nature of fluctuations in commodity prices, hopes to become a source of input for the draft guidelines, actions and formulation of development strategies, both in the public policies and those initiatives that should be adopted by the private sector, serving as an essential tool for planning of institutions of agribusiness.

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Alves, Lucilio Rogério Aparecido. "Transmissão de preços entre produtos do setor sucroalcooleiro do estado de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-03042003-151837/.

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No começo da década de 1990 deu-se início ao processo de desregulamentação dos preços dos produtos do setor sucroalcooleiro através da liberação de seus preços. Neste contexto, esses preços passaram a ser determinados de acordo com as regras de livre mercado. Desde então, o setor sucroalcooleiro tem passado por profundas transformações num período relativamente curto de tempo. Neste trabalho buscou-se analisar a transmissão de preços entre os mercados dos principais produtos do setor sucroalcooleiro do Estado de São Paulo. Determinou-se a intensidade e a duração em que as oscilações de preços são transmitidas de um nível de mercado para outro e de um produto para outro do mesmo nível de mercado. A análise compreendeu o período de maio de 1998 a junho de 2002. O modelo proposto foi implementado utilizando-se testes de raiz unitária de Dickey-Fuller Aumentado (ADF), de co-integração de Johansen e método de Auto-Regressão Vetorial com Correção de Erro (VEC). Os resultados apontam para as inter-relações contemporâneas entre os preços do açúcar cristal industrial no mercado interno e o recebido pela exportação e entre os preços do açúcar cristal empacotado ao produtor e ao varejo. O preço do álcool anidro, por sua vez, não explica contemporaneamente os preços dos açúcares cristal industrial e exportado. Nas decomposições das variâncias dos erros de previsão, observa-se a quase total independência do preço do açúcar cristal industrial, o relacionamento do álcool anidro com o preço do açúcar cristal industrial e com o preço do açúcar cristal empacotado ao produtor. O preço de exportação mostra-se relativamente independente em relação às variáveis de mercado interno. O preço do açúcar cristal empacotado ao produtor apresenta dependência do preço do açúcar cristal industrial e do preço do açúcar cristal empacotado ao varejo. Para o mercado varejista do açúcar cristal empacotado, a quase totalidade das variações de seus preços são explicadas pela própria variável e pelo preço do mercado produtor. Nas funções de impulso-resposta, os resultados mostram que choque no preço do açúcar cristal industrial causa impacto positivo sobre os preços do álcool anidro e do açúcar cristal empacotado ao produtor com um período de defasagem. Choque no preço do álcool anidro impacta positivamente os preços do açúcar cristal industrial e do cristal exportado apenas no quarto período após o choque. Choque no preço do açúcar cristal exportado, praticamente não causa impacto nos preços de mercado interno. O choque no preço do açúcar cristal empacotado ao produtor tem influência sobre os preços dos açúcares cristal industrial e cristal empacotado ao varejo com um período de defasagem e sobre o preço do açúcar cristal exportado no quarto período. Choque no preço do mercado varejista do açúcar cristal empacotado, ao contrário do que se esperava, causa impacto negativo sobre os preços dos açúcares cristal industrial e cristal empacotado ao produtor. Em termos gerais, os resultados apontam para inter-relações entre os preços dos produtos analisados, uma vez que choque em quaisquer das variáveis tem impacto na mesma direção sobre as demais, principalmente após um pequeno período de tempo de ajustamento. No entanto, essas relações não apresentaram-se tão expressivas quanto se esperava.
In the early 1990's it was started the price deregulation process of products of sugar-ethanol sector through the exemption of its prices. In this context, these prices started to be determined according to regulations of a free market. Since then, the sugar-ethanol sector has undergone profound changes in a considerably short period of time. This study aims to analyze price transmission among markets of main products of the sugar-ethanol sector in São Paulo State. It was determined the intensity and the duration in which price fluctuations are transmitted from a level of market to another and from one product to another of the same level. The analysis was carried out during the period of May 1998 and June 2002. The proposed model was implemented by making use of tests for unit root of Augmented Dickey-Fulley (ADF), of co-integration of Johansen and the method of Vector Auto-Regression with Error Correction (VEC). Results point to contemporary inter-relations among industrial crystal sugar prices in the domestic market and the market derived from exportation and among the prices of packed crystal sugar to producer and to retailing. The anhydrous ethanol price does not explain contemporarily the prices of industrial crystal and exported sugar. In the decomposition of forecast errors variance, it is noted the almost entire independence of the industrial crystal sugar price, the relating of anhydrous ethanol price to the industrial crystal sugar price and to the packed crystal sugar price to producer. The prices for exportation remain relatively independent from the variances of the domestic market. The price of packed crystal sugar to producer reveals dependency to the price of industrial crystal sugar and to packed crystal sugar to retailing. To the retail market the packed crystal sugar, almost all of its price variations are explained by the variable itself and by the producer's operating market price. In the impulse-response functions, results show that shocks to the industrial crystal sugar price causes a positive impact to the prices of anhydrous ethanol and of packed crystal sugar to producer with a time gap. Shocks to the anhydrous ethanol price causes a positive impact to the prices of industrial crystal sugar and to the exported crystal sugar only in fourth period after the shock. Shocks to exported crystal sugar price, basically does not cause any impact to the domestic market. The shock to the packed crystal sugar to producer has influence on the prices of industrial crystal and packed crystal sugar to retailing with a time gap and on the exported crystal sugar price in the fourth period. The shock to the packed crystal sugar price in the retail market causes a negative impact to the price of industrial crystal and packed sugar to producer. In general terms, results point to inter-relations among the prices of the products studied, once shocks to any of the variables lead to impacts in the direction to the others, specially after a short adjusting time. However, these relations did not reveal as expressive as expected.

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Krivickaitė, Giedrė. "Europos Sąjungos cukraus reformos įtaka cukraus sektoriui Lietuvoje". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060522_143635-54806.

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Final work of University Postgraduate Studies, 73 Pages, 19 Figures, 10 Tables, 51 References, 4 Appendixes, in Lithuanian.Research aim – research and evaluate the impact of European Union Sugar Reform on Sugar Sector in Lithuania.Research methods – analysis and synthesis of scientific literature and EU law acts, statistical – analytical, questioning, graphical interpretation of data, etc. Studying scientific and periodical literature of Lithuania and foreign authors, there were indicated tendency and dynamics indicators in sugar sector, analyzed its regulation mechanism and impact of reform in organization of sugar market to development of sugar sector in Lithuania.

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Silveira, André Mascia. "A relação entre os preços de açúcar nos mercados doméstico e internacional". Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-06102004-173413/.

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Com mais de metade de sua produção exportada e participação de aproximadamente um terço do mercado mundial, atualmente o Brasil é o maior exportador de açúcar e, portanto, espera-se que os preços do mercado físico do açúcar no Brasil apresentem algum grau de relacionamento os preços internacionais desta commodity, que são representados pelas cotações dos contratos futuros das bolsas de Nova Iorque (NYBOT) e de Londres (LIFFE) primeiros vencimentos. No presente estudo são analisadas as relações entre os logaritmos das médias semanais dos preços domésticos de açúcar, representados pelo preço do Estado de São Paulo, principal produtor nacional, e preços internacionais convertidos em moeda brasileira. Utilizando os critérios de Akaike e Schwarz, foi determinado o número de defasagens auto-regressivas necessárias para ajustar modelos com a finalidade de testar a existência de raiz unitária, cujos resultados apontam para a estacionariedade das séries em torno de uma tendência determinista. A partir dos resíduos obtidos na estimação de modelos univariados auto-regressivos para cada variável, foram obtidas as funções de correlação cruzada (FCC) para cada par de variáveis usado no teste de causalidade. Os resultados das FCCs apontam tanto a existência de relação contemporânea significativa, como causalidade dos preços das bolsas internacionais para os preços domésticos do açúcar, sendo mais expressiva a relação causal das cotações dos contratos futuros da bolsa de Nova Iorque para os preços do mercado físico do açúcar no Brasil. Com base nesses resultados, foram especificados modelos que tinham como finalidade analisar o processo de transmissão de preços entre os mercados doméstico e internacional. Para evitar multicolinearidade, optou-se pela não inclusão de defasagens da variável dependente como explicativas nestes modelos e, para contornar problemas associados à correlação de resíduos nas equações ajustadas, as variáveis foram filtradas conforme a metodologia de Cochrane-Orcutt, fundamentando-se nos resultados da função de autocorrelação dos resíduos dos modelos ajustados de forma iterativa. As elasticidades obtidas nas funções de transmissão de preços indicam que os valores passados das cotações da NYBOT são referência para a formação de preço do mercado doméstico de açúcar, e que a influência contemporânea entre os preços das bolsas internacionais e o preço doméstico é pequena. Como a participação do Brasil no mercado internacional de açúcar é elevada, espera-se que de alguma maneira aspectos relativos ao mercado doméstico brasileiro dessa commodity afetem os preços internacionais. Dessa forma, buscou-se analisar o impacto que a produção brasileira de açúcar, a qual define o potencial de exportação dessa commodity pelo Brasil, tem sobre a formação do preço no mercado internacional. Para isso foi ajustada uma função utilizando como representativo do preço de açúcar no mercado internacional a média das cotações do contrato futuro de açúcar na bolsa de Nova Iorque no ano-safra internacional, isto é, entre setembro de um ano a agosto do subseqüente. Como variáveis explicativas foram considerados: o estoque inicial de cada ano-safra, a produção de açúcar do Brasil e a produção de açúcar dos demais países do mundo, também por ano-safra. Os resultados apontam que o direcionamento de mais matéria-prima para a produção de açúcar, considerando as baixas taxas de crescimento do consumo desse produto no mercado interno, tem efeito negativo e significativo no nível de preço a vigorar no mercado internacional. Isto poderia comprometer a rentabilidade do setor, não só porque os preços do açúcar exportado cairiam, mas também porque os menores preços do mercado internacional estariam afetando os recebidos pelo açúcar comercializado no mercado interno.
With more than a half of its production exported and about 30% of market share in the world sugar market, nowadays Brazil is the worlds leading exporter of sugar. So, its expected that the sugar physical prices in the State of São Paulo (CEPEA), Brazil´s leading production region, have any sort of relation with the international prices of this commodity. These international prices are represented by the nearby quotes of the sugar contracts at New York Board of Trade (NYBOT) and at London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange (LIFFE), both multiplied by the Brazilian currency exchange rate. The present study analyses the relations between the logarithms of the domestic and international weekly means of sugar prices. The number of auto-regressive lags necessaries to ajust models was determined by Akaike and Scharwz criterions, which objective was to test the existence of unit root. The results pointed to stationary series around deterministic trends. Through the residual data of auto-regressive univariated models that were estimated to each of the variables, it was obtained the cross correlation function (CCF) to each pair of variables to which the causality was tested. The CCF results indicated a significative contemporany relation between the variables and also causality from the international quotes to State of São Paulo domestic prices, mainly from NYBOT. Based on these results, it was obtained the number of lags of the explicative variable to specify the transmission price models between domestic and international sugar prices. To prevent multicolinearity, it was opted to not include lags of dependent variable as explicative variables, and, to skirt problems related to the correlation in the residual data in the adjusted equations, the variables were filtered by the Cochrane-Orcutt methodology, following the indicatives of the autocorrelation function (ACF) of the residual data from adjusted models in an interactive form. The elasticities obtained in the price transmission functions indicated that the past values of NYBOT quotes are reference to CEPEA prices, and that the contemporany influence between domestic and international prices is small. Considering that Brazilian share in the sugar international market is expressive, its expected that aspects related to Brazilian domestic market should cause any affect in the international prices level. So, to analyze the impact that Brazilian production of sugar, which defines the potential of exportation of this commodity for Brazil, has on the formation of the price in the international market, it was adjusted a function that uses as representative of the sugar price in the international market the mean of NYBOT nearby quotes between September to August (of the subsequent year). The variables international beginning stocks, Brazilian sugar production and rest of the world sugar production, all of them measured in the international sugar-marketing year, were considered as explicative ones. The results pointed that an increase in the Brazilian sugar cane production (in order to produce sugar), considering the low rates of the consumption evolution in the Brazilian domestic market, would have a negative and significant effect in the international sugar prices level. This event would affect the yield of sugar sector, not only because the sugar international price would decrease, but also because the lower prices in the international market would reduce the Brazilian domestic prices.

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Książki na temat "Prices of sugar"

Amang, Beddu. Kebijaksanaan pemasaran gula di Indonesia. Jakarta: Dharma Karsa Utama, 1993.

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Brüntrup, Michael. Everything but arms (EBA) and the EU sugar market reform-- development gift or Trojan horse? Bonn: Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, 2006.

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Blisard, William Noel. Farm-to-retail price linkages for sugar. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, National Economics Division, 1986.

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Blisard, William Noel. Farm-to-retail price linkages for sugar. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, National Economics Division, 1986.

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Blisard, William Noel. Farm-to-retail price linkages for sugar. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, National Economics Division, 1986.

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Blisard, William Noel. Farm-to-retail price linkages for sugar. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, National Economics Division, 1986.

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Blisard, William Noel. Farm-to-retail price linkages for sugar. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, National Economics Division, 1986.

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Phœ̄mthawī, ʻArunthip. Kānkhātkhanē ʻuppathān læ rākhā namtān sāi nai Prathēt Thai. [Bangkok?]: Bandit Witthayālai, Mahāwitthayālai Krœ̄k, 1997.

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Mitchell, Donald O. Sugar policies opportunity for change. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2003.

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Mario, Bolívar Ruiz, red. El libro blanco del azúcar: Una historia de proteccionismo. Santiago de Chile: Ril Editores, 2005.

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Części książek na temat "Prices of sugar"

Le Bodo, Yann, Marie-Claude Paquette i Philippe De Wals. "Effects of Taxation on Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Prices". W Taxing Soda for Public Health, 85–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33648-0_5.

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Devereux, Stephen, i Christophe Béné. "Reflections and Conclusions". W Resilience and Food Security in a Food Systems Context, 389–405. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23535-1_12.

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AbstractThe concluding chapter reflects on the conceptual, empirical, and policy-related contributions that this book has made and identifies remaining unresolved issues. ‘Resilience’, ‘food system’, and even ‘food security’ were seen to be elusive and contested concepts. A food systems’ lens is more holistic than conventional preoccupations with agriculture and food prices, by highlighting for instance the relatively neglected role of food processors in food security analysis. Global and national food systems are increasingly resilient, even against shocks like COVID-19 lockdowns, but climate change raises fundamental challenges. Moreover, paradoxes remain, such as the coexistence of high levels of undernutrition and overnutrition in countries where food systems appear to be performing efficiently. Governments, international agencies, civil society, the private sector, and local communities all have important complementary roles to play. But there are difficult policy trade-offs to negotiate: whether to promote higher crop yields or lower crop volatility, for instance, or whether to intervene in food systems by taxing unhealthy foods (e.g. sugar), which could benefit consumers but would harm affected farmers. Ultimately, at global, national, and local levels, well-functioning, sustainable and equitable food systems need to deliver not only enough food, but affordable access for all to sustainable healthy diets.

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Claudino, Edison Sotolani, João Gilberto Mendes dos Reis, Pedro L. O. Costa Neto, Antônio C. V. Lopes i Alessandra Q. Silva. "Does the VHP Sugar Price Influence in the Ethanol Volume Production?" W IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 579–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51133-7_69.

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Akimoto, Daisuke. "Yoshihide Suga: Toward a Carbon–Neutral Society During the Pandemic". W Japanese Prime Ministers and Their Peace Philosophy, 333–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8379-4_38.

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Gudoshnikov, Sergey, Lindsay Jolly i Donald Spence. "World sugar prices". W The World Sugar Market, 36–60. Elsevier, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-85573-472-2.50010-7.

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"World sugar prices". W The World Sugar Market. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439823491.ch3.

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HANNAH, A. C., i DONALD SPENCE. "Trends in world prices". W The International Sugar Trade, 140–51. Elsevier, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-85573-069-4.50014-x.

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Choraria, Jaya. "Commodity Value Chains Compression—Coffee, Cocoa, and Sugar". W Commodity Prices and Development, 136–60. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234707.003.0006.

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Krueger, Anne O. "The Political Economy of Controls: American Sugar". W Public Policy And Economic Development, 170–216. Oxford University PressOxford, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198285823.003.0009.

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Abstract In economic theory, it is relatively straightforward to analyse the impact of government controls over economic activity. Whether the control is over feed-grain prices in Egypt, the quantities of imports of individual items in India, price controls on ‘old’ oil, or the ‘voluntary’ reduction in the number of automobiles exported from Japan to the United States, several conclusions follow straightforwardly. First and foremost, those controls (and most others) at best achieve their objectives in a more costly manner than would alternative mechanisms. Second, the presumed beneficiaries of controls are often quite different from those (if any) actually benefiting. Third, the costs of controls seem to be largely ignored or misunderstood in political decision-making, at least in the first instance.

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Eaglin, Jennifer. "Sugar, Ethanol, and Development, 1959–1975". W Sweet Fuel, 45—C2.P60. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510681.003.0003.

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Abstract This chapter examines the changing reality of the sugar and ethanol sector in the 1960s and early 1970s as sugar exports increased and petroleum came to dominate the fuel market. The collapse of US-Cuban relations opened the door for Brazil to capitalize on a larger international sugar market in the 1960s. Sugar exports became a major part of the new military dictatorship’s development policy plan by the late 1960s. By the early 1970s, booming sugar prices drove massive investment in the sector through modernization programs such as Funproçúcar, which sugar producers redirected toward expanding their ethanol production capacity, anticipating and shaping a future ethanol program in the aftermath of the oil shock of 1973.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Prices of sugar"

İzgi, Mehmet Tevfik, Faig Mammadov i Oğuzhan Özçelebi. "The Impact of Agricultural Price Inflation on Food Security: An Analysis of Countries Surrounding the Black Sea". W International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c15.02806.

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This article examines the impact of inflation in agricultural prices on food security in the countries surrounding the Black Sea, including Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, the Russian Federation, Turkey, and Ukraine. Concerns about inflation in agricultural prices and food security have increased globally in recent years, especially due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine conflict, which has resulted in problems with agricultural production and logistical constraints, leading to increased food prices worldwide. This study analyzes the impact of agricultural price inflation on food security in the aforementioned countries. The analysis uses the "producer price index" of agricultural products, such as corn, beans, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, and wheat, published by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to measure inflation, and "per capita food supply variability" to assess food security. The study examines the complex effects of agricultural product inflation on food security with the help of panel vector error correction model.

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Sinichenko, Vladimir, i Galina Tokarevа. "«Firm Prices» for Sugar in Eastern Russia During the First World War and Civil War". W Irkutsk Historical and Economic Yearbook 2020. Baikal State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/978-5-7253-3017-5.20.

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The article states that in the conditions of war, first the royal government, then the provisional government, moved to impose fixed food prices. The introduction of «firm prices» for food products has caused shortages. The shortage of goods led on the one hand to hyperinflation and depreciation of money, on the other hand to the growth of smuggling operations and saturation of the Far East market with smuggled food from abroad.

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Silva, Roberto F., Bruna L. Barreira i Carlos E. Cugnasca. "Prediction of Corn and Sugar Prices Using Machine Learning, Econometrics, and Ensemble Models". W EFITA International Conference. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021009031.

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Taha, Ahmed A., Tarek Abdel-Salam i Madhu Vellakal. "Hydrogen, Biodiesel and Ethanol for Internal Combustion Engines: A Review Paper". W ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1011.

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Alternative fuels research has been on going for well over many years at a number of institutions. Driven by oil price and consumption, engine emissions and climate change, along with the lack of sustainable fossil fuels, transportation sector has generated an interest in alternative, renewable sources of fuel for internal combustion engines. The focus has ranged from feed stock optimization to engine-out emissions, performance and durability. Biofuels for transportation sector, including alcohols (ethanol, methanol…etc.), biodiesel, and other liquid and gaseous fuels such as methane and hydrogen, have the potential to displace a considerable amount of petroleum-based fuels around the world. First generation biofuels are produced from sugars, starches, or vegetable oils. On the contrary, the second generation biofuels are produced from cellulosic materials, agricultural wastes, switch grasses and algae rather than sugar and starch. By not using food crops, second generation biofuel production is much more sustainable and has a lower impact on food production. Also known as advanced biofuels, the second-generation biofuels are still in the development stage. Combining higher energy yields, lower requirements for fertilizer and land, and the absence of competition with food, second generation biofuels, when available at prices equivalent to petroleum derived products, offer a truly sustainable alternative for transportation fuels. There are main four issues related to alternative fuels: production, transportation, storage, handling and usage. This paper presents a review of recent literature related to the alternative fuels usage and the impact of these fuels on fuel injection systems, and fuel atomization and sprays for both spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines. Effect of these renewable fuels on both internal flow and external flow characteristics of the fuel injector will be presented.

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Xie Yuan i Chen Ru-kai. "The net fuzzy clustering analysis of the sugar prices at home and abroad? —Based on the data of the four big futures market in the first quarter of 2012". W 2013 8th International Conference on Computer Science & Education (ICCSE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccse.2013.6554049.

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Krzysiak, Zbigniew. "Profitability of sugar beet production in 2023/2024 campaign on example of Lublin voivodeship". W 23rd International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2024.23.tf101.

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The work presents a complex analysis and cost accounting of sugar beet cultivation in the 2023/2024 campaign for individual farms of the Lublin region. The economic results obtained by the producers are mainly affected by indirect cost accounting. Within this group of costs, the major components are sowing service, harvest and soil liming operations. Sugar beet production in the analysed years was profitable, with the profitability index about 1.26 and the production cost was 48.64 EUR·t-1. Sugar beet growing is considered one of the most profit-making activities in agricultural production, even though it is characterized by the high overall production costs. However, the incomes are different in particular years. The main factor affecting the income from sugar beet cultivation was the price for the raw material, which increased by only 9.5 EUR in the considered marketing year compared to the previous season. The limitation of the presented analysis of the costs of cultivation and profitability of sugar beet production is its preparation for a model farm with specific criteria. Further research should be carried out taking into account the classification of the analysed farms into groups with different criteria. This will allow for a better approximation of the performed analyses of cultivation costs to the actual conditions. A good direction for the development of individual farms is to combine science with practice in the pursuit of cooperation between growers and scientists indicating the economics of sugar beet production.

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Xu, Yongchun, Shiquan Shen i Zhen Chen. "Research on Forecast of Sugar Price Based on Improved Neural Network". W 2009 Second International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology and Security Informatics. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iitsi.2009.9.

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Chamidah, N., S. D. Febriana, R. A. Ariyanto i R. Sahawaly. "Fourier series estimator for predicting international market price of white sugar". W INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS, COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES AND STATISTICS 2020. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0042287.

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Cheng, Shuang. "Short - term Forecast Model of Sugar Futures Price Based on Seasonal Decomposition". W Fifth Symposium of Risk Analysis and Risk Management in Western China (WRARM 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/wrarm-17.2017.45.

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Pina, Eduardo Antonio, i Marcelo Modesto. "Proposals to Maximize Electricity Generation From Sugar Cane in Brazil". W ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20132.

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Brazil’s sugarcane industry has been characterized by low efficiency in energy production as it consumes large amounts of bagasse as fuel in its cogeneration system, considering its low price and abundance. The possibility of selling surplus electricity to the grid has motivated investments in improvements, such as reduction of steam demand by means of process thermal integration and double distillation systems, and employment of condensing instead of back pressure steam turbines. Four different cogeneration systems were analyzed in this work: two traditional Rankine Cycles, the first presenting back pressure steam turbine and the second featuring condensing steam turbine configuration; a BIGCC (Biomass Gasification Combined Cycle) and an altered model of the BIGCC, comprised by an extra gas turbine set operating with ethanol. Thermoeconomic analyses determining exergy based costs of electricity and ethanol for all cases were carried out. The main objective of this work is to assess the proposal to maximize electricity production from the sugarcane industry in Brazil.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Prices of sugar"

Del Río Paracolls, Carmen, i Rachel Boyce. How Agricultural Policies Skew Sugar Domestic Prices for Consumers. Inter-American Development Bank, marzec 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006306.

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Around the world, government agricultural policies often make the prices paid by consumers much higher or lower than they would be withoutpolicy interventions. This infographic shows the latest available data for the three-year average price of sugar in Latin America and the Caribbean compared to international prices (prices not affected by domestic policy).

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Saputri, Novani, i Hizkia Respatiadi. Policy Reform to Lower Sugar Prices in Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia: Center for Indonesian Policy Studies, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35497/270481.

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Morris, Emily, Amy Angel i Noé Hernández. The impact of falling sugar prices on growth and rural livelihoods. Inter-American Development Bank, styczeń 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0000601.

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Smit, A. B., R. A. Jongeneel, H. Prins, J. H. Jager i W. H. G. J. Hennen. Impact of coupled EU support for sugar beet growing: more production, lower prices. Wageningen: Wageningen Economic Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/430039.

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Cawley, John, David Frisvold, Anna Hill i David Jones. Oakland’s Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax: Impacts on Prices, Purchases and Consumption by Adults and Children. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, wrzesień 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26233.

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Gachot, Sebastien, Carmine Paolo De Salvo i Gonzalo Rondinone. Analysis of Agricultural Policies in Guyana (2015-2019). Inter-American Development Bank, sierpień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004408.

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The agricultural sector plays a crucial role in Guyanas economic development by contributing 21.15% of gross domestic product (GDP). However, the share of the agricultural sector has been gradually decreasing over the years. This monograph offers an update of the OCDEs Producer Support Estimate (PSE) methodology applied to Guyana for 2015-2019. The PSE approach focuses on two main elements of support: (i) the effect of government policy on prices received by agricultural producers, and (ii) the support provided through budgetary transfers to the sector. The market price support (MPS) remained Guyanas main PSE component. Expressed as a share of the total PSE, Guyanas MPS averaged 59% between 2015 and 2018. Following the end of Government transfers to GuySuCo in 2019, which led to a sharp decline in budget transfers to the agricultural sector, it rose to 96%. The main driver of Guyanas MPS remained the import duties in place to protect domestic producers of poultry meat. This report also documents the evolution of agricultural policies-related greenhouse gas emissions in Guyana for the first time. The poultry subsector, which receives most of the policy support in Guyana, emits little. Sugar and rice, on the other hand, are the commodities with the highest GHG emissions per hectare. To conclude, several policy recommendations are presented.

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Martínez Jorge, Angel, i Javier Martínez Santos. Heterogeneous response and spillover effects of SSB taxes. Esade EcPol, marzec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56269/20230327/amj.

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In this paper we evaluate the taxation of sugar-sweetened and edulcorated beverages by using the natural quasi-experiment in Spain: in 2021 an increase in Value Added Tax was introduced in all regions of Spain except for some of them, which do not have VAT. These regions serve as a control group offering a unique opportunity in the literature for two reasons, the guarantee of avoiding cross-border consumer movements due to their geographical location and the opportunity to have a household consumption database with a rich set of characteristics. We find a pass-through of the tax to prices of over 95\% and a fall in soft drink consumption of 15\% among the poorest tertile of households, especially among those with children aged 5-16. In addition, we find a significant reduction in spending on unhealthy complementary goods among the same households in the first tertile. However, the remaining households did not react to the tax by reducing either their consumption of soft drinks or their consumption of complementary goods. Our results show the importance of considering the structure and economic capacity of the household, as well as the response of the consumption of complementary goods, when assessing the effect of this type of tax on consumption.

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Hertel, Thomas, Wally Tyner i Dileep Birur. Biofuels for all? Understanding the Global Impacts of Multinational Mandates. GTAP Working Paper, kwiecień 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp51.

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The recent rise in world oil prices, coupled with heightened interest in the abatement of greenhouse gas emissions, has led to a sharp increase in domestic biofuels production around the world. Previous authors have devoted considerable attention to the impacts of these policies on a country-by-country basis. However, there are also strong interactions among these programs, as they compete in world markets for feedstocks and ultimately for a limited supply of global land. In this paper, we evaluate the interplay between two of the largest biofuels programs, namely the renewable fuel mandates in the US and the EU. We examine how the presence of each of these programs influences the other, and also how their combined impact influences global markets and land use around the world. We begin with an analysis of the origins of the recent bio-fuel boom, using the historical period from 2001-2006 for purposes of model validation. This was a period of rapidly rising oil prices, increased subsidies in the EU, and, in the US, there was a ban on the major competitor to ethanol for gasoline additives. Our analysis of this historical period permits us to evaluate the relative contribution of each of these factors to the global biofuel boom. We also use this historical simulation to establish a 2006 benchmark biofuel economy from which we conduct our analysis of future mandates. Our prospective analysis of the impacts of the biofuels boom on commodity markets focuses on the 2006-2015 time period, during which existing investments and new mandates in the US and EU are expected to substantially increase the share of agricultural products (e.g., corn in the US, oilseeds in the EU, and sugar in Brazil) utilized by the biofuels sector. In the US, this share could more than double from 2006 levels, while the share of oilseeds going to biodiesel in the EU could triple.

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McLeod, Cynthia. Celebrating the Extraordinary Life of Elisabeth Samson. Inter-American Development Bank, sierpień 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007931.

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Covindassamy, Genevre, Michel A. Robe i Jonathan Wallen. Sugar With Your Coffee?: Financials, Fundamentals, and Soft Price Uncertainty. Inter-American Development Bank, październik 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0000865.

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