Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Prehistorico Pottery”

For decades archaeologists have struggled with the problem of accurately determining organic and mineral-based paints in pottery from the American Southwest. Using Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), we have developed a simple and cost-effective method that permits classification of painted surfaces into mineral and organic-based categories. By applying this method to Mesa Verde and Mancos Black-on-white pottery from the Mesa Verde Region, we were able to distinguish easily between mineral and organic-based paints. Preliminary data also suggest that multiple sub-groups of mineral-based paints exist within these ceramic types, indicating that multiple recipes for manufacturing paint may have been employed by prehistoric potters from this region.

Late prehistoric sites on the Central Plains contain both grit/grog- (mineral-) tempered pottery and shell-tempered pottery. This appearance of shell-tempered pottery around cal A.D. 1000 has traditionally been explained as a colonization from the Mississippi River valley with further dispersal via trade. As a result, very little is known about the role of this material in the region. We report the results of a provenance analysis of shell-tempered pottery from seven sites extending from the Missouri River valley to north-central Kansas. We use petrography and oxidation analysis to compare the shell-tempered pottery across these localities and the shell-tempered to the mineral-tempered pottery from each locality, and we compare mineral inclusions and clay characteristics in all pottery with published geological and pedological information for each locality. The results demonstrate that shell-tempered pottery was locally produced throughout at least a portion of the Central Plains. Differences in firing technology are apparent across the study area and may play a role in the distribution of shell-tempered pottery. Two other results are the identification of composite temper in a notable proportion of the sherds studied, and indications of from where on the landscape Central Plains potters were procuring their raw materials.

In 2013, an ethnographic study of the Lun Bawang and Kelabit potteries in Sarawak was undertaken by the authors and staff of the Centre for Global Archaeological Research (CGAR), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang and the Sarawak Museum Department, Kuching in the district of Lawas and the Kelabit Highlands, Sarawak (Fig. 1). The primary objective of the study is to locate the few remaining Lun Bawang and Kelabit potters in these regions in order to gather data and information on traditional pottery technology, types and functions. It is also hoped that the findings of the study can provide some useful insights into the connections between the past and present pottery-making traditions in Sarawak. The Lun Bawang and Kelabit potteries have been studied since the mid-1950s by a number of researchers such as Harrisson (1955), Morrison (1955) and Janowski (1991). Harrisson’s (1955: 301) work, however, was focussed mainly on the distribution and general characteristics of native pottery in Sarawak and Sabah. He made brief mentions of the possible links between the traditional and prehistoric pottery of Borneo. Morrison (1955) reported briefly on the Lun Bawang pottery-making in Ba’ Kelalan, Lawas. Between 1986 and 1988, Janowski (1991) studied and reported in detail about the Kelabit pottery-making at the village of Pa’ Dalih in the Kelabit Highlands. Although these previous studies have provided useful records of traditional pottery-making of the Lun Bawang and Kelabit, they are too brief and not comprehensive enough for understanding the traditional pottery-making of Sarawak. This study is therefore an attempt to fill the gaps in knowledge about the traditional pottery-making of the Lun Bawang and Kelabit which is now a dying tradition.

Consideration of multiperiod archaeological sites to understand the mechanisms of large-scale cultural changes is still a very rare research topic in Croatia. Technological traditions are of great importance, especially in the context of considering continuity, innovation, and change. In this paper, we used an archaeometric approach to investigate pottery technology. Therefore, this article presents an analysis of petrography and mineralogy of archaeological ceramics and potential raw materials collected in the vicinity of the multi-period archaeological site (the Neolithic through the Medieval period) Jagodnjak-Krčevine located in eastern Croatia, i.e. the south-western part of the Pannonian Basin. The primary goal is to determine what kind of clay recipe (clay and temper) potters used to make vessels in order to better understand their variability in the context of techno-functional features. The additional objective is to examine the availability and quality of clays for pottery production and to study their distribution in the local landscape. The analytical methods applied in the research are optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and grain size analysis. The comparison of archaeological ceramics with clayey materials established that ancient potters used locally available clays, and the selection of temper material added to the clay represents a strong element of techno-tradition, which is more pronounced for prehistoric communities. Furthermore, these results represent the first research in Croatia focused on a discussion about distances that potters travelled to obtain their resources in the different periods of the past, which can contribute to the study of a regional system of production and landscape use.

Kalumpang is one of the important regions for archaeology related to the existence of Neolithic and the Early Metal Age settlement remains. The finds provide knowledge about the history of early habitation of the Indonesian Archipelago by the Austronesian speaking people. One of the important finds from three prehistoric sites in the Kalumpang area, namely the Minanga Sipakko, Kamassi, and Palemba sites, is potsherds with various decorations. Pottery is still survives today in the Kalumpang area, although its production is only based on consumer demand. On the contrary, handwoven production tend to increase significantly. Considering that pottery has played an important role in daily lives and rituals since the Prehistoric Period, this cultural heritage needs to be preserved. So far, there is no one who are interested in finding strategies to increase pottery production and attract the public's attention. Therefore, the team of research and Community Service from Archaeology Department Universitas Gadjah Mada need to identify: (1) the types of pottery that are still being produced by potters in the Kalumpang area; (2) early Neolithic-Metallic pottery decorative motif elements that can be applied to Kalumpang pottery that is still being produced; (3) new types of products related to the production of Kalumpang pottery. The results of identification are then set forth in the pottery motif design development module. This module can be used by various parties as an initial reference for developing pottery products. Agents of change, such as teachers and members of Karangtaruna, are expected to be able to use the modules to inspire traditional potters to continue their production by utilizing local cultural heritage. It is hoped that the production of Kalumpang pottery will be sustained and open up insight and concern for the wider community towards the cultural wealth of their ancestors. ==== Kalumpang merupakan salah satu wilayah penting dalam kajian arkeologi terkait adanya temuan sisa permukiman Neolitik dan Masa Logam Awal yang dapat memberikan sumbangan pengetahuan tentang sejarah penghunian Kepulauan Indonesia oleh penutur bahasa Melayu Polinesia (rumpun bahasa Austronesia). Salah satu temuan penting dari tiga situs Prasejarah di wilayah Kalumpang ialah Situs Minanga Sipakko, Kamassi, dan Palemba, yaitu fragmen tembikar dengan berbagai ragam hias. Di wilayah tersebut, tembikar masih diproduksi, tetapi hanya bila ada pemesan. Hal ini berbanding terbalik dengan produksi tenun yang cenderung meningkat secara signifikan. Mengingat tembikar sejak Masa Prasejarah menjadi barang penting dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dan ritual serta masih ada pembuatnya, warisan budaya ini perlu dilestarikan. Sejauh ini, belum ada pihak yang peduli dan berminat untuk mencari strategi agar produksi tembikar kembali meningkat dan diminati masyarakat luas. Oleh karena itu, Tim Penelitian-Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Arkeologi UGM melakukan identifikasi terhadap: (1) jenis tembikar yang masih diproduksi oleh perajin di wilayah Kalumpang; (2) elemen motif hias tembikar Masa Neolitik-Logam Awal yang dapat diterapkan pada tembikar yang masih diproduksi; (3) bentuk produk baru terkait dengan produksi tembikar Kalumpang. Hasil identifikasi tersebut selanjutnya dituangkan dalam modul pengembangan desain motif tembikar. Modul tersebut dapat dipakai oleh berbagi pihak sebagai acuan awal untuk melakukan pengembangan produk tembikar. Agen perubahan, seperti guru dan anggota Karangtaruna, diharapkan dapat menggunakan modul tersebut untuk menginspirasi para perajin tembikar tradisional agar tetap berproduksi dengan memanfaatkan warisan budaya setempat. Dengan demikian, diharapkan produksi tembikar Kalumpang tetap lestari dan membuka wawasan serta kepedulian masyarakat luas terhadap kekayaan budaya nenek moyang.

The purpose of this study was the chemical characterization and conservation of the Bes pottery jar. Pottery jars were important in Egypt from prehistoric times until the end of late history; they had their ideological symbolism and important role in daily life. "Bes" jar is a kind of healing jar, which was known and spread during the end of the New Kingdom and Late Period of ancient Egypt. AutoCAD, digital microscope, and polarized microscope (PLM) were used to clarify the deterioration state of the pottery jar. The XRD method was used to investigate the mineralogical composition of the pottery jar. Besides, the pottery's internal morphology and chemical composition were studied using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The examination revealed that the selected pottery jar exhibited numerous cracks, dust accumulation, salt crystallization, and black spots. PLM showed the presence of several minerals, such as calcite, quartz, biotite, and plagioclase. SEM-EDX analysis revealed high calcium oxide concentrations due to the use of calcium carbonate in the slip layer, besides chloride salts. XRD analysis indicated that quartz was the predominant mineral in all the samples. Additionally, calcite, diopside, anorthite, halite, and dolomite were also detected in varying proportions. The pottery jar underwent various treatments, including mechanical and chemical cleaning. In addition, dental gypsum and grog were used in the completion process. Furthermore, the paraloid B-72 was used to achieve the consolidation process.

Earthenware pottery is one of the common artefacts found during archaeological excavation works. Earthenware pottery is one of the tools used by prehistoric society as a tool for use in daily life. Earthenware pottery found at archaeological sites should be determined whether it was made by the local community or brought in from outside. Therefore, chemical analysis using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and mineralogical analysis using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) methods need to be done to obtain the mineral content and elements of earthenware pottery that can be compared with clay found in the area. This comparison is to ascertain whether the prehistoric pottery was made in the vicinity of the discovery area or brought in from outside. The results of this study found that the pottery discovered during excavations at Gua Jaya was brought in from other areas. Besides, it was also determined that the pottery was burned openly due to the uneven combustion temperature. The content of the pottery element also indicates that the pottery was used as food storage containers and also as appliances for cooking.

Archaeological sites in arid and semi-arid environments have mostly suffered from strong erosion that results in the removal of the anthropic deposits incorporating artifacts produced and discarded by human beings. Artifacts, after this process, accumulate on the surface representing the only witness of human activities. The principal issue for an archaeologist, in this context, is establishing which moment in the past these artifacts had been produced by human beings to be able, afterwards, to try inferring on more general aspects of the economic and social sphere. Thermoluminescence has been used in different occasion in Saharan Africa for dating fragments of pottery found in surface contexts, disturbed ones or where nothing else could be used to apply the more common radiocarbon dating technique. The results have always been highly debated as they usual appeared incongruent and problems inherent to the thermoluminescence technique itself not entirely tackled. It seemed, for this reason, appropriate to resume work on this technique as well as to compare different protocols (Multiple Aliquot Additive Dose, MAAD and Single Aliquot Regenerative dose, SAR) of dating techniques for the measurement of prehistoric pottery coming from a desert environment. These methods are based on the accumulation of charges in the defects present in crystals of some minerals, like quartz, as a consequence of the natural radioactivity. The number of defect centers depends on the time elapsed form the starting moment of the irradiation, thus the radiation dose absorbed by the materials is directly proportional to the age of the potsherd. The techniques of luminescence (TL: Thermoluminescence, OSL: Optically Stimulated Luminescence) and of EPR spectrometry (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance) are methods of dosimetric dating and have been applied in this work with different aims. In the case of luminescence, the goal was to select a protocol in order to obtain the highest precision. In fact, the dating of prehistoric pottery by luminescence is generally affected by a substantial error if compared to other methods. On the other hand, while the radiocarbon technique is more precise but applicable only to the organic material found together with the potsherd, the luminescence analyzes the intrinsic characteristics of the material. Moreover, the majority of the potsherds found in desert environments undergo erosive processes that irreparably alter the stratigraphy. In these situations where is not possible to collect information about the relative chronology, the dating by luminescence allows a first chronological framework. For this reason the research work was focused on the optimization of the experimental protocols to reduce the error associated to the results. In the case of EPR spectrometry, the goal was to evaluate its potential as a method for dating recent materials as pottery. EPR spectrometry is in fact widely used in geology and paleontology, but its application in archaeology is still experimental. An important advantage of EPR is the repeatability of the measurements, because the spectrum acquisition does not reset the signal as occurs in the luminescence procedure. The employ of the pulsed technique (EchoEPR) allowed isolating the signals of the defects induced by the irradiation that are not visible with the traditional method of continuous wave (CW EPR) due to the strong signal of iron present in all the potsherds. The study is also supported by a petrographic characterization of the materials, with particular attention for grain size inclusion, a parameter that was demonstrated to be crucial for the dosimetry. The potsherds analyzed for this project were selected on the basis of their provenance from an undisturbed stratigraphy, as well as for the simple ceramic fabrics. They have a limited typology of inclusions, thus minimizing variables which could negatively influence dosimetric studies. Samples come from the 16D5 site at Al Khiday (Omdurman, central Sudan), excavated by the Italian archaeological mission directed by D. Usai and co-directed by S. Salvatori (Centro Studi Sudanesi e Sub-Sahariani and Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente). The site presents a rare case in a semi-desert environment of a preserved stratigraphy. The selected samples come from radiocarbon dated stratigraphic units, whose determinations are a necessary reference for the comparison with the experimental results. Moreover, the high quartz content characterizing these potsherds is a suitable feature for applying dosimetric dating techniques. The luminescence dating was performed at the Archaeometry Laboratory at the Department of Material Sciences of the University of Milan Bicocca; the study by EPR spectroscopy and the petrographic analysis at the University of Padua, at the Departments of Chemical Sciences and Geosciences respectively.
I siti archeologici in ambienti aridi e semi-aridi sono soggetti ad una forte erosione che comporta la rimozione dei depositi antropici in cui si trovano i manufatti prodotti e scartati dall’uomo. I reperti si trovano perciò in superficie, privi di stratigrafia, come unica testimonianza dell’attività umana. In questo contesto, la questione principale che un archeologo deve affrontare è stabilire in quale momento del passato tali manufatti siano stati prodotti, per poter poi essere in grado di ricavare informazioni generali legate alla sfera economica e sociale. In diverse occasioni si è ricorsi alla termoluminescenza per la datazione di materiali provenienti dall’Africa sahariana. Si tratta di ceramica rinvenuta in superficie, in contesti disturbati o in assenza di condizioni ideali per l’impiego di altre tecniche, come la più comune datazione al radiocarbonio. I risultati sono sempre stati molto discussi e spesso considerati incongruenti, ma le problematiche relative alla tecnica non sono state affrontate pienamente. Per questo motivo si è considerato di primaria importanza approfondire le tematiche legate a questa tecnica, in particolare con il confronto di diversi protocolli di misura (Multiple Aliquot Additive Dose, MAAD e Single Aliquot Regenerative dose, SAR) con diversi metodi dosimetrici finalizzati alla datazione di ceramica preistorica proveniente da ambiente desertico. Questi metodi si basano sull’accumulo di cariche nei difetti presenti nei cristalli di alcuni minerali (come ad esempio il quarzo) per effetto della radioattività naturale. Il numero dei centri difettivi dipende dal tempo trascorso dall’inizio dell’irraggiamento, perciò la dose di radiazione assorbita dai materiali è direttamente proporzionale all’età del reperto ceramico. Le tecniche di luminescenza (TL: Thermoluminescence, OSL: Optically Stimulated Luminescence) e la spettroscopia EPR (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance) sono metodi di datazione dosimetrica e sono qui impiegati con diversi scopi. Nel caso della luminescenza, si tratta di individuare un protocollo di misura che consenta di ottenere la maggiore precisione possibile. Infatti, la datazione di materiale ceramico preistorico mediante luminescenza è affetta in genere da un elevato errore rispetto ad altri metodi. Tuttavia, rispetto alla tecnica del radiocarbonio che è più precisa, ma applicabile solo a sostanze organiche trovate in associazione al reperto, analizza caratteristiche intrinseche del materiale. Inoltre, i materiali rinvenuti in ambiente desertico sono nella maggior parte affetti da processi erosivi che disturbano irrimediabilmente la stratigrafia. In tali situazioni di mancanza di caratteri utili alla costruzione di cronologie relative, la datazione con le tecniche di luminescenza fornisce un primo inquadramento cronologico. Per questo motivo il lavoro di ricerca mira all’ottimizzazione dei protocolli sperimentali per ridurre l’errore associato alle datazioni. Nel caso della spettroscopia EPR, invece, l’obiettivo è quello di valutarne le potenzialità applicative per la datazione di un materiale recente come la ceramica. La spettroscopia EPR è utilizzata ampiamente in campo geologico e paleontologico, ma è ancora in fase sperimentale in archeologia. Un vantaggio notevole dell’EPR è la ripetibilità della misura, poiché l’acquisizione dello spettro non comporta la cancellazione del segnale, che invece viene azzerato dalla procedura di datazione con la luminescenza. L’impiego della tecnica impulsata (EchoEPR) ha permesso di isolare i segnali dei difetti indotti da irraggiamento, che con il metodo tradizionale in onda continua (CW EPR) non sono visibili a causa del forte segnale del ferro contenuto in tutte le ceramiche. Lo studio è anche supportato da una caratterizzazione petrografica dei materiali, con particolare attenzione per la granulometria, che si è rivelata un parametro importante per lo studio dosimetrico. Le ceramiche analizzate in questo progetto sono state selezionate per l’appartenenza ad una serie stratigrafica non disturbata, nonché per la semplicità degli impasti. Questi infatti hanno un numero molto limitato di tipologie di inclusi, minimizzando eventuali variabili che influiscono negativamente sullo studio dosimetrico. I materiali ceramici provengono dal sito 16D5 di Al Khiday (Omdurman, Sudan centrale), scavato dalla missione archeologica italiana diretta dalla dott.sa D. Usai e co-diretta dal dott. S. Salvatori (Centro Studi Sudanesi e Sub-Sahariani ed Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente). Il sito rappresenta un raro caso di stratigrafia preservata in ambiente desertico. I materiali qui analizzati provengono da unità stratigrafiche datate al radiocarbonio, le cui età rappresentano un necessario ed assoluto riferimento per il confronto dei risultati sperimentali. Inoltre, l’elevato contenuto in quarzo che caratterizza questi campioni li rende particolarmente adatti per testare le tecniche di datazione dosimetrica. La datazione con le tecniche di luminescenza è stata realizzata presso il laboratorio di Archeometria del Dipartimento di Scienze dei Materiali dell’Università di Milano Bicocca; lo studio con Risonanza di Spin Elettronico e la caratterizzazione petrografica presso l’Università di Padova rispettivamente nei dipartimenti di Scienze Chimiche e Geoscienze.

Археологическая хронология для некоторых археологических памятников Восточной Европы основана в основ- ном на прямом керамики. Даты по пищевому нагару на сосудах также были получены, если это было возможно, но гораздо больше 14C датировок было получено по общего содержания органического углерода (TOCC) в че- репках. В статье обсуждается, как интерпретировать возраст 14C TOCC, основываясь на том, как методы про- боподготовки, экстракции концентрируют или удаляют компоненты, которые смещают значения 14C возраста, а также проводится сравнение возраста 14C (TOCC) и дат, полученных по костной ткани.