Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Presse rurale”

Jusqu'a tres recemment, l'afrique noire n'avait pas developpe un systeme propre d'ecriture. Pourquoi l'ecriture, dont l'un des berceaux historiques est precisement l'afrique (les hieroglyphes egytiens et les systemes meroiques), n'a pas touche l'ensemble des peuples africains en devenant un moyen courant de communication. Nous reflechirons sur cette interrogation. Cependant, notre reflexion ne sera centree que sur l'actualite et l'avenir le plus proche de l'ecrit considere comme le facteur positif du developpement economique et social des pays africains. En effet, l'entree plus ou moins brutale d'une afrique de la parole dans un monde moderne dont le systeme de connaissances, les techniques et les relations politiques, economiques et culturelles sont en grande partie, fondes sur la "chose ecrite" ne peut etre que problematique. C'est cette problematique du passage de l'oralite a la scriptualite que nous nous proposons d'examiner. Ou plusq exactement, comment integrer, dans la vie meme des individus et des communautes, la nouvelle dimension que represente le recours a l'ecriture. Nous nous interrogerons donc sur les consequences de la presence de cette nouvelle technique de communication (l'ecrit) dans les structures politiques, economiques, sociales, relationnelles des peuples a travers l'etude de la presse rurale au niger
Upto very recently black africa had developed neitter it's aun system of writing nor the massive habit to consuming the "written thing", even of foreign import. Why indeed, writing, of which africa is one of the historical birth places, has not been extended to all the poeples of africa, as a current means of communication ? the absence of phonographic writing in the traditional african civilizations can be explained by the very structures of traditional societies and other forms of natural writing such as tattooing, toponymy, anthroponymy. . . But our discussion shall be focused on the present and the near future of writtenconsidered as a positive factor of economic and social development of african peoples. We propose to examine the difficulties encountered by the passage from orality to scriptuality ; how to operate this passage, become necessary today, due the new conditions of existence in the african communities ; how to integrate in the life of individuals and communities, the new dimension represented by resorting to the writing. We shall discuss the consequences of this new technic of communication, in the political, social, economic structures of african people through the study of the rural press in niger

Entre 1906 et 1914, un petit village de l’arrière-pays de Grasse, Pégomas, fut submergé par une vague de violence. Des bandits de grand chemin semèrent la terreur, mettant le feu à des granges, lapidant des maisons, tirant sur les habitants, profanant des cimetières. Les événements survenaient la nuit, et la traque des malfaiteurs était malaisée : les possibilités de fuite dans les collines boisées, l’organisation du village en hameaux épars, compliquaient la tâche des enquêteurs. Ces bandits insaisissables furent bientôt appelés « fantômes » par la presse. Les moyens dépêchés sur place étaient considérables : en 1912, on dénombre un serviteur de l’ordre pour quinze villageois. Chacun y allait de son interprétation : les uns y lisaient la résurgence du conflit entre le parti clérical et des libres penseurs. Les autres imaginaient une révolte contre les potentats locaux. En réalité, les tensions révélées par cette affaire prennent leur source dès 1894, alors que Pégomas opte pour une spécialisation horticole. Après 1906, la médiatisation de ces faits-divers sur le plan local et sur le plan national inquiète les pouvoirs publics ; ils craignent pour l’image renvoyée aux riches hivernants étrangers, et rejettent la faute sur les migrants piémontais. Ces brigands défient le pouvoir comme l’avait fait le célèbre « Calabrais ». Ces fantômes écornent le mythe rassembleur du paysan laborieux et des campagnes pacifiées par la République. Cette affaire constitue ainsi un observatoire de choix pour penser les mutations du moment : laïcisation et décloisonnement des sociétés rurales, modernisation des institutions chargées de la régulation sociale et du maintien de l’ordre
Between 1906 and 1914, a wave of violence swept over Pégomas, a small village in Provence. Higywaymen sewed terror, setting barns on fire, stoning houses, shooting on the village dwellers, and desecrating churches. These occurrences took place at night, which made the hunting down of the bandits difficult. The investigators’ task was further complicated by the woody hills, where the bandits could retreat, and by the fact that the village consisted of a series of scattered hamlets. The newspapers soon nicknamed those elusive bandits “the ghosts.” The authorities spared no expense: by 1912, one law enforcement officer for fifteen village dwellers had been sent to the place. Interpretations were rife: some viewed the events as a sign that the struggle between the clerical party and the free-thinkers had resurfaced. Others saw in them a rebellion against the local authorities. The true origin, however, is to be found in the horticultural specialization system implemented in Pégomas. As of 1906, the authorities began fretting over the publicity generated by the intensive media coverage of the events. They worried over the image it gave to rich foreign winter holiday-makers and blamed the events on the Piedmontese migrants. The bandits were defying the authorities as the famed “Calabrian” already had. Beyond that, these so-called ghosts challenge the unifier myth of the Republic having brought peace to the countryside. The events thus constitute an ideal vantage point from which to analyse a time of change: the secularization and opening up of rural communities, the modernization of the institutions in charge of social regulation and of the maintenance of law and order

Islamophobia has been pack and parcel in the Western civilisation from the days of Charlemagne via the Crusades and the rise of Orientalism, as opposed to Occidentalism, to the modern day reporting of Islamic terrorist threat. Many were fascinated by the degree of civilisation and the exoticism of the Ottomans, especially the sexual virtues (or lack thereof) were of particular interest of the travellers into the Ottoman Empire. This image quickly came to change by the mid 19th century when clashes between the British Empire and the Ottomans were increasingly common, especially in India who were part of the British Empire with a large Muslim population whose loyalties were with the Sultan of Istanbul.   We have used a theoretical framework with the foundation in Edward Saïd’s orientalism as well as modern Islamic frame theory as published by Deepar Kumar, Ruth Wodak and J.R. Martins.   The broader aim of this thesis is, through the use of both theories used by media studies scholars as well as traditional historians to explore how the Swedish people viewed Muslims through the eyes of the rural press in the 19th century. In particular, which frames were used depicting the Ottomans and did the coverage of the Ottoman Empire change during the 19th century?

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
This study is to examine how the Catholic Church, the Brazilian Communist Party and the Peasant Leagues, forces that competed in the representation and part of organization of the rural population between 1961 and 1964, have used the O Nordeste, Terra Livre and Liga ? regular linked to their organizations ? to organize farm workers around their political agendas. Therefore, we will discuss how to identify and classify the opposing forces in the race for the organization of rural workers, they spread their society projects and reported the agrarian question in its various aspects (fighting for access to land, rural exodus, land reform, technical education, unionization rural and modernization of agriculture). Adopting as theoretical and methodological reference the ideas developed by Jean-No?l Jeanneney, Norman Fairclough, Regina de Luca, Cruz and Peixoto, we make a two-dimensional discourse analysis of these journals, discussing both its textual structure ? vocabulary, grammar, cohesion and textual strategy ? as the political and economic environment in which were inserted
O presente trabalho consiste em analisar como a Igreja Cat?lica, o Partido Comunista Brasileiro e as Ligas Camponesas, for?as que disputaram a representa??o e organiza??o de parte da popula??o rural entre 1961 e 1964, utilizaram o O Nordeste, o Terra Livre e o Liga ? peri?dicos ligados ?s respectivas organiza??es ? para organizar os trabalhadores rurais em torno das suas pautas pol?ticas. Para tanto, discutiremos como identificaram e classificaram as for?as advers?rias na disputa pela organiza??o dos trabalhadores rurais, propagaram seus projetos de sociedade e noticiaram a quest?o agr?ria em seus diferentes aspectos (lutas pelo acesso ? terra, ?xodo rural, reforma agr?ria, educa??o t?cnica, sindicaliza??o rural e moderniza??o da agricultura). Adotando como refer?ncias te?rico-metodol?gicas as ideias desenvolvidas por Jean-No?l Jeanneney, Norman Fairclough, Regina de Luca, Cruz e Peixoto, procuramos fazer uma an?lise bidimensional do discurso desses peri?dicos, discutindo tanto sua estrutura textual ? vocabul?rio, gram?tica, coes?o e estrat?gia textual ? como a conjuntura pol?tico-econ?mica na qual se inseriam.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A partir das concepções latino-americanas de comunicação rural, avalia os jornais impressos por duas cooperativas brasileiras de cafeicultores: a Cooxupé, localizada no sul de Minas Gerais, e a Coopemar, no interior paulista. Revela o panorama crítico da cafeicultura no país entre 2002 e 2003 e apresenta a origem e o desenvolvimento do movimento cooperativista. Indica as características atuais e aponta tendências e desafios do cooperativismo diante da globalização da economia. Exibe o perfil das lideranças nas cooperativas agropecuárias e questiona sua legitimidade. Fundamenta o procedimento metodológico a ser utilizado na análise de conteúdo qualitativa e quantitativa dos jornais dessas organizações. Descreve e interpreta os resultados obtidos a partir de hipóteses levantadas e vincula esta interpretação aos pressupostos teóricos da comunicação rural, baseados nas idéias de Paulo Freire e Juan Diaz Bordenave. Constata que os jornais de cooperativas abrem espaço para o agricultor manifestar-se como sujeito em uma relação dialógica e aponta que os grandes personagens desses periódicos são a difusão tecnológica e o competitivo mercado global. Predominam nesses veículos de comunicação temáticas macroestruturais, em detrimento das noções de desenvolvimento local, tidas como tendência paradigmática da comunicação rural contemporânea. Cientistas da comunicação alertam que rural não é mais sinônimo de agrícola e vislumbram temáticas mais abrangentes para essa especialidade jornalística.
From Latin-Americans conceptions about rural communication, it analyzes the newspapers printeds by two Brazilians coffee grower's cooperatives: the Cooxupé, localized in South of Minas Gerais State, and the Coopemar, in State of São Paulo, countryside. It shows the hard scene of coffee growing in country between 2002 and 2003 and it presents the origin and development of cooperativist movement. It indicates the real features and it points trends and challenges of cooperativism in globalized economy. It displays the profile of agricultural cooperative leaderships and debates their legitimacy. It establishes the methodologic procedure that will be used in qualitative and quantitative content analysis of this organizations newspapers. It describes and explains the results from hypothesis analysed and it links this interpretation to theorists presuppositions of rural communication, based on Paulo Freire and Juan Diaz Bordenave's thoughts. It evidences that cooperative press creates an opportunity to agriculturist manifest as a subject in dialogic connection and it exposes that the diffusion of technology and the competitive global market are the greats protagonists of theses periodicals. Macrostructural themes predominate in these media, to the detriment of notions about local development, considered as paradigmal tendency of contemporary rural communication. Scientists of communication alert that rural doesn't mean just agricultural anymore. They include more extensive thematics in this journalistic speciality.

Orientador: Claudio Bertolli Filho
Banca: Ricardo Alexino Ferreira
Banca: Luzia Yamashita Deliberador
Resumo: A partir das concepções latino-americanas de comunicação rural, avalia os jornais impressos por duas cooperativas brasileiras de cafeicultores: a Cooxupé, localizada no sul de Minas Gerais, e a Coopemar, no interior paulista. Revela o panorama crítico da cafeicultura no país entre 2002 e 2003 e apresenta a origem e o desenvolvimento do movimento cooperativista. Indica as características atuais e aponta tendências e desafios do cooperativismo diante da globalização da economia. Exibe o perfil das lideranças nas cooperativas agropecuárias e questiona sua legitimidade. Fundamenta o procedimento metodológico a ser utilizado na análise de conteúdo qualitativa e quantitativa dos jornais dessas organizações. Descreve e interpreta os resultados obtidos a partir de hipóteses levantadas e vincula esta interpretação aos pressupostos teóricos da comunicação rural, baseados nas idéias de Paulo Freire e Juan Diaz Bordenave. Constata que os jornais de cooperativas abrem espaço para o agricultor manifestar-se como sujeito em uma relação dialógica e aponta que os grandes personagens desses periódicos são a difusão tecnológica e o competitivo mercado global. Predominam nesses veículos de comunicação temáticas macroestruturais, em detrimento das noções de desenvolvimento local, tidas como tendência paradigmática da comunicação rural contemporânea. Cientistas da comunicação alertam que "rural" não é mais sinônimo de "agrícola" e vislumbram temáticas mais abrangentes para essa especialidade jornalística.
Abstract: From Latin-Americans conceptions about rural communication, it analyzes the newspapers printeds by two Brazilians coffee grower's cooperatives: the Cooxupé, localized in South of Minas Gerais State, and the Coopemar, in State of São Paulo, countryside. It shows the hard scene of coffee growing in country between 2002 and 2003 and it presents the origin and development of cooperativist movement. It indicates the real features and it points trends and challenges of cooperativism in globalized economy. It displays the profile of agricultural cooperative leaderships and debates their legitimacy. It establishes the methodologic procedure that will be used in qualitative and quantitative content analysis of this organizations newspapers. It describes and explains the results from hypothesis analysed and it links this interpretation to theorists presuppositions of rural communication, based on Paulo Freire and Juan Diaz Bordenave's thoughts. It evidences that cooperative press creates an opportunity to agriculturist manifest as a subject in dialogic connection and it exposes that the diffusion of technology and the competitive global market are the greats protagonists of theses periodicals. Macrostructural themes predominate in these media, to the detriment of notions about local development, considered as paradigmal tendency of contemporary rural communication. Scientists of communication alert that "rural" doesn't mean just "agricultural" anymore. They include more extensive thematics in this journalistic speciality.
Mestre

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The current study analyzes the social representations made by the national press about the hinterlands (Sertão) in northern Brazil. The research focus is centered on photographs published by newspapers, therefore, identifying elements that take place on people’s mind due to the those published stories that introduce the Sertão to the rest of Brazil. The research is based on the Theory of Social Representations, photo images and local development from authors Serge Moscovici, Celso Pereira de Sá, Roland Barthes, Philippe Dubbois, Boris Kossoy, Sandra Jatahy Pesavento, Jacques Aumont, Graziano da Silva, Froehlich, Markus Brose, Mauro Del Grossi, José Eli da Veiga, Durval Albuquerque Junior, Mauro Wolf, Patrick Charaudeau, Augusto de Franco, Tauk Santos and Michael Kunczik. It is a case study to analyze photographs, available from Agência Globo and O Globo newspaper website, related to Sertão between 2003 and 2010. The case study presents evidence that those images led to a representation of Sertão as a place of isolation, dry, poverty, with no access to technology and sanitation, with a very poor structure of transportation and farming.
Este estudo analisa as representações sociais que a imprensa de circulação nacional faz dos Sertões do Nordeste nas reportagens de alcance nacional. O foco da pesquisa está centrado na análise das imagens que são utilizadas pelo jornal para ilustrar o Sertão. Assim, identifica os elementos que fazem parte do imaginário e do discurso jornalístico que mostram o Sertão ao resto do país. A pesquisa está fundamentada na teoria das Representações Sociais, imagem fotográfica e desenvolvimento local a partir dos autores Serge Moscovici, Celso Pereira de Sá, Roland Barthes, Philippe Dubbois, Boris Kossoy, Sandra Jatahy Pesavento, Jacques Aumont, Graziano da Silva, Froehlich, Markus Brose, Mauro Del Grossi, José Eli da Veiga, Durval Albuquerque Junior, Mauro Wolf, Patrick Charaudeau, Augusto de Franco, Tauk Santos. Michael Kunczik. Trata-se de um estudo de caso que analisa as imagens fotográficas disponíveis pela agência Globo e o jornal O Globo em seu portal online de notícias. São analisadas as temáticas, títulos e subtítulos de todas as fotografias disponíveis no site, correspondentes ao tema Sertão no período de 2003 a 2010. O estudo evidenciou que as imagens denotam uma representação do Sertão como local de isolamento, de seca, miséria, sem acesso a tecnologia, a saneamento, com sistema precário de transporte e rudimentares práticas agrícolas.

Cette thèse expose dans quel environnement social et historique, la notion du patrimoine culturel palestinien fut formulée au cours de deux derniers siècles. L’étude se base sur un travail de terrain visant à la réalisation d'un inventaire sur les pressoirs à vis en fer à activation manuelle (autrement dit PVFM), existant encore in situ dans la région rurale du gouvernorat de Ramallah. Cet inventaire est une première étape de valorisation du patrimoine lié à la production de l’huile d’olive, illustrant la Palestine à travers la proto-industrie rurale qui existait dès la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle. L’illustration de l'histoire par en bas, à travers ces traces, ainsi que la documentation de l’évolution des ces techniques sont des outils essentiels pour promouvoir et se réapproprier de cette partie du patrimoine en tant qu’élément intégral de la culture, de l’histoire et de l’identité palestinienne, tout en l’intégrant à la culture méditerranéenne de l’huile d’olive en général
This thesis explores the social and historical environment in which the concept of Palestinian cultural heritage has been formulated throughout the past two centuries. The study, which is based on fieldwork, relies on an inventory of the manually operated, iron screw-mechanism olive presses (MISP) that still exist in situ in the rural area of the Ramallah governorate. This inventory constitutes an essential step in evaluating the heritage linked to the production of olive oil and in illustrating the rural proto-industry that existed by the second half of the 19th century in Palestine. Illustrating the bottom-up history of these findings and documenting the evolution of these techniques in view of offering a tool for the promotion and re-appropriation of this part of heritage as an inherent part of Palestinian culture, history and identity while incorporating it as an integral part of the greater Mediterranean olive oil culture

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Investigation on the left-wing weekly newspaper Brasil de Fato, built by a group of leaders of social movements and representatives of civil society organizations, journalists, lawyers, artists, politically identified and joint to discuss a proposal submitted by the Landless Rural Workers Movement. Brasil de Fato was launched in January 2003 with the prospect of becoming a mass vehicle and completed six years of existence resisting adversities. The central objective is to analyze the process of construction and consolidation of this popular alternative newspaper since its design. Its trajectory is recovered in order to understanding not only the difficulties of maintaining a project with this profile, but also to analyze the internal and external contradictions that caused the changes in its original proposal. The methodology used for this purpose was bibliography research, semi-structured interviews with leaders and analysis of content. It was concluded that while the newspaper has faced a series of adverse conditions that justify the failure of its original proposal, but the characteristics of a social movement newspaper was already present in Brasil de Fato since its formation, especially regarding Landless Movement's conceptions for the newspaper.(AU)
Pesquisa sobre o semanário de esquerda Brasil de Fato, construído por um coletivo de dirigentes de movimentos sociais e representantes de organizações da sociedade civil, jornalistas, advogados e artistas, identificados politicamente e reunidos a partir de uma proposta apresentada pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra. Lançado em janeiro de 2003, com a perspectiva de se tornar um meio de comunicação de massas, completou seis anos de existência resistindo às adversidades. O objetivo central é analisar o processo de construção e consolidação deste jornal popular-alternativo desde a formulação de seu projeto. São resgatados os caminhos percorridos para compreender não só as dificuldades inerentes à manutenção de um projeto com este perfil, mas também para analisar as contradições internas e externas que causaram as transformações em sua proposta original. A metodologia utilizada para este fim consistiu em pesquisa bibliográfica, entrevistas semi-estruturadas com lideranças e análise de conteúdo. Concluiu-se que, apesar de o jornal ter enfrentado uma série de condições adversas que justificam o não cumprimento de sua proposta original, o caráter de jornal de movimentos sociais já estava presente no Brasil de Fato desde a sua formação, principalmente no que tange as concepções do MST para o jornal.(AU)

SILVA, Mirelle Araújo da. A função do Jornal O Lavrador como meio difusor da formação do professor ruralista de Juazeiro do Norte. 2009. 125 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza-CE, 2009.
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The present work deals with the teacher’s formation in the rural area of the State of Ceará, focusing on the teacher’s ideal of the Normal School of Juazeiro do Norte having as topic of research the newspaper O Lavrador during 1934 through 1974, a period that corresponds to the early years of functioning of that School until its closing. This research found that the foundation of that educational institution had as its main goal to make available to the students a rural education because this objective is directly realated to the historical valorization of the agriculture by the northeastern rural agrarian elite, as a vital way to achieve the progress after 1930 Revolution. The aims of this research were: 1) Set up the commented chronology of the school in order to allow a reflexive appreciation of its trajectory. 2) Understand the pedagogical bases of the school, focusing on the rural thought and the support of the New School directrixes. 3) Try to identify and to analyse the changings and the continuities in the formation proposals of the teachers through the 113 issues published during the period of time mentioned above(1934-1974). We used historic and printed sources, these undestood in their multiple possibilities of materialization, cross reference and interpretation, using as an universe of search 113 editions of the O Lavrador, once this newspaper was published for this very school, and distributed by it in the first year of his foundation. We tried to show the results obtained in the contents examining, emphasizing the attention given by that paper on subjects related to the agricultural worker’s life, main events and pedagogical pactices of the school and the divers articles written by the very students. The five decades studied in which the paper existed, allowed us to delimitate de differences and we were able to identify the following features: 1) 1930 – it was the beginning and also the golden era of the school showing the prestige and the notoriety of the Pedagogical Ruralism had in the education of Ceará State; 1940 – the continuity of the previous decade with intense activities; 3) 1950 – is remembered as the time of the publication of many speeches on Ruralims and the celebration of the birthday of Mrs. Amélia; 4) 1960 – it is the beginning of the decline of the issuing of the newspaper and 5) 1970 – it is the end of the school due to the lack of the rural spirit that animate the school during its entire life. The trajectory of the paper was one of deep finnancial difficulties. The word “fight” is always linked to the celebration of the anniversary of the paper as a demonstration of the finnancial difficulties faced by that institution.
Trata da formação docente no meio rural cearense, enfocando o ideal de professor formado na Escola Normal Rural de Juazeiro do Norte tendo como objeto de pesquisa o Jornal O Lavrador, no período de 1934 à 1974, que compreende os primeiros anos do seu funcionamento e até o fechamento desse Estabelecimento de Ensino. Evidencia que o surgimento da referida Escola, baseia-se no propósito de oferecer aos seus alunos uma educação rural, teve relação estreita com o momento histórico de valorização da agricultura pela elite agrária e nordestina, como meio indispensável para a conquista do progresso, após a Revolução de 1930. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram: 1) Traçar a cronologia comentada da Escola, possibilitando uma reflexão de sua trajetória; 2) Compreender as bases pedagógicas da Escola, enfocando o pensamento ruralista e o apoio das diretrizes da Escola Nova; e 3) Identificar e analisar as mudanças e continuidades na proposta de formação de professores através do estudo das 113 edições publicadas no período de 1934 a 1974. Utiliza fontes historiográficas e impressas, compreendendo-as em suas múltiplas possibilidades de materialização, cruzamento e interpretação, privilegiando 113 exemplares do periódico Jornal O Lavrador, cujo valor consiste em ter sido produzido pela própria escola, que iniciou sua circulação ainda no primeiro ano de fundação daquela instituição. Apresenta os resultados obtidos na análise de conteúdo realizada, destacando a ênfase dada por aquele jornal aos assuntos ligados à vida do lavrador, principais eventos e práticas pedagógicas da escola e diversos artigos escritos pelos próprios alunos. As cinco décadas estudadas e pelas quais o jornal atravessou, permitiram delimitar diferenças e podemos considerar as seguintes características: 1)1930 – marca o inicio da fase áurea da Escola evidenciando o prestígio e a notoriedade que o Ruralismo Pedagógico ocupava na educação cearense; 2) 1940 – a continuidade da década anterior com intensas atividades; 3) 1950 – é marcado pela publicação de palestras sobre o Ruralismo e a comemoração do aniversário de Dona Amália; 4) 1960 – o início do declínio da publicação dos jornais; e 5) 1970 – o fim da Escola é marcado pela ausência do fervor ruralista que iluminou a Escola durante todo o seu funcionamento. Evidencia A trajetória de circulação do jornal O Lavrador é assinalada por intensas dificuldades no que se refere ao custeamento do periódico. Vale ressaltar, que a palavra luta que sempre aparece vinculada a comemoração do aniversário do periódico demonstrando as dificuldades travadas de cunho econômico.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
A degrada??o ambiental ? um problema global que afeta particularmente regi?es submetidas a varia??es clim?ticas sazonais, como ? o caso do semi?rido brasileiro, mais precisamente o Dom?nio das Caatingas. Aliada a outros fatores negativos, como o uso e ocupa??o desordenados, as consequ?ncias t?m desafiado a ci?ncia na busca pelo equacionamento dos problemas socioambientais gerados. Nesse sentido, a Percep??o Ambiental tem sido um instrumento bastante relevante em estudos que tratam das rela??es entre meio ambiente e a??es humanas, por possibilitar an?lises das concep??es, atitudes e valores, principalmente aqueles relacionados ? conserva??o ambiental. Aliada ? Percep??o Ambiental, os Indicadores de Sustentabilidade constituem ferramentas relevantes por possibilitarem mensurar as poss?veis causas e consequ?ncias de problemas ambientais. Dentre os diversos Indicadores de Sustentabilidade, destaca-se o m?todo press?o-estado-impacto-resposta (PEIR), que ? um instrumento anal?tico que permite organizar e agrupar de maneira l?gica os fatores que afetam, o impacto que geram na natureza e na sa?de humana, assim como de que forma a sociedade e o poder p?blico podem intervir para reverter a situa??o causada. Nessa perspectiva, foram estudadas tr?s ?reas de Caatinga no serid? do Rio Grande do Norte: Esta??o Ecol?gica do Serid?, Munic?pio de Serra Negra do Norte; Reserva Particular do Patrimonio Natural Stoessel de Brito, Munic?pio de Jucurutu; e parte da Serra de Santana, Munic?pio de Tenente Laurentino Cruz. Estas constituem ?reas naturais protegidas e n?o protegidas e por isso, est?o submetidas a diferentes formas de gest?o, embora compartilhem semelhan?as socioambientais; ou seja, as comunidades residentes nessas ?reas, est?o submetidas a vulnerabilidades e usam de forma desordenada as potencialidades dos recursos naturais. Nesse Cen?rio, esta tese teve como objetivo geral inserir as comunidades rurais no processo de conserva??o, utilizando a Percep??o Ambiental dessas comunidades, aliada ? an?lise da sustentabilidade dos munic?pios por meio do PEIR. As informa??es sobre percep??o foram obtidas de dados prim?rios e secund?rios de estudos anteriormente realizados em comunidades habitantes do entorno da ESEC Serid?, munic?pio de Serra Negra do Norte e da RPPN Stoessel de Brito, munic?pio de Jucurutu. E, por meio de observa??o direta e entrevistas no formato de formul?rios, aplicados a comunidades rurais do entorno da Caatinga do Munic?pio de Tenente Laurentino Cruz, foram obtidas suas percep??es. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os entrevistados apresentam um conhecimento amplo sobre a degrada??o ambiental, suas causas e consequ?ncias, atende um vasto conhecimento sobre os recursos naturais existentes nessas ?reas de Caatinga. A An?lise do Sistema PEIR possibilitou identificar nas ?reas estudadas que, nos munic?pios que abrigam Unidades de Conserva??o, a degrada??o ambiental est? em menores propor??es que naqueles que n?o possuem ?reas protegidas, al?m de demonstrar que o conhecimento das comunidades e a aceita??o destas em rela??o ?s Unidades de Conserva??o, potencializam as a??es que podem ser utilizadas para a redu??o da degrada??o ambiental na Caatinga
Environmental degradation is a global problem that particularly affects areas subject to seasonal climatic variations, such as the brazilian semiarid region, namely the Caatinga Domain. Combined with other negative factors, such as natural resource misuse and disorderly land occupation, the consequences of Environmental Degradation have challenged science in the quest for addressing the resulting social and environmental problems. Accordingly, Environmental Perception methodology, by analyzing the concepts, attitudes and values, (especially those pertaining to environmental conservation) represent an important tool in studies that address the relationship between the environment and human actions. Sustainability Indicators are also relevant tools to assess the possible causes and consequences of environmental problems. Among several Sustainability Indicators available, the PressuresState-Impact-Response (PSIR) method is an analytical tool that permits the grouping of factors affecting sustainability as well as their consequences for nature and human health, and thus indicate mitigating actions for society and the public authorities. From this perspective, three areas of Caatinga were studied in Rio Grande do Norte state: Serid? Ecological Station (ESEC), Municipality of Serra Negra do Norte; Private Natural Reserve Stoessel de Brito (PNRSB), Municipality of Jucurutu; and part of the Serra de Santana, Municipality of Tenente Laurentino Cruz. The areas are both legally protected and unprotected and subject to diferent management protocols, though their share the common characteristic of human misuse of natural resources. In this scenario, this thesis? main goal was to introduce the rural communities into the conservation process, using the results of Environmental Perception of such communities, combined with the analysis of the sustainability of municipalities through PSIR. Information on Environmental Perception was obtained from primary and secondary data from previous studies carried out in the ESEC Serid? and PRNP Stoessel de Brito. Additional data was obtained through direct observation and interview forms applied to rural communities in the Municipality of Tenente Laurentino Cruz. The results showed that respondents possessed a broad knowledge regarding environmental degradation, its causes and consequences for the caatinga biome. PEIR analysis showed that environmental degradation was smaller in countries with protected areas, as compared to those without. The population?s knowledge about environmental degradation and their acceptance of conservation units, as showed by Environmental Perception Analysis, coupled with the results of PEIR, suggest that those attitudes may foster actions aimed at reduction of environmental degradation in the Caatinga domain

Thesis (MPhil (Journalism))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
131 p.
This thesis explores how six commercial local newspapers based in the towns of Swellendam, Bredasdorp, Caledon and Gansbaai are reporting on gender and HIV/AIDS in ways that may help to shift specific attitudes as well as to generate appropriate community responses. The overall aim of the study is to advance theories around the location of commercial news media in the development context. It also aims to inform and empower development workers and activists on the opportunities or pitfalls in engaging with rural local media to advance their development goals. In most prior studies into the nature of gender or HIV/AIDS reporting in the media in South Africa, the focus has been exclusively on mainstream corporate and/or urbanbased media titles and very little investigation has been done into the performance of small ruralbased media. The study employs two methods of data collection namely, a quantitative content analysis of newspapers and structured interviews with the editors of the papers, and a sample group of government employees and community activists in the respective towns. The structured interviews provide a qualitative dimension to the content analysis, bearing in mind the dangers of quantifying media content and making isolated judgements on the actual context of journalistic practice. Through the interviews, the researcher has been able to explore the extent to which the perceptions of the media editors visavis a public interest role with respect to gender and HIV/AIDS actually differs from the quantitative evidence of their performance and the perceptions of key informants in their communities. The findings of the study suggest that local rural media hold out great hope with respect to the advancement of development communication goals through commercial media platforms. The editors in the four towns have established organic connections with their community, albeit tenuous, but which extend into the ranks of development workers in their towns. The data from the content analysis suggests that women enjoy high visibility in the pages of their local papers, and they are most likely to be portrayed as positive achievers than as women encountering violence. The tenuous nature of the connections between editor and community are most starkly evident around the issue of HIV/AIDS, with coverage of this being very low despite much work being undertaken in the community to deal with the pandemic. With respect to the issue of gender, there was demonstrable evidence from actual examples of content, that showed on the one hand the capacity to motivate for change in women's lives, but also on the other hand a danger of reinforcing attitudes that compound women's oppression. The study offers recommendations to a range of roleplayers to ensure, firstly, the continued survival of local rural newspapers, and also support in building capacity to see these papers mature into journalism products that are integrative and transformative.
Ford Foundation and the Media Development and Diversity Agency

SOUZA, Enilce Lima Cavalcante de. Campo e palavras: dimensões da Questão Agrária no Ceará, 1954-1964. 2005. 259f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Historia, Fortaleza (CE), 2005.
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The present study aims at discussing some dimensions of the Agrarian Question in Ceará, between 1954 and 1964. At the beginning, we analyze the debates about the agrarian legislation, land concentration, migration and violence, through Fortal eza newspapers. This research also looks into the social communication ways towards the peasant struggle, trough Terra Livre newspaper, as memory and document that allows an inventory of peasant struggle in Ceará. We demonstrate that its articles allows us to learn many debates levels, in that context, between the 40’s middles and the 60’s beginning as well as some dimensions of peasant culture and militants memories.
Este trabalho estuda as dimensões da Questão Agrária no Ceará, entre 1954 e 1964. Na primeira parte, à vista dos periódicos de Fortaleza, foram analisados os debates acerca da legislação agrária, a concentração fundiária, a migração e a violência como faces da Questão Agrária no Ceará. Na segunda parte, incorpora -se a análise das formas de comunicação social voltadas à luta camponesa, pelo jornal Terra Livre, como documento e memória, oferecendo o inventário das lutas camponesas no Ceará e demonstrando que seu conteúdo possibilita apreender variados níveis do debate, nas conjunturas, entre meados de 1940 e início da década de 1960, bem como dimensões da cultura camponesa e das memórias militantes.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Esta pesquisa adota como ponto de partida a histÃria recente da luta por Reforma AgrÃria no Brasil; uma histÃria social da teimosia, como expressa nas formas organizativas do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST), desde o inÃcio da dÃcada de 1980. Compreendendo o MST como fruto das lutas sociais contra a ditadura, do legado da histÃria dos movimentos camponeses e da pedagogia em ato da teologia da libertaÃÃo, este trabalho examina as singularidades histÃricas no quadro de intensos conflitos sociais, marcados pela violÃncia do latifÃndio e do Estado. Neste caso, o estudo examina, a partir das fontes, uma particular violÃncia contra as crianÃas, quando os acampamentos da reforma agrÃria afirmam um novo territÃrio da luta social. Este estudo concentra seu foco de anÃlise na histÃria das crianÃas Sem Terrinha, em face da construÃÃo de uma identidade coletiva. Para tal, as fontes impressas sÃo estudadas em sua dimensÃo formadora, com Ãnfase nos argumentos da luta por impresso, com referÃncia à dimensÃo singular da infÃncia Sem Terra no Jornal e Revista Sem Terrinha. Aqui, ressaltamos as prÃticas de difusÃo do livro e da leitura nos espaÃos educativos de luta social dos Sem Terrinha, a saber, as Escolas de EducaÃÃo do Campo, os Encontros, os Congressos, as Jornadas de luta e as Cirandas Infantis.
This research takes as its starting point the recent history of the struggle for Agrarian Reform in Brazil: a social history of stubbornness, as expressed in the organizational forms of the Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST), since the early 1980s. Understanding the MST as a result of social struggles against dictatorship, the legacy of the history of peasant movements and pedagogy in an act of liberation theology, this work examines the historical oddities in the context of intense social conflict, marked by the violence of landlordism and State. In this case, the study examines, from the sources, one particular violence against children, when the camp of the agrarian reform claims for a new territory of social struggle. This study concentrates its focus of analysis in the history of children from SEM TERRINHA movement (landless children), due to the construction of a collective identity. To this end, the printed sources are studied in their formative dimension, with emphasis on the arguments of the struggle for printing with a reference to the singular dimension of these childrenâs childhood in SEM TERRINHA Journal and Magazine. Here, we highlight the practices of distributing books and reading in the educational spaces of social struggle of SEM TERRINHA children, namely, the Schools of Rural Education, the Meetings, the Congresses, the Journeys of struggle and the Kidsâ Riddles.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor
El documento digital no refiere asesor
Expone lo que el consorcio consultor HC&A – SISA elaboró sobre el estudio del proyecto de Irrigación Integral Acora Totorani a nivel de prefactibilidad planteando dos alternativas de solución los cuales constan principalmente del diseño de presas, bocatomas y canales de riego. Se realizó una evaluación económica en la cual se concluye que la alternativa que presenta mejores indicadores económicos es la Alternativa Nº 1, que considera como obra principal la presa San Fernando, y cuatro Bocatomas. Es así que se desarrolló el diseño hidráulico de la presa de tierra San Fernando de la Alternativa Nº 1 la cual está proyectada sobre el río Blanco y que tiene como finalidad embalsar y regular los recursos hídricos de su cuenca receptora para permitir el riego de los sectores Totorani, Acora, Collini, Carumas y Chajana.
PELT
Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

In this thesis I address the research question: 'How has the Internet delivered pluralism by promoting structural diversity and/or content diversity in Australia's newspaper industry?' Structural diversity is defined here as diversity in newspaper ownership and content diversity as the diversity of views published by individual newspapers. Central to the thesis is the notion of pluralism, the belief that the news media should provide a range of views and opinions, contradictory as well as complementary, to allow informed citizens to effectively take part in the democratic process. The newspaper industry in this country, however, is controlled by a powerful press oligopoly across a range of markets, a situation believed to greatly limit pluralism. A review of newspaper ownership and circulation from 1986 to 2002 shows that, as at 2002, four newspaper owners are the sole occupants of Australia's national and capital city newspaper market. Seven owners are predominant in Australia's regional daily newspaper market, although just three owners controlled 69 per cent of the market's circulation in 2002. Two owners controlled 69 per cent of Australia's suburban newspaper market in 2002. Similar trends were seen in the country's Saturday newspaper and Sunday newspaper markets. In all markets except the regional daily newspaper market, News Limited is the dominant newspaper owner. Australian Provincial News and Media is the dominant owner in the regional daily newspaper market with a 27 per cent share of circulation in 2002. Australia's concentrated newspaper ownership structure has led to a number of formal inquiries into diversity in the industry since 1980. In this thesis I review two of these inquiries, the 1991-92 House of Representatives Select Committee on the Print Media (the Print Media Inquiry) and the 2000 Productivity Commission Inquiry into Broadcasting, to determine (among other things) the nature of and the relationship between structural and content diversity as they apply to Australia's newspapers. (By virtue of major media groups' involvement in the Productivity Commission's inquiry - particularly News Limited, Publishing and Broadcasting Limited and, to a lesser extent, Rural Press - this inquiry, although broadcast-oriented, considered Australia's newspaper industry at length.) This review shows both inquiries were clear on how they saw this relationship - structural diversity is necessary for content diversity. However, the Print Media Inquiry suggested it was almost impossible to guarantee structural diversity in the nation's newspaper industry. The Productivity Commission, meanwhile, said that while it accepted content diversity was not inconsistent with media ownership concentration, it was more likely to be achieved where there was diverse ownership. With the relationship between structural and content diversity in mind, and the Print Media Inquiry's and the Productivity Commission's beliefs that new entrants in the newspaper industry were unlikely in the short term, I examine the suggestion that the Internet has the potential to increase structural diversity in Australia's newspaper industry by allowing new players to efficiently enter the industry via the World Wide Web. The extent to which this might occur is determined by a study of 18 Australian newspaper websites with one argument being that if established newspapers find the transition online relatively easy, then independent online-only news sites might be similarly established. Mings and White's four online news business models - a subscription model, advertising model, e commerce-based transactional model and partnership-based model - are used as a framework to examine the study's results. The study shows Australia's experience mirrors international experience in terms of the growth of newspapers online and in terms of their lack of profitability. It shows that 28 per cent of the newspapers surveyed maintained their circulation while offering free online news content, while a further 33 per cent registered circulation increases. Advertising revenue increased for seven of the nine newspaper websites containing advertising, suggesting that, for some Australian newspapers at least, gaining online advertising (as opposed to gaining overall profitability) has proved successful. And while the survey shows little evidence of Australian newspapers using the transactional model in any real sense, it does show that Australian newspapers are forming local online partnerships with other media and non-media businesses to facilitate their online activities. The study's key finding is that of the 18 newspapers surveyed, just two websites were profitable. This finding is consistent with literature that highlights a lack of commercially viable independent online news ventures both in Australia and internationally. While considerable hopes were held that the Internet would introduce more structural diversity into Australia's newspaper industry, I argue that the Internet's commercial imperatives, as they apply to newspapers, have to a large extent precluded it from adding structural diversity in the industry. In these circumstances, it may be that the only viable way of increasing content diversity in the nation's newspaper industry is to increase the availability of diverse information sources to journalists. I propose that one way to do this is via the Internet. The extent to which this is occurring is determined by a survey of Australian journalists' Internet use, the survey results showing that 97.4 per cent of the journalists who responded now use the Internet regularly, including 97.5 per cent of newspaper journalists. But most journalists who responded use the Internet as a preliminary research tool and as a way to check facts rather than as a means of accessing diverse news sources. The respondents' top five Internet uses, for example, are to e-mail work colleagues, to undertake preliminary research, to access media releases from websites, to verify facts and to search other news organisations' websites. They access major news organisation websites most frequently, followed by government websites, university/research institution websites and corporate/company websites. The least frequently accessed websites are those that could conceivably provide the alternate views demanded by pluralism: online news and current affairs discussion groups and websites set up by private individuals. The survey shows the types of websites Australian journalists most frequently access are linked to the credibility they give to information contained on those websites. Major news organisation websites are seen as providing the most credible information, followed by university/research institution websites and government websites. Websites perceived as providing the least credible information were those that host online news and current affairs discussion groups and websites set up by private individuals. The survey also shows Australian journalists have not embraced online reader interaction to any extent, lessening the likelihood that readers will be able to provide journalists with more diverse news sources. Less than 20 per cent of journalists interact with readers via the Internet and less than 10 per cent use this interaction to create or follow up news stories. The survey does provide results that support source diversity, however. It shows that almost a third of Australian journalists have obtained additional news sources via the Internet. The Internet has also allowed more than 40 per cent of journalists to access individuals or groups that they would not otherwise have accessed. The survey also shows that journalists who have had experience working in the online media environment consistently use the Internet more productively, in terms of diversity, than other journalists. It is these journalists that interact online with readers more, that participate in online discussion groups more and that appear more willing to seek online information from non-traditional sources such as independent news websites and the websites of private individuals or groups. Journalists with online media experience also represent the group that has most sought training in online journalism and online media practice and that most believes the Internet will play an increasingly important role for journalists and news consumers in the future. At present, the survey suggests, journalists with this online media experience comprise just 19 per cent of Australian journalists. But as the number of journalists with online media experience increases in the workforce, these journalists' greater acceptance of the Internet may then assist in greater source diversity leading to greater content diversity in Australia's news media. The studies of newspaper websites and journalists' Internet use suggest and support differing diversity models. In this thesis I propose two models for diversity, the first drawn from views espoused by the Print Media Inquiry and the Productivity Commission's Inquiry into Broadcasting. This model (below) sees a one-to-one correspondence between structural and content diversity and assumes that to increase the diversity of views available to the public, the number of media outlets must similarly be increased. The argument that the Internet can provide media pluralism by permitting new players to enter the media market relatively easily, an argument tested by my study of Australian newspaper websites, is commensurate with this model. The second model is based on my inquiries into journalists' Internet use and proposes a method of increasing content diversity within a fixed media ownership structure. This model (below) acknowledges that journalists produce content mostly via traditional news sources, but proposes this content can be increased and/or changed, with an emphasis on more diverse information, via non-traditional news sources obtained via the Internet. The success of this model, however, is predicated on journalists' acceptance of online information as a viable news source. The implication for journalism is that established journalistic norms and practices, which can limit online-supported content diversity, need to be overcome. Overall, the results of my inquiries suggest the answer to the research question is that the Internet has so far delivered little in terms of structural and content diversity in Australia's newspaper industry. However, the Internet's potential to do so remains, particularly if independent online-based media ventures find ways to become commercially viable and if journalists adopt the technology as a means of finding more diverse news sources.

In this thesis I address the research question: 'How has the Internet delivered pluralism by promoting structural diversity and/or content diversity in Australia's newspaper industry?' Structural diversity is defined here as diversity in newspaper ownership and content diversity as the diversity of views published by individual newspapers. Central to the thesis is the notion of pluralism, the belief that the news media should provide a range of views and opinions, contradictory as well as complementary, to allow informed citizens to effectively take part in the democratic process. The newspaper industry in this country, however, is controlled by a powerful press oligopoly across a range of markets, a situation believed to greatly limit pluralism. A review of newspaper ownership and circulation from 1986 to 2002 shows that, as at 2002, four newspaper owners are the sole occupants of Australia's national and capital city newspaper market. Seven owners are predominant in Australia's regional daily newspaper market, although just three owners controlled 69 per cent of the market's circulation in 2002. Two owners controlled 69 per cent of Australia's suburban newspaper market in 2002. Similar trends were seen in the country's Saturday newspaper and Sunday newspaper markets. In all markets except the regional daily newspaper market, News Limited is the dominant newspaper owner. Australian Provincial News and Media is the dominant owner in the regional daily newspaper market with a 27 per cent share of circulation in 2002. Australia's concentrated newspaper ownership structure has led to a number of formal inquiries into diversity in the industry since 1980. In this thesis I review two of these inquiries, the 1991-92 House of Representatives Select Committee on the Print Media (the Print Media Inquiry) and the 2000 Productivity Commission Inquiry into Broadcasting, to determine (among other things) the nature of and the relationship between structural and content diversity as they apply to Australia's newspapers. (By virtue of major media groups' involvement in the Productivity Commission's inquiry - particularly News Limited, Publishing and Broadcasting Limited and, to a lesser extent, Rural Press - this inquiry, although broadcast-oriented, considered Australia's newspaper industry at length.) This review shows both inquiries were clear on how they saw this relationship - structural diversity is necessary for content diversity. However, the Print Media Inquiry suggested it was almost impossible to guarantee structural diversity in the nation's newspaper industry. The Productivity Commission, meanwhile, said that while it accepted content diversity was not inconsistent with media ownership concentration, it was more likely to be achieved where there was diverse ownership. With the relationship between structural and content diversity in mind, and the Print Media Inquiry's and the Productivity Commission's beliefs that new entrants in the newspaper industry were unlikely in the short term, I examine the suggestion that the Internet has the potential to increase structural diversity in Australia's newspaper industry by allowing new players to efficiently enter the industry via the World Wide Web. The extent to which this might occur is determined by a study of 18 Australian newspaper websites with one argument being that if established newspapers find the transition online relatively easy, then independent online-only news sites might be similarly established. Mings and White's four online news business models - a subscription model, advertising model, e commerce-based transactional model and partnership-based model - are used as a framework to examine the study's results. The study shows Australia's experience mirrors international experience in terms of the growth of newspapers online and in terms of their lack of profitability. It shows that 28 per cent of the newspapers surveyed maintained their circulation while offering free online news content, while a further 33 per cent registered circulation increases. Advertising revenue increased for seven of the nine newspaper websites containing advertising, suggesting that, for some Australian newspapers at least, gaining online advertising (as opposed to gaining overall profitability) has proved successful. And while the survey shows little evidence of Australian newspapers using the transactional model in any real sense, it does show that Australian newspapers are forming local online partnerships with other media and non-media businesses to facilitate their online activities. The study's key finding is that of the 18 newspapers surveyed, just two websites were profitable. This finding is consistent with literature that highlights a lack of commercially viable independent online news ventures both in Australia and internationally. While considerable hopes were held that the Internet would introduce more structural diversity into Australia's newspaper industry, I argue that the Internet's commercial imperatives, as they apply to newspapers, have to a large extent precluded it from adding structural diversity in the industry. In these circumstances, it may be that the only viable way of increasing content diversity in the nation's newspaper industry is to increase the availability of diverse information sources to journalists. I propose that one way to do this is via the Internet. The extent to which this is occurring is determined by a survey of Australian journalists' Internet use, the survey results showing that 97.4 per cent of the journalists who responded now use the Internet regularly, including 97.5 per cent of newspaper journalists. But most journalists who responded use the Internet as a preliminary research tool and as a way to check facts rather than as a means of accessing diverse news sources. The respondents' top five Internet uses, for example, are to e-mail work colleagues, to undertake preliminary research, to access media releases from websites, to verify facts and to search other news organisations' websites. They access major news organisation websites most frequently, followed by government websites, university/research institution websites and corporate/company websites. The least frequently accessed websites are those that could conceivably provide the alternate views demanded by pluralism: online news and current affairs discussion groups and websites set up by private individuals. The survey shows the types of websites Australian journalists most frequently access are linked to the credibility they give to information contained on those websites. Major news organisation websites are seen as providing the most credible information, followed by university/research institution websites and government websites. Websites perceived as providing the least credible information were those that host online news and current affairs discussion groups and websites set up by private individuals. The survey also shows Australian journalists have not embraced online reader interaction to any extent, lessening the likelihood that readers will be able to provide journalists with more diverse news sources. Less than 20 per cent of journalists interact with readers via the Internet and less than 10 per cent use this interaction to create or follow up news stories. The survey does provide results that support source diversity, however. It shows that almost a third of Australian journalists have obtained additional news sources via the Internet. The Internet has also allowed more than 40 per cent of journalists to access individuals or groups that they would not otherwise have accessed. The survey also shows that journalists who have had experience working in the online media environment consistently use the Internet more productively, in terms of diversity, than other journalists. It is these journalists that interact online with readers more, that participate in online discussion groups more and that appear more willing to seek online information from non-traditional sources such as independent news websites and the websites of private individuals or groups. Journalists with online media experience also represent the group that has most sought training in online journalism and online media practice and that most believes the Internet will play an increasingly important role for journalists and news consumers in the future. At present, the survey suggests, journalists with this online media experience comprise just 19 per cent of Australian journalists. But as the number of journalists with online media experience increases in the workforce, these journalists' greater acceptance of the Internet may then assist in greater source diversity leading to greater content diversity in Australia's news media. The studies of newspaper websites and journalists' Internet use suggest and support differing diversity models. In this thesis I propose two models for diversity, the first drawn from views espoused by the Print Media Inquiry and the Productivity Commission's Inquiry into Broadcasting. This model (below) sees a one-to-one correspondence between structural and content diversity and assumes that to increase the diversity of views available to the public, the number of media outlets must similarly be increased. The argument that the Internet can provide media pluralism by permitting new players to enter the media market relatively easily, an argument tested by my study of Australian newspaper websites, is commensurate with this model. The second model is based on my inquiries into journalists' Internet use and proposes a method of increasing content diversity within a fixed media ownership structure. This model (below) acknowledges that journalists produce content mostly via traditional news sources, but proposes this content can be increased and/or changed, with an emphasis on more diverse information, via non-traditional news sources obtained via the Internet. The success of this model, however, is predicated on journalists' acceptance of online information as a viable news source. The implication for journalism is that established journalistic norms and practices, which can limit online-supported content diversity, need to be overcome. Overall, the results of my inquiries suggest the answer to the research question is that the Internet has so far delivered little in terms of structural and content diversity in Australia's newspaper industry. However, the Internet's potential to do so remains, particularly if independent online-based media ventures find ways to become commercially viable and if journalists adopt the technology as a means of finding more diverse news sources.

Praca została udostępniona 10 dni przed obroną, włącznie z dniem obrony.
Głównym celem pracy było uzasadnienie, iż tygodnik „Przyjaciółka” będący liderem na rynku wydawniczym prasy dla kobiet w Polsce Ludowej pełnił rolę edukacyjną wśród kobiet wiejskich, stanowiących główny pion odbiorców pisma. Analizując materiał prasowy starano się odpowiedzieć m.in. na pytania: jakie formy edukacji kobiet prezentowano na łamach czasopisma?Czy treść pisma odzwierciedlała aktualne wówczas problemy kobiet? Czy propaganda komunistyczna wpływała za zawartość pisma? W jaki sposób publikowane treści wpływały na poglądy/ decyzje życiowe kobiet? W pracy przedstawiono również rozwój prasy kobiecej na przestrzeni lat, a także etapy rozwoju „Przyjaciółki”, cechy formalno-wydawnicze oraz listy do redakcji z których słynęło czasopismo. W oparciu o analizę zawartości prasy zaprezentowano także działania edukacyjne w zakresie funkcjonowania nowoczesnego gospodarstwa domowego. Poświęcono również nieco miejsca higienie i zdrowiu na wsi oraz poradnictwu w tym zakresie. W pracy omówiono formy emancypacji kobiet wiejskich ukazując aktywność zawodową oraz społeczną gospodyń wiejskich. Wskazano również postęp w zakresie świadomego macierzyństwa, antykoncepcji oraz planowania rodziny.
The main aim of the paper was to justify that the "Przyjaciółka" weekly, a leader in the publishing market of the press for women in Polish People's Republic, played an educational role among rural women, I tried to answer the following questions: what forms of women's education were presented in the magazine? Did the content of the magazine reflect the current problems of women? Did communist propaganda influence the content of the magazine? How did the published content influence the views /life decisions of women? The paper also presents the development of the women's press over the years, as well as the stages of development of "Przyjaciółka", periodicity, circulation, graphic design and readers. pletters published in the agony column which where the basis of the magazyn. Based on the analysis of the press content, educational activities related to the functioning of a modern household were also presented. Some space was also devoted to hygiene and health in the countryside as well as counseling in this area. The paper discusses the forms of emancipation of rural women, showing the professional and social activity of rural housewives. Progress in the area of conscious motherhood, contraception and family planning was also indicated.
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydział Historii i Stosunków Międzynarodowych.

The aim of this study was to investigate the management of in-service education and training (INSET) conducted for teachers, in particular in rural secondary schools in the Zoutpansberg West Circuit, Limpopo Province. The problem was conducted by a literature study and empirical investigation. The literature review explored various definitions of INSET and related concepts and dealt with the provision of in-service training for teachers in developing countries such as Kenya and South Africa and a developed country such as Britain. The empirical study investigated the management of INSET for secondary school educators in rural areas using a questionnaire administered to educators in eleven secondary schools in the Zoutpansberg West Circuit. Findings indicated strengths and weaknesses of INSET. Based on the literature and the empirical investigation, recommendations are made for the Department of Education with regard to the provision of INSET.
Educational Studies
M. Ed (Education Management)

The aim of this dissertation is to characterize the development of the press in the district of Pelhřimov between the years 1948 and 1989 on the geographical, political, social and cultural background in Czechoslovakia as well as this concrete region. On the ground of available material the dissertation also adumbrates the management of a regional newspaper office and the work there. The attention is paid on the main district periodical. The first chapter of the dissertation offers a picture of the historical background of that time as well as the management of printed newspapers in Czechoslovakia. The regional affairs are set in a deeper context. The second chapter devotes a detailed description of political, economical, social, cultural and sports events in the district of Pelhřimov and their reflexion in the press. The main constituent of this chapter is an overview of the district periodicals raging from Týdeník Cesta vysočinou, Hlas Vysočiny, Vesnické noviny Pelhřimovska, Pelhřimovské noviny to Nástup and Hlas Vysočiny in 1990. In the last chapter there is an attempt to analyse the content of the newspapers in the district of Pelhřimov from the semiotic point of view. This chapter also points out basic principles of the work with themes and miscellaneous curiosities which appeared in the...