Rozprawy doktorskie: „Precision farming”

1

Rusch, Peter C. "Precision farming in South Africa". Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2001. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01072004-153302.

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Blackmore, Simon. "The role of yield maps in precision farming". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269521.

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Shelley, Anthony N. "INCORPORATING MACHINE VISION IN PRECISION DAIRY FARMING TECHNOLOGIES". UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/86.

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The inclusion of precision dairy farming technologies in dairy operations is an area of increasing research and industry direction. Machine vision based systems are suitable for the dairy environment as they do not inhibit workflow, are capable of continuous operation, and can be fully automated. The research of this dissertation developed and tested 3 machine vision based precision dairy farming technologies tailored to the latest generation of RGB+D cameras. The first system focused on testing various imaging approaches for the potential use of machine vision for automated dairy cow feed intake monitoring. The second system focused on monitoring the gradual change in body condition score (BCS) for 116 cows over a nearly 7 month period. Several proposed automated BCS systems have been previously developed by researchers, but none have monitored the gradual change in BCS for a duration of this magnitude. These gradual changes infer a great deal of beneficial and immediate information on the health condition of every individual cow being monitored. The third system focused on automated dairy cow feature detection using Haar cascade classifiers to detect anatomical features. These features included the tailhead, hips, and rear regions of the cow body. The features chosen were done so in order to aid machine vision applications in determining if and where a cow is present in an image or video frame. Once the cow has been detected, it must then be automatically identified in order to keep the system fully automated, which was also studied in a machine vision based approach in this research as a complimentary aspect to incorporate along with cow detection. Such systems have the potential to catch poor health conditions developing early on, aid in balancing the diet of the individual cow, and help farm management to better facilitate resources, monetary and otherwise, in an appropriate and efficient manner. Several different applications of this research are also discussed along with future directions for research, including the potential for additional automated precision dairy farming technologies, integrating many of these technologies into a unified system, and the use of alternative, potentially more robust machine vision cameras.

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Waine, T. "Non-Invasive soil property measurement for precision farming". Thesis, Cranfield University, 1999. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11322.

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This work investigates the application of new sensors to enable agronomists and farm managers to make decisions for variable treatment strategies at key crop growth stages. This is needed to improve the efficiency of crop production in the context of precision farming. Two non-invasive sensors were selected for investigation. These were: 1) The MGD-1 ion mobility gas detector made by Environics OY, Finland. 2) The EM38 electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor made by Geonics Inc., Canada. The gas detector was used to determine residual nitrogen and to measure carbon dioxide gas as a surrogate indicator of soil quality. In the latter, increased microbial carbon dioxide production was expected on soils with high organic matter content. Overall, the results of gas detection were disappointing. The main problems inherent in the system were; lack of control of the gas sampling, insufficient machine resolution and cross contamination. This led to the decision to discontinue the gas detection research. Instead, the application of electromagnetic induction (EMI) to measure soil variation was investigated. There were two principle advances in the research. Firstly the application of EMI to the rapid assessment of soil textural class. Secondly the mapping of available water content in the soil profile. These were achieved through the development of a new calibration procedure based on EMI survey of the sites at field capacity, working with field experiments from five sites over two years. Maps of total available water holding capacity were produced. These were correlated with yield maps from wet and dry seasons and used to explain some of the seasonal influences on the spatial variation in yield. A product development strategy for a new EMI sensor was considered which produced a recommendation to design a new EMI sensor specifically for available water content and soil texture mapping, that could be mounted on a tractor. For the first time, this procedure enables routine monitoring of the spatial variation in available water content. This enables the effects of seasonal and spatial variation to be included in crop models, targeted irrigation and to aid decisions for the variable application of inputs.

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Waine, Toby William. "Non-invasive soil property measurement for precision farming". Thesis, Cranfield University, 1999. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11322.

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This work investigates the application of new sensors to enable agronomists and farm managers to make decisions for variable treatment strategies at key crop growth stages. This is needed to improve the efficiency of crop production in the context of precision farming. Two non-invasive sensors were selected for investigation. These were: 1) The MGD-1 ion mobility gas detector made by Environics OY, Finland. 2) The EM38 electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor made by Geonics Inc., Canada. The gas detector was used to determine residual nitrogen and to measure carbon dioxide gas as a surrogate indicator of soil quality. In the latter, increased microbial carbon dioxide production was expected on soils with high organic matter content. Overall, the results of gas detection were disappointing. The main problems inherent in the system were; lack of control of the gas sampling, insufficient machine resolution and cross contamination. This led to the decision to discontinue the gas detection research. Instead, the application of electromagnetic induction (EMI) to measure soil variation was investigated. There were two principle advances in the research. Firstly the application of EMI to the rapid assessment of soil textural class. Secondly the mapping of available water content in the soil profile. These were achieved through the development of a new calibration procedure based on EMI survey of the sites at field capacity, working with field experiments from five sites over two years. Maps of total available water holding capacity were produced. These were correlated with yield maps from wet and dry seasons and used to explain some of the seasonal influences on the spatial variation in yield. A product development strategy for a new EMI sensor was considered which produced a recommendation to design a new EMI sensor specifically for available water content and soil texture mapping, that could be mounted on a tractor. For the first time, this procedure enables routine monitoring of the spatial variation in available water content. This enables the effects of seasonal and spatial variation to be included in crop models, targeted irrigation and to aid decisions for the variable application of inputs.

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6

Eastwood, Callum Ross. "Innovatoive precision dairry systems : a case study of farmer learning and technology co-development /". Connect to thesis, 2008. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/3530.

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Yang, Chun-Chieh. "Development of a weed management system for precision farming". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0033/NQ64697.pdf.

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Yang, Chun-Chieh 1967. "Development of a weed management system for precision farming". Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36735.

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The primary objective of this research project is to develop a system for precision spraying of herbicides in a corn field. Ultimately, such a system would permit real-time image collection, processing, weed identification, mapping of weed density and sprayer control using a tractor-mounted digital camera and on-board computer. The initial hypotheses underlying this project were (1) that it is possible to train an artificial neural network (ANN) to distinguish weeds from a crop species (corn in this study); (2) that it is possible to differentiate between weed species; and (3) that precision spraying can significantly reduce the quantity of herbicide needed to protect crop yields, thus reducing both the costs and environmental impacts of such applications. Thus, development of an ANN for this purpose was the main focus of the research project.
Since the success of ANN development is primarily dependent on the type of information that it is provided, much of the work involved investigation of different approaches to extracting information from the digital images of field sections and individual objects (weeds or corn plants), as well as analysis of the type of information extracted. The applicability of a given image processing method was evaluated in terms of the image recognition accuracy, as well as the computer time and memory requirements for processing and obtaining ANN output, since speed is of the essence in real-time applications. The greenness method based on a pixel-by-pixel analysis of red-green-blue intensity value of the original images was the most successful and was used in further work.
As it turned out, ANN development for this purpose was difficult. While the success rate for recognition of corn plants was high (80% or greater), the success rate for recognition of weeds tended to be low. Improvements in weed recognition were met with decreases in the success rate of corn recognition. Differentiation between weed species was less than desirable. Differentiation between corn and a given weed species was also not as good, particularly when the weed species was similar in appearance to the young corn plant.
Therefore, another strategy was developed to recognize weeds in the field by taking images between the corn rows. Previously, the images were taken randomly in the field. The images were processed to obtain percent greenness in each image and this information was used to create weed coverage and weed patchiness maps. Based on these maps, herbicide spraying was decided and spraying amounts were determined. In terms of real-time, it was possible to process the equivalent of one metre of row per second. Although this is slow compared to tractor speed in the field, the computer was not operating under dedicated conditions as one would require for the real-time application. Thus, the results were considered encouraging.
The final stage of the work involved an evaluation of the potential herbicide savings from a precision spraying system. This was done by using the weed coverage and weed patchiness maps as inputs to a simulated fuzzy logic controller, and integrating the output of the controller over the field area corresponding to the input images. The simulations with different fuzzy rules and membership functions indicated that the precision spraying approach could reduce the amount of herbicide needed for weed control in a corn field by up to 15%.

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9

Schneider, Martin [Verfasser]. "Ökonomische Potenziale von Precision Farming unter Risikoaspekten / Martin Schneider". Aachen : Shaker, 2011. http://d-nb.info/106904833X/34.

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10

Cillis, Donato. "Introducing innovative precision farming techniques in agriculture to decrease carbon emissions". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425242.

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Nowadays, agricultural systems are asked to satisfy the increasing global demand for food and fiber for a growing population. The intensification of the current systems in term of inputs and outputs lead to raising the concerns about the impact on the environment. Considering the background found in literature and its highlighted gap, the hypothesis of this thesis are (1) to survey within-farm soil and yield variability in order to delineate the homogeneous zones and productive potential; (2) study the synergy between conservation agriculture and precision agriculture allowing the optimization in terms of crop yield, net energy and energy efficiency; (3) identify the best strategies, derived from the synergy between conservation agriculture and precision agriculture, able to decrease the CO2 emissions of agricultural systems in the mid-term using SALUS simulations. Data collection required to verify these hypotheses derived from different sources, and their analysis was performed using different approaches and tools. In fact, different soil and crop sensors were used to define site-specific crop management and enable processes to better understand land changes such as spatial variations or delineation of homogeneous zones at farm scale. Besides, simulation models, when suitably tested, provide a useful tool for finding the combination of management strategies to reach the multiple goals required for sustainable crop production. Simulation models also allow to increase inputs efficiency and to perform land management. The homogeneous zones characterization derived from the interpolation of ARP data and historical crop-yield data. Incorporating this method, it is possible to efficiently perform the analysis with a larger set of data. Classification and definition of the homogeneous zones were fulfilled by inputting data into the MZA software. The optimum number of homogeneous classes was identified according to the study of indices provided by the software. Four homogeneous zones satisfying these requirements were then defined. Consequently, the productive potential was assigned to the homogeneous zones through ANOVA test of soil features and historical crop yield. Finally, the productive potential was validated comparing the average province yield of the considered crops. Regarding crop yield, strip-tillage (ST) and no-tillage (NT) got a decrease of 20% and 15% compared to conventional tillage (CT). However, the contribution of precision agriculture allows mitigating crop yield reduction in every tested conservation tillage system. In fact, an increase in total crop yield higher than 10% was observed, leading minimum tillage (MT) to obtain the same response of CT. In the same way, MT supported by precision agriculture achieves the highest net energy values, 2% higher than CT. While precision agriculture enables to enhance of almost 20% net energy in ST and NT compared to the same techniques managed in uniform rate application. Moreover, precision agriculture contributes to increasing energy efficiency in MT and NT with an increase with respect to CT of 10% and 2% respectively. Finally, ST supported by precision agriculture technologies shows an increase in energy efficiency of 15% compared to ST managed with a fixed rate of inputs. On the other hand, the contribution of precision agriculture in term of carbon emissions mitigation was assessed in order to define the strategy with the lowest total annual CO2 emissions under current climatic condition. SALUS simulation shown a general trend among the treatments characterized by a decrease in soil organic carbon (SOC) stock. However, a significant reduction in SOC losses was simulated in MT and NT, 17% and 63% respectively, compared to CT. Furthermore, the adoption of conservation tillage techniques decreased carbon emissions related to farming operations, while precision agriculture technologies led to an optimization of the exhaustible sources such as fossil fuels and fertilizers. Finally, we showed that the synergy between conservation tillage systems, especially NT, and precision agriculture strategies represents a useful tool in terms of carbon emissions mitigation. With consideration of current climatic conditions and the studied field variability, NT supported by precision agriculture strategies demonstrated a reduction of 56% of total CO2 as compared to CT.
Oggi, I sistemi agricoli sono chiamati a soddisfare la crescente domanda di cibo e fibre vegetali dovuto al continuo incremento demografico. L’intensificazione di questi sistemi in termini di utilizzo massiccio di fattori produttivi e relative asportazione porta ad aumentare le preoccupazioni in merito all’impatto ambientale. Il principale obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è individuare, attraverso prove sperimentali combinate con simulazioni di medio-termine di diversi scenari, la miglior soluzione tecnica in grado di preservare la fertilità del suolo e ridurre l'impatto ambientale del settore agricolo studiando la sinergia tra l'agricoltura conservativa e l'agricoltura di precisione. Considerando i contributi scientifici che studiano i due principi, ed individuati i punti di approfondimento relativi alla gestione della variabilità e mitigazione dell'impatto ambientale, le ipotesi di questo lavoro di tesi sono (1) di mappare la variabilità a livello aziendale in termini di proprietà del suolo e resa in granella allo scopo di definire delle zone omogenee ed attribuirgli un potenziale produttivo; (2) studiare la sinergia tra l’agricoltura conservativa e l’agricoltura di precisione che premette di ottenere incrementi produttivi, energia netta ed efficienza energetica; (3) individuare le migliori strategie derivanti dalla sinergia tra agricoltura conservativa ed agricoltura di precisione, in grado di diminuire nel medio periodo le emissioni di CO2 dei sistemi agricoli usando le simulazioni del modello SALUS. Per verificare queste ipotesi la raccolta dati è stata effettuata utilizzando diverse fonti, approcci e strumenti. Infatti, strumenti per la mappatura del suolo ed il monitoraggio dello stato di vigore delle colture sono stati utilizzati per studiare la variabilità di campo e la sua evoluzione nel tempo per poter definire zone omogenee stabili nel tempo. Inoltre, i modelli di simulazione, quando opportunamente testati, rappresentano un utile strumento per poter definire la miglior strategia gestionale per ottenere delle produzioni sostenibili. Questi trovano diversi campi applicativi, dall’incremento dell’efficienza d’uso dei fattori produttivi alla gestione delle superfici coltivate. La caratterizzazione delle zone omogenee è stata effettuata tramite interpolazione dei dati ARP e dati di resa storici derivanti da mappe di resa. Adottando questo metodo è possibile effettuare analisi su vasta scala. La classificazione e definizione delle zone omogenee è stata ottenuta alimentando un programma geostatistico chiamato MZA con i dati descritti in precedenza. Il numero ottimale di classi omogenee è stato selezionato sulla base di indici derivanti dall’analisi del programma, che per questo studio è risultato essere quattro. Successivamente, il potenziale produttivo di ogni classe omogenea è stato attribuito attraverso analisi della varianza dei dati relativi alle analisi del suolo puntuali e dati di resa storici. Infine, il potenziale produttivo assegnato è stato validato sulla base delle rese medie storiche a livello distrettuale. Per quanto riguarda la resa in granella, nello strip-tillage (ST) e la non lavorazione (NT) si osservano cali del 20% e 15% rispetto alla tecnica convenzionale (CT). Tuttavia, il contributo dell’agricoltura di precisione permette di mitigare questo fenomeno in tutte le tecniche di lavorazione conservativa studiate in questo lavoro. Questo permette di ottenere incrementi produttivi superiori al 10%, che permettono alla minima lavorazione (MT) di eguagliare le rese di CT. Allo stesso modo, MT supportata da agricoltura di precisione raggiunge i più alti valori di energia netta, 2% maggiori di CT. Mentre, l’agricoltura di precisione contribuisce ad aumentare di quasi il 20% l’energia netta in ST e NT rispetto al corrispettivo gestito in modo uniforme. Inoltre, Questa consenta di aumentare l’efficienza energetica in MT e NT del 10% e 2% rispetto a CT. In ST invece, si osservano incrementi del 15% confrontato con la stessa tecnica senza supporto di agricoltura di precisione. D’altronde, i possibili benefici dell’agricoltura di precisione sono stati calcolati in termini di emissioni di carbonio per poter definire le migliori strategie che pesano meno dal punto di vista delle emissioni di CO2 in atmosfera nelle condizioni climatiche attuali. Dalle simulazioni del SALUS si evince che tutte le tesi studiate sono caratterizzate da perdite del contenuto di carbonio organico del suolo (SOC). Tuttavia, si sono registrate minori perdite in MT e NT del 17% e 63% rispetto a CT. Inoltre, l’adozione di tecniche di lavorazione conservativa mitiga anche le emissioni di carbonio legate alle agrotecniche, mentre l’agricoltura di precisione porta ad una ottimizzazione delle risorse esauribili come combustibile fossile e fertilizzanti. Infine, è stato dimostrato che la sinergia tra agricoltura conservativa, specialmente NT, e agricoltura di precisione rappresenta un utile strumento per mitigare le emissioni di carbonio in atmosfera legate all’attività agricola. Infatti, considerando le attuali condizioni climatiche e la variabilità di campo caratterizzante l’area di studio, NT supportata da principi e tecnologie di agricoltura di precisione è in grado di ridurre le emissioni totali annue di CO2 del 56% rispetto a CT.

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Rahman, Baishali. "Estimating the Economic Benefits of Automatic Section Control in the North Dakota Prairie Pothole Region". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28870.

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The impact of Automatic Section Control (ASC) as a tool of Precision Agricultural Technology as considered in the more efficient application of inputs to produce the four major crops, corn, soybean, HRSW, and canola in the North Dakota Prairie Pothole Region. Reduction in machinery overlap in the sample 105 fields was calculated by simulating the routing paths of a 60-feet wide planter with 24 sections controlled and a 120-feet wide boom sprayer with individual nozzle control. The dollar and percentage seed and chemical costs that a farm can save by reducing overlapping area were calculated. Impact of field parameters on net savings were estimated by developing and estimating an econometric model. Results show that ASC can save substantial cost in the sample fields while field shape had the highest significant impact on net cost savings.
North Dakota State University. Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics

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Addicott, James Edward. "Farming by satellites : how West Country farmers were being driven to, and by, precision agricultural systems". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/278696.

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Precision farming integrates satellite coordination and information communication technologies into farming practices to deliver self-driving and auto-regulating machinery and equipment to farmers, who can afford to invest, right across the globe. It is often sold on the basis that it can help clean up or ‘ecologically modernise’ conventional, industrial agriculture. It should also increase production rates in industrial agriculture to help to ‘feed the world’ as well as being cost effective in ways that could make farmers more money – miracle-grow formula and win-win technology. There are critical concerns that precision farming facilitates a continuing trend of transnational firms appropriating control over agricultural industries. Many neo-Marxist or neo-Weberian critics contend that any ‘green’ benefits fall secondary to the more dominant social and economic trend of ongoing capital accumulation, increasing rationalisation and industrial progress that has been deemed detrimental to natural environments and human populations. These social and economic pressures are actually the real drivers in change. Rather than greening industrial agriculture, precision farming is another way of masking over and profiting from the risks caused by ongoing capitalist accumulation and industrial agriculture. The other set of concerns are to do with human culture and labour. Farming is the grass roots of modern civilisation and dependent upon human labour, knowledge and cultural methods. With the introduction of data over knowledge, and auto-steering tractors over human labour and skills, what kinds of impacts will this have on farm families, rural cultures within countryside landscapes in Britain or other countries where precision farming is being adopted? As a farmer’s son, I was concerned about the impact the computerisation of agriculture will have on family farms, nature and rural communities. I spent four years interviewing and working with a cooperative group of Duchy of Cornwall farmers in the West Country of England. I wanted to know why they were using these new technologies and the kinds of benefits, impacts or outcomes that they experienced following adoption. The results tend to confirm critics’ concerns, unfortunately. Precision farming has much more to do with the organising of agricultural production. The restructuring of farming by way of precision farming greater empowers transnational agribusinesses and Agri-Food supply chains, rather than protecting the environment, feeding hungry people or making family farming more sustainable. I conclude my research by suggesting that it is not technology, or agricultural technologies such as precision farming that will deliver these end goals in and of them selves. There could be room to improve precision farming systems if they are coupled with well-managed policy designs and agri-environmental schemes.

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Noack, Patrick Ole. "Entwicklung fahrspurbasierter Algorithmen zur Korrektur von Ertragsdaten im precision farming". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=980378761.

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Gandorfer, Markus. "Bewertung von precision farming dargestellt am Beispiel der teilflächenspezifischen Stickstoffdüngung". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=98039810X.

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Bennett, Kenneth Albert. "Development of a herbicide direct injection system for precision farming". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ27482.pdf.

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Karpinski, Isabella Helene. "Volkswirtschaftliche Analyse einer flächenweiten Einführung von Precision Farming in Deutschland". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17033.

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Ziel der volkswirtschaftlichen Analyse des Precision Farming ist es, quantitativ untermauerte Aussagen bzgl. einer staatlichen Förderung der Precision Farming-Technologie zu treffen. So sind über die Methode der Nutzen-Kosten-Analyse alle relevanten Projektwirkungen identifiziert worden. Die Quantifizierung der direkten Wirkungen erfolgte am Beispiel der „Wulfen-Studie“ (Region Köthen, Sachsen-Anhalt). Für die indirekten Umweltwirkungen ist in einem ersten Schritt eine naturschutzfachliche Bewertung von Umweltgütern auf der Basis von Experteneinschätzungen erfolgt. Im zweiten Schritt wurden den einzelnen indirekten Umweltwirkungen monetäre Studienwerte aus der Literatur zugeordnet (benefit transfer). Nach Prüfen der Sensitivität und Erfassung der Intangibles zeigt die Gegenüberstellung der Nutzen und Kosten des Precision Farming, dass der Nettonutzen im Durchschnitt über die Untersuchungsjahre von +24,91 €/ha bis zu +244,80 €/ha variiert. Der Entwurf eines Heterogenitätsindikators zur Beschreibung der Beziehung zwischen Nettonutzen und Heterogenität eines Schlages führte zur Darstellung einer Heterogenitätsverteilung in Ostdeutschland. Unter der Annahme, dass die Ergebnisse der Fallstudie Wulfen auch repräsentativ für andere Regionen in Deutschland seien, erfolgte eine aussagekräftige Hochrechnung des Netto-nutzen/ha für Ostdeutschland mit einem durchschnittlichen Nettonutzen einer Einführung von Precision Farming von 45,6 Mio. €. Aufgrund der vielfältigen positiven Umweltwirkungen des Precision Farming kann eine staatliche Förderung des Precision Farming durchaus als legitim erachtet werden, besonders unter Berücksichtigung der hohen Investitionskosten für die Technik. Da unsere Aussagen aber auf vielen Annahmen beruhen, kann von dieser Stelle aus eine staatliche Förderung des Precision Farming nicht empfohlen werden. Dazu bedürfe es weiterer Forschungsarbeit.
The nationwide introduction of precision farming in Germany as a new technology in agriculture depends crucially on the incentives set by the government. Therefore, the economical analysis (cost benefit analysis) of the effects of precision farming is chosen to promote precision farming in Germany. One of the core elements of cost benefit analysis is the identification and quantification of the effects of precision farming in Germany. The direct quantification was carried out by the example of the "Wulfen study" (region Koethen, Saxonia-Anhalt). For the indirect environmental effects an experts estimation combined with a benefit analysis of those goods took place in a first step. In a second step monetary study values from literature were assigned to the individual indirect environmental effects (benefit transfer). After examining the sensitivity and the collection of the Intangibles, the net benefit of precision agriculture/ha was calculated. It varies from +24, 91 €/ha up to +244, 80 €/ha (average value over 3 years and two precision farming strategies). The regionalisation of the net benefit, calculated for the “Wulfen” region, was possible through the development of a heterogeneity indicator (HEI). This indicator describes the relationship between net benefit and site-specific heterogeneity. On the assumption that the results of the Wulfen case study are representative for other regions in Germany, the net benefit/ha was calculated to Eastern Germany. Thus does a net benefit of an introduction of precision farming on winter wheat in East Germany result of average 45,6 Mio €. Various positive environmental effects of precision agriculture appear, but with the high capital investment costs for the precision agriculture technology farmers won’t introduce this technology on their fields. Since our statements are based on many assumptions and restrictions, we cannot recommend however a national promotion of precision agriculture.

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Montanari, Rafael. "Atributos do solo e componentes produtivos da cultura da pupunha : uma abordagem linear, geoestatística e multivariada". Ilha Solteira, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/140270.

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Banca: Ricardo Antônio Ferreira Rodrigues
Banca: Salatiér Buzetti
Banca: Paulo Leonel Libardi
Banca: Carlos Roberto Espindola
Banca: Edson Eiji Matsura
Resumo: Por se tratar de um cultivo perene, a pupunheira se torna bastante exigente quanto aos atributos físico-químicos do solo, refletindo de forma mais imediata ao efeito causado pelo manejo que é adotado. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar por meio de análises lineares, geoestatísticas e multivariadas os atributos do solo que melhor expliquem a variabilidade linear e espacial da cultura da pupunha em Registro, SP. Em 2014, foi analisado os componentes produtivos da cultura da pupunha em função de alguns atributos físicos e químicos de um Cambissolo eutrófico. Foi demarcada a malha geoestatística, com 54 pontos amostrais, numa área de 1 ha. Quanto ao ponto de vista linear, diâmetro do caule e altura da planta foi explicada pelo modelo potencial direto e exponencial, o que foi altamente significativa, devido à resistência mecânica à penetração. A classificação em grupos foi feita por três métodos: método de agrupamentos hierárquico, método não-hierárquico k-means e análise de componentes principais. Assim, pode se concluir que a análise multivariada por meio da análise de componentes principais permitiu identificar dois grupos que explicam 67,8 % da variabilidade total dos dados, onde estes grupos são constituídos pelos atributos físicos densidade do solo, porosidade total, umidade gravimétrica e resistência mecânica à penetração que se mostraram com maior poder de explicação da variação do diâmetro do caule da pupunha. Já para os atributos químicos a classificação em grupos foi feita por três métodos: método de agrupamentos hierárquico, método não-hierárquico k-means e análise de componentes principais. Pode se concluir que a análise multivariada por meio da análise de componentes principais permitiu identificar dois grupos que explicam 56,62 % da variabilidade total dos dados, onde estes grupos são constituídos pelos atributos químicos matéria orgânica, potássio, magnésio..
Abstract: Because it is a perennial crop, peach palm becomes quite demanding as physico-chemical soil properties, reflecting more immediately the effect caused by the management that is adopted. The objective of this study was to identify through linear analysis, geostatistics and multivariate soil attributes that best explain the linear and spatial variability of the culture of peach palm in Registro, SP. In 2014, was analyzed productive components of the culture of peach palm due to some physical and chemical attributes of a eutrophic Cambisol. It was demarcated the geostatistical grid with 54 sampling points in an area of 1 ha. As the linear point of view, stem diameter, and plant height was explained by the potential direct and exponential model, which was highly significant due to the mechanical resistance. Classification into groups was made by three methods: method of hierarchical clusters, non-hierarchical k-means method and principal component analysis. Thus, it can be concluded that the multivariate analysis using principal component analysis allowed us to identify two groups that explain 67.8% of the total variability of the data, where these groups are made up of the physical attributes of the soil density, total porosity, humidity and gravimetric penetration resistance that demonstrated greater explanatory power of the variation of peach palm stem diameter. As for the chemical attributes the classification in groups was made by three methods: method of hierarchical clusters, non-hierarchical k-means method and principal component analysis. It can be concluded that the multivariate analysis using principal component analysis allowed us to identify two groups that explain 56.62% of the total variability of the data, where these groups are made up of the chemical attributes organic matter, potassium, magnesium, aluminum, exchange capacity cation and aluminum saturation stood out as main components that demonstrated greater explanatory power...

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Ferrari, S. "Scientific methodology for sound labelling in relation to precision livestock farming". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/157889.

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The analysis of animal sounds and vocalizations allows the interpretation of stress, behaviour or disease pattern in a non invasive way, and it might be used to assess welfare, management as well as health status and social adaptation (e.g. hierarchies ). Farm sanitary level especially is crucial for modern livestock farming where high animal density affect health. Monitoring animal health is vital for the sustainable management of a farm but it’s often difficult to apply punctually. The results of a low monitoring are increased disease rate, increased pharmacologic costs and decrease in quality and quantity of productions. In Italians intensive farming realities the main issue is given by respiratory pathologies , the second in incidence and prevalence after enteric diseases. Coughing is one of the most frequent presenting symptoms of many of them and it is a sudden air explosion in the airways followed by a characteristic sound. Being cough one of the body's defence mechanisms against respiratory infections, it can be a sign of disorder or infection of the respiratory system. It has been identified as an index for over 100 diseases and experienced physicians, in human medicine, can identify an infection based on the cough sound. But the importance of coughing as a means of prognosis refers also to animals: it has been shown that pig vocalisation is directly related to pain and classification of such sounds has been attempted; it is also common practice by veterinarians to assess cough sounds in pig houses for diagnostic purposes. However, this last approach cannot be used as a continuous monitoring and early warning for infections in pig houses since it is time limited and subjective. In this regard, there have been attempts to identify the characteristics of coughing in animals. More objective and automated detection of respiratory diseases in pig houses should be possible by on line sound analysis of cough monitoring. To develop automatic algorithms for pig cough recognition, experiments and well-labelled cough data are needed. The arguments exposed in this thesis are: (1) the attained results in cough recognition and classifications, (2) definition of methodology to label cough data and sound data in general in field condition, (3) the achieved results for sound source localization by sound analysis, (4) the steps toward the creation of an algorithm for automatic sounds recognition and localization, (5) the creation of a “labelling tool”. The first issue suppose that changes in cough character may have a considerable value in identifying the mechanisms of airway pathology present in respiratory diseases. The cough sounds gives information about the patophysiological mechanisms of coughing by indicating the structural nature of the tissues during pathology that leads to certain patterns of cough. Signal processing allowed to identify the peculiar features, in time and frequency domain, of different sound groups. Comparisons were based on the Root Mean Square (RMS) normalized pressure, the peak frequency (frequency with maximal energy content) and the duration of the signals (in s). The second argument developed is sound labelling which is fundamental for the steps of sound analysis, modelling and for the creation of the algorithm. Labelling is a manual procedure, based on acoustic analysis combined with visual spectral analysis, which is used to extract cough sounds from the entire recordings. In this thesis labelling is done manually, offline by the operator to extrapolate only those sounds that the visual observation of the spectrogram and the auditive confirmation classified as cough attacks. In this way we have obtained a database of various coughs sounds. For the third issue on sound localization an algorithm based on the “Time Difference of Arrival” (TDOA) of the signal in 7 microphones is proposed. It is shown that this computationally efficient method provides acceptable accuracy levels for the specific application. In the forth point of this discussion the time domain characteristics of sound signals have been investigated to evaluate their value to automatically classify sick coughs. The instantaneous energy of the signal is used to detect and extract individual sounds from a continuous recording and their duration is used as a pre–classifier. The sick cough identification algorithm is based on Auto Regression (AR) analysis of the signal and has been shown that the AR parameters of sick pig cough signals form a separate cluster from that of other sounds. The proposed localization algorithm is based on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) between the sound as received by 7 microphones. This technique is the first application for combined online cough recognition and localization presented in the relevant literature and can pose as a starting point for further research. The last subject of this thesis is the result of the effort to study sound characteristics and particularly cough sound features and it is concretised in a pc program called Labelling tool capable of automatic sound extraction from continuous recordings. Subsequently to the results obtained the bioacoustic approach may be directly applied to intensive farming systems where its efficiency will be tested along with the effect it can have on animal welfare, faster animal treatment, reduction of antibiotics and therefore pig health. By applying the system in the stables farmers will be provided of automatic cough counting and coughs positions visualization which will automatically monitor the spread of respiratory diseases and eventually contribute to early diagnosis of the disease bringing to antibiotics use reduction by means of selective, early treatment.

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Adrian, Anne Mims Rainer R. Kelly. "Factors influencing adoption and use of precision agriculture". Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Dissertations/ADRIAN_ANNE_27.pdf.

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Logsdon, Thomas Joseph. "A FEASIBILITY STUDY OF OPENING AND OPERATING A PRECISION FARMING FIRM IN KENTUCKY". UKnowledge, 2006. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/176.

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In the recent past precision farming has become increasingly popular amongfarmers. However, little has been done to study the business aspect of precision farming,with most research focusing on the production side. This purpose of this thesis is tostudy the feasibility of successfully opening and operating a precision farming firm inKentucky. To determine the feasibility of such a venture a computer model was createdand a producer survey was designed and distributed to farmers in Western and CentralKentucky.The purpose of the computer model was to determine the factors that wouldinfluence the successful operation of a precision farming firm including number of acresserviced per year, pricing of services, the cost of capital to borrow money, and manyother factors. A break-even analysis was performed to determine what kind of annualincreases in business would be required, what price range services should be in, and atwhat interest rate money could be borrowed and a simulated precision farming firm couldstill operate successfully.The producer survey was mailed to 336 farmers in Western and Central Kentuckybecause of their geographical locations and the type of crops that are grown there. Thesurvey response rate was 20 percent and of the 66 surveys that were returned 59 wereappropriate and useful for research. After compiling the results of the surveys,regressions were run to determine any correlation between dependent and independentvariables that affect the adoption rate of precision farming techniques. The results foundthat a negative correlation exists between age adoption rates of precision farming and thata positive correlation exists between farm size and adoption rates of precision farming.After conducting the research, it is believed that given the right economicconditions and management a precision farming firm is very capable of thriving inKentucky. However, the workforce must be very motivated and capable of constantlyrecruiting new clients to adopt precision farming.

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Lovera, Lenon Henrique [UNESP]. "Atributos do solo e componentes produtivos da soja: Uma abordagem linear, multivariada e geoestatística". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/131899.

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O estudo dos atributos do solo e da planta utilizando a geoestatística, e a consequente geração de mapas de krigagem, resultam na utilização racional de fertilizantes e, assim na redução de custos para o produtor. No ano agrícola de 2013/2014, no município de Selvíria (MS), objetivou-se avaliar a dependência espacial e a análise multivariada dos atributos físicos, químicos, teores de nutrientes foliares e macrofauna de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico em duas profundidades, com os componentes da produção e produtividade de grãos cultivada em sistema plantio direto. Foi instalada uma malha amostral, para a coleta de dados do solo, planta e macrofauna, com 100 pontos amostrais distribuídos aletoriamente, em uma área de 7980 m 2 . As maiores variabilidades dos atributos analisadas pelo coeficiente de variação ocorreram na camada de 0,00-0,10 m do solo. Alguns dos atributos pesquisados apresentaram dependência espacial, sendo possível mapear a área em estudo. Os valores dos alcances geoestatísticos recomendados para os atributos pesquisados deverão estar compreendidos entre 9,9 e 91,8 m. Espacialmente falando, a produtividade de grãos da soja pôde ser estimada por meio da co-krigagem com o valor do DS2, DMG, DMP do solo e fósforo foliar. Assim, valores baixos e altos destes atributos indicaram sítios com as maiores ou menores produtividades de grãos e soja. A análise multivariada permitiu que apenas alguns atributos se destacassem como componentes principais, sendo considerados os mais importantes para o manejo do solo dessa área
The study of soil properties and plant using geostatistics, and the subsequent generation of kriging maps result in the rational use of fertilizers and thus to reduce costs for producers. In the agricultural year 2013/2014, in Selvíria (MS) aimed to evaluate the spatial dependency and multivariate analysis of physical, chemical attributes, foliar nutrient content and macrofauna of Oxisol in two depths, with yield components and grain yield grown in no-till system. A sampling grid was installed to collect soil data, plant and macrofauna, with 100 sampling points distributed random, in an area of 7980 m 2 . The greatest variability of the attributes analyzed by the coefficient of variation occurred at a depth of 0.00 to 0.10 m above the ground. Some of the attributes studied presented spatial dependence, it is possible to map the area under study. The values of geostatistical ranges recommended for the surveyed attributes should be between 9,9 and 91,8 m. Spatially speaking, the productivity of the soybeans could be estimated by means of co-kriging with the value DS2, DMG, DMP soil and foliar phosphorus. So, low and high values of these attributes indicate sites with higher or lower yields of grain and soybeans. Multivariate analysis has allowed only a few attributes to stand out as main components, being considered the most important for soil management in this area

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Lovera, Lenon Henrique. "Atributos do solo e componentes produtivos da soja: Uma abordagem linear, multivariada e geoestatística /". Ilha Solteira, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/131899.

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Orientador: Rafael Montanari
Co-orientador: Alan Rodrigo Panosso
Banca: Marcelo Andreotti
Banca: Zigomar Menezes de Souza
Resumo: O estudo dos atributos do solo e da planta utilizando a geoestatística, e a consequente geração de mapas de krigagem, resultam na utilização racional de fertilizantes e, assim na redução de custos para o produtor. No ano agrícola de 2013/2014, no município de Selvíria (MS), objetivou-se avaliar a dependência espacial e a análise multivariada dos atributos físicos, químicos, teores de nutrientes foliares e macrofauna de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico em duas profundidades, com os componentes da produção e produtividade de grãos cultivada em sistema plantio direto. Foi instalada uma malha amostral, para a coleta de dados do solo, planta e macrofauna, com 100 pontos amostrais distribuídos aletoriamente, em uma área de 7980 m 2 . As maiores variabilidades dos atributos analisadas pelo coeficiente de variação ocorreram na camada de 0,00-0,10 m do solo. Alguns dos atributos pesquisados apresentaram dependência espacial, sendo possível mapear a área em estudo. Os valores dos alcances geoestatísticos recomendados para os atributos pesquisados deverão estar compreendidos entre 9,9 e 91,8 m. Espacialmente falando, a produtividade de grãos da soja pôde ser estimada por meio da co-krigagem com o valor do DS2, DMG, DMP do solo e fósforo foliar. Assim, valores baixos e altos destes atributos indicaram sítios com as maiores ou menores produtividades de grãos e soja. A análise multivariada permitiu que apenas alguns atributos se destacassem como componentes principais, sendo considerados os mais importantes para o manejo do solo dessa área
Abstract: The study of soil properties and plant using geostatistics, and the subsequent generation of kriging maps result in the rational use of fertilizers and thus to reduce costs for producers. In the agricultural year 2013/2014, in Selvíria (MS) aimed to evaluate the spatial dependency and multivariate analysis of physical, chemical attributes, foliar nutrient content and macrofauna of Oxisol in two depths, with yield components and grain yield grown in no-till system. A sampling grid was installed to collect soil data, plant and macrofauna, with 100 sampling points distributed random, in an area of 7980 m 2 . The greatest variability of the attributes analyzed by the coefficient of variation occurred at a depth of 0.00 to 0.10 m above the ground. Some of the attributes studied presented spatial dependence, it is possible to map the area under study. The values of geostatistical ranges recommended for the surveyed attributes should be between 9,9 and 91,8 m. Spatially speaking, the productivity of the soybeans could be estimated by means of co-kriging with the value DS2, DMG, DMP soil and foliar phosphorus. So, low and high values of these attributes indicate sites with higher or lower yields of grain and soybeans. Multivariate analysis has allowed only a few attributes to stand out as main components, being considered the most important for soil management in this area
Mestre

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Borchers, Matthew Richard. "AN EVALUATION OF PRECISION DAIRY FARMING TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION, PERCEPTION, EFFECTIVENESS, AND USE". UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/45.

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Precision dairy farming technologies provide a variety of functions to dairy farmers. Little is known about dairy producer perception of these technologies. A study was performed to understand dairy producer perception of parameters monitored by precision dairy farming technologies. Calving has potential to be predicted using these same parameters and technologies. A second study was performed using two commercially marketed technologies in calving prediction. In order for these technologies to generate accurate and useful information for dairy farm use, they must accurately quantify these parameters. The final study evaluated the accuracy of five commercially marketed technologies in monitoring feeding, rumination, and lying behaviors.

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Elmetwalli, Adel M. H. "Remote sensing as a precision farming tool in the Nile Valley, Egypt". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/844.

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Detecting stress in plants resulting from different stressors including nitrogen deficiency, salinity, moisture, contamination and diseases, is crucial in crop production. In the Nile Valley, crop production is hindered perhaps more fundamentally by issues of water supply and salinity. Predicting stress in crops by conventional methods is tedious, laborious and costly and is perhaps unreliable in providing a spatial context of stress patterns. Accurate and quick monitoring techniques for crop status to detect stress in crops at early growth stages are needed to maximize crop productivity. In this context, remotely sensed data may provide a useful tool in precision farming. This research aims to evaluate the role of in situ hyperspectral and high spatial resolution satellite remote sensing data to detect stress in wheat and maize crops and assess whether moisture induced stress can be distinguished from salinity induced stress spectrally. A series of five greenhouse based experiments on wheat and maize were undertaken subjecting both crops to a range of salinity and moisture stress levels. Spectroradiometry measurements were collected at different growth stages of each crop to assess the relationship between crop biophysical and biochemical properties and reflectance measurements from plant canopies. Additionally, high spatial resolution satellite images including two QuickBird, one ASTER and two SPOT HRV were acquired in south-west Alexandria, Egypt to assess the potential of high spectral and spatial resolution satellite imagery to detect stress in wheat and maize at local and regional scales. Two field work visits were conducted in Egypt to collect ground reference data and coupled with Hyperion imagery acquisition, during winter and summer seasons of 2007 in March (8-30: wheat) and July (12-17: maize). Despite efforts, Hyperion imagery was not acquired due to factors out with the control of this research. Strong significant correlations between crop properties and different vegetation indices derived from both ground based and satellite platforms were observed. RDVI showed a sensitive index to different wheat properties (r > 0.90 with different biophysical properties). In maize, GNDVIbr and Cgreen had strong significant correlations with maize biophysical properties (r > 0.80). PCA showed the possibility to distinguish between moisture and salinity induced stress at the grain filling stages. The results further showed that a combined approach of high (2-5 m) and moderate (15-20) spatial resolution satellite imagery can provide a better mechanistic interpretation of the distribution and sources of stress, despite the typical small size of fields (20-50 m scale). QuickBird imagery successfully detects stress within field and local scales, whereas SPOT HRV imagery is useful in detecting stress at a regional scale, and therefore, can be a robust tool in identifying issues of crop management at a regional scale. Due to the limited spectral capabilities of high spatial resolution images, distinguishing different sources of stress is not directly possible, and therefore, hyperspectral satellite imagery (e.g. Hyperion or HyspIRI) is required to distinguish between moisture and salinity induced stress. It is evident from the results that remotely sensed data acquired by both in situ hyperspectral and high spatial resolution satellite remote sensing can be used as a useful tool in precision farming in the Nile Valley, Egypt. A combined approach of using reliable high spatial and spectral satellite remote sensing data could provide better insight about stress at local and regional scales. Using this technique as a precision farming and management tool will lead to improved crop productivity by limiting stress and consequently provide a valuable tool in combating issues of food supply at a time of rapid population growth.

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McEntee, Peter John. "The integration and validation of precision management tools in mixed farming systems". Thesis, Curtin University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/54060.

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In mixed farming systems up to 40% of farm area is in pasture, yet little is known about sub-paddock spatial variability/stability during a pasture phase. Precision agriculture technologies were used to incorporate pasture phase spatial variability into mixed farming precision management. Variations in paddock productivity over time were correlated between both crop and pasture phases, allowing site specific management to be adopted in both crop and pasture phases. However, the relationship was weaker in drought years.

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Sanaei, Akbar. "Instrumented combine harvester based reliable yeild mapping aided by GIS/GPS". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262893.

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Machado, Thiago Martins [UNESP]. "Hastes instrumentadas com controle automatizado do escarificador atuando em profundidades variáveis". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101799.

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A compactação do solo é um problema que atinge a maioria das áreas agricultáveis do Brasil, sendo provocada por diversos fatores, tais como o excesso de carga e o tráfego intenso de máquinas, uso de pneus inadequados para a carga aplicada e pressões de inflação fora do recomendado, tráfego de máquinas no campo com o teor de água do solo não recomendado e vários outros problemas. Existem disponíveis vários modelos e sistemas de medição da compactação do solo no Brasil; porém, os sensores desses equipamentos necessitam de processamento e interpretação dos dados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi projetar e avaliar um protótipo de hastes instrumentadas para identificar as camadas compactadas dos solos agrícolas em tempo real e em profundidades variáveis. O equipamento foi desenvolvido para ser montado na parte frontal do trator “tendo o movimento vertical, para introdução no solo”, controlado pelo sistema hidráulico central do trator. As partes constituintes do protótipo frontal são o chassi, hastes, células de carga, coletor de dados, GPS, sensor de posição e controlador de fluxo de óleo que comanda o escarificador, acoplado na traseira do trator que é utilizado para descompactar o solo. O protótipo frontal do trator envia os dados de tensão do solo lidos pelas células de carga, sendo armazenados e sincronizados com os arquivos vindos do GPS e enviados por um coletor de dados, ao controlador de fluxo de óleo do escarificador, de acordo com os dados do sensor de posição, considerando o limite de tensão programado para que o escarificador atue, ou seja, penetre no solo na profundidade indicada, quando for maior ou igual a 2 MPa, promovendo a movimentação vertical do escarificador quando necessário. A calibração...
The soil compaction is a problem that affects most of agriculture fields in Brazil, aggravated for many factors, for example excess weight in the traffic and intense traffic machinery, tires used inadequately for the load weight applied and calibration pressures not recommended, the machineries enters on the field with water content in soil not recommended, and there are others problems. There are several models and systems available to measure the compaction in the soil in Brazil, but the data of equipment sensors need to be interpreted and processed. The objective of this work was to design and evaluate a prototype to indentify the compacted layers in the agricultural soil in real time and on the go in various depths. The equipment was design to be mounted in front of the tractor with vertical movement, to be introduced in the soil, controlled by central hydraulic system of the tractor. The constituent parts of frontal sensor are chassis, tines, load's cells, electronic system to collect files, GPS, position sensors, and oil flow controllers that transfers the command to the chiseled that is mounted behind the tractor and is used to mobilize the soil. The frontal sensor of tractor feeds together with the GPS files the pressure files of the soil read by load cells and this files are stored and sent by one data collector and to controller's oil flow of chisel according by positions sensor considering the programmed limit to the moves of chisel. In other words introduce the soil in initial depth if the pressure is equal or bigger than 2 MPa for initiate the vertical movement of the chisel, when needed. The equipment's calibration was made in area from the NEMPA's test track - Núcleo de Ensaio de Máquinas e Pneus Agrícolas - used as calibrator of the detector equipment of compaction a penetrometer and the Cone Index (IC) was inserted in the data... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Machado, Thiago Martins 1981. "Hastes instrumentadas com controle automatizado do escarificador atuando em profundidades variáveis /". Botucatu :, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101799.

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Orientador: Kléber Pereira Lanças
Banca: Ulisses Rocha Antuniassi
Banca: João Eduardo Guarnetti dos Santos
Banca: Luciano Shozo Shiratsuchi
Banca: Pedro Castro Neto
Resumo: A compactação do solo é um problema que atinge a maioria das áreas agricultáveis do Brasil, sendo provocada por diversos fatores, tais como o excesso de carga e o tráfego intenso de máquinas, uso de pneus inadequados para a carga aplicada e pressões de inflação fora do recomendado, tráfego de máquinas no campo com o teor de água do solo não recomendado e vários outros problemas. Existem disponíveis vários modelos e sistemas de medição da compactação do solo no Brasil; porém, os sensores desses equipamentos necessitam de processamento e interpretação dos dados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi projetar e avaliar um protótipo de hastes instrumentadas para identificar as camadas compactadas dos solos agrícolas em tempo real e em profundidades variáveis. O equipamento foi desenvolvido para ser montado na parte frontal do trator "tendo o movimento vertical, para introdução no solo", controlado pelo sistema hidráulico central do trator. As partes constituintes do protótipo frontal são o chassi, hastes, células de carga, coletor de dados, GPS, sensor de posição e controlador de fluxo de óleo que comanda o escarificador, acoplado na traseira do trator que é utilizado para descompactar o solo. O protótipo frontal do trator envia os dados de tensão do solo lidos pelas células de carga, sendo armazenados e sincronizados com os arquivos vindos do GPS e enviados por um coletor de dados, ao controlador de fluxo de óleo do escarificador, de acordo com os dados do sensor de posição, considerando o limite de tensão programado para que o escarificador atue, ou seja, penetre no solo na profundidade indicada, quando for maior ou igual a 2 MPa, promovendo a movimentação vertical do escarificador quando necessário. A calibração... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The soil compaction is a problem that affects most of agriculture fields in Brazil, aggravated for many factors, for example excess weight in the traffic and intense traffic machinery, tires used inadequately for the load weight applied and calibration pressures not recommended, the machineries enters on the field with water content in soil not recommended, and there are others problems. There are several models and systems available to measure the compaction in the soil in Brazil, but the data of equipment sensors need to be interpreted and processed. The objective of this work was to design and evaluate a prototype to indentify the compacted layers in the agricultural soil in real time and on the go in various depths. The equipment was design to be mounted in front of the tractor with vertical movement, to be introduced in the soil, controlled by central hydraulic system of the tractor. The constituent parts of frontal sensor are chassis, tines, load's cells, electronic system to collect files, GPS, position sensors, and oil flow controllers that transfers the command to the chiseled that is mounted behind the tractor and is used to mobilize the soil. The frontal sensor of tractor feeds together with the GPS files the pressure files of the soil read by load cells and this files are stored and sent by one data collector and to controller's oil flow of chisel according by positions sensor considering the programmed limit to the moves of chisel. In other words introduce the soil in initial depth if the pressure is equal or bigger than 2 MPa for initiate the vertical movement of the chisel, when needed. The equipment's calibration was made in area from the NEMPA's test track - Núcleo de Ensaio de Máquinas e Pneus Agrícolas - used as calibrator of the detector equipment of compaction a penetrometer and the Cone Index (IC) was inserted in the data... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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Pires, Sandra Maria Garcia Morais. "Proximal remote sensing of soil physical conditions and water availability for precision farming". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420680.

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Sulistyo, Susanto Budi. "Computational intelligence image processing for precision farming on-site nitrogen analysis in plants". Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/4048.

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Nitrogen is one of the macronutrients which is essentially required by plants. To support the precision farming, it is important to analyse nitrogen status in plants in order to prevent excessive fertilisation as well as to reduce production costs. Image-based analysis has been widely utilised to estimate nitrogen content in plants. Such research, however, is commonly conducted in a controlled environment with artificial lighting systems. This thesis proposes three novel computational intelligence systems to evaluate nitrogen status in wheat plants by analysing plant images captured on field and are subject to variation in lighting conditions. In the first proposed method, a fusion of regularised neural networks (NN) has been employed to normalise plant images based on the RGB colour of the 24-patch Macbeth colour checker. The colour normalisation results are then optimised using genetic algorithm (GA). The regularised neural network has also been effectively utilised to distinguish wheat leaves from other unwanted parts. This method gives improved results compared to the Otsu algorithm. Furthermore, several neural networks with different number of hidden layer nodes are combined using committee machines and optimised by GA to estimate nitrogen content. In the second proposed method, the utilisation of regularised NN has been replaced by deep sparse extreme learning machine (DSELM). In general the utilisation of DSELM in the three research steps is as effective as that of the developed regularised NN as proposed in the first method. However, the learning speed of DSELM is extremely faster than the regularised NN and the standard backpropagation multilayer perceptron (MLP). In the third proposed method, a novel approach has been developed to fine tune the colour normalisation based on the nutrient estimation errors and analyse the effect of genetic algorithm based global optimisation on the nitrogen estimation results. In this method, an ensemble of deep learning MLP (DL-MLP) has been employed in the three research steps, i.e. colour normalisation, image segmentation and nitrogen estimation. The performance of the three proposed methods has been compared with the intrusive SPAD meter and the results show that all the proposed methods are superior to the SPAD based estimation. The nutrient estimation errors of the proposed methods are less than 3%, while the error using the renowned SPAD meter method is 8.48%. As a comparison, nitrogen prediction using other methods, i.e. Kawashima greenness index (GIkaw) and PCA-based greenness index (GIPCA) are also calculated. The prediction errors by means of Ikaw and IPCA methods are 9.84% and 9.20%, respectively.

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Zaman, Qamar-Uz. "Combining georeferenced physical and chemical soil data to improve agronomic and environmental efficiency". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297549.

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Wagner, Nicole Catherine. "Wheat yield prediction modeling for localized optimization of fertilizer and herbicide application". Diss., Montana State University, 2004. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2004/wagner/WagnerN0805.pdf.

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Whelan, Brett Michael. "Reconciling continuous soil variation and crop yield : a study of some implications of within-field variability for site-specific crop management". Thesis, University of Sydney, 1998. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27516.

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Within-field variability in cropping system attributes is often obvious but difficult to accurately and efficiently quantity. The magnitude of the variation also changes with attribute, location and time. Importantly, variability at this scale of the soil/crop system may give rise to economic, environmental and societal problems on cropping enterprises under traditional 'uniform' management. In general, the problems arise from a decision to use 'mean-of-field' information to guide the amelioration of an area which may result in zones being under-or over-treated. Gathering data on, and extracting useful management information from, within-field variability is the goal of Precision Agriculture.

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Posada, Leonardo Vargas. "Viabilidade energética e econômica da aplicação de fertilizantes em taxa variável". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-30092016-152142/.

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A sustentabilidade dos sistemas de produção agrícolas envolve fatores ambientais, econômicos e socioculturais. Um dos componentes essenciais do sistema de produção agrícola é a prática da fertilização. Portanto o uso de fertilizantes pode contribuir para o aumento da produção sustentável em diversas culturas. A Agricultura de Precisão por meio da técnica de aplicação de fertilizantes em taxa variável permite o uso de diferentes doses de insumos segundo as exigências da cultura e solo. Com isso pode ser possível otimizar as aplicações, aprimorando assim o retorno econômico e a conservação do ambiente. Contudo, existe a necessidade de conferir os benefícios desta técnica. As análises de energia e econômica permitem avaliar a eficácia desta técnica, já que determinam a disponibilização e eficiência energética de um sistema produção, e a lucratividade para condições particulares de cada produtor. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi analisar a viabilidade energética e econômica da aplicação em taxa variável de fertilizantes, a fim de avaliar seus efeitos sobre as culturas. Estabeleceu-se um algoritmo para as operações efetuadas na fertilização (amostragem de solo e aplicação de fertilizantes). Dessa forma, analisou-se a viabilidade energética e econômica por meio de indicadores (energia incorporada e lucro da técnica). O modelo foi verificado com estudos de caso em culturas de café e laranja. Determinou-se que a técnica de aplicação de fertilizantes em taxa variável apresentou viabilidade energética para a maioria das áreas avaliadas, para as culturas de café e laranja se obtiveram reduções na energia incorporada de 25.551 MJ ha-1 e 15.368 MJ ha-1 respectivamente, demostrando melhor aproveitamento dos fertilizantes usados. Do mesmo modo se determinou viabilidade econômica em todas as áreas de estudo, por meio dos cenários estabelecidos no modelo. Determinaram-se aumentos de lucro para a cultura de café e laranja até de 1.319 R$ ha-1 e 1.031 R$ ha-1 respectivamente, em relação à aplicação convencional ou em taxa fixa. Concluiu-se que a técnica de aplicação de fertilizantes em taxa variável apresentou viabilidade energética e econômica para a maioria das áreas avaliadas.
The sustainability of agricultural production systems involves environmental, economic and sociocultural factors. One of the essential components of the agricultural production system is the practice of fertilization. Therefore, the use of fertilizers can contribute to increase the sustainability of agricultural production. Precision Agriculture through the variable rate application of fertilizer allows the use of different doses of inputs according to the requirements of the crop and soil. It may be possible to optimize applications, thereby improving the economic return and environmental conservation. However, there is a need to assess the benefits of this technique. The analysis of energy and economic permit the assessment of the efficacy of this technique, since they determine the availability and energy efficiency of a production system, and profitability for particular conditions of each producer respectively. The aim of the study was to analyze the energy and economic viability of the variable rate application of fertilizers in order to evaluate its effects on crops. An algorithm was established for the calculation carried out in fertilization (soil sampling and fertilizer application). In this way, was analyzed the energy and economic viability through indicators (energy embodiment and profit technical). The model was verified with case studies on coffee and orange crops. It was determined that the variable rate fertilizer application technique presented energy viability for most of the evaluated areas for coffee and orange cultures were obtained reduction in embodied energy of 25,551 MJ ha-1 and 15,368 MJ ha-1 respectively, demonstrating better use of fertilizers used. Likewise, it was determined economic viability in all areas of study through the scenarios set out in the model. They were determined profit increases for coffee and orange cultures up to 1.319 R$ ha-1 and 1.031 R$ ha-1, respectively, compared to conventional application or fixed rate. It was concluded that the fertilizer application technique in variable rate showed energy and economic viability for most areas assessed.

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Carneiro, Franciele Morlin. "Sensores de dossel no monitoramento da variabilidade temporal das culturas da soja e do amendoim /". Jaboticabal, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/155945.

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Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani
Coorientador: Rouverson Pereira da Silva
Coorientador: Rafael Scabello Bertonha
Coorientador: Brenda Valeska Ortiz
Banca: Calos Alessandro Chioderoli
Banca: Cristiano Zerbato
Banca: Jorge Wilson Cortez
Banca: Leandro Borges Lemos
Resumo: Técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto estão sendo aplicadas na agricultura e tem demonstrado grande potencial em seu uso por apresentar ótimas vantagens, tais como, método não destrutivo, rápido, obtenção de dados em tempo real, proporciona o monitoramento da variabilidade temporal da cultura ao longo dos estádios de crescimento da planta, dentre outras. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (i) determinar qual estádio de desenvolvimento da cultura obtêm-se o tempo ótimo de coleta das leituras dos sensores por meio das melhores correlações entre os indicadores de qualidade (índices de vegetação x biomassa fresca e seca, largura de dossel, índice de clorofila, produtividade e maturação); (ii) comparar os índices de vegetação (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index - NDVI, Normalized Difference Red-Edge Index - NDRE, e Inverse Ratio Vegetation Index - IRVI) por meio do monitoramento da variabilidade temporal nas culturas do amendoim e da soja, proporcionará as melhores qualidades de leitura ao longo do processo; (iii) avaliar o comportamento dos índices de vegetação (NDVI e NDRE) com a biomassa fresca e seca, o índice de clorofila e a produtividade para a cultura da soja e do amendoim, como também, verificar a evolução destes índices por meio do estádio de desenvolvimento das culturas. Os experimentos foram realizados na safra de 2016/17, para o estudo do comportamento espectral das culturas da soja e do amendoim como também da variabilidade temporal dos índices de vegetação, em... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Remote Sensing Techniques are being applied in agriculture and have demonstrated great potential in their use because they present great advantages, such as non-destructive method, fast, obtaining data in real time provides the monitoring of the temporal variability of crop growth stages, among others. Thus, the objectives of this work were: (i) to determine the crop growth stages, the optimal time for collecting the sensor readings was obtained through the best correlations between the quality indicators (vegetation indices x fresh and dry biomass, canopy width, chlorophyll index, yield and maturation); (ii) to compare vegetation indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index - NDVI, Normalized Difference Red-Edge Index - NDRE, and Inverse Ratio Vegetation Index - IRVI) by monitoring temporal variability in peanut and soybean crops, determining which of them obtained the best reading qualities throughout the process; (iii) to evaluate the behavior of vegetation indices (NDVI and NDRE) with fresh and dry biomass, chlorophyll index and yield for soybean and peanut, as well as to verify the evolution of these indices through the stage development. The experiments were performed on the 2016/17 season to study the spectral behavior of the soybean and peanut crops as well as the temporal variability of vegetation indices in agricultural areas in the municipalities of Dumont and Jaboticabal, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The design of experiments was based on the basic assump... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Kandeh, Stephen. "Factors that determine the criteria farmers use when making decisions about precision farming technology /". The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486399160108063.

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Casten, Carlberg Carl Johan, i Elsa Jerhamre. "Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture : Opportunities and Challenges". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för datorteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443576.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in different parts of society for providing decision support in various activities. The agricultural sector is anticipated to benefit from an increased usage of AI and smart devices, a concept called smart farming technologies. Since the agricultural sector faces several simultaneous challenges, such as shrinking marginals, complicated pan-European regulations, and demands to mitigate the environmental footprint, there are great expectations that smart farming will benefit both individual farmers and industry stakeholders. However, most previous research focuses only on a small set of characteristics for implementing and optimising specific smart farming technologies, without considering all possible aspects and effects. This thesis investigates both technical and non-technical opportunities and hurdles when implementing AI in Swedish agricultural businesses. Three sectors in agriculture are scrutinized: arable farming, milk production and beef production. As a foundation for the thesis, a literature review revises former research on smart farming. Thereafter, an interview study with 27 respondents both explores the susceptibility and maturity of smart farming technologies and provides examples of technical requirements of three chosen applications of AI in agriculture. Findings of the study include a diverse set of aspects that both enable and obstruct the transition. Main identified opportunities are the importance smart farming has on the strategic agendas of several industry stakeholders, the general trend towards software technology as a service through shared machinery, the vast amount of existing data, and the large interest from farmers towards new technology. Contrasting, the thesis identifies main hurdles as technical and legislative challenges to data ownership, potential cybersecurity threats, the need for a well-articulated business case, and the sometimes lacking technical knowledge within the sector. The thesis concludes that the macro trend points towards a smart farming transition but that the speed of the transformation will depend on the resolutions for the identified obstacles.

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Quartezani, Waylson Zancanella [UNESP]. "Geoestatística, simulação estocástica e sensoriamento remoto na estimativa de produção do café conilon". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101714.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-05-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:42:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 quartezani_wz_dr_botfca.pdf: 1265527 bytes, checksum: 036aff6ea189cc80d9fe9bc94f9ebdcb (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
A necessidade de técnicas e ferramentas que contribuem de forma simples, rápida e eficaz no monitoramento do sistema produtivo, como a avaliação do comportamento da variabilidade espacial das culturas agrícolas e o uso de sensores remotos, analisados em conjunto, para estimativa de atributos de culturas agrícolas, como o café, vêm se tornando um dos pilares na obtenção de uma agricultura precisa e sustentável. O objetivo do trabalho foi estimar e simular a produção de café maduro (CM) em kg por meio de técnicas Geoestatísticas e de Sensoriamento Remoto (SR), utilizando imagens de satélite, para a predição da produção e determinação das áreas de incerteza. O estudo foi realizado em uma área comercial de café conilon, Coffea canephora Pierre, Var. conilon, no Município de São Mateus - (ES), onde foi amostrada em campo a produção de café maduro em uma malha irregular de 18,5 ha, totalizando 87 pontos. Ajustado o variograma, estimou-se a variável primária (CM) pela krigagem e como variáveis secundárias foram gerados Índices de Vegetação (IVs) da transformação das imagens de satélite. De posse das imagens primária e secundária, aplicou a Simulação Sequencial Direta (DSS) para o caso de simulação sem o uso de imagem secundária e Cosimulação Sequencial Direta colocalizada (CoDSS) para simular a variável CM, utilizando os IVs como imagens secundárias. Na CoDSS foram testadas correlações globais (CoDSS_CCG) e locais (CoDSS_CCL) entre a variável CM e os IVs. Em cada um dos 3 métodos de simulação e para cada IV, na CoDSS, foram realizadas 50 simulações. Atendendo aos pressupostos exigidos pelos métodos de simulações, foram analisados as estatísticas, histograma e variografia das simulações. A variável CM ajustou-se ao...
The need for techniques and tools that contribute in a simple, quick and efficient way to monitor the productive system, as the performance assessment of the spatial variability of crop and the use of remote sensors, analyzed together, to estimate the attributes of crop, as coffee, have become a mainstay in obtaining an accurate and sustainable agriculture. The aim of the study was to estimate and simulate the production of mature coffee (CM) in kg by using the techniques of Geostatistical and Remote Sensing (SR), using satellite images, to the production prediction and determining areas of uncertainty. The study were done in a commercial area of conilon coffee, Coffea canephora Pierre, Var. conilon, at the city of São Mateus - (ES), where the production of mature coffee was sampled in field in an irregular mesh of 18,5 ha, totaling 87 points. Adjusted the variogram, was estimated the primary variable (CM) by kriging and as secondary variables were generated Vegetation Index (IVs) of processing of the satellite images. Having the primary and secondary images, was applied the Direct Sequential Simulation (DSS) for the case of simulation without the use of the secondary image and Direct Sequential Co-simulation co-located (CoDSS) to simulate the variable CM, using the IVs as secondary images. In the CoDSS were tested global correlations (CoDSS_CCG) and locals (CoDSS_CCL) between the CM variable and the IVs. In each one of three simulation methods and for each IV, on CoDSS, were done 50 simulations. Considering the assumptions required by the simulation methods, were analyzed statistics, histograms and... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Nascimento, Patricia dos Santos [UNESP]. "Manejo da viticultura irrigada no semiárido com base em zonas homogêneas do solo e da planta". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103453.

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A crescente necessidade por tecnologias que otimizem o rendimento de áreas agrícolas e que paralelamente causem menor impacto ao meio ambiente, com redução dos insumos utilizados, têm conferido à agricultura de precisão uma área de atuação cada vez mais ampla no sistema produtivo agrícola. A aplicação dos conceitos intrínsecos a agricultura de precisão tem contribuído fortemente para a investigação e caracterização da variabilidade espacial e temporal de atributos que se relacionam direta ou indiretamente com a produtividade das culturas, possibilitando a construção de mapas que permitem uma melhor visualização da distribuição dos mesmos atributos, e auxiliando os produtores no processo de tomada de decisão. A aplicação dos conceitos da agricultura de precisão na viticultura irrigada do Vale do Submédio São Francisco alia-se a necessidade de aperfeiçoamento de critérios utilizados no manejo de irrigação e no monitoramento do estado nutricional das plantas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a variabilidade espacial existente nos atributos físico-hidricos do solo e estabelecer zonas homogêneas que auxiliem na tomada de decisão quanto ao manejo de irrigação; e avaliar a distribuição espacial e temporal do teor foliar de N em diferentes intensidades amostrais ao longo do ciclo de cultivo. O estudo foi realizado em Petrolina-PE, em um pomar de videira cv. Thompson Seedless irrigado por microaspersão, onde foram determinadas a granulometria do solo, curva de retenção de água no solo, densidade do solo, densidade das partículas e porosidade total do solo. Os dados foram submetidos às análises de estatística descritiva, geoestatística (interpolação por krigagem) e geração de mapas de contorno, para verificação da variabilidade espacial dos atributos do solo e delimitação...
The increasing need for technologies that optimize the agriculture yield with less environmental impact and reduced inputs, have given to the precision farming an important role in agricultural production system. The use of the concepts of precision agriculture is greatly contributing to the investigation and characterization of the spatial and temporal variability of attributes which are directly or indirectly related to crop yield. The construction of maps allow a better visualization of the distribution of the same attributes and assist growers in the decision-making process. In the Lower Middle São Francisco Valley the use of precision agriculture concepts and tools in irrigated viticulture joins the need for improvement of criteria used in irrigation management and in monitoring the plant nutritional status. Hence, the objective of this study was to characterize the spatial variability of soil physical attributes and establish homogeneous zones to assist growers in decision making regarding irrigation management, and assess the spatial and temporal distribution of leaf N content at different sampling intensities throughout the growing season. The study was carried out in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil, in an orchard of grapevine cv. Thompson Seedless irrigated by microsprinklers, where soil particle size, soil water retention curve, soil bulk density, soil particle density and total soil porosity were determined. Data were submitted to analysis of descriptive statistics, geostatistics (kriging interpolation) and generation of contour maps to verify spatial variability and delimit homogeneous zones of soil attributes. Based on soil water availability 6 homogeneous zones were defined to install tensiometers and neutron probe access tube to monitore soil moisture and assist grower´s decision making regarding... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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40

Nascimento, Patricia dos Santos 1982. "Manejo da viticultura irrigada no semiárido com base em zonas homogêneas do solo e da planta /". Botucatu, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103453.

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Orientador: Luís Henrique Bassoi
Banca: Célia Regina Lopes Zimback
Banca: Ricardo Yassushi Inamasu
Banca: Célia Regina Grego
Banca: Paulo Milton Barbosa Landim
Resumo: A crescente necessidade por tecnologias que otimizem o rendimento de áreas agrícolas e que paralelamente causem menor impacto ao meio ambiente, com redução dos insumos utilizados, têm conferido à agricultura de precisão uma área de atuação cada vez mais ampla no sistema produtivo agrícola. A aplicação dos conceitos intrínsecos a agricultura de precisão tem contribuído fortemente para a investigação e caracterização da variabilidade espacial e temporal de atributos que se relacionam direta ou indiretamente com a produtividade das culturas, possibilitando a construção de mapas que permitem uma melhor visualização da distribuição dos mesmos atributos, e auxiliando os produtores no processo de tomada de decisão. A aplicação dos conceitos da agricultura de precisão na viticultura irrigada do Vale do Submédio São Francisco alia-se a necessidade de aperfeiçoamento de critérios utilizados no manejo de irrigação e no monitoramento do estado nutricional das plantas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a variabilidade espacial existente nos atributos físico-hidricos do solo e estabelecer zonas homogêneas que auxiliem na tomada de decisão quanto ao manejo de irrigação; e avaliar a distribuição espacial e temporal do teor foliar de N em diferentes intensidades amostrais ao longo do ciclo de cultivo. O estudo foi realizado em Petrolina-PE, em um pomar de videira cv. Thompson Seedless irrigado por microaspersão, onde foram determinadas a granulometria do solo, curva de retenção de água no solo, densidade do solo, densidade das partículas e porosidade total do solo. Os dados foram submetidos às análises de estatística descritiva, geoestatística (interpolação por krigagem) e geração de mapas de contorno, para verificação da variabilidade espacial dos atributos do solo e delimitação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The increasing need for technologies that optimize the agriculture yield with less environmental impact and reduced inputs, have given to the precision farming an important role in agricultural production system. The use of the concepts of precision agriculture is greatly contributing to the investigation and characterization of the spatial and temporal variability of attributes which are directly or indirectly related to crop yield. The construction of maps allow a better visualization of the distribution of the same attributes and assist growers in the decision-making process. In the Lower Middle São Francisco Valley the use of precision agriculture concepts and tools in irrigated viticulture joins the need for improvement of criteria used in irrigation management and in monitoring the plant nutritional status. Hence, the objective of this study was to characterize the spatial variability of soil physical attributes and establish homogeneous zones to assist growers in decision making regarding irrigation management, and assess the spatial and temporal distribution of leaf N content at different sampling intensities throughout the growing season. The study was carried out in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil, in an orchard of grapevine cv. Thompson Seedless irrigated by microsprinklers, where soil particle size, soil water retention curve, soil bulk density, soil particle density and total soil porosity were determined. Data were submitted to analysis of descriptive statistics, geostatistics (kriging interpolation) and generation of contour maps to verify spatial variability and delimit homogeneous zones of soil attributes. Based on soil water availability 6 homogeneous zones were defined to install tensiometers and neutron probe access tube to monitore soil moisture and assist grower's decision making regarding... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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41

Mendonça, Fernando Nicolau. "Detecção de linhas de plantio da cana de açúcar por meio de veículo aéreo não tripulado /". Botucatu, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/183576.

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Orientador: Zacarias Xavier Barros
Banca: Paulo Roberto Arbex Silva
Banca: Carlos Eduardo de Mendonça Otoboni
Resumo: A aerofotogrametria com Veículo Aéreo Não Tripulado (VANT), tem se tornado uma grande fonte de informações em diversas áreas da atividade econômica mundial, entre elas a agricultura de precisão. O Brasil, destacando-se como o maior produtor mundial de cana-de-açúcar, apresenta nesse segmento um grande mercado consumidor de geoinformação, sobretudo no que diz respeito a mapas de plantio da lavoura para orientação de piloto automático. Esta dissertação parte da hipótese de que um determinado produtor rural necessita mapear as linhas de plantio de sua lavoura e, para isso, pretende valer-se de técnicas de aerofotogrametria com VANT. Portanto, a metodologia mais eficiente deve ser aplicada visando à redução dos custos operacionais para viabilizar o investimento. Foram mapeados três talhões em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento da lavoura, 40, 80 e 110 cm de altura, e cada um desses talhões foi sobrevoado com três alturas de voo, 70, 110 e 150 metros. Ao final deste experimento concluiu-se que quanto maior a altura de voo, menor é o custo computacional para obtenção da ortofoto e menor é a resolução do produto, o que ocasiona dificuldades na identificação das linhas de plantio. Conclui-se que nos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento a cultura deve-se utilizar um GSD de no máximo 5cm/pixel para observar-se o contraste entra as plantas e o solo. Já para estágios mais avançados, com a lavoura entre 80 e 110 centímetros os GSD de 6,5 cm/pixel entregaram produtos aptos a identifica... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Unmaned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry has become a major source of information in many areas of worldwide economic activity, including precision agriculture. Brazil, standing out as the world's largest producer of sugarcane, presents in this segment a large consumer market for geoinformation, especially with regard to crop planting maps for automatic pilot guidance. This dissertation is based on the hypothesis that a farmer needs to map the planting lines of his crop and for this he intends to use aerophotogrammetry techniques with UAV. Therefore, the most efficient methodology should be applied in order to reduce operating costs to make the investment viable. Three plots were mapped at different stages of development of the crop, 40, 80 and 110 cm, and each of these plots were flown at three flight heights, 70, 110 and 150 meters. At the end of this experiment it was concluded that the higher the flight height, the lower the computational cost to obtain the orthophoto and the lower the product resolution, which causes difficulties in the identification of the planting lines. It is concluded that in the early stages of development the crop should use a maximum GSD of 5cm / pixel to observe the contrast between plants and soil. Already for more advanced stages, with the crop between 80 and 110 cm the GSD of 6.5 cm / pixel delivered products able to identify the planting lines.
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42

Paul, André. "Design of an autonomous navigation system for a mobile robot". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99565.

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An autonomous navigational system for a mobile robot was developed based on a Laser-Range-Finder-based path planning and navigational algorithms. The system was enhanced by incorporating collision avoidance algorithms using data from a sonar sensor array, and further improved by establishing two virtual regions in front of the robot for obstacle detection and avoidance. Several virtual detector bands with varying dimensions were also added to the sides of the robot to check for rotational clearance safety and to determine the direction of rotation. The autonomous navigational system was tested extensively under indoor environment. Test results showed that the system performed satisfactorily in navigating the mobile robot in three structured mazes under indoor conditions.
An artificial landmark localization algorithm was also developed to continuously record the positions of the robot whilst it was moving. The algorithm was tested on a grid layout of 6 m x 6 m. The performance of the artificial landmark localization technique was compared with odometric and inertial measurements obtained using a dead-reckoning method and a gyroscope-corrected dead-reckoning method. The artificial landmark localization method resulted in much smaller root mean square error (0.033 m) of position estimates compared to the other two methods (0.175 m and 0.135 m respectively).

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Paes, Vasco Maria Tareco Brito. "Análise da variabilidade espácio-temporal da produtividade de milho numa parcela na região da Golegã". Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5351.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The promise of precision agriculture is to enable a farm manager to manage large areas of an agricultural crop with the detail with which one manages a garden that is to effectively and efficiently use resources as only a garden can, as a result of its small size. This goal is extremely timely in the current context of agriculture, since there is the need to produce very high quality service at low cost and in an environmentally sustainable manner. This work was devoted to a study of a basic precision agriculture resource: the yield map. For this valuable tool will become a key part in the process of decision making, it is necessary that their use is correct ie firstly, that the yield map is accurate and free of major sources of error, and secondly, that yield map(s) can be manipulated in order to extract from the maximum added value. In this thesis we investigated methods based on filters to effectively eliminate major errors in the data from yield monitor. The successive filters were able to remove about 20-30% of the original data having any type of error, and allow the construction of more accurate and reliable yield maps. Also that it allow for an increased spatial dependence. This step is essential in order to use yield map in the decision process. Subsequently, the corrected yield maps have a potential, which should be exploited. Thus, there are several recovery operations of the yield maps, from the descriptive statistics of the variability, through the interpretation of patterns of variability, the relative productivity maps, the gross margin maps, as well as the spatio-temporal analysis and impact of variability that farm manager to provide a very significant added value in order to optimize the management of their plots. After evaluating economic, technical and logistics, optimization of management of the plot may involve to the application of different production inputs using VRT technology. It is important for this purpose, initially, the identification of homogeneous management zones. In the case of the field that was studied, a center pivot in Golegã it was identified water stress as the cause of spatial variability and loss of productivity.

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Cevoli, Alessandro. "Progettazione di un sistema ETL distribuito per l’elaborazione di immagini satellitari in ambito Precision Farming". Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/12236/.

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In questa tesi di laurea triennale si procederà alla progettazione e sviluppo di un processo ETL automatizzato e distribuito all'interno di un cluster Hadoop. I dati elaborati saranno caricati su Hadoop Distributed File System e su PostGIS, il quale renderà disponibili le immagini sulla piattafroma GeoServer. Questa tesi rientra all'interno del progetto MoReFarming il quale si pone come obiettivo quello di creare una piattaforma Big Data in ambito Precision Farming per il monitoraggio delle coltivazioni, inizialmente della regione Emilia-Romagna poi a livello nazionale. Le immagini saranno recuperate attraverso le RESTful API fornite dalla piattaforma online Copernicus, progetto Europeo per il monitoraggio e sicurezza ambientale e gestito dall'Agenzia Spaziale Europea. Nello specifico le immagini sarranno quelle riprese dai satelliti facenti parte della missione Sentinel-2, missione dedita al monitoraggio della vegetazione, esponendo diverse bande spettrali tra la banda del visibile e dell'infrarosso.

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Gangloff, William J. "Spatial statistical analysis of soil properties and crop yields for precision agriculture applications". Access citation, abstract and download form; downloadable file 10.12 Mb, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3131671.

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Johansson, Nicklas. "Effekter av kameraövervakning av boskap hos sex lantbrukare i Sverige". Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-70935.

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Bakgrund: Lantbruket står inför stora framtida utmaningar som t.ex. stora befolkningsökningar och minskade jordbruksarealer. Ett förslag för att lösa en del av problemet och öka effektiviteten inom lantbruket är att implementera och använda olika digitala tjänster och produkter. Ett av koncepten för den digitala tekniken som har lyfts fram av bland annat EU är Smart farming. Konceptet är brett och innefattar många olika tekniska lösningar, varav en av dessa är kameraövervakning av boskapsdjur. Frågeställning: Har de lantbrukare som använder kameraövervakning av boskapsdjur upplevt en förändring av sin livskvalitet och har användningen av tekniken medfört några ekonomiska effekter? Metod: Ett kvalitativt angreppssätt valdes där sex lantbrukare intervjuades i semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultat: De medverkande lantbrukarna var överlag positiva till kameraövervakningssystemen och flera av lantbrukarna anser att tekniken möjliggjort att de kunnat spara tid och att djur i viss utsträckning kunnat räddats. Flera av lantbrukarna menar också att användandet av kameraövervakningssystemen lett till positiva effekter gällande deras livskvalitet, där det framför allt var möjligheten att kunna spendera mer tid med familj och ökad flexibilitet som var bidragande. Slutsatser: Undersökningens resultat tyder på att kameraövervakningssystemen kan spara tid och pengar för lantbrukarna och att den upplevda livskvaliteten förbättras. Den grupp respondenter i undersökningen som upplevde störst effekter av kameraövervakningen var mindre lantbruk. Kameraövervakningen användes till flera olika ändamål, t.ex. brottsförebyggande, kalvning, personalsäkerhet, övervakning av foderbord, lösdrift samt gård och ägor.

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Montanha, Gustavo Kimura [UNESP]. "Avaliação do consumo energético no preparo de solo para a cultura do algodão irrigado". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90473.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:52:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 montanha_gk_me_botfca.pdf: 2033085 bytes, checksum: 2e751dc5d7ab5ae708d14186b7eaed88 (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A mecanização permitiu grandes avanços na agricultura, dentre eles, melhor eficiência nas operações agrícolas e aumento da produtividade. Contudo, a utilização de máquinas agrícolas aumentou o consumo energético e os custos de produção das propriedades rurais, sendo a cultura do algodão em regiões semi-áridas um caso que caracteriza-se por apresentar altos custos de produção com alta dependência dos processos mecanizados. Nesse contexto, o trator agrícola surge como a principal fonte de energia e de trabalho nas propriedades rurais onde sua correta utilização e a calibração adequada dos pneus agrícolas podem influenciar diretamente na eficiência de trabalho e no consumo de combustível. O objetivo desse trabalho foi comparar o consumo de combustível de um trator agrícola em duas operações de preparo de solo, variando duas pressões de inflação nos pneus em dois tipos de texturas de solos em uma região de clima semi-árido para a cultura do algodão irrigado. Os ensaios foram realizados na Fazenda Experimental Maricopa Agricultural Center - MAC, pertencente à The University of Arizona, localizada na cidade de Maricopa estado do Arizona, Estados Unidos com um trator Case 4x2 TDA com potência de 88kW (120 cv), equipado com sistema de piloto automático, com pneus dianteiros tipo 320/85R38 e 329/90R54 os traseiros. Foram instalados no trator agrícola um sistema de medição de combustível composto por fluxômetros, reguladores de fluxo e monitor digital e um sistema de aquisição de dados que coletou os dados gerados pelo receptor GNSS e pelos sensores durante a realização dos ensaios O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com um arranjo fatorial 2x2, sendo analisados a pressão de inflação dos pneus: 242 kPa (35 psi) e 124 kPa (18 psi) e o tipo de textura de solo: franco argilo arenoso (Área 1) e franco arenoso (Área 2)...
Mechanization has allowed great advances in agriculture, among them, better efficiency in agricultural operations and increasing productivity. However, the use of agricultural machinery led to higher energy consumption and production costs on the farms, where the cotton crop in semi-arid regions is characterized by presenting of high production costs with high dependence on mechanized processes. In this context, the tractor comes as the major source of energy and work in the farms where their correct use and the correct calibration of the tires can directly changes the impact on work efficiency and fuel consumption. The objective of this study was to compare the fuel consumption of an agricultural tractor in two operations of tillage, varying two inflation pressures in the tires on two types of soil texture in a region with semiarid climate for growing irrigated cotton. The tests were conducted at the Experimental Farm Maricopa Agricultural Center - MAC, owned by The University of Arizona, located in the city of Maricopa Arizona, USA, with a tractor Case 4x2 TDA, 88kW (120 hp) equipped with autopilot system, using the tires 320/85R38 type for the front and 329/90R54 for the rear. The tractor has been installed with a measurement fuel system, consisting of flowmeters, dampers and digital display and a data acquisition system that collected the data generated by the GNSS receiver and the sensors during the test. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with a 2x2 factorial arrangement, analyzed the tire inflation pressure: 242 kPa (35 psi) and 124 kPa (18 psi) and the type of soil texture: sandy clay loam (Area 1) and sandy loam (Area 2)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Araújo, João Célio de. "Determinação de zonas de manejo e estimativa da produtividade de culturas de grãos por meio de videografia aérea digital multiespectral". Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11143/tde-05112004-140548/.

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O emprego de câmeras digitais multiespectrais torna possível a utilização de índices de vegetação, obtidos por meio de operações matemáticas entre bandas espectrais de uma mesma imagem. Estes índices podem ser empregados na estimativa de produtividade de culturas agrícolas e no delineamento de zonas de manejo, por apresentarem relação com o vigor da cultura. Algumas variáveis obtidas no campo, como o índice de área foliar (IAF), a altura de plantas e o número de plantas por metro linear, também podem ser empregadas na avaliação do vigor da cultura. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar imagens obtidas por meio de videografia aérea digital multiespectral, quanto ao seu potencial na estimativa da produtividade e na determinação de zonas de manejo em culturas de grãos. As imagens foram adquiridas por meio de uma câmera de vídeo digital multiespectral (Duncantech MS3100). Também foram utilizados mapas de produtividade, referentes a duas áreas cultivadas, primeiramente com trigo, no inverno de 2001, e na seqüência com soja, no verão de 2002. Além disso, foi realizado um trabalho de campo, na cultura da soja, em uma das áreas de estudo, onde foram determinados, em uma grade amostral, o índice de área foliar, a altura de plantas e o número de plantas por metro linear. As imagens aéreas foram corrigidas geometricamente e normalizadas radiometricamente no software Idrisi32, após o que foi realizada uma regressão linear simples entre as imagens e os mapas de produtividade, pixel-a-pixel e com as imagens classificadas. Os dados coletados em grade foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e da geoestatística, sendo posteriormente interpolados, gerando os mapas de superfície das variáveis estudadas. Os mapas de superfície criados para as variáveis medidas no campo apresentaram elevada correlação entre sí. A imagem NDVI apresentou uma melhor relação com a estimativa de produtividade, quando comparada com as imagens das bandas espectrais individualizadas, do vermelho e do infravermelho próximo. Concluiu-se que as imagens aéreas digitais multiespectrais obtidas por videografia são eficientes na estimativa da produtividade de grãos quando existe elevada variabilidade nas imagens e as mesmas não apresentam valores discrepantes. Também proporcionam informações importantes ao delineamento de zonas de manejo.
The utilization of multispectral digital cameras makes it possible the use of vegetation indices, generated by means of mathematical operations between spectral bands from the same image. These indices can be used to estimate crop yields and delineate management zones due to the relation between them and crop vigor. Some variables, measured on the field, such as leaf area index (LAI), plants height and plants per linear meter, can also be used in the assessment of the crop vigor. The main objective of this work was to evaluate multispectral digital aerial videographic images regarding their potential in crop yield estimate as well as in management zones delineation. The images were acquired with a multispectral digital camera (Duncantech MS3100). Yield maps were also used, for two cropped areas, firstly with wheat, in the 2001 winter, and afterwards, with soybean, in the 2002 summer. Moreover, a field work was accomplished, for soybean, in one of the study areas. Three variables were measured, on a sampling grid: leaf area index, plants height and plants per linear meter. The aerial images were geometrically rectified and radiometrically normalized, in the software Idrisi32, and then a simple linear regression was performed between images and yield maps, pixel-by-pixel and with the classified images and maps. Data collected on the sampling grid were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and also geostatistics. After an interpolation procedure, surface maps of these variables were generated. The surface maps generated for the variables measured on the field presented high correlation among themselves. The NDVI image showed a better relation with yield estimate than the individual spectral bands, red and near infrared. One can conclude that the multispectral digital aerial videographic images are efficient for grain crops yield estimates, when there is a high variability on the images, without outliers. These images can also provide important information to the management zones delineation.

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Montanha, Gustavo Kimura 1984. "Avaliação do consumo energético no preparo de solo para a cultura do algodão irrigado /". Botucatu : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90473.

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Resumo: A mecanização permitiu grandes avanços na agricultura, dentre eles, melhor eficiência nas operações agrícolas e aumento da produtividade. Contudo, a utilização de máquinas agrícolas aumentou o consumo energético e os custos de produção das propriedades rurais, sendo a cultura do algodão em regiões semi-áridas um caso que caracteriza-se por apresentar altos custos de produção com alta dependência dos processos mecanizados. Nesse contexto, o trator agrícola surge como a principal fonte de energia e de trabalho nas propriedades rurais onde sua correta utilização e a calibração adequada dos pneus agrícolas podem influenciar diretamente na eficiência de trabalho e no consumo de combustível. O objetivo desse trabalho foi comparar o consumo de combustível de um trator agrícola em duas operações de preparo de solo, variando duas pressões de inflação nos pneus em dois tipos de texturas de solos em uma região de clima semi-árido para a cultura do algodão irrigado. Os ensaios foram realizados na Fazenda Experimental Maricopa Agricultural Center - MAC, pertencente à The University of Arizona, localizada na cidade de Maricopa estado do Arizona, Estados Unidos com um trator Case 4x2 TDA com potência de 88kW (120 cv), equipado com sistema de piloto automático, com pneus dianteiros tipo 320/85R38 e 329/90R54 os traseiros. Foram instalados no trator agrícola um sistema de medição de combustível composto por fluxômetros, reguladores de fluxo e monitor digital e um sistema de aquisição de dados que coletou os dados gerados pelo receptor GNSS e pelos sensores durante a realização dos ensaios O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com um arranjo fatorial 2x2, sendo analisados a pressão de inflação dos pneus: 242 kPa (35 psi) e 124 kPa (18 psi) e o tipo de textura de solo: franco argilo arenoso (Área 1) e franco arenoso (Área 2)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Mechanization has allowed great advances in agriculture, among them, better efficiency in agricultural operations and increasing productivity. However, the use of agricultural machinery led to higher energy consumption and production costs on the farms, where the cotton crop in semi-arid regions is characterized by presenting of high production costs with high dependence on mechanized processes. In this context, the tractor comes as the major source of energy and work in the farms where their correct use and the correct calibration of the tires can directly changes the impact on work efficiency and fuel consumption. The objective of this study was to compare the fuel consumption of an agricultural tractor in two operations of tillage, varying two inflation pressures in the tires on two types of soil texture in a region with semiarid climate for growing irrigated cotton. The tests were conducted at the Experimental Farm Maricopa Agricultural Center - MAC, owned by The University of Arizona, located in the city of Maricopa Arizona, USA, with a tractor Case 4x2 TDA, 88kW (120 hp) equipped with autopilot system, using the tires 320/85R38 type for the front and 329/90R54 for the rear. The tractor has been installed with a measurement fuel system, consisting of flowmeters, dampers and digital display and a data acquisition system that collected the data generated by the GNSS receiver and the sensors during the test. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with a 2x2 factorial arrangement, analyzed the tire inflation pressure: 242 kPa (35 psi) and 124 kPa (18 psi) and the type of soil texture: sandy clay loam (Area 1) and sandy loam (Area 2)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Saulo Philipe Sebastião Guerra
Coorientador: Pedro Andrade-Sanchez
Banca: Kléber Pereira Lanças
Banca: Roberto Antonio Colenci
Mestre

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Marques, Junior Luiz Carlos. "Classificação de plantas daninhas em banco de imagens utilizando redes neurais convolucionais /". Bauru, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182521.

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Orientador: José Alfredo Covolan Ulson
Banca: Adriano de Souza Marques
Banca: Fernando de Souza Campos
Resumo: As espécies exóticas invasoras, também conhecidas como plantas daninhas, competem por recursos, como sol, água e nutrientes paralelamente a cultura plantada, impondo prejuízos econômicos ao agricultor. Para minimizar este problema, atualmente os agricultores fazem uso de herbicidas para a eliminação e/ou controle das plantas daninhas. O uso de herbicidas depara-se com problemas: i) algumas plantas daninhas são resistentes a aplicação de herbicidas e, ii) quando aplicados em demasia pode-se ter a contaminação da cultura plantada, do lençol freático e dos mananciais como rios e lagos. Nesse contexto, visando o desenvolvimento de ferramentas que permitam a minimização do emprego de herbicidas, novas abordagens que fazem uso de visão computacional e inteligência artificial aparecem como soluções promissoras, agregando novas ferramentas a agricultura de precisão. Dentre essas soluções destaca-se o aprendizado profundo (do inglês Deep Learning), que utiliza as redes neurais convolucionais para extrair características relevantes, principalmente em imagens, dessa maneira, permite por exemplo a identificação e a classificação de plantas daninhas, o que possibilita ao agricultor optar tanto pela eliminação mecânica da planta daninha quanto a aplicação localizada de herbicidas e em quantidades adequadas. A partir deste desafio que é a correta classificação de diferentes espécies de plantas daninhas, especialmente plantas resistentes aos herbicidas comerciais, o objetivo deste trabalho f... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Exotic invasive species, also known as weeds, compete for resources such as sun, water and nutrients in parallel with the planted crop, imposing economic losses to the farmer. To minimize this problem, farmers are currently using herbicides for the elimination and / or control of weeds.The use of herbicides has problems: i) some weeds are resistant to the application of herbicides and ii) when applied too much can contaminate the planted crop, groundwater and springs such as rivers and lakes. In this context, aiming at developing tools to minimize the use of herbicides, new approaches that make use of computer vision and artificial intelligence appear as promising solutions, adding new tools to precision agriculture. Among these solutions are the Deep Learning, which uses the convolutional neural networks to extract relevant features, mainly in images, thus, allows for example the identification and classification of weeds, which enables the farmer to opt for the mechanical elimination of the weeds as well as the localized application of herbicides and in adequate quantities. From this challenge, which is the correct classification of different weed species, especially plants resistant to commercial herbicides, the objective of this study was to apply and compare the performance of four architectures of convolutional neural networks for classification of weed five species contained in an image bank developed for this work. The training and classification of the species were c... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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