Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Prices

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Prices”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 10 marca 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Prices"

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Barsky, Robert B., Christopher L. House i Miles S. Kimball. "Sticky-Price Models and Durable Goods". American Economic Review 97, nr 3 (1.05.2007): 984–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.3.984.

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The inclusion of a durable goods sector in sticky-price models has strong and unexpected implications. Even if most prices are flexible, a small durable goods sector with sticky prices may be sufficient to make aggregate output react to monetary policy as though most prices were sticky. In contrast, flexibly priced durables with sufficiently long service lives can undo the implications of standard sticky price models. In a limiting case, flexibly priced durables cause monetary policy to have no effect on aggregate output. Our analysis suggests that durable goods prices are the most relevant data for calibrating price rigidity. (JEL E21, E23, E31, E52)
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Bangalee, Varsha, i Fatima Suleman. "Has the increase in the availability of generic drugs lowered the price of cardiovascular drugs in South Africa?" Health SA Gesondheid 21 (11.10.2016): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v21i0.935.

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Background: This research focuses on pharmaceutical competition in South Africa where concurrent pricing legislation is being implemented without monitoring the consequences on generic drug competition and usage.Objective: To examine the relationship between originator drug prices and the number of generic brands within the cardiovascular class of drugs and to compare South African prices with international reference prices.Method: Data on private sector drug prices was sourced from the South African Medicine Price Registry. The relationship between the median proportional price and the number of brands in the therapeutic class was analysed using correlation analysis. International reference prices were obtained from the Management Sciences for Health International Drug Price Indicator Guide (2012 edition).Results: A weak correlation between originator and generic drug prices and the number of available brands was observed, the exception being diuretic drugs. The median prices per strength of the originator generic were still higher than the most expensive generic version manufactured by any other company, the exception being telmisartan. Comparison of price ratios between the originator drug, lowest priced generic and international reference price values revealed that the originator drug prices had a median price ratio of 20.99 (interquartile range 7.31—53.46) and the lowest priced generics had a median price ratio of 4.28 (interquartile range 2.10—8.47).Conclusion: Increased generic competition is not a predictor of lower drug prices. The study also concludes that the current South African pharmaceutical policies have not yet achieved the lowest prices for drugs when compared internationally.
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Chang, Ming-Hsu, i Wen-Bin Chiou. "Psychophysical Methods in Study of Consumers' Perceived Price Change for Food Products". Psychological Reports 100, nr 2 (kwiecień 2007): 643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.2.643-652.

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When adjusting product prices, marketers wish information concerning consumers' price perceptions. The present study aimed to develop an optimal pricing framework for food products by applying Weber's Law and Stevens' Power Law in psychophysics. The first phase attempted to measure the differential thresholds when magnitudes of prices were raised and lowered. The second phase was conducted to establish the psychophysical function representing perceived changes. Analysis showed consumers' differential thresholds were positively correlated with the initial price, consistent with Weber's Law. Further, participants' perceived change differed for increased and decreased prices. Products were perceived as cheaper only when medium-and low-priced products dropped dramatically in price. However, small reductions for the high-priced products were perceived as cheaper. Regardless of price changes, participants perceived products were more expensive when prices dropped by a small amount.
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Tripathi, Avinash, i Neeraj Pandey. "Does impact of price endings differ for the non-green and green products? Role of product categories and price levels". Journal of Consumer Marketing 35, nr 2 (19.03.2018): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-06-2016-1838.

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Purpose The discount image associated with odd-ending prices has led to its extensive use by retailers. The purpose of this study is to assess the impacts and applications of nine-ending vs round-ending prices on the purchase of green and non-green products at different price levels and under different purchase motivations. Design/methodology/approach Three experiments are conducted. The first experiment is a 2 (price ending: nine-ending vs round-ending) × 2 (product appeal: green vs non-green) between-subjects study; the second experiment is a 2 (price ending: nine-ending vs round-ending) × 2 (price level: low price vs high price) × 2 (product appeal: green vs non-green) between-subjects study; and the third experiment examined buyers’ preferences of price endings regarding the purchase of green products having either utility (utilitarian) or pleasure (hedonic) motivation. Findings This research highlights that consumers prefer zero-ending prices for green products and pleasure motivation products, but they prefer odd endings for low-priced and utilitarian products. These results support the increased reception of round-ending prices. Accordingly, this study contributes to the literature by providing a boundary condition for odd-ending prices. Specifically, the study finds that the effect of nine-ending prices becomes weaker as the price of the product increases. Practical implications The findings of this study have practical implications for managers, as the results indicate that pricing green products and high-quality perception products using round digits and pricing low-priced and utility perception products using odd digits will increase consumers’ purchase intentions. Moreover, pricing the products using round-ending prices will reduce the perception of low quality and deter brand loyalty emanating from a low-priced/discount image of a product. Originality/value This research contributes to theoretical and practical aspects of behavioural pricing literature. This research uncovers the buyers’ distinct preferences for zero-ending prices and odd-ending prices when purchasing different products based on different motivations and varied price levels. This is the first research of its kind to explore and compare the impact of psychological pricing on green products. The study also resolves a contradiction in past literature regarding the use of nine-ending prices by providing boundary conditions.
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Ribisl, Kurt M., Shelley Diane Golden, Jidong Huang i Michelle Scollo. "Addressing lower-priced cigarette products through three-pronged comprehensive regulation on excise taxes, minimum price policies and restrictions on price promotions". Tobacco Control 31, nr 2 (marzec 2022): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056553.

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The prices that smokers pay out-of-pocket for their tobacco products ultimately influence their smoking behaviour. Although cigarette excise taxes are arguably the best and most used policy to increase cigarette prices, taxes are only one component of retail cigarette prices. The persistence of lower-priced products, disproportionately purchased by lower-income smokers, in jurisdictions with high excise taxes is an Achilles heel for tobacco tax policy. When governments raise excise taxes, the tobacco industry responds. The industry reduces tax pass-through to minimise the price increases for lower-priced brands and offers price discounts to retailers and coupons to consumers. In addition, smokers who do not quit after tax increases may downshift brands, purchase in bulk or substitute lower-priced tobacco product types. This may be particularly true for price-sensitive smokers, including those with lower incomes. We propose that raising excise taxes will be more effective in reducing the persistence of lower-priced products and income-based smoking disparities when taxes are designed to raise prices frequently and substantially for all products and are combined with (a) minimum price laws and (b) bans on coupons, discounts and other promotions. In combination, these three complementary policies restrict the tobacco industry’s ability to undermine the impact of higher excise taxes upon consumer prices. Very few jurisdictions have implemented comprehensive three-pronged tobacco price regulation, but doing so would likely address many of the limitations that come with a sole focus on raising excise taxes.
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Busaba, Walid Y., Zheng Liu i Felipe Restrepo. "Do Underwriters Price Up IPOs to Prevent Withdrawal?" Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 55, nr 6 (9.08.2019): 2005–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109019000553.

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We examine whether underwriters price up weakly demanded initial public offerings (IPOs) to prevent withdrawal. Our empirical strategy exploits a discontinuity in the distribution of IPO prices around the low boundary of the filing range. Offerings with a high ex ante withdrawal probability that are priced at this boundary are likely priced up to meet issuers’ reservation prices. We compare the aftermarket returns of these IPOs to the returns of other weakly demanded offerings where issuers’ reservation prices were likely not binding, and we identify a negative 8.4-percentage-point differential attributable to the aggressive pricing inherent in setting the price at the low boundary when withdrawal risk is high.
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Bulfone, Liliana. "High prices for generics in Australia — more competition might help". Australian Health Review 33, nr 2 (2009): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah090200.

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It is commonly believed that dispensed prices of medicines in Australia are substantially lower than those in other developed countries, particularly the US. This article reports the results of an analysis comparing dispensed prices for the most commonly prescribed and the highest cost items in Australia with dispensed prices in the US. Although a large majority of items are less expensive in Australia than in the US, Australian prices are higher for a substantial number of products, particularly generic drugs. This article examines various policies affecting the pricing of generics in Australia. It is postulated that the main cause for higher prices for a substantial number of generic products is the lack of price competition. This results from government policy which ensures that a price reduction by one company is communicated immediately to all competitors in that market along with an invitation to match the reduced price. The dominant strategy for all suppliers is to only reduce their price in response to a reduction in price by a competitor. The result is a lack of differentiation in pricing across brands of a medicine on the Schedule of Pharmaceutical Benefits. The government could improve the structure of the generics market and encourage greater competition by ceasing to disclose competitor firms? offers to other competitors. The government could conduct pricing reviews of each generic product relatively infrequently (eg, only once annually or every 18 months). At the time of the pricing review, the government would request confidential offers on price for a generic from all players in the market. Brands should then all be listed under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) at the offered price. Prices offered by the individual supplier would apply until the next pricing review. The PBS would continue to subsidise up to the price of the lowest priced brand, with brand premiums applying to all brands priced higher than the benchmark price. Such an approach would provide opportunity for players in the market to capture market share by being the lowest priced brand.
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Beierlein, Jaclyn J., i James Nelson. "Do IPO filing prices reflect firm quality?" Managerial Finance 45, nr 4 (8.04.2019): 499–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-03-2018-0118.

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Purpose Prior research suggests that institutional investors prefer higher priced stock, while individual investors prefer lower priced stock. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the IPO filing price reflects firm characteristics that are commonly associated with quality, including size, age, earnings, underwriter reputation and venture capital backing. Design/methodology/approach The authors used t-tests, Wilcoxon rank sum tests, logistic and ordinary least squares regressions to test the hypotheses. Findings The authors find that IPO filing prices are positively related to measures of quality, except venture backing, which impacts prices non-linearly. Ceteris paribus, small (large) venture backed firms’ filing prices are set significantly lower (higher). Research limitations/implications Firm managers set IPO filing prices high when they believe the firm is likely to attract institutional investors due to its size, quality and certification, and will set prices low otherwise. Practical implications Individual investors should be wary of IPO firms with lower prices. Managers should be cognizant of the positive relationship between IPO quality and price. Originality/value This study provides evidence that IPO prices reflect firm quality and may be set deliberately to attract individual investors when institutional investor demand is expected to be low. It also provides evidence that venture backing affects IPO prices non-linearly, consistent with the grandstanding hypothesis.
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Walls, W. David. "Energy Policy and Energy Price Dispersion: Methods and Application to U.S. Data". Energy Exploration & Exploitation 16, nr 5 (październik 1998): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879801600503.

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Energy policy is increasingly aimed at achieving an efficient allocation of energy resources across alternative uses through the design and implementation of market-based incentives. According to the economists’ ‘law of one price,’ an efficient allocation is one that reduces spatial price dispersion to that which is consistent with transportation and transaction costs. Using data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration's State Energy Price and Expenditure Report, this paper examines the dispersion of U.S. energy prices for the period 1970–1993 using a variety of metrics. It is found that prices for electric utility inputs have converged. Dispersion for other energy products has increased, not due to rising energy prices, but primarily because energy prices are falling faster in regions with below-average pries than in regions with above-average prices. The current increased level of price dispersion appears to be a transient effect in the transition from a regulated sector to one based on free market principles.
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Razzakova, C. M., i L. E. Ziganshina. "Medicine prices in 2017 and 2018 as a reflection of the effectiveness of government measures to ­ensure access to medicines". Kazan medical journal 101, nr 2 (13.04.2020): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2020-256.

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Aim. To conduct a comparative analysis of medicine prices in 2017 and 2018 years in Kazan (The Republic of Tatarstan, The Russian Federation) to assess the effectiveness of government measures to ensure the accessibility of medicines. Methods. We conducted a comparative analysis of medicine prices according to methodology developed by Health Action International and World Health Organization (WHO/HAI). The analysis included 30 medicines at a preselected dosage form. We studied the accessibility and prices of original brands and lowest priced generic of each medicine in the public and private pharmacies of Kazan in 2017 and 2018, and analyzed the procurement prices of the same medicines in inpatient hospitals. Medicine prices were compared with international reference prices (The Management Sciences for Health (MSH) reference prices) and expressed as median price ratio (MPR). Results. Prices for originator and generic medicines in the public and private sectors tended to decrease in 2018 compared to 2017, but statistically significant price reduction occurred only for generic medicines in the private sector. For example, the median price ratio for originator products changed from 6.86 to 2.97 in the public sector and from 11.1 to 5.36 in the private sector in 2018 compared to 2017, but the changes were not statistically significant (p 0.05). Prices for generics medicines in the public sector did not change in the studied years and remained at the level of international reference prices (the median price ratio were 1.3 in 2017 and 1.27 in 2018). In the private sector, we found a twofold decrease in the prices of generics medicines in 2018 compared to 2017 [the median price ratio decreased from 3.25 to 1.44 (p 0.05)]. Procurement prices for generics medicines in public hospitals in 2017 and 2018 years did not show statistically significant changes with the median price ratio equal to 1.34 and 0.8, respectively. Conclusion. Government price control measures of medicines contributed to maintaining the price of generic medicines at the reference prices level in the public sector and to halving the price of generic medicines in the private sector in 2018 compared to 2017.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Prices"

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Fulton, Chad. "Sectoral Prices and Price-setting". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20495.

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This dissertation explores the price-setting behavior of firms both theoretically and empirically. The first portion constructs a theoretical model of price-setting in which firms are rationally inattentive: they cannot perfectly attend to all sources of uncertainty. By accommodating multiple sources of uncertainty within the model, it is possible to reasonably calibrate key parameters of the model. This bolsters the case for rational inattention as a microfounded alternative to ad-hoc mechanisms in order to generate price-stickiness and it not only allows for multiple sectors but demonstrates why their introduction is important. The second portion contributes to the empirical literature exploring disaggregated price series. Taking into account the lessons from the theoretical model, a combination of dynamic factor and unobserved component models are applied to explicitly model heterogenous dynamic processes for sectoral prices. The key finding is that models with enforced homogenous dynamics are outperformed under a variety of criteria. More importantly, models with enforced homogenous dynamics can generate erroneous conclusions with respect to the speed of price responses to aggregate and idiosyncratic shocks. A large body of recent empirical work on price-setting, including the empirical exercise described above, estimates a dynamic factor model using a relatively simple and partially non-parametric method. This method is valid in large samples, but alternative parametric methods exist that may be more efficient in small samples. The final portion of this dissertation compares methods for the estimation of dynamic factor models, including non-parametric, classical, and Bayesian techniques. The results of a Monte Carlo experiment validate the use of the partially non-parametric method, but find that the Bayesian approach may provide weakly superior results.
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Ylinen, Linnea, i Aldina Dervic. "What determines housing prices? : Characteristic´s impact on prices using hedonic price model". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-43736.

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Kane, Hayden. "Price Discovery Across Option and Equity Prices". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/325212.

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This paper measures the channels by which private information is incorporated in prices in the equity and option markets. Using a mispricing events approach and conditioning on the option market being the cause of the mispricing event, I analyse the subsequent behaviour of both the options and equity markets and I find that options markets play an important role in the price discovery process. When conditioning on option caused mispricing events, the equity price adjusts towards the options price to reconcile the prices. I find that around 40% of the option caused mispricing events contain information, and the equity prices adjust 35-40%, depending on the exchange, of the maximum discrepancy before prices reconcile. When the equity market causes the mispricing, the option market follows due to the autoquote mechanism. Additionally, I use Monte Carlo to assess the suitability of the Hasbrouck (1995) Information Share and Gonzalo-Granger (1995) Component Share measures in the option-equity context. I find that neither metric is suitable, however the Putnins (2013) Information Leadership metric is and the options market has on average a 35% information leadership share.
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Acree, E. Bryan. "Volatility spillovers in international equity markets". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30969.

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Chiu, Yu-him. "Price in the "birdcage" : an analysis of the price reform in the People's Republic of China since 1978 /". [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13204865.

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Karagol, Tuba. "A Study Of Housing Prices In Ankara". Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608958/index.pdf.

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Housing price studies is the first step of housing market analysis. Prices are determined at the intersection point of supply and demand curves, which determine equilibrium point that represents equilibrium price and quantity level. At a point in time demand factors are more important in determining the prices because short-run supply curve is almost vertical. However, in the long run supply of housing, and its certain attributes, will increase if price premium arises in the previous periods. In most of the studies, house prices are analyzed by using hedonic price index technique, which enables us to have information about the demand side of housing sector. In the hedonic price framework, heterogeneous goods are considered as aggregations of characteristics, and implicit marginal prices for these characteristics are calculated. When &lsquo
Hedonic Price Analysis&rsquo
is applied to the housing sector, it shows us the price of each housing attribute and gives information about the preferences and willingness to pay of the people for each attribute. Therefore, at the end of such an analysis it is possible to see which attributes are valued most by house buyers in the city. The aim of this thesis is to reveal the implicit prices of housing attributes in the housing market of Ankara, for the year 2006, with the purpose of gaining more information about the demand side of the housing sector. For this purpose, hedonic pricing method is used with the data that are extracted from appraisal reports which include information about main attributes and estimated price of each dwelling unit.
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Aulton, Anneliese Julia. "A theoretical and econometric analysis of agricultural futures markets and the implications for agricultural policy reform". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318297.

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McKay, Sarah Michele. "Understanding Organic Prices: An Analysis of Organic Price Risk and Premiums". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71677.

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Organic food products are produced without synthetic chemicals, including herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers. Food grown in organic systems that are certified organic by the United States Department of Agriculture command a price premium, whether it is direct to consumer via farmers markets or in conventional grocery stores. Organic food and food products are representing a relatively larger portion of overall food sales in recent years, and the demand for organic meat has also increased. However, there is a lack of available U.S.-grown organic grains and soybeans to feed the growing number of organic certified livestock to produce organic meat to meet this demand. This shortage results from many factors, yet is primarily due to organic production requirements for significantly more land and operating capital when compared to conventionally grown counterparts. There is a lack of information detailing the relative costs and returns of organic grain production, and, limited understanding of organic premiums. The overall goal of this study is to examine differences in price levels between organic and conventional corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, and barley between 2007 and 2015, as well as factors that may affect the organic premium. For organic grain and soybean producers, study findings reveal that the least risky organic commodities to grow include corn and soybeans, especially if sold in the cash market. However, the author suggests that growers may consider growing wheat, barley, and oats if they have a buyer willing to contract in advance to ensure a premium and reduce price risk. For purchasers of organic grains and soybeans, including major food companies as well as livestock producers, it is recommended they continue to study developments in organic grain supplies as producers continue to consider adoption of organic production methods.
Master of Science
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Lindenblatt, Andreas [Verfasser], i Switgard [Akademischer Betreuer] Feuerstein. "Essays on prices and price convergence / Andreas Lindenblatt ; Betreuer: Switgard Feuerstein". Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/118049993X/34.

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Magnusson, Amanda, i Lina Makdessi. "Is there a relationship between oil prices and house price inflation?" Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44471.

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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate further whether oil price has an effect on house price inflation and additionally if it has a link to house price turning points. The methodology is grounded on the previous research paper made by Breitenfellner et al. (2015). The results are based on quarterly data from the countries; Finland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden through the time span of 1990-2018. A linear fixed regression model was performed including the explanatory variables of monetary policy and credit developments, macroeconomic fundamentals, housing market variable and demographic variables. Secondly, a logit model was used to identify a relationship between oil price and house price turning points. The model used misalignment made from GDP per capita and real interest rate. The empirical analysis confirms that there is a positive relationship between oil prices and house price inflation. This evidence contradicts a major share of previous research papers (see Bernanke, 2010; Kaufmann et al., 2011). However, there are also some previous papers (see Yiqi, (2017); Antonakakis et al., 2016) and theoretical linkages in line with a positive correlation. Concerning, the oil price and house price inflation no empirical significance was found regarding their relationship. For future research, one could include regional aspects for the purpose of controlling for geographical differences.
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Książki na temat "Prices"

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Eurostat. Agricultural prices: Price indices and absolute prices. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1999.

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S, Clark J., i United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service, red. Nonfarm input prices, price margins, and consumer food prices. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1998.

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United States. National Technical Information Service, red. Foreign price directory (suggested prices). Springfield, Va: National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1985.

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United States. National Technical Information Service., red. Foreign price directory (suggested prices). Springfield, Va: National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1987.

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Choe, Boum Jong. Commodity price forecasts and futures prices. Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): World Bank, 1990.

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Halifax Building Society. Central Planning and Research Department., red. House prices, retail prices and earnings. Halifax: Central Planning and Research Department, Halifax Building Society, 1987.

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Mehren, Lawrence L. Lawrence's dealer print prices, 1993. Phoenix, AZ: Long & Strider Press, 1993.

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Drèze, Jean. Policy reform, shadow prices and market prices. London: London School of Economics and Political Science, Taxation, Incentives and the Distribution of Income Programme, 1988.

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Fund, International Monetary. Policy reform, shadow prices, and market prices. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, 1988.

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Othman, Ramatoulie Onikepo. Costly prices. [Gambia?: R.O Othman, 2005.

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Części książek na temat "Prices"

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Andreoli, Joi. "Prices and Prizes". W The Recovery Cycle, 99–110. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003293231-11.

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Mellor, John W. "Prices and Price Policy". W Agricultural Development and Economic Transformation, 135–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65259-7_11.

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Mitchell, B. R. "Prices". W International Historical Statistics Europe 1750–1988, 837–51. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12791-7_8.

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Saul, S. B. "Prices". W The Myth of the Great Depression, 1873–1896, 11–15. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08316-9_2.

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Ang, Clifford S. "Prices". W Springer Texts in Business and Economics, 1–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14075-9_1.

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Mitchell, B. R. "Prices". W International Historical Statistics, 921–40. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24069-2_8.

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Mitchell, B. R. "Prices". W International Historical Statistics, 689–703. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13071-9_8.

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Mitchell, B. R. "Prices". W International Historical Statistics, 855–68. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14735-9_8.

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Mitchell, B. R. "Prices". W International Historical Statistics, 941–63. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14738-0_8.

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Nagaraja, Chaitra H. "Prices". W Measuring Society, 71–96. Boca Raton : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315232362-5.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Prices"

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Lii, Yuan-Shuh, i Chieh Lun Lin. "The Effects of Product Line Prices and Competitors' Prices on Consumers’ Evaluations of Reference Price Advertisements". W Japan International Business and Management Research Conference. RSF Press & RESEARCH SYNERGY FOUNDATION, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/jibm.v1i1.218.

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This study presents empirical evidence on the effect of product-line prices and competitors' prices on consumers' price judgments as well as on consumers' use of advertised reference price (A.R.P.) as reference across two product categories. Using a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design experiment, the findings indicated that consumers did not consider product line prices as an important reference. Competitors' prices were found to be a significant reference in the case of frequently purchased product categories. The moderating roles of product line prices and competitors' prices in reference price advertisements were not found. A.R.P. still exerted the greatest influence on consumers' evaluations of a promotional offer across two product categories.
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Li, Junjie, Hongliang Wang, Yufeng Luo, Zheng Hai, Zhou Lan, Jiahua Hu i Yizheng Wang. "Price Chain Analysis from Primary Energy Prices to Electricity Market Clearing Prices". W 2022 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgtasia54193.2022.10003600.

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Shanker, Latha, i Narayanaswamy Balakrishnan. "Do price limits inhibit futures prices?" W Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipdps.2008.4536459.

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Ildırar, Mustafa, i Erhan İşcan. "The Interaction between Stock Prices and Commodity Prices: East Europe and Central Asia Countries". W International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01350.

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The sharp increase in commodity prices since 2000s has important effects on many economic variables. Especially the upward trend in commodity prices had substantial effects on stock prices. The literature has continuing and growing interest to the dynamics of commodity price and their significant impact on economic and financial developments. There is growing evidence that commodity prices, stock prices moved together, and that the correlations between them have increased. Many studies investigated the interaction between stock prices and real and commodity prices and find strong interaction for developed countries. However, the effect of the commodity prices on stock markets in relatively less investigated for ECA countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the long-run relationship between commodity prices and stock prices in ECA countries can by using a panel cointegration test.
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Setyautami, Maya R. A., Hafiyyan Sayyid Fadhlillah i Ade Azurat. "PRICES". W SPLC '21: 25th ACM International Systems and Software Product Line Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3461001.3472734.

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ALEKNEVIČIENĖ, Vilija, i Asta BENDORAITYTĖ. "LONG-TERM DRIVERS OF WHEAT AND MAIZE COMMODITIES PRICES". W Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.129.

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In the last decades prices of agro-food commodities have a tendency of explosive growth. This increase quite usually is related with biofuels development. However, the prices of commodities are influenced by the set of different variables, i.e. supply and demand factors. In order to provide appropriate policy recommendations for agro-culture there is a need to evaluate the factors and their impact on agro-food commodities. This paper uses the multi regression model in order to analyze long-term drivers of annual world wheat and maize commodities prices. Analysis involves both demand (direct: biofuels production, commodities stock in the end of the period; indirect: the exchange rate, the interest rate, gross domestic product) and supply (price of crude oil) factors. The empirical results indicate that the main price drivers of wheat are crude oil prices, exchange rate and stock of wheat lagged one period. While the main maize price drivers are crude oil price and stock of maize lagged one period.
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Algan, Neşe, Erhan İşcan i Duygu Serin Oktay. "The Impact of Energy Prices on World Food Prices: A Bounds Testing Approach". W International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01693.

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Economic developments of the countries are highly interrelated with food prices due to food security. World food prices have dramatically changed in recent years. The rise of food prices have warned all governments because of socio-economic implications and stimulated extensive academic discussions. Increase of food prices is not surprising while energy prices increased during the same periods. Therefore, the energy prices can be seen as one of the determinant of food prices. Energy prices influence food price movements in many ways. Firstly, increasing energy prices result in a rise in input costs. Second, the increase in energy prices will increase the transport costs thus; changes of the energy prices directly affect production cost of food and consequently food prices. Therefore, detailed analysis is essential for understanding the nature of food prices. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of energy prices on world food prices. Therefore, we investigate the long-run equilibrium relationship between world energy prices and world food prices using the ARDL approach to cointegration and error correction models. We establish the model by using the quarterly data of 2009Q1-2015Q4 period provided by IMF-IFS database. The empirical results imply that there is a long-term significant statistical relationship between world energy prices and world food prices. This study provides evidences to policy makers for sensible decision, and literature for further researches. These results suggest that policy makers should get under control the energy prices to stabilize the food prices to ensure the food security.
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Madaleno, Mara, i Alfredo Marvao Pereira. "Clean energy firms' stock prices, technology, oil prices, and carbon prices". W 2015 12th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2015.7216628.

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Tengiz, Yusuf Ziya, i Zehra Meliha Tengiz. "A Study on Beef Price in Turkey". W International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02213.

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Beef prices in Turkey is increased for long time. That outcome is caused to find out the reasons which are variables related to beef prices. The target of this study is to clarify relationship of beef price and its independent variables with a regression model. Data analyzed with SPSS 23.0. Based on the model’s equation, the independent variables which are average world beef unit price (USD), per capita beef consumption in Turkey (kg), government livestock incentives (TRY), consumer price index on beef (%), exchange rate (USD/TRY), real effective exchange rate (%) and gross domestic national product (%) are found as direct proportion with beef prices. On the other hand, poultry meat as an alternative to beef has inverse proportion with the prices.
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Karataş, Togan, i Emre Ürkmez. "Dynamics Affecting Gold Prices in the Global Crisis". W International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00714.

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Gold prices have been one of the most observed financial indicators in the global economy. Various macro dynamics that historically determine the price of gold, as a precious metal have been initiated. In this scope, gold price fluctuations are closely linked to the global economic conjuncture. In this study, the role of gold in the global economy and historical gold prices are examined briefly, and in the course of global finance crisis, the elements Dow- Jones Index, petrol prices and silver prices as assigning gold prices are dealt with. An economic and econometric analysis is carried out for these indicators since it is regarded that they are crucially instrumental in gold prices. Study period is determined monthly and covers between 2007:01 and 2013:02. Johansen co-integration test, VECM and impulse response analyses are used in the econometric analysis. According to VECM analysis, it has been found out that the indicators do not act in unison in the short term, but the results of co-integration analysis reveal that gold prices are associated with the related economic indicators in the long term. As a result of impulse response analysis, it is seen that gold prices are more influenced by the fluctuations in petrol prices than other indicators. Within the frame of findings, it has been revealed that gold prices unsurprisingly increase during the crisis periods and are influenced by the indicators stated above.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Prices"

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Frydman, Roman, Søren Johansen, Anders Rahbek i Morten Nyboe Tabor. Asset Prices Under Knightian Uncertainty. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, grudzień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp172.

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We extend Lucas’s classic asset-price model by opening the stochastic process driving dividends to Knightian uncertainty arising from unforeseeable change. Implementing Muth’s hypothesis, we represent participants’ expectations as being consistent with our model’s predictions and formalize their ambiguity-averse decisions with maximization of intertemporal multiple-priors utility. We characterize the asset-price function with a stochastic Euler equation and derive a novel prediction that the relationship between prices and dividends undergoes unforeseeable change. Our approach accords participants’ expectations, driven by both fundamental and psychological factors, an autonomous role in driving the asset price over time, without presuming that participants are irrational.
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Rubinton, Hannah, i Maggie Isaacson. Shipping Prices and Import Price Inflation. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.2022.017.

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Dorosh, Paul A., Jenny Smart, Bart Minten i David Stifel. Droughts, cereal prices, and price stabilization options. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896296916_09.

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Chevalier, Judith, i Anil Kashyap. Best Prices: Price Discrimination and Consumer Substitution. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, grudzień 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20768.

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Loewenstein, Lara P., i Paul S. Willen. House Prices and Rents in the 21st Century. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, styczeń 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202302.

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We study the joint evolution of prices and rents of residential property. We construct indices for both rents and prices of renter-occupied properties and for prices of owner-occupied properties. We then decompose the change in the price of occupant-owned property into three components: (1) changes in rent, (2) changes in the relative prices of investor- and occupant-owned properties, and (3) changes in the price-rent ratio. We use a simple model to link our decomposition to different sources of variation in house prices. We argue that while the 2000s boom was plausibly driven by exuberant expectations, the boom of the 2020s more likely resulted from a preference shock.
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Cortazar, Gonzalo, Cristobal Millard, Hector Ortega i Eduardo Schwartz. Commodity Price Forecasts, Futures Prices and Pricing Models. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, grudzień 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22991.

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Stroebel, Johannes, i Joseph Vavra. House Prices, Local Demand, and Retail Prices. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, listopad 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20710.

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Ismail, Zenobia. Interaction Between Food Prices and Political Instability. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), maj 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.091.

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This report reviews the literature on links between international food prices and political instability (including protests, riots and social unrest). The literature on food prices and protests, riots, unrest, or violent incidents consists mainly of peer-reviewed scholarly articles that utilise econometric modeling. Some early studies examined the links between international food prices and political instability and found conflicting results. Some assessments concluded that there were links between international food prices or food insecurity and the number of violent incidents, while others found that such a link was tenuous. This literature review covers some of the main arguments and findings in the recent literature on food prices and political instability or conflict. The majority of the econometric studies in this review find that there is a link between food price increases and a greater probability of protests, riots or social unrest. However, there are still a few studies that have contradictory results. So, the debate on the effect of food prices on political stability continues. Food subsidies, cash transfers, price controls, and the elimination of trade barriers are some of the policy interventions that may address rising food prices and mitigate the rise of violent collective action. However, the literature questions the effectiveness of such policies in cases where violence or protest action stems from deeper, underlying economic or political grievances.
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Nishimura, Kiyohiko, Fukujyu Yamazaki, Takako Idee i Toshiaki Watanabe. Distortionary Taxation, Excessive Price Sensitivity, and Japanese Land Prices. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, lipiec 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7254.

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Barsky, Robert, Christopher House i Miles Kimball. Do Flexible Durable Goods Prices Undermine Sticky Price Models? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, lipiec 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9832.

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