Rozprawy doktorskie: „Precision agriculture”

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Window, Marc. "Security in Precision Agriculture : Vulnerabilities and risks of agricultural systems". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Datavetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-74309.

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BOTTA, ANDREA. "Agri.Q - Sustainable Rover for Precision Agriculture". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2963950.

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Diaz, John Faber Archila. "Design of a Rover to precision agriculture applications". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18149/tde-21112017-160424/.

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The population growth associated with natural resources shortage, food demand increasing and the lack of manpower for agricultural activities generate important challenges to agriculture and engineering. The challenges imply the improvement of productivity with fewer resources, This scenario is consisted parameters that generally are in opposite directions. This work presents the development of a rover to agriculture (R2A) to support agriculturescouting tasks, the tasks will be in the future important tools to improve the productivity and enable the use of less agricultural supplies. The research presents the development of a rover for agriculture (R2A) to support scouting tasks; tasks that in the future will improve productivity and allowed the use of less agricultural supplies. The study begins with a bibliographic review of Robots for agriculture, Rovers, and agricultural Rovers developed by different research institutions. After the review is presented the work methodology based on mechanic and mechatronic design methodologies; in the development of the methodology are presented the general crop characteristics, the proposed of scouting tasks, the benchmarking developing mathematical models, CAD (Computer Aided Design ) models, simulations and tests in order to know the different features of the Rovers and agricultural robots. Using the knowledge gained in the course of work is proposed the concept of a rover for agriculture R2A, the concept is compared in simulations, and developed the detailed design using CAE tools (Computer Aided Engineering) after it built a prototype and tested. As results are presented comparative simulations of R2A, their mathematical modeling, R2A simulations in ideally conditions highlighting their skills, and finally R2A tests and comparison are presented.
O crescimento populacional associado à escassez de recursos naturais, a crescente demanda alimentar e a falta de mão de obra para as actividades agrícolas geram importantes desafios para a agricultura e a engenharia. Os desafios implicam a melhoria da produtividade com menos recursos. O cenário é constituido por parâmetros que geralmente estão em direções opostas. O trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um rover para agricultura (R2A) para suportar tarefas de Scouting, tarefas que no futuro melhorarão a produtividade e permitirão o uso de menos subministros agrícolas. O estudo começa pela revisão bibliográfica de Robôs para agricultura, Rovers e Rovers agrícolas desenvolvidos por diferentes instituições de pesquisa. Apos a revisão é apresentada a metodologia do trabalho baseada nas metodologias de projeto mecânico e mecatrônico; no desenvolvimento da metodologia são apresentadas as caraterísticas das culturas de maneira geral, a proposta de tarefas de Scouting, o benchmarking desenvolvendo modelos matemáticos, modelos CAD (Computer Aided Design) simulações e testes com o intuito de conhecer as diferentes caraterísticas dos Rovers e Robôs agrícolas. Usando o conhecimento no decorrer do trabalho é proposto o conceito do rover para agricultura R2A, o conceito é comparado em simulações, e feito o projeto detalhado usando ferramentas CAE (Computer Aided Enginnerring), após é construído o protótipo, e testado. Como resultados são apresentadas simulações comparativas do R2A, a sua modelagem matemática, simulações do R2A em condições ideais, destacando as suas capacidades, e finalmente são apresentados os testes e comparações do R2A.

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Lundblad, Lowe, i Anna-Liisa Rissanen. "Precision Agriculture and Access to Agri-Finance : How precision technology can make farmers better applicants". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149677.

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The World Bank has estimated that an additional $80 billion in financing are needed annually to achieve the 70 % increase in food supply required to feed the world in 2050. One of the cornerstones in achieving this increase in production is expected to be improved agricultural technology, where one of the latest additions is precision agriculture. It is believed that the money for investing in this technology must come from the private sector, but financial institutions are hesitant in lending money to farmers. This, in part, comes down to a high perceived riskiness in agricultural lending stemming from the risk composition in agriculture compared to other industries as well as from weak collaterals provided by farmers. This thesis aims to find what factors are most prominent in banks´ risk assessment of agricultural firms during the lending process and look at how precision agriculture could help mitigate these risks. We have gathered aggregated quantitative data from FAOSTAT and the Swedish Board of Agriculture on farm income and hectare yield (productivity) at Swedish farms. These variables were found to be two of the most important factors in agricultural lending based on previous research. In addition to this data, information on e.g. weather, ecological farming and expenditure related to pesticides, fertilizer, and machinery were collected to further the analysis. Precision agriculture is made up from a myriad of different technologies. We have opted to not separate the technologies in this study as the adoption of each technology included in the term is currently not sufficiently well understood. This aggregation of technologies allowed for us to use the dynamic AAGE-model to estimate the adoption based on the minimum hectare size where precision agriculture should be profitable at each point in time. The study finds that precision agriculture does have a positive impact on farm productivity and income volatility. Hence, precision agriculture should reduce the risk of agricultural financing given to adopting farmer which would increase the access to credit and, in continuation, lead to an increase in aggregated food production. In addition, we conclude that financial institutions should gain a better knowledge of precision agriculture technologies and use this information to improve the credit evaluation process in agricultural lending. Lastly, banks should understand how the risks related to information asymmetry and moral hazard could be reduced by utilizing the data available through farmers use of precision agriculture technology.

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Uludag, Tuba. "LoRaWAN IoT Networks for Precision Agriculture Applications". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.

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Precision Agriculture (PA) is an emerging technology which enables efficient irrigation by employing the Internet of Things (IoT). We split the thesis in two parts. The first part is estimation of humidity level via experimentation. We focus on measuring Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) to obtain humidity level of the field. Thus, we aim at eliminating the humidity sensors which are very expensive and estimate soil moisture through the variation of RSSI values measured by wireless devices buried underground. In the second part of the thesis, we aim at building an accurate and reliable irrigation system by the help of IoT technology via simulations. The advantage brought by our Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is twofold: it minimizes the amount of wasted water during irrigation in farming, and it increases the yield with efficient irrigation. For these purposes, we tested the performance of LoRa protocol in different scenarios in both parts of the thesis.

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Shockley, Jordan Murphy. "WHOLE FARM MODELING OF PRECISION AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGIES". UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/105.

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This dissertation investigated farm management concerns faced by grain producers due to the acquisition of various precision agriculture technologies. The technologies evaluated in the three manuscripts included 1) auto-steer navigation, 2) automatic section control, and 3) autonomous machinery. Each manuscript utilized a multifaceted economic model in a whole-farm decision-making framework to determine the impact of precision agriculture technology on machinery management, production management, and risk management. This approach allowed for a thorough investigation into various precision agriculture technologies which helped address the relative dearth of economic studies of precision agriculture and farm management. Moreover, the research conducted on the above technologies provided a wide array of economic insight and information for researchers and developers to aid in the advancement of precision agriculture technologies. Such information included the risk management potential of auto-steer navigation and automatic section control, and the impact the technologies had on optimal production strategies. This dissertation was also able to provided information to guide engineers in the development of autonomous machinery by identifying critical characteristics and isolating the most influential operating machine. The inferences from this dissertation intend to be employed in an extension setting with the purpose of educating grain producers on the impacts of implementing such technologies.

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Russell, David C. "DEM creation for application in precision agriculture". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366365.

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Faiçal, Bruno Squizato. "The Use of Computational Intelligence for Precision Spraying of Plant Protection Products". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55134/tde-02032017-155603/.

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Protection management with the aid of plant protection products makes it possible to carry out pest control programs in agricultural environments and make them less hazardous for the cultivation of products on a large scale. However, when these programs are put into effect, only a small proportion of the sprayed products is really deposited on the target area while much of it is carried to neighboring regions. The scientific literature includes studies on the use of mathematical techniques to calculate the physical transformation and movement and provide a deposition estimate of the product. On the basis of this prediction, it is possible to configure a system which can allow the spraying to be carried out in normal weather conditions in the region for a satisfactory performance, although these conditions can undergo changes and make any statistical configuration unreliable. An alternative way of overcoming this problem, is to adapt the spray elements to the meteorological conditions while the protection management is being undertaken. However, the current techniques are operationally expensive in computational terms, which makes them unsuitable for situations where a short operational time is required. This thesis can be characterized as descriptive and seeks to allow deposition predictions to be made in a rapid and precise way. Thus it is hoped that the new approaches can enable the spray element to be adapted to the weather conditions while the protection management is being carried out. The study begins by attempting to reduce costs through a computational model of the environment that can speed up its execution. Subsequently, this computational model is used for predicting the rate of deposition as a fitness function in meta-heuristic algorithms and ensure that the mechanical behavior of the spray element can be adapted to the weather conditions while the management is put into effect. The results of this approach show that it can be adapted to environments with low variability. At the same time, it has a poor performance in environments with a high variability of weather conditions. A second approach is investigated and analyzed for this scenario, where the adaptation requires a reduced execution time. In this second approach, a trained machine learning technique is employed together with the results obtained from the first approach in different scenarios. These results show that this approach allows the spray element to be adapted in a way that is compatible with what was provided by the previous approach in less space of time.
O manejo de proteção com uso de produtos fitofarmacêuticos possibilita o controle de pragas em ambientes agrícolas, tornando-o menos nocivo para o desenvolvimento da cultura e com produção em grande escala. Porém, apenas uma pequena parte do produto pulverizado realmente é depositado na área alvo enquanto a maior parte do produto sofre deriva para regiões vizinhas. A literatura científica possui trabalhos com o uso de técnicas matemáticas para calcular a transformação física e movimento para estimar a deposição do produto. Com base nessa predição é possível configurar o sistema de pulverização para realizar a pulverização sob uma condição meteorológica comum na região para um desempenho satisfatório, mas as condições meteorológicas podem sofrer alterações e tornar qualquer configuração estática ineficiente. Uma alternativa para esse problema é realizar a adaptação da atuação do elemento pulverizador às condições meteorológicas durante a execução do manejo de proteção. Contudo, as técnicas existentes são computacionalmente custosas para serem executadas, tornando-as inadequadas para situações em que é requerido baixo tempo de execução. Esta tese se concentra no contexto descrito com objetivo de permitir a predição da deposição de forma rápida e precisa. Assim, espera-se que as novas abordagens sejam capazes de possibilitar a adaptação do elemento pulverizador às condições meteorológicas durante a realização do manejo de proteção. Este trabalho inicia com o processo de redução do custo de execução de um modelo computacional do ambiente, tornando sua execução mais rápida. Posteriormente, utiliza-se este modelo computacional para predição da deposição como função Fitness em algoritmos de meta-heurística para adaptar o comportamento do elemento pulverizador às condições meteorológicas durante a realização do manejo. Os resultados desta abordagem demonstram que é possível utilizá-la para realizar a adaptação em ambientes com baixa variabilidade. Por outro lado, pode apresentar baixo desempenho em ambientes com alta variabilidade nas condições meteorológicas. Uma segunda abordagem é investigada e analisada para este cenário, onde o processo de adaptação requer um tempo de execução reduzido. Nesta segunda abordagem é utilizado uma técnica de Aprendizado de Máquina treinada com os resultados gerados pela primeira abordagem em diferentes cenários. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que essa abordagem possibilita realizar a adaptação do elemento pulverizador compatível com a proporcionada pela abordagem anterior em um menor espaço de tempo.

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Colaizzi, Paul Dominic. "Ground based remote sensing for irrigation management in precision agriculture". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280497.

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The relationship between remotely sensed canopy temperature and soil moisture was studied. The objectives were to relate two remotely sensed canopy temperature-based indices, the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) and the Water Deficit Index (WDI), to soil moisture through the water stress coefficient, to estimate soil moisture depletion with the CWSI and the WDI, and to develop a remote sensing system aboard a linear move irrigation system that would provide field images of the WDI at one-meter spatial resolution. Studies were conducted in Maricopa, Arizona during the 1998 and 1999 seasons with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, Delta Pine 90b). In 1998, the field was surface irrigated (low frequency irrigation), and the CWSI was calculated from canopy temperature measurements using stationary infrared thermometers. In 1999, the field was irrigated with a linear move system (high frequency irrigation), and the WDI was calculated using measurements made by the on board remote sensing system. Both the CWSI and the WDI were correlated to soil moisture through the water stress coefficient. Soil moisture depletion could be estimated using the CWSI under low frequency irrigation, but could not be estimated using the WDI under high frequency irrigation. These differences were attributed to the range of soil moisture resulting from infrequent surface irrigation vs. frequent irrigation using the linear move. High spatial resolution images of the WDI could nonetheless monitor water stress throughout the field from partial to full canopy cover, which demonstrated that ground-based remote sensing is feasible for irrigation management in precision agriculture. This application of remote sensing provides an opportunity to improve water use efficiency.

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Brown, Rachael M. "Economic Optimization and Precision Agriculture: A Carbon Footprint Story". UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/11.

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This thesis examines the economic and environmental impacts that precision agriculture technologies (PATs) can have on the carbon footprint of a grain farm. An analysis is offered using two manuscripts. The first examines the impacts of three PATs and compares the findings to a conventional farming method. It was found that all three PATs investigated showed a potential Pareto improvement over conventional farming. The second manuscript expanded the model used previously to in order to develop a process to construct a carbon efficient frontier (CEF). The model employed examined uniform and variable rate technologies. In addition to the CEF, a marginal abatement cost curve was constructed. Using these curves in a complementary fashion, more accurate information on the adaptive behavior of farmer technology adoption can be gleaned. the information gleaned for the two manuscripts can give both producers and policy makers the analytical tools needed to make more information decisions with regard to economic and environmental feasibility of PATs.

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Amaral, Lúcio de Paula. "GEOESTATÍSTICA APLICADA AO MANEJO FLORESTAL EXPERIMENTAL EM FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4807.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Forests present spatial-temporal strucutre, and their management can be aided by geostatistics. The present study aimed to use geostatistics in the experimental forest management of Mixed Ombrophylous Forest (MOF), in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with two case studies. The specific objectives were to determine areas of production for a population of Araucaria angustifolia and check the sensitivity of geostatistics to different intensities of management (selective wood harvesting), at different time points, before and after the intervention in the forest. The first study was carried out in an area of 11.35 ha in Tapera, using census data from a population of Araucaria, which was used as a virtual sampling. Punctual ordinary kriging and co-kriging were used to the data of 52 virtual sampling units (30x30m) obtained. Cross semivariograms were adjusted based on the spatial structure of the number of individuals for basal area (G), volume (V), biomass (B) and carbon (C) combined through the use of map algebra to determine the production zones (PZ). The second study was held in Tupi Farm, Nova Prata, using sample units of 0.50 ha, with subunits of 10x10 m, where selective wood harvestings were implemented in 2002, with the removal of 0 (control), 20 (light harvest), 40 (medium harvest) and 60% (heavy harvest) of basal area in all diameter class. Inventories were carried out in 2001 (pre-harvesting), 2006 and 2010 (1st and 2nd monitoring). The available data were basal area and commercial volume, organized by subunits. In the first study, low, medium and high production zones were obtained (55.03, 35.54 and 9.43 % for the area of forest fragment, respectively). We obsereved that the forest was under disturbance and the population had balanced diameter distribution. In the second study, the light harvesting caused the less changes in the spatial structure of the forest, more noticeable in the simulated surface relative to the semivariogram, with the replacement of the wood removed when compared to the others. The control area was not more structured than the light harvesting, besides producing less wood. To the medium harvesting we observed pure nugget effect because it intensified the existing randomness in the sample unit prior to the intervention. However, in the heavy harvesting, there were major changes in the forest structure, where areas of high basal and commercial volume areas have become low value areas due to the mortality of individuals remaining in the former, and to the increase and inflow of trees occurring in the latter. The light selective harvesting was the most suitable, and it was spatially less structured, but more productive when compared to the control. Therefore, geostatistics may be used in forest management since it detects changes in the spatial structure of the forest and describes the behavior of variables.
As florestas possuem estrutra espaço-temporal, e seu manejo pode ser auxiliado pela geoestatística. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral utilizar a geoestatística no manejo florestal experimental de Floresta Ombrófila Mista - FOM, no Rio Grande do Sul, tendo dois estudos de caso. Os objetivos específicos foram determinar zonas de produção para uma população de Araucaria angustifolia, e verificar a sensibilidade da geoestatística à diferentes intensidades de manejo (cortes seletivos), em distintas épocas, antes e após, a intervensão na floresta. O primeiro estudo foi realizado numa área de 11,35 ha, em Tapera, com uso de dados censitários de uma população de araucária, onde fez-se uma amostragem virtual. Foram utilizadas krigagem ordinária pontual e co-krigagem, aos dados de 52 unidades amostrais virtuais (30x30 m) obtidas. Foram ajustados semivariogramas cruzados, a partir da estrutura espacial do número de indivíduos, para área basal (G), volume (V), biomassa (B) e carbono (C), combinados por meio de álgebra de mapas para determinar as zonas de produção (ZP). O segundo foi realizado na Fazenda Tupi, em Nova Prata, com uso de parcelas de 0,50 ha, divididas em subunidades de 10x10 m, onde foram realizados cortes seletivos em 2002, com retirada de 0% (testemunha), 20% (corte leve), 40% (corte médio) e 60% (corte pesado) de área basal em todas as classes de diâmetro. Os inventários foram realizados em 2001 (pré-exploratório), 2006 e 2010 (1º e 2º monitoramentos). Os dados disponíveis dos mesmos foram G e volume comercial, organizados por subunidades. No primeiro trabalho foram obtidas zonas de baixa, média e alta produção (55,03; 35,54 e 9,43% da área do fragmento florestal, respectivamente). A floresta encontra-se sob distúrbio e a população apresentou distribuição diamétrica balanceada. No segundo estudo, o corte leve foi o que causou menores alterações na estrutura espacial da floresta, mais perceptível na superfície simulada em relação ao semivariograma, havendo a reposição da madeira retirada. A testemunha não mostrou-se mais estruturada que o mesmo, além de ter produzido menos madeira. Para o corte médio observou-se efeito pepita puro, pois este intensificou a aleatoriedade existente na parcela anteriormente à intervenção. Já no corte pesado, houve grandes mudanças na estrutura da floresta, onde zonas de altos valores de G e volume comercial passaram a ser zonas de baixos valores, devido a mortalidade de indivíduos remanescentes na primeira, e aos incremento e ingressos ocorridos na segunda. O corte seletivo leve foi o mais indicado, e em relação a testemunha, apresentou-se menos estruturado espacialmente, porém mais produtivo. Conclui-se que a geoestatística pode ser utilizada no manejo florestal, pois detecta as mudanças na estrutura espacial da floresta e descreve o comportamento de variáveis.

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Adrian, Anne Mims Rainer R. Kelly. "Factors influencing adoption and use of precision agriculture". Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Dissertations/ADRIAN_ANNE_27.pdf.

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Wei, Jiantao. "Modular design of embedded systems for precision agriculture /". Search for this dissertation online, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.

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Fickenscher, Tyrell. "Precision agriculture adoption by growers in South Central Nebraska". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13777.

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Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Kevin Dhuyvetter
This thesis was commissioned by Cooperative Producers, Inc. (CPI) of Hastings, Nebraska in order to better understand the preferences and uses of precision agriculture by customers within the company’s trade territory. With the rapid increase of precision agriculture (hardware, software, services, etc.) it is necessary to get a better understanding of what drives growers to adopt and implement precision agriculture practices. A paper survey was sent out in CPI’s monthly statements to patrons that also included instructions to be able to fill out an online survey if that was preferred. From that offering there were a total of 114 responses providing data from which several technology adoption models were estimated. Based on prior experience with precision agriculture and the development of services offered to growers, it is hypothesized that there are three primary variables influencing a grower’s decision to adopt precision agriculture. If the operation is managed by a younger grower (<40 years old), farms with a larger number of acres, and if a high percent of the operation’s acres are irrigated they will be more likely to adopt precision agriculture practices. The survey results generally revealed that younger farmers, larger farm size, and a higher percentage of irrigated acres did not increase the likelihood of utilizing precision agriculture. The questions asked in the survey were designed to provide information for the development of a tool that salespeople offering precision agriculture services could use to determine if a potential customer with be inclined to adopt and utilize precision agriculture. While some of the results were contrary to expectations they do offer insight into what type of customer adopts precision agriculture and a direction for CPI to move in order to maximize market penetration.

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Junior, Antonio Marcelo Arietti. "Análise dos requisitos da qualidade em projetos de robôs agrícolas". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18145/tde-21072017-084102/.

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Norteado pela necessidade de evolução do mercado agrícola, o desenvolvimento da agricultura de precisão atinge o nível de gerenciamento escalar de uma única planta, utilizando robôs agrícolas autônomos, os quais deverão trabalhar por longos períodos, ser ambientalmente corretos, atender às necessidades dos clientes, e ainda, com qualidade, confiabilidade e segurança. Este trabalho tem como objetivos pesquisar, discutir e apresentar os requisitos da qualidade em robôs agrícolas, focando a satisfação do usuário final. Tais objetivos serão atingidos por meio do detalhamento da aplicação de ferramentas utilizadas durante o desenvolvimento do produto, e da avaliação de um robô existente, quanto ao atendimento dos requisitos definidos pelo usuário final. O estudo conclui que, a melhor metodologia a ser utilizada para satisfazer as necessidades do usuário final de um robô agrícola, é aplicação da ferramenta QFD durante o desenvolvimento do projeto do produto. Quanto à avaliação do robô existente, a conclusão foi de que, por se tratar de um robô desenvolvido com finalidade experimental para execução de pequenas atividades e com recursos financeiros limitados, sua nota média obtida pode ser considerada apropriada.
Guided by agricultural market evolution demand, precision agriculture development reaches scalar management level of one only plant, through the usage of autonomous agricultural robots, which must work in long shifts, environmentally friendly, meet customer requirements, all this with quality, reliability and safety. This work aims the research, discussion and presentation of quality requirements of agricultural robots, focusing on the satisfaction of final user. These objectives are reached through the tools application detailing used during the product development and evaluation of an existent robot on the requirements defined by the final user. The study concludes that the best methodology to be used to satisfy agricultural robots final user needs is through the application of QFD tool during the product design. As for the evaluation on the existent robot, the conclusion was that, as a robot developed for an experimental execution of small activities and with limited budget, his average score may be considered appropriated.

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Santos, Patricia Menezes. "Controle do desenvolvimento das hastes no capim Tanzânia: um desafio". Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-17072002-161144/.

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O capim Tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia) tem sido amplamente utilizado em áreas de pastagem no Brasil. O aumento da participação das hastes na produção, no entanto, têm efeito negativo sobre a qualidade da forragem e a eficiência do pastejo, principalmente durante o florescimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi gerar informações sobre o perfilhamento e a dinâmica interna de nitrogênio, de modo a permitir a proposição de estratégias de manejo visando o controle do desenvolvimento das hastes. Para isso foram realizados dois experimentos. O primeiro em área de capim Tanzânia irrigado na ESALQ/USP, em Piracicaba-SP, entre outubro/1999 e junho/2000. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com três tratamentos (intensidade de pastejo alta, média e baixa) e quatro repetições. Foram avaliados: número; peso; porcentagem de folhas; participação na produção total, de folhas e de hastes; e a DIVMO das gerações de perfilhos. O segundo experimento foi realizado em câmaras de crescimento no MLURI, em Aberdeen-Escócia. O capim Tanzânia foi cultivado em vasos, recebendo solução nutritiva completa até que a 7a folha estivesse expandida. A partir de então, passou a receber solução nutritiva semelhante, alguns com 15N e outros com zero N. As plantas foram coletadas no momento da completa expansão das folhas 7, 8 e 9, e separadas em suas partes constituintes. As amostras foram secadas, pesadas, moídas e depois analisadas quanto às concentrações de N total e de 15N, utilizando-se espectrômetro de massa de fluxo contínuo. Nenhuma geração de perfilhos destacou-se em termos de participação na massa de forragem total, não sendo possível programar o manejo do capim Tanzânia com base nas caraterísticas de uma única geração. A porcentagem de folhas dependeu, principalmente, do estádio de desenvolvimento do capim e do ciclo de pastejo. Não é possível, portanto, controlar o desenvolvimento das hastes através de cortes estratégicos que eliminem determinadas gerações de perfilhos. A participação das gerações de perfilhos na produção de hastes dependeu da intensidade de pastejo, sendo a participação das gerações mais novas maior no pastejo mais intenso. A DIVMO das gerações diminuiu com a idade e, de modo geral, foi maior nas áreas submetidas a alta intensidade de pastejo. Estratégias de manejo que promovam maior renovação de perfilhos a partir de fevereiro parecem boas alternativas para reduzir os efeitos negativos do florescimento. No entanto, é preciso observar suas conseqüências sobre a produção animal e a perenidade do pasto. No capim Tanzânia, os principais drenos de nitrogênio foram as folhas em expansão, seguidas dos perfilhos laterais e raízes. As folhas expandidas mais novas representaram a principal fonte de nitrogênio para mobilização. A alocação da maior parte do nitrogênio em órgãos de fácil acesso à colheita demonstra a necessidade de estudos sobre a dinâmica de nitrogênio em plantas submetidas a desfolha. Este processo pode limitar a adoção de práticas de manejo que promovam maior renovação na população de perfilhos. A absorção radicular foi a principal fonte de N, demonstrando a necessidade de estudos sobre o sistema radicular e a dinâmica de nitrogênio no sistema solo-planta.
Tanzânia grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia) is widely used for grazing in Brazil. The increase in stem production, mainly during flowering, has a negative impact over forage quality and grazing efficiency. The aim of this work was to study tillering and nitrogen dynamics in order to propose management alternatives for the control of stem production. Two experiments were done. The first was on an irrigated Tanzânia grass pasture at ESALQ/USP, in Piracicaba-SP, between October/1999 and June/2000. The experiment was on a complete block design with three treatments (high, medium and low grazing intensities) and four replicates. Tiller cohorts were identified by coloured plastic coated wire. The number weight leaf percentage contribution to total production and to leaf and stem production, and IVOMD of each cohort were evaluated throughout the experiment. The second experiment was conducted on the MLURI, in Aberdeen-Scotland. Tanzânia grass plants were grown in sand culture in controlled environment rooms and supplied with a complete nutrient solution until the 7th leaf was fully expanded. From then on, the plants received either an identical solution containing 15N or a complete nutrient solution containing zero N. They were destructively harvested and separated into various components when the 7th, 8th and 9th leaves were fully expanded. All plant material was weighted after oven drying at 65oC, and then ball-milled prior to analysis. The total N and 15N concentrations of the samples were determined using a continuous flow mass spectrometer. No tiller cohort was identified as responsible for most of dry mass production, so it is not possible to base Tanzânia grass management on the characteristics of a single cohort. The percentage of leaves was mainly related to plant development stage and grazing cycle. The contribution of tiller cohorts to stem production was influenced by grazing intensities: the participation of the youngest cohorts was higher on heavily grazed areas. The IVOMD of tiller cohorts decreased over the grazing cycles and was higher on heavily grazed areas. Obtaining a higher tiller turnover through management practices seems to be the best way to reduce the negative effects of flowering over forage quality and grazing efficiency. The consequences of these management strategies over pasture persistence and animal production need to be established. The main sinks of nitrogen on Tanzânia grass were expanding leaves, followed by side tillers and roots. The youngest fully expanded leaves were the main sources of nitrogen for mobilisation. As most nitrogen is allocated to plant compartments easily harvested by grazing, studies about nitrogen dynamics on defoliated plants are necessary to verify these effects over pasture regrowth and persistence. This process may limit the adoption of management strategies that increase tiller turnover. Root uptake was the main source of nitrogen for new growth, indicating the necessity of more studies on root development and nitrogen dynamics on soil-plant system.

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17

Andrade-Sanchez, Pedro, i John T. Heun. "Understanding Technical Terms and Acronyms Used in Precision Agriculture". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146427.

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5 pp.
In this publication we make a recount of basic terms and acronyms used in describing the functionality and capabilities of precision agriculture technologies. Growers seeking to acquire new systems or upgrade their existing equipment need to be fluent in terminology used in communications, hardware, software, and other areas in order to make good decisions at the time of buying equipment. This information is also useful to educate equipment operators in the in-and-outs of this technology and this way be able to maximize the use of these expensive upgrades.

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Cillis, Donato. "Introducing innovative precision farming techniques in agriculture to decrease carbon emissions". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425242.

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Nowadays, agricultural systems are asked to satisfy the increasing global demand for food and fiber for a growing population. The intensification of the current systems in term of inputs and outputs lead to raising the concerns about the impact on the environment. Considering the background found in literature and its highlighted gap, the hypothesis of this thesis are (1) to survey within-farm soil and yield variability in order to delineate the homogeneous zones and productive potential; (2) study the synergy between conservation agriculture and precision agriculture allowing the optimization in terms of crop yield, net energy and energy efficiency; (3) identify the best strategies, derived from the synergy between conservation agriculture and precision agriculture, able to decrease the CO2 emissions of agricultural systems in the mid-term using SALUS simulations. Data collection required to verify these hypotheses derived from different sources, and their analysis was performed using different approaches and tools. In fact, different soil and crop sensors were used to define site-specific crop management and enable processes to better understand land changes such as spatial variations or delineation of homogeneous zones at farm scale. Besides, simulation models, when suitably tested, provide a useful tool for finding the combination of management strategies to reach the multiple goals required for sustainable crop production. Simulation models also allow to increase inputs efficiency and to perform land management. The homogeneous zones characterization derived from the interpolation of ARP data and historical crop-yield data. Incorporating this method, it is possible to efficiently perform the analysis with a larger set of data. Classification and definition of the homogeneous zones were fulfilled by inputting data into the MZA software. The optimum number of homogeneous classes was identified according to the study of indices provided by the software. Four homogeneous zones satisfying these requirements were then defined. Consequently, the productive potential was assigned to the homogeneous zones through ANOVA test of soil features and historical crop yield. Finally, the productive potential was validated comparing the average province yield of the considered crops. Regarding crop yield, strip-tillage (ST) and no-tillage (NT) got a decrease of 20% and 15% compared to conventional tillage (CT). However, the contribution of precision agriculture allows mitigating crop yield reduction in every tested conservation tillage system. In fact, an increase in total crop yield higher than 10% was observed, leading minimum tillage (MT) to obtain the same response of CT. In the same way, MT supported by precision agriculture achieves the highest net energy values, 2% higher than CT. While precision agriculture enables to enhance of almost 20% net energy in ST and NT compared to the same techniques managed in uniform rate application. Moreover, precision agriculture contributes to increasing energy efficiency in MT and NT with an increase with respect to CT of 10% and 2% respectively. Finally, ST supported by precision agriculture technologies shows an increase in energy efficiency of 15% compared to ST managed with a fixed rate of inputs. On the other hand, the contribution of precision agriculture in term of carbon emissions mitigation was assessed in order to define the strategy with the lowest total annual CO2 emissions under current climatic condition. SALUS simulation shown a general trend among the treatments characterized by a decrease in soil organic carbon (SOC) stock. However, a significant reduction in SOC losses was simulated in MT and NT, 17% and 63% respectively, compared to CT. Furthermore, the adoption of conservation tillage techniques decreased carbon emissions related to farming operations, while precision agriculture technologies led to an optimization of the exhaustible sources such as fossil fuels and fertilizers. Finally, we showed that the synergy between conservation tillage systems, especially NT, and precision agriculture strategies represents a useful tool in terms of carbon emissions mitigation. With consideration of current climatic conditions and the studied field variability, NT supported by precision agriculture strategies demonstrated a reduction of 56% of total CO2 as compared to CT.
Oggi, I sistemi agricoli sono chiamati a soddisfare la crescente domanda di cibo e fibre vegetali dovuto al continuo incremento demografico. L’intensificazione di questi sistemi in termini di utilizzo massiccio di fattori produttivi e relative asportazione porta ad aumentare le preoccupazioni in merito all’impatto ambientale. Il principale obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è individuare, attraverso prove sperimentali combinate con simulazioni di medio-termine di diversi scenari, la miglior soluzione tecnica in grado di preservare la fertilità del suolo e ridurre l'impatto ambientale del settore agricolo studiando la sinergia tra l'agricoltura conservativa e l'agricoltura di precisione. Considerando i contributi scientifici che studiano i due principi, ed individuati i punti di approfondimento relativi alla gestione della variabilità e mitigazione dell'impatto ambientale, le ipotesi di questo lavoro di tesi sono (1) di mappare la variabilità a livello aziendale in termini di proprietà del suolo e resa in granella allo scopo di definire delle zone omogenee ed attribuirgli un potenziale produttivo; (2) studiare la sinergia tra l’agricoltura conservativa e l’agricoltura di precisione che premette di ottenere incrementi produttivi, energia netta ed efficienza energetica; (3) individuare le migliori strategie derivanti dalla sinergia tra agricoltura conservativa ed agricoltura di precisione, in grado di diminuire nel medio periodo le emissioni di CO2 dei sistemi agricoli usando le simulazioni del modello SALUS. Per verificare queste ipotesi la raccolta dati è stata effettuata utilizzando diverse fonti, approcci e strumenti. Infatti, strumenti per la mappatura del suolo ed il monitoraggio dello stato di vigore delle colture sono stati utilizzati per studiare la variabilità di campo e la sua evoluzione nel tempo per poter definire zone omogenee stabili nel tempo. Inoltre, i modelli di simulazione, quando opportunamente testati, rappresentano un utile strumento per poter definire la miglior strategia gestionale per ottenere delle produzioni sostenibili. Questi trovano diversi campi applicativi, dall’incremento dell’efficienza d’uso dei fattori produttivi alla gestione delle superfici coltivate. La caratterizzazione delle zone omogenee è stata effettuata tramite interpolazione dei dati ARP e dati di resa storici derivanti da mappe di resa. Adottando questo metodo è possibile effettuare analisi su vasta scala. La classificazione e definizione delle zone omogenee è stata ottenuta alimentando un programma geostatistico chiamato MZA con i dati descritti in precedenza. Il numero ottimale di classi omogenee è stato selezionato sulla base di indici derivanti dall’analisi del programma, che per questo studio è risultato essere quattro. Successivamente, il potenziale produttivo di ogni classe omogenea è stato attribuito attraverso analisi della varianza dei dati relativi alle analisi del suolo puntuali e dati di resa storici. Infine, il potenziale produttivo assegnato è stato validato sulla base delle rese medie storiche a livello distrettuale. Per quanto riguarda la resa in granella, nello strip-tillage (ST) e la non lavorazione (NT) si osservano cali del 20% e 15% rispetto alla tecnica convenzionale (CT). Tuttavia, il contributo dell’agricoltura di precisione permette di mitigare questo fenomeno in tutte le tecniche di lavorazione conservativa studiate in questo lavoro. Questo permette di ottenere incrementi produttivi superiori al 10%, che permettono alla minima lavorazione (MT) di eguagliare le rese di CT. Allo stesso modo, MT supportata da agricoltura di precisione raggiunge i più alti valori di energia netta, 2% maggiori di CT. Mentre, l’agricoltura di precisione contribuisce ad aumentare di quasi il 20% l’energia netta in ST e NT rispetto al corrispettivo gestito in modo uniforme. Inoltre, Questa consenta di aumentare l’efficienza energetica in MT e NT del 10% e 2% rispetto a CT. In ST invece, si osservano incrementi del 15% confrontato con la stessa tecnica senza supporto di agricoltura di precisione. D’altronde, i possibili benefici dell’agricoltura di precisione sono stati calcolati in termini di emissioni di carbonio per poter definire le migliori strategie che pesano meno dal punto di vista delle emissioni di CO2 in atmosfera nelle condizioni climatiche attuali. Dalle simulazioni del SALUS si evince che tutte le tesi studiate sono caratterizzate da perdite del contenuto di carbonio organico del suolo (SOC). Tuttavia, si sono registrate minori perdite in MT e NT del 17% e 63% rispetto a CT. Inoltre, l’adozione di tecniche di lavorazione conservativa mitiga anche le emissioni di carbonio legate alle agrotecniche, mentre l’agricoltura di precisione porta ad una ottimizzazione delle risorse esauribili come combustibile fossile e fertilizzanti. Infine, è stato dimostrato che la sinergia tra agricoltura conservativa, specialmente NT, e agricoltura di precisione rappresenta un utile strumento per mitigare le emissioni di carbonio in atmosfera legate all’attività agricola. Infatti, considerando le attuali condizioni climatiche e la variabilità di campo caratterizzante l’area di studio, NT supportata da principi e tecnologie di agricoltura di precisione è in grado di ridurre le emissioni totali annue di CO2 del 56% rispetto a CT.

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Ramaswamy, Kiran. "Precision application of herbicides in corn fields". Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114199.

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The primary objective of this thesis was to develop a system through which precision spraying of herbicides could be applied to a corn field at an early post-emergence stage of development. The initial hypotheses underlying this thesis were that it was possible to: 1) capture a series of digital images using a tractor-mounted camera; 2) tag these images using a Global Positioning System (GPS); 3) develop an algorithm to detect weeds in an image; 4) develop a weed map using a series of images tagged with the presence or absence of weeds; and 5) significantly reduce the amount of spraying needed by spraying only areas known to contain weeds, thus reducing both costs and environmental impact.The experimental conditions consisted of a field of corn crop 12-17 days into their development stage and at the 3-5 leaf stage of development. A tractor-mounted camera interfaced to a GPS system and linked to a laptop computer was used for gathering images of the corn field.Due to the complexities involved in separating weeds the crop, the bulk of the thesis work was dedicated to the analysis of different algorithms through which weeds could be identified and weed maps could be created. The algorithm selected for the identification of weeds was the greenness method, using a pixel-by-pixel analysis of the red-green-blue (RGB) intensity values. The weed-tagged images were used to develop a series of algorithms to create weed maps. These algorithms utilized a set of image aggregation methods in order to establish a spray- or no-spray value for each location on the field, which were then plotted to demonstrate the locations of the field to be sprayed. The algorithms were validated through the use of the bootstrap statistical method. Once done, the potential herbicide savings for each weed mapping algorithm were evaluated. The results indicated that the algorithms had the potential to yield a maximum herbicide savings of 76% when compared with blanket spraying of the entire field. Factors that influenced the potential herbicide savings included the weed density necessary before spraying is employed, the number of images chosen to aggregate, and the size of the field as a whole. Seven algorithms were 100% successful in detecting weeds. Validation testing revealed that, when compared with a control situation in which 100% of the field would be sprayed, the algorithm that sprayed the smallest percentage of the field while still eliminating all weeds yielded a potential 10% herbicide savings; under the same parameters, the best performing real-time algorithm yielded a potential 9% herbicide savings. Therefore, it was determined that a solution involving the real-time acquisition and processing of video data and using the greenness method for weed detection could be employed in order to obtain savings in herbicide application.
L'objectif principal de cette thèse était de développer un système par lequel l'application précise des herbicides pourrait être appliquée à un champ de maïs qui est dans un stade précoce post levée de développement. Les hypothèses de cette thèse étaient qu'il était possible de: 1) capturer une série d'images à l'aide d'une caméra montée sur un tracteur; 2) marquer ces images en utilisant un système de positionnement global (GPS); 3) développer un algorithme pour détecter les mauvaises herbes dans une image; 4) de développer une carte des mauvaises herbes à l'aide d'une série d'images étiqueté avec la présence ou l'absence de mauvaises herbes, et 5) réduire considérablement la quantité d'herbicides nécessaire par appliquer des herbicides seulement dans les zones connues pour contenir les mauvaises herbes, ce qui va permettre la réduction des coûts et des impacts environnementaux. Les conditions expérimentales se composait d'un champ de maïs 12-17 jours après le début de leur phase de développement et au stade 3-5 feuilles du développement. Une caméra montée sur tracteur et relié à un système GPS et un ordinateur portable a été utilisé pour recueillir des images du champ de maïs.En raison de la complexité de distinguer les mauvaises herbes, la majorité du travail a été consacré à l'analyse des algorithmes d'identification et cartographie des mauvaises herbes. L'algorithme choisi pour l'identification des mauvaises herbes a été la méthode de verdure, en utilisant une analyse pixel par pixel des valeurs d'intensité rouge-vert-bleu (RGB).Les images de mauvaises herbes marquées ont été utilisées pour développer une série d'algorithmes pour créer des cartes des mauvaises herbes. Ces algorithmes ont utilisé un ensemble de méthodes d'agrégation d'image afin d'établir une valeur indiquant si les herbicides doit être appliqués pour chaque endroit sur le terrain. En utilisant ces valeurs, des cartes des mauvaises herbes ont été créés pour montrer les endroits identifiées. Les algorithmes ont été validés par utiliser l'algorithme bootstrap. Une fois cela fait, les économies d'herbicides potentiels pour chaque algorithme de cartographie des mauvaises herbes ont été évaluées. Les résultats ont indiqué que les algorithmes avait le potentiel de produire des économies d'herbicides maximales de 76% par rapport à l'application des herbicides à la totalité du champ. Facteurs qui ont influé les économies d'herbicides potentiels inclus la densité des mauvaises herbes nécessaires avant l'application des herbicides, le nombre d'images choisies à l'agrégation, et la taille du champ. Sept algorithmes ont réussi à détecter 100% des mauvaises herbes.Tests de validation ont révélé que, en comparaison avec une situation de contrôle dans lequel les herbicides seront appliquer à 100% du champ, l'algorithme qui appliquait le plus petit pourcentage des herbicides en éliminant toutes les mauvaises herbes à des économies potentielles d'herbicides de 10%; selon les mêmes paramètres, l'algorithme en temps réel le plus performante avait une économie potentielle d'herbicides 9%. Donc, il a été déterminé qu'une solution impliquant l'acquisition et le traitement en temps réel des données vidéo et en utilisant la méthode verdure pour la détection des mauvaises herbes pourrait être employée afin d'obtenir des économies substantielles en application de l'herbicide.

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Gandonou, Jean-Marc A. "ESSAYS ON PRECISION AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION AND RISK MANAGEMENT". UKnowledge, 2005. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/227.

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Precision agriculture (PA) can be defined as a set of technologies that have helped propel agriculture into the computerized information-based world, and is designed to help farmers get greater control over the management of farm operations. Because of its potential to spatially reduce yield variability within the field through variable rate application of nutrients it is thought to be a production risk management instrument. Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is another production risk management technology that is generating interest from the farming community as a result of new technological improvements that facilitate equipment maintenance and reduces water consumption.In the first article the production risk management potential of these two technologies was investigated both for each technology and for a combination of the two. Simulated yield data for corn, wheat and soybeans were obtained using EPIC, a crop growth simulation model. Mathematical programming techniques were used in a standard E-V framework to reproduce the production environment of a Kentucky commercial grain farmer in Henderson County. Results show that for risk averse farmers, the lowest yield variability was obtained with the SDI technology. The highest profit level was obtained when the two technologies were combined.Investment in two sets of equipments (PA and SDI) to maximize profitability and reduce risk could however expose many farm operations to financial risk. In the second article, a discrete stochastic sequential programming (DSSP) model was used to analyze the impact of PA and/or SDI equipment investment on the farm's liquidity and debt to asset ratio.In the last article, the cotton sector in Benin, West Africa, was utilized to study the transferability of PA technology to a developing country. Properly introduced, precision agriculture (PA) technology could help farmers increase profitability, improve management practices, and reduce soil depletion. An improved production system could also help farmers better cope with the policy risk related to cotton production. Results from the two models show that PA is less profitable for the risk neutral farmer but more profitable for the risk averse one when compared to conventional production practices. The adoption of the new technology also has very little impact on the choice of crop rotation made by the farmer.

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Littlefield, Joanne. "A New Tool for Precision Agriculture: It's Site-Specific". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622277.

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Cossette, Maximillion Kirk. "Precision Agriculture Technology Adoption and Usage in North Dakota". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31554.

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The world population is projected to rise, and there is a growing concern of future food availability. Precision agriculture technologies are one solution to this problem as they aim to produce more food on less land. This study examines the adoption and intensity of precision agriculture technology usage by producers in North Dakota. Data from a North Dakota State University survey was collected and analyzed using an econometric double-hurdle model. Results of the study describe which producers adopt precision agriculture technologies, which technologies complement each other, and what affects the intensity of technology usage. Several technologies were found to have complementary effects on each other, larger farms are more likely to adopt PATs, and crop choices have varying impacts on the adoption and usage of PATs. Most of these findings agree with previous literature, although new light was shed on some new findings and predictions.

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Chen, Yibo. "Routing algorithm dedicated to environmental data collection : precision agriculture". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22572/document.

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Les Réseaux de Capteurs Sans Fil (RCSF ou Wireless Sensor Network - WSN) sont l'une des technologies les plus importantes du 21ème siècle. La plupart des chercheurs et les analystes estiment que, dans un proche avenir, ces micro-capteurs seront intégrés partout dans l’environnement de notre vie quotidienne. Ces dernières années, l'Internet des Objets (Internet of Things - IoT) est également une des technologies émergentes qui se développe rapidement. Deux nouveaux standards permettent de déployer des réseaux sans fil de faible consommation énergétique connectés à internet : le protocole 6LowPAN (Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks) qui permet notamment d’apporter l’adressage IPv6 aux capteurs grâce à l’encapsulation et la compression des données et le protocole de routage RPL (IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy network) qui permet à l’information de circuler dans les WSN de proche en proche à un faible coût énergétique. Bien que le développement de ces techniques soit extrêmement rapide, plusieurs problèmes causés principalement par le manque de ressources des micro-capteurs (puissance limitée de traitement, problèmes de bande passante et de connexion des liens avec perte de données, problème de ressource énergétique limitée) demeurent et doivent être résolus, notamment pour les applications agro-environnementales
The wireless sensor network (WSN) is one of the most important technologies of the 21st century. Most researchers and technical analysts believe that in the near future, these micro-sensors will be integrated into the environment of our daily lives. In recent years, the IoT (Internet of Things) and WoT (Web of Things) technologies also have great forwarding. Especially, the IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) protocol has allowed the use of IPv6 protocol stack in the field of WSN, thanks to its encapsulation and compression mechanisms in IPv6 packet header. Moreover, the RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Network) provides such a powerful routing function that can be applied for a variety of application scenarios. These two key standards of IoT and WoT technologies for WSN can be used in an IPv6 stack, and they will successfully achieve the connection between Internet and micro-sensors. Thus, due to the availability of IPv6 address (128-bit), all the communicating objects, such as smart device, sensor, and actuator, can be connected to the Internet. That is the greatest advantage brought by the IoT. Although the progress of these techniques is extremely fast, several issues caused by resource constraints of micro-sensor (limited processing power, bandwidth and lossy connection link, and energy), such as QoS, energy efficient, robustness and lifetime of WSN, and the most important, the special requirement of agricultural applications. Notice that Precision Agriculture is are still very challenging and waiting to be solved. Essentially, these open questions would dabble in the aspects like telemedicine, remote home automation, industrial control etc. Thus, the results obtained in this work will have a significant impact on both economic and scientific. Economically, it can offer a solution for WSN to support sustainable development in the field of agriculture automation. While scientifically, we will contribute to the routing protocol standardization of wireless micro-sensors in the domain of environmental monitoring

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Camargo, Marcel Pinton de. "Aerial machine vision, geographical information system and hue for pattern classification in agriculture". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-17012019-180101/.

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In this research we aim to achieve cybernetic cohesion information flow in precision agriculture, integrating machine learning methods, computer vision, geographical information system and UAV-photogrammetry in an irrigated area with slaughterhouse wastewater, under five treatments (W100 - irrigation with superficial water and 100% of nitrogen mineral fertilization, E0, E33, E66 and E100 - irrigation with treated effluent from slaughterhouse and addition of 0, 33, 66 and 100% of nitrogen mineral fertilization, respectively) and four replications on grassland (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.). Several images (between one hundred and two hundred) with red, green, blue (RGB) color model were captured using a quadcopter flying at 20 meter altitude and obtaining spatial resolution of 1 centimeter on a surface of approximately 0.5 ha. The images were orthorectified together with nine ground control points done by differential global positioning system (GPS), both processed in the Agisoft PhotoScan software. Thirteen photogrammetric projects were done over time with 30-day revisit, the root mean squared error (RMSE) was used as accuracy measurement, and reached values lower than 5 centimeters for x, y and z axis. The orthoimage obtained with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry was changed from RGB to hue, saturation, value (HSV) color model, and the hue color space was chosen due to independence of illumination, beyond it has a good description of exposure of soil and vegetation, but it is dependent of light source temperature, so difficult to estabilish a static threshold, so we selected an unsupervised classification method, K-Means, to classify the unknown patterns along the area. Polygons were drawn delimiting the area represented by each portion and a supervised classification method based on entropy was used, the decision tree, to explore and find patterns that recognize each treatment. These steps are also displayed in forms of georeferenced thematic maps and were executed in the open source softwares Python, QGIS and Weka. The rules defined on the hue color space reached an accuracy of 100% on the training set, and provided a better understanding about the distribution of soil and vegetation on the parcels. This methodology shows a great potential for analysis of spectral data in precision agriculture.
Nesta pesquisa pretendemos alcançar a coesão cibernética no fluxo de informações dentro da agricultura de precisão, integrando métodos de aprendizagem de máquinas, visão computacional, sistema de informação geográfica e aerofotogrametria em uma área irrigada com efluente de matadouro, sob cinco tratamentos (W100 - irrigação com água superficial e 100 % de adubação mineral nitrogenada, E0, E33, E66 e E100 - irrigação com efluente tratado de abatedouro e adição de 0, 33, 66 e 100% de adubação mineral nitrogenada, respectivamente) e quatro repetições em pastagem (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) Várias imagens (entre cem e duzentas) com modelo de cor vermelho, verde e azul (RGB) foram capturadas por um quadricóptero voando a 20 metros de altitude, e obtendo resolução espacial de 1 centímetro em uma superfície de aproximadamente 0.5 ha. As imagens foram ortorretificadas juntamente com nove pontos de controle, realizados pelo sistema de posicionamento global diferencial (GPS), ambos processados no software Agisoft PhotoScan. Treze projetos fotogramétricos foram realizados ao longo do tempo com revisita de 30 dias, a raiz do erro quadrático médio (RMSE) foi usada como medida de acurácia e atingiu valores menores que 5 centímetros para os eixos x, y e z. A ortoimagem obtida com a fotogrametria do veículo aéreo não tripulado (UAV) foi alterada de RGB para matiz, saturação, valor (HSV) e o espaço de cor matiz foi escolhido devido a independência da iluminação, além de ter boa descrição da exposição do solo e vegetação. Entretanto este é dependente da temperatura da fonte de luz, portanto difícil de se estabelecer um limiar estático, logo selecionamos um método de classificação não supervisionado, o K-Means, para classificar os padrões desconhecidos ao longo da área. Polígonos foram traçados delimitando a área representada por cada parcela e um método supervisionado de classificação baseado na entropia foi utilizado, a árvore de decisão, para explorar e encontrar padrões que reconheçam cada tratamento. Essas etapas também são exibidas em formas de mapas temáticos georeferenciados e foram executadas nos softwares de código aberto Python, QGIS e Weka. As regras definidas no espaço de cor matiz atingiram uma acurácia de 100% no conjunto de treinamento e proporcionaram um melhor entendimento sobre a distribuição do solo e da vegetação nas parcelas. Esta metodologia mostra um grande potencial para análise de dados na agricultura de precisão.

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Kayrouz, Benjamin Michael. "PRECISION AGRICULTURE: REALIZING INCREASED PROFIT AND REDUCED RISK THROUGH COST MAP AND LIGHTBAR ADOPTION". Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10225/875.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Kentucky, 2008.
Title from document title page (viewed on November 3, 2008). Document formatted into pages; contains: ix, 58 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-57).

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Andrade-Sanchez, Pedro, i John T. Heun. "Things to Know About Applying Precision Agriculture Technologies in Arizona". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146428.

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7 pp.
In this publication, we will make the case of what Precision Agriculture (PA) technologies can do to enhance the productivity of farming systems, with particular attention to the case of irrigated agriculture in the semi-arid Arizona. This guide is intended to aid growers to select the right technology when considering the need to acquire new, or upgrade existing equipment.

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Batista, Jessé Alves. "ADOÇÃO DA AGRICULTURA DE PRECISÃO NA AMAZÔNIA: ESTUDO DE CASO NA REGIÃO CONE SUL DO ESTADO DE RONDÔNIA". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4841.

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During the last years, the application of Precision Agriculture (PA) has been a research object worldwide, and the understanding of the factors related to it becomes crucial for the development of strategies that can meet the needs of dissemination and use of such technologies. This work's objective was to identify the level of PA tools adoption in the south corner of Rondonia, a region that produces soy and corn, it the Brazilian Amazon, as well as the intention to contribute for the state of the art use of these technologies in Brazil. Data gathering was done through applying a questionnaire on 37 PA adopting farmers in this region. The statistical processing of the data was based in two methodologies, Descriptive Statistics, wich displayed percentual, average, and standard diversion. And Matching Analysis, for variable matchings. Intending to compare the indexes of PA adoption in Rondonia to the indexes of adoption in other Brazilian regions where it has been studied, 5% significance intervals of Confidence Intervals (CI) were raised, and hypothesis tests to correlate different populations were applied. The results pointed that PA in Rondonia finds itself at initial adoption phase, being the main restrictive factors to adoption the machinery high cost and the post sale technical assistance low service quality. The automatic pilot, the soil geo-referenced sampling, the fertility map confection and soil correlation at variable rate were the most used tools in the studied region, due to have displayed similar indexes compared to other Brazilian regions. The harvester with yield sensor was the most found PA machine on farms, being the harvest mapping through the productivity map pointed as the next service to be adopted in Rondonia. PA shows great use potential in the region, especially to most of the largely disseminated tools in Brazil, once they are already present in Rondonia's farming activities, added to the expected Rondonian farmers intention of intensifying its use.
Nos últimos anos, o fenômeno da adoção da Agricultura de Precisão (AP) tem sido objeto de pesquisa no mundo todo e o entendimento dos fatores a isso relacionados torna-se crucial para o desenvolvimento de estratégias que possam vir ao encontro da necessidade de disseminação e uso dessas tecnologias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar o nível de adoção das ferramentas de AP no Cone Sul de Rondônia, região produtora de soja e milho, localizada na Amazônia brasileira, bem como pretendeu contribuir com o esboço do estado da arte do uso dessas tecnologias no Brasil. A coleta de dados foi realizada a partir da aplicação de questionário a 37 agricultores adotantes dessa região. O tratamento estatístico dos dados foi baseado em duas metodologias, a estatística descritiva, que apresentou percentual, média e desvio padrão e a Análise de Correspondência (AC), para associação de variáveis. Com o intuito de comparar os índices de adoção da AP em Rondônia com os índices de adoção de outras regiões do Brasil onde se estudou o fenômeno da adoção da AP, foram calculados Intervalos de Confiança (IC) ao nível de 5% de significância e realizados testes de hipóteses para correlacionar diferentes populações. Os resultados indicaram que a AP em Rondônia encontra-se em fase inicial de adoção, sendo que os principais fatores apontados como restritivos à adoção foram o alto custo das máquinas e a baixa qualidade do serviço de assistência técnica pós-venda. O piloto automático, a amostragem georreferenciada de solo, a confecção de mapa de fertilidade e a correção de solo em taxa variável foram as ferramentas mais adotadas na região de estudo, por apresentarem índices semelhantes aos de outras regiões do Brasil. A colhedora com sensor de rendimento foi a máquina de AP mais frequente nas propriedades rurais, sendo que o mapeamento da colheita através do mapa de produtividade foi apontado como o próximo serviço a ser adotado em Rondônia. A agricultura de precisão apresenta grande potencial de uso na região, sobretudo para a maioria das ferramentas amplamente difundidas no Brasil uma vez que já estão presentes nas lavouras de Rondônia e tendo em vista a intenção dos agricultores rondonienses em intensificar o seu uso.

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Esquerdo, Julio Cesar Dalla Mora. "Adaptação de um pulverizador convencional para a aplicação localizada de defensivos agrícolas". Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-05072002-090630/.

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Os defensivos constituem grande parte do custo total dos insumos utilizados na produção agrícola. O alto consumo de defensivos reduz a lucratividade e aumenta os riscos de contaminação ao ambiente. Uma das alternativas que vêm sendo propostas para a redução da quantidade de defensivos utilizada na produção agrícola é o chamado "gerenciamento localizado das culturas", através do uso dos conceitos da Agricultura de Precisão. Máquinas destinadas à aplicação localizada de defensivos líquidos em doses e produtos variáveis já estão presentes no mercado; entretanto, seu alto custo inicial e alta capacidade operacional inviabilizam sua aquisição em propriedades de menor porte. No presente trabalho, um pulverizador convencional foi adaptado com válvulas solenóides para promover a aplicação do defensivo na estratégia "liga-desliga", utilizando uma dose fixa. Um programa computacional foi desenvolvido para executar o controle independente sobre cada uma das válvulas solenóides presentes nas duas seções de barra do pulverizador, em função das informações de um mapa de prescrição, contendo as coordenadas dos locais onde a aplicação deveria ocorrer. Um DGPS foi conectado ao sistema para informar a localização do trator no campo. O sistema foi submetido a um teste em condições reais de controle de plantas daninhas, as quais foram previamente georreferenciadas através do caminhamento do contorno das infestações. Os resultados mostraram que a adaptação realizada, assim como o sistema de controle desenvolvido, permitiram o controle localizado das infestações, resultando na redução da quantidade de herbicida aplicada, em comparação ao tratamento convencional.
Agrochemicals constitute a great part of the total cost of inputs used in the crops production. The high consumption of agrochemicals reduces the profitability and increases the risks of environmental contaminations. One of the alternatives that have been proposed to reduce the amount of chemicals used in the crop production is the site-specific management, using the Precision Agricultures concepts. Machines used for site-specific application of liquid agrochemicals using variable rates and products are already in the market; however, its high initial cost and operational capacity make its acquisition unfeasible for small farms. In this work, a conventional sprayer was adapted with solenoid valves to allow the site-specific application using the "on/off" strategy, and a fixed rate. A computer program was developed to control each solenoid valve installed at the two sections of the boom, according to the information of a prescription map, containing the position of the points where the application should be done. A DGPS was connected to the system to inform the tractors position in the field. The system was tested in a real condition of weed control. The perimeter of the weed patches was previously georeferenced. The results showed that the developed system was able to achieve the patch application using fixed rates, resulting in a significant economy of herbicides, when compared with the conventional treatment, over the total area.

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Pereira, Flávio José de Sousa. "Construção de uma bancada de ensaio e avaliação de um sistema de mensuração da produtividade de grãos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-31072002-150808/.

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Com o avanço da agricultura de precisão, em que a variabilidade da produtividade entre os diversos pontos de uma determinada área é levada em consideração, é necessário aprimorar, cada vez mais, o sistema de coleta de dados, para que os resultados possam ser confiáveis. Dentre outros, faz-se necessário conhecer o desempenho dos sensores localizados nas colhedoras, para que se saiba o nível de acurácia dos dados de campo para a geração dos mapas de produtividade. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar o desempenho, sob condições controladas, de um equipamento comercial, especialmente o sensor de fluxo de volume e suas interações com os sensores de inclinação, de velocidade de deslocamento da máquina e de grau de umidade dos grãos, destinados à mensuração da produtividade de culturas de grãos em geral. Foi montada uma bancada de ensaio constituída de um tanque alimentador com comporta de abertura variável, que escoa grãos a um condutor helicoidal, que são transportados para um elevador de taliscas de uma colhedora comercial. Os grãos transportados pelo elevador passam através dossensores de fluxo de volume e grau de umidade e, em seguida, são descarregados num tanque superior suspenso por uma célula de carga com capacidade de 2.000kg (desprezando a variação da gravidade com relação ao nível do mar) para que os dados de massa sejam comparados com os registrados pelo sensor de fluxo de volume. O monitor de produtividade foi ensaiado na bancada para simulações de fluxos constantes e variados em três diferentes posições transversais do elevador. Os resultados mostraram que a bancada de ensaio mostrou-se eficiente para os tipos de ensaios propostos. Sua estrutura é resistente e a variação da angulação do elevador é de fácil manejo. A geometria da construção do tanque de alimentação mostrou-se eficiente para fornecer vazões uniformes com o tempo, obtendo-se taxas de fluxo constantes dentro dos limites de 2,0 a 8,0kg.s-1. O sensor de velocidade apresentou erro médio relativo de 0,31% e o de grau de umidade, erro médio em módulo de 5,01% para as condições estudadas. Quanto mais afastado do fluxo médio de calibração, pior é a estimativa do fluxo pelo monitor de produtividade. O erro médio geral dos ensaios com taxas de fluxo constantes foi de 5,31%, com desvio padrão de 4,14. O monitor propiciou, em 70% dos ensaios, erros pontuais menores que 6% para ensaios com fluxo constante. Suas leituras superestimaram valores menores do que o ponto da taxa de fluxo média de calibração e subestimaram valores para taxas de fluxo maiores que este ponto. As leituras do monitor responderam imediatamente as variações impostas ao fluxo processado pelo elevador de grãos. O clinômetro ou o algoritmo que considera a inclinação é eficiente para compensar as inclinações transversais da máquina, mesmo em condições de taxas de fluxo variadas. O erro médio geral dos ensaios com taxas de fluxo variadas, calculado a partir do erro médio em módulo de cada ensaio foi, 4,84%. O erro médio global encontrado do monitor de produtividade para as leituras com taxas de fluxo constantes e variadas, foi 5,12%.
With the progress of the precision agriculture where spatial yield variability is taken into account, it is necessary to improve data collection so the results can be more reliable. It is necessary to understand how yield sensor used on combines works in order to know the accuracy of the field data for generation of the yield maps. This work aims to characterize the performance, under controlled conditions, of a commercial equipment, its yield sensor and interactions with the hillside sensor, forward speed sensor and grain moisture sensor. A test bench with a tank feeder was built with a variable opening floodgate, which drains grains to the foot of the paddle elevator of a commercial combine. The grain flow transported by the elevator pass through the yield and moisture sensor and is unloaded in a superior tank hold by a load cell with capacity of 2.000kg (desconsidering the variation of the gravity) so that the mass data is compared with that registered by the monitor. The monitor was tested on simulations of constant and variable flow rates in three different transverse positions of the elevator. The results showed that the test bench was shown efficient for the types of proposed tests. Its structure is resistant and the variation of the angle of the elevator is of easy handling. The geometry of the feeding tank was shown efficient to supply uniform flow rates, between 2,0 and 8,0kg.s-1. The speed sensor showed relative mean error of 0,31% and the moisture sensor presented a module mean error of 5,01%. Flow estimation got worst increasing or decreasing the flow rate apart from calibration region. Main mean error of the test with constant flow rates was of -5,31%, with standard deviation of 4,14. On 70% of the test monitor, readings resulted in erros less than 6,00% with constant flow. Its readings overestimated flow values under the mean flow rate of calibration and underestimated flow above it. The readings of the yield monitor responded to the variations imposed to the flow through by the elevator immediately. The hillside sensor and the algorithm that considers the inclination are efficient for compensating the transverse inclinations of the machine, even in conditions of varied flow rates. The general mean error test with varied flow rates, was 4,84%. The global mean error shown by the yield monitor for the readings with varied and constant flow rates was 5,12%.

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Sivertsen, Kyle N. "Deployment of wireless sensor and actuator networks for precision agriculture". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45041.

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Wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSAN) are emerging as a key enabling technology for precision agriculture, a technique for maximizing crop yield and quality through targeted application of resources such as water, fertilizer and pest control agents by exploiting temporal and spatial variability in crop and soil conditions. In this thesis, we make three contributions to the field. First, we assess the state of the art in deployment and configuration of wireless sensor and actuator networks for precision agriculture, including the relevance and suitability of existing propagation models, lessons learned from previous demonstrations and field trials, and the potential for improving network performance through suitable deployment strategies, and physical, medium access control (MAC) and network layer design. We reveal an urgent need to assess airlink design of such networks to account for the unique nature of the wireless propagation environment and to consolidate proposed improvements to and best practices for WSAN design in the form of an industry standard. Second, we show that the conventional practice of employing wireless transceivers that operate at 800 MHz or above incurs significant penalties for achievable range and/or power consumption and propose that low-power short-range wireless devices intended for use as sensor nodes in precision agriculture be allowed to share the 433 MHz sub-band currently authorized for use by active radio frequency identification (RFID) devices at cargo terminals, port facilities and warehouses so that they may experience less path loss and achieve greater range and reliability while consuming less power. Finally, we analyze 2450 MHz channel impulse responses that we measured in a high-density apple orchard and consider the implications of both their form and scale for the design and deployment of WSANs and our understanding of the propagation environment. Of particular note is the vastly reduced delay spread compared to that observed in traditional residential, commercial and industrial environments

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Frogbrook, Zoe Louise. "Geostatistics as an aid to soil management for precision agriculture". Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314311.

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Ali, Abid <1988&gt. "Remote Sensing and Site Specific Crop Management in Precision Agriculture". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9095/1/PhD%20Tesi_Abid%20Ali_Ciclo%2032.pdf.

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Application of variable crop inputs in the right quantity and place is very important for optimizing plant growth and final yield through efficient use of finite resources and minimum environmental impacts. In this framework, actions were carried out to support the adoption of PA: In Chapter 1 several remotely sensed vegetation indices (VIs) were used to estimate the spatial crop yields of winter cereals (durum and bread wheat) and spring dicots (sunflower and coriander) through simple correlation over five years. Pixel level study was also investigated between original VIs data and kriged crop yield data. Results showed that spatial variability of crops can be effectively assessed through Landsat imagery with 30 m resolution even on a relatively small area (11.07 ha). Simple ratio and normalized difference vegetation index were shown slightly better indices during vegetative to reproductive stages as compared to enhanced vegetation index, soil adjusted vegetation index, green normalized difference vegetation index and green chlorophyll index. Pixel level study also demonstrated a good agreement between five classes of VIs and grain yield. In Chapter 2, three yield stability classes (YSCs) were developed using spatio-temporal yield maps over five years: high yielding and stable (HYS), low yielding and stable (LYS), and unstable class. Thereafter, we evaluated the YSCs through simple correlations and statistical differences of soil data with spatiotemporal yield within YSCs. Results showed that spatial maps were more consistent with the YSCs map than the temporal stability map. Yield classes were found considerably consistent with soil properties. Lower values of soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa), in the average, were consistent with HYS class featuring maximum crop yield (122 %), compared to LYS and unstable class. In addition, the balance between precipitation and evapo-transpiration support the fluctuations of yield across years in the unstable area.

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Turner, Steven Dale. "Improving production agriculture efficiencies and profitability through the development of new planting technologies". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/14045.

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Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Arlo Biere
With a large portion of U.S. farm production expenditures related to the cost of fertilizer, seed, and chemicals, producers within the Corn Belt region are looking for new methods and/or planting processes that would deliver higher levels of production efficiencies and lower operating costs. Specifically within the planting operation, Corn Belt producers are faced with the challenge to better manage the higher cost of crop inputs in order to sustain profitability. The primary objective of this thesis is to examine new planting technologies that would better manage planting applications while directly lowering related input costs. Another objective is to understand through regression analysis how various planting variables affect yield potential. Results from the regression analysis illustrate how the various planting variables affect yield and show the importance of “realtime” planter management, advancements possible only with the new planter technology. Customer surveys and several on-site customer visits were conducted throughout the Corn Belt to better understand the actual needs of producers for new planting technologies. Throughout the customer visits, specific questions about the producers’ planting operation were asked to find new ways for precision technology to help increase overall productivity and ultimately profitability. Producer comments and feedback were analyzed through Quality Functional Deployment (QFD) practices and aligned into product development programs. The products developed from the customer research will help producers in the Corn Belt to reduce corn production inefficiencies and, potentially, increase profit margins, assuming profit levels remain steady and/or increase in lieu of reduced input costs.Farm level net present value (NPV) analyses of new planting technologies were performed. Corresponding yield data from efficiencies gained in seed corn placement and control during “real-time” planting applications were integrated into the NPV analyses along with the precision technology costs. The NPV results were positive.

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Teixeira, Bruno Eduardo. "Utilização de veículo aéreo não tripulado de asa fixa no monitoramento e coleta de imagem de animais e ambientes em propriedades rurais". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74134/tde-06042016-133819/.

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Este trabalho tem por finalidade mostrar a aplicação e a utilização de um aeromodelo elétrico de asa fixa, também conhecido como veículo aéreo não tripulado (VANT), com controle manual ou automático, para coleta de dados e imagens em propriedades rurais, com a premissa de auxiliar os gestores no processo de gestão e tomada de decisão. A metodologia utilizada para a realização das coletas foi feita por meio de voos programados em dias e condições diferentes, para verificação e análise de desempenho do aeromodelo. Os resultados obtidos com os voos foram acima do esperado, gerando excelentes imagens e dados confiáveis. Sendo assim, pôde-se concluir que a utilização de VANTs, em coletas de dados e imagens em propriedades rurais foi satisfatória e auxiliou os gestores no processo de gerenciamento e rotacionamento de animais no pasto, uma vez que as imagens permitiram uma boa visualização e o aeromodelo desenvolvido cumpriu o seu objetivo com bom desempenho e agilidade.
This study aims to show the application and the use of a fixed-wing electric model aircraft, also known as unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), with manual or automatic control, for collecting data and images in rural properties, with the premise of assisting managers in the management process and decision making. The methodology used to carry out the collection was made through scheduled flights on different days and conditions, for verification and performance analysis of the model aircraft. The results obtained with the flight were higher than expected, generating excellent images and reliable data. Thus, we can conclude that the use of UAV, in data and images collection in rural properties has been satisfactory and has assisted managers in the process of management and rotation of animals on pasture, since the images have allowed a preview of the terrain, with sharp images and the model aircraft has fulfilled its goal with a good performance and agility.

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Addicott, James Edward. "Farming by satellites : how West Country farmers were being driven to, and by, precision agricultural systems". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/278696.

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Precision farming integrates satellite coordination and information communication technologies into farming practices to deliver self-driving and auto-regulating machinery and equipment to farmers, who can afford to invest, right across the globe. It is often sold on the basis that it can help clean up or ‘ecologically modernise’ conventional, industrial agriculture. It should also increase production rates in industrial agriculture to help to ‘feed the world’ as well as being cost effective in ways that could make farmers more money – miracle-grow formula and win-win technology. There are critical concerns that precision farming facilitates a continuing trend of transnational firms appropriating control over agricultural industries. Many neo-Marxist or neo-Weberian critics contend that any ‘green’ benefits fall secondary to the more dominant social and economic trend of ongoing capital accumulation, increasing rationalisation and industrial progress that has been deemed detrimental to natural environments and human populations. These social and economic pressures are actually the real drivers in change. Rather than greening industrial agriculture, precision farming is another way of masking over and profiting from the risks caused by ongoing capitalist accumulation and industrial agriculture. The other set of concerns are to do with human culture and labour. Farming is the grass roots of modern civilisation and dependent upon human labour, knowledge and cultural methods. With the introduction of data over knowledge, and auto-steering tractors over human labour and skills, what kinds of impacts will this have on farm families, rural cultures within countryside landscapes in Britain or other countries where precision farming is being adopted? As a farmer’s son, I was concerned about the impact the computerisation of agriculture will have on family farms, nature and rural communities. I spent four years interviewing and working with a cooperative group of Duchy of Cornwall farmers in the West Country of England. I wanted to know why they were using these new technologies and the kinds of benefits, impacts or outcomes that they experienced following adoption. The results tend to confirm critics’ concerns, unfortunately. Precision farming has much more to do with the organising of agricultural production. The restructuring of farming by way of precision farming greater empowers transnational agribusinesses and Agri-Food supply chains, rather than protecting the environment, feeding hungry people or making family farming more sustainable. I conclude my research by suggesting that it is not technology, or agricultural technologies such as precision farming that will deliver these end goals in and of them selves. There could be room to improve precision farming systems if they are coupled with well-managed policy designs and agri-environmental schemes.

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Souza, Cleber Kouri de [UNESP]. "Variabilidade espacial de atributos de solo e produtividade em área cultivada com café orgânico e convencional". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105307.

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Unincor-Univ. Vale do Rio Verde
O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a distribuição espacial de atributos do solo e produtividade da cultura do café em áreas com diferentes sistemas de manejo: sistema convencional e sistema orgânico, visando à definição de zonas específicas de manejo. Foram feitas amostragens de solos em espaçamento regulares de 15m na transeção e 16m entre transeções em profundidade de 0-20cm. Determinaram-se matéria orgânica, fósforo, potássio, soma de base, capacidade de troca de cátions, saturação por bases, boro, cobre, ferro, manganês, zinco e produção da cultura nas safras 2003/2004 e 2004/2005. Para cada um dos atributos do solo estudados e produtividade da cultura, foi obtido os parâmetros da estatística descritiva, os semivariogramas e mapas de isovalores. Os valores médios, para a maioria dos atributos analisados, foram encontrados no sistema orgânico. O sistema convencional apresentou as maiores variabilidades dos dados expressas pelos maiores valores de coeficiente de variação. Os menores alcances, para a maioria dos atributos, foram observados no sistema convencional. A partir dos mapas de isovalores foi possível visualizar a distribuição espacial dos níveis de fertilidades do solo, sugerindo manejo diferenciado para cada área. Portanto, o estudo da variabilidade espacial dos atributos do solo e produção da cultura associado aos mapas de isovalores, auxiliam na caracterização e diferenciação de zonas específicas de manejo.
The objective of this work is to evaluate the space distribution of attributes of the soil and productivity of coffee in areas with different systems of handling: conventional system transistion and organic system. Ground samplings had been made in 25m in the transect and 16m between transect in the depth of 020cm. Determined organic substance, match, potassium, addition of base, capacity of exchange of cátions, saturation for bases, boron, has covered, iron, manganese, zinc and production in harvests 2003/2004 and 2004/2005. For each one of the attributes of the soil studied and productivity, had been gotten the descriptive statistics, and maps using the method of interpolation for krigagem. The average values, for the majority of the analyzed attributes, had been found in the organic system. The conventional system presented the biggest express variabilities for the biggest values of CV. The minors you reach had been observed in the conventional system indicating bigger space dependence, for ali the attributes of the soil and productivity. From the maps was possible to visualize areas with differentiated behavior, suggesting handling located for each area. Therefore, the study of the space variability of the attributes of soil and production associated with the maps, they assist in the characterization of areas that need differentiated handling.

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37

Roccia, Clerivaldo José 1973. "Avaliação de redes de sensores sem fio aplicada a cultivos de milho, eucalipto e pinhão". [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267793.

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Orientadores: Francisco José Arnold, Leonardo Lorenzo Bravo Roger
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia
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Resumo: Redes de Sensores Sem Fio (RSSFs) são utilizadas, normalmente, em ambientes de difícil acesso tais como vulcões, florestas, caldeiras, agricultura de precisão e gasodutos. As unidades fundamentais dessas redes são os nós sensores que trocam informações e dados usando tecnologia sem fio. Como em qualquer tipo de rede de comunicação, podem ocorrer falhas que prejudiquem a operação da RSSF. Por essa razão, é necessário avaliar as métricas de desempenho da rede para que se estabeleçam condições para instalação das mesmas em ambientes específicos. Este trabalho apresenta a avaliação de uma RSSF, baseada na plataforma IRIS, desenvolvida pela Universidade de Berkeley e distribuída comercialmente pela empresa Crossbow Technology Inc, operando no modo de Requisição Resposta (RR) em quatro cenários distintos: campo aberto e cultivos agrícolas de milho, de pinhão e de eucalipto. Esta avaliação tem o objetivo de estabelecer distâncias máximas de separação entre os nós em cada ambiente, mas conservando as condições de operacionalidade da RSSF. O desempenho da rede nestes cenários foi avaliado através das métricas de perda de pacotes, tempo de resposta, consumo de baterias, utilização de largura de banda, consumo de memória e intensidade do sinal de rádio no receptor (RSSI). Nos experimentos foi encontrado que a distância máxima de separação entre os nós na cultura de milho deve ser de 16m, enquanto no pinhão e no eucalipto são de 25,5m e 46m, respectivamente. Os resultados permitem concluir que a densidade da vegetação entre os nós afeta o desempenho das RSSFs
Abstract: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used in tough environments such as volcanoes, forests, boilers, agriculture precision and pipelines. The fundamental units of these networks are sensor nodes that exchange information and data using wireless technology. As with any type of network communication, faults can occur that jeopardize the operation of the WSN. For this reason, it is necessary to evaluate the network performance metrics for aiming to establish conditions for network installation in specific environments. This work presents the evaluation of a WSN-based IRIS platform developed by UC Berkeley and distributed commercially by Crossbow Technology Inc. operating in the Request for Response (RR) mode in four different scenarios: an open field and the other scenarios crops of corn, pine nuts and eucalyptus. The network performance in these scenarios was evaluated by metrics such as packet loss, response time, consumption battery, bandwidth, memory consumption and intensity of radio signal receiver (RSSI). In the experiments it was found that the maximum distance separating the nodes in the corn should be 16m, while in pine and eucalyptus were 25,5m and 46m, respectively. The results lead to the conclusion that the density of vegetation between the nodes affects the performance of WSNs
Mestrado
Tecnologia e Inovação
Mestre em Tecnologia

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38

Menegatti, Leonardo Afonso Angeli. "Metodologia para identificação, caracterização e remoção de erros em mapas de produtividade". Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-05082002-171422/.

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A agricultura de precisão é um conjunto de tecnologias que prevê o manejo espacializado dos fatores de produção, baseado em informações coletadas e georeferenciadas. O mapa de produtividade é uma informação importante, pois materializa a resposta da cultura a todos os fatores. Diversos monitores de produtividade comerciais estão disponíveis no mercado para a coleta de informações de produtividade de forma bastante adensada. Devido à automação e à alta quantidade de informações, diversos erros ocorrem no processo de coleta e a retirada destes erros é um fator de qualidade da informação. A proposta do trabalho é desenvolver uma rotina de filtragem de dados brutos que elimine erros presentes em mapas de produtividade. Como primeira etapa do desenvolvimento do processo de filtragem, foi realizada a análise e caracterização dos erros presentes em seis mapas de produtividade provenientes de seis diferentes monitores de produtividade comerciais. Erros de posicionamento foram encontrados, representados por pontos fora do talhão, sendo que pequenos erros de posicionamento não podem ser detectados pela metodologia desenvolvida. Foram encontrados pontos com produtividade nula, umidade de grãos nula ou ausente e pontos com posição repetida. Pontos coletados com largura de plataforma de corte diferente da total foram considerados erros de medição de área, pois carregam a influência do operador na definição da largura da plataforma de corte efetivamente utilizada. Para a caracterização do erro de intervalo de enchimento foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para identificar o sentido de deslocamento da colhedora, possibilitando assim, a medição do espaço necessário para que o monitor esteja sensível às variações naturais da produtividade. A distância percorrida durante o intervalo de enchimento variou de 0 a 44m. Foram estabelecidos limites estatísticos para discrepância de valores de produtividade, sendo que foram encontrados pontos com valores de produtividade fora dos limites estabelecidos. Com base nas características de cada tipo de erro, foi desenvolvida uma rotina de filtragem de dados brutos. A rotina consistiu de 7 etapas, sendo que cada uma age sobre determinado tipo de erro de acordo com suas características. Na primeira etapa são retirados do conjunto pontos com erro grosseiro de posicionamento, representados por pontos fora dos limites do talhão. As etapas de número 2 a 5 consistem na retirada de pontos com produtividade nula ou ausente, pontos com largura de plataforma de corte diferente da total, pontos com umidade nula ou ausente e com distância nula entre pontos. A sexta, age sobre pontos gravados durante o intervalo de enchimento, tendo por base a distância referente ao erro e o número de pontos gravados durante tal distância. Foi desenvolvido um algoritmo de busca, identificação e eliminação dos pontos gravados durante o intervalo de enchimento. A sétima etapa estabelece limites estatísticos para discrepância de valores de produtividade e elimina pontos fora destes limites. De maneira geral, a filtragem de dados melhorou a modelagem da dependência espacial e elevou a qualidade final dos mapas de produtividade.
Precision farming is a set of technologies that provide the capacity to manage the yield based on spacialized information. Yield map is an important information as it describes the answer of the crop to the inputs and soil conditions. There are several yield monitors in the market to collect yield information automatically. Due to the automation of the collection, some errors may be collected together with good data, and the elimination of those errors from the data set represents information quality. This work proposes the development a filtering routine of raw data to eliminate errors. The first step is the analysis and characterization of the errors present on data from six different commercial yield monitors. The errors found are positioning errors, represented by points outside the field. Small positioning errors cannot be detected by this methodology. It was found points with null or no yield, null or no grain moisture and points with the same position. Points with swath width different from the total swath width were considered as area measuring errors because they take account the interpretation of the operator about the actual swath width. For the characterization of the combine filling time it was developed a methodology to identify the running direction of the machine, allowing the estimation of the distance required to fill the threshing mechanism of the combine. The distance during the filling time was found to be between 0 and 44m. Yield outlier limits were established, and values over and under the limits were found in the data. Based on the characteristics of each error, a filtering routine was developed. The routine has seven steps, each one acting over different errors. At the first step, positioning errors are eliminated from the data set. The steps from 2 to 5 eliminate points with null or no yield, null or no grain moisture, points with swath width different from the total swath width and points with null distance. The sixth step acts over the filling time error, eliminating all points recorded during the space required for filling up the threshing mechanism of the combine. A search algorithm was developed to identify and eliminate these errors. The seventh step state outlier limits and remove from the data set the values outside of the limits. The filtering process improved the semivariance analysis and the final quality of yield maps.

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Povh, Fabricio Pinheiro. "Utilização de sensor ótico ativo em culturas de cereais". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-16052008-155912/.

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A produtividade de uma determinada cultura, anteriormente tida como principal objetivo de uma propriedade rural, hoje passa a dividir espaço com múltiplos objetivos. O impacto ambiental das culturas e sistemas produtivos, qualidade dos produtos, baixo custo de produção e, conseqüentemente o aumento da eficiência no uso do nitrogênio, já fazem parte desses objetivos. Novas tecnologias vêm sendo desenvolvidas constantemente para otimizar o manejo de fertilizantes na agricultura. Os sensores óticos são uma dessas ferramentas que tem potencial para contribuir para o manejo do nitrogênio. Este trabalho consistiu em avaliar o comportamento do NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) gerado pelo sensor ótico ativo terrestre GreenSeeker Hand HeldTM (NTech Industries, Inc., Ukiah, CA) nas culturas de milho, trigo, triticale e cevada sob diferentes condições. Este sensor emite radiação ativa em dois comprimentos de onda centralizados no vermelho (660 nm) e no infravermelho próximo (770 nm). Em uma primeira etapa foram realizados ensaios alterando classes de solo, doses de nitrogênio, fontes de nitrogênio e variedades. A análise estatística dos dados foi feita por regressão, correlação e teste de Tukey. Notou-se que o NDVI tem maior potencial para uso nas culturas de trigo, triticale e cevada, por serem culturas que possuem menos biomassa. Na cultura do milho, o NDVI saturou mesmo com baixas doses de N devido à grande quantidade de biomassa. Uma possibilidade é substituir a banda do vermelho pela banda do verde, ou testar outros índices de vegetação que tenham uma correlação mais linear com a quantidade de biomassa. A segunda etapa teve objetivo de mostrar a variabilidade espacial do NDVI nas culturas de trigo e milho e realizar a aplicação de nitrogênio em taxa variável na cultura do trigo, com base nas leituras de um sensor ótico ativo. Foram montados experimentos em faixas, com doses crescentes de N, e foram coletados dados do NDVI com o mesmo sensor ótico ativo, agora conectado a um receptor de GPS, possibilitando a geração de mapas do NDVI. Para o trigo, devido a maior correlação entre a biomassa com o NDVI do que o milho é possível identificar visualmente, no mapa, as faixas com doses diferentes, entretanto, é visível também a variabilidade dentro de cada faixa, mostrando que a absorção e aproveitamento do N pela cultura não é uniforme. Para a aplicação em taxa variável foi montado um experimento com faixas de 120 kg ha-1 de N, que serviram de calibração para o sensor, e faixas com 18,4 e 52,4 kg ha-1 de N que foram complementadas a partir das leituras do sensor ótico ativo. Os resultados mostram que, mesmo com uma considerável economia no consumo de fertilizantes nitrogenados, utilizando a tecnologia de aplicação em taxa variável, as produtividades foram semelhantes, ou seja, a produtividade dos tratamentos com aplicação em taxa variável não foram diferentes estatisticamente dos tratamentos com aplicação em taxa fixa.
The yield of a crop, until recently was the main objective of a farm, and today it begins to share importance with multiple objectives. The environmental impact of crops and productive systems, product quality, low production costs and, consequently the increase of the nitrogen use efficiency are already part of these objectives. New technologies have been developed constantly to optimize the fertilizer management in agriculture. Optical sensors are one of these tools that have potential to contribute to the nitrogen management. This work consisted in evaluating the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) behavior, generated by the terrestrial active optical sensor GreenSeeker Hand HeldTM (NTech Industries, Inc., Ukiah, CA) in corn, wheat, triticale and barley crops, under different conditions. This sensor emits active radiation in two wavelengths centered in the red (660 nm) and in the near infrared (770 nm). In the first stage several tests were conducted changing soil classes, nitrogen rates, nitrogen sources and varieties. Statistical analysis of the data was made by regression, correlation and Tukey test. It was noticed that the NDVI has more potential use in wheat, triticale and barley crops, because they produce less biomass. In corn, the NDVI saturated even under low nitrogen rates, due to its high level of biomass. One possibility is to substitute the red band for the green band, or test other vegetation indices that have a correlation more linear with the crop biomass. The second stage had the objective of showing the NDVI spatial variability in wheat and corn crops, and apply nitrogen on variable rates in wheat, based on the readings of the same active optical sensor. Field experiments in strips, with different nitrogen rates, were conducted and the data were collected with the sensor connected to a GPS receiver, allowing the generation of NDVI maps. For wheat, due its higher correlation between biomass and NDVI than the corn, it is possible to visually identify the strips with different nitrogen rates. However, it is also notable the variability inside each strip, showing that the nitrogen absorption and use by the crop is not uniform. For the variable rate application, an experiment was established with 120 kg ha-1 strips, used as reference to the sensor calibration, and strips with 18,4 and 52,4 kg ha-1 of nitrogen, that were complemented based on the active optical sensor readings. The results show that even with a considerable economy of nitrogen fertilizer consume, using the variable rate technology, yields were similar, i.e., the yield of the treatments with variable rate application were not different statistically of the treatments with uniform rate application.

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40

Machado, Thiago Martins. "Avaliação de desempenho de receptores de GPS em modo estático e cinemático". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-18112008-152542/.

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São inúmeras as atividades que fazem uso do sistema Global Navigation Satellite System - GNSS, sendo o Global Positioning System - GPS, desenvolvido pelos Estados Unidos, o mais utilizado. Na área de agricultura de precisão há a necessidade de posicionamento estático e cinemático com demandas de distintos níveis de acurácia e precisão para diferentes aplicações. A deficiência de informações técnicas dos fabricantes causa incertezas nos usuários, quanto à classe de receptor a ser utilizado para determinadas atividades agrícolas. Por esses motivos os objetivos deste trabalho foram: avaliar o uso de correções diferenciais através de ensaio estático, testar o uso do receptor GPS RTK como referência para avaliar o desempenho de receptores de baixo custo em condição cinemática e desenvolver uma plataforma instrumentada para avaliar os receptores de GPS sob condição cinemática representativa para operações agrícolas. No primeiro caso foram realizados ensaios com oito receptores, sobre uma torre livre de impedimentos físicos, na qual foi montada uma plataforma em formato de cruz e nos receptores foram ativadas e desativadas as correções diferenciais WAAS, EGNOS, SF1 e SF2 e também testadas as várias intensidades de filtragem disponíveis em alguns dos receptores. No ensaio cinemático utilizando um receptor GPS RTK como referência foram utilizados dois receptores de navegação, fixados sobre a cabine de um trator e foram coletados dados com diferentes freqüências. Para ensaios cinemáticos foi construída uma plataforma móvel instrumentada com um detector óptico de pulsos (encoder), um sensor foto elétrico e dois coletores de dados responsáveis por realizar o sincronismo entre os pulsos do encoder e as atualizações da sentença do GPS e armazenamento dos dados. Assim foi possível determinar as coordenadas de referência para o cálculo dos erros de precisão e acurácia do receptor GPS submetido à avaliação. Na avaliação dos receptores em ensaio estático os resultados mostraram que as correções WAAS e EGNOS não adicionam qualidade ao posicionamento na região de Piracicaba, SP. Com a ativação dessas correções os erros de precisão e de acurácia aumentaram. As correções diferencias SF1 e SF2 via satélite demonstraram ser mais acuradas que os demais sistemas ensaiados. O ensaio sob condição cinemática, com GPS RTK de referência, permitiu o cálculo de erros somente no sentido perpendicular ao percurso. A plataforma instrumentada funcionou, cumprindo as expectativas e permitindo o cálculo dos erros de precisão e acurácia, porém demonstrou problemas de robustez nos coletores de dados, necessitando de pequenas melhorias.
The activities that use the Global Navigation Satellite System - GNSS, are countless, and the Global Positioning System - GPS, developed by the United States is the most used today. In precision agriculture there is a need of static and cinematic positioning with demands of distinct levels of accuracy and precision for different applications. Technical information deficiencies from the manufacturers causes uncertainties to the users, as the receiver class to be used for certain agricultural activities. For these reasons the objectives of this work were: evaluate the use of differential corrections through static test, to test the use of RTK GPS as reference to evaluate the performance of low cost receivers under cinematic condition and develop an instrumented platform to evaluate GPS receivers under cinematic condition that represents agricultural operations. In the first case were realized tests with eight receivers, in the top of a tower free of physical obstacles, where it was mounted a platform with cross shape. The differential corrections WAAS, EGNOS, SF1 and SF2 were tested and also some intensities of filtering available in some of the receivers. In one of the cinematic tests, using a RTK GPS as reference, we used two navigation receivers, fixed over a tractor cabin and the data were collected with different frequencies. For the second cinematic test it was built a moving platform instrumented with a pulse optical detector (encoder), a photoelectric sensor and two data loggers, responsible for the synchronization between the encoder pulses and the GPS strings, and also log the data. With that it was possible to determine the reference coordinates to calculate the errors of precision and accuracy of the GPS receiver submitted to evaluation. The evaluation in static way showed that the corrections WAAS and EGNOS do not work in the region of Piracicaba, SP. Activating these corrections the precision and accuracy errors increased. The data collected with the satellite differential corrections SF1 and SF2 got closer to the real coordinate than the other evaluated systems. The test under cinematic condition, with the RTK GPS as reference, allowed the errors calculation only in the perpendicular direction of the course. The instrumented platform worked, accomplishing the expectation and allowing the errors calculation of precision and accuracy, however, showed problems of robustness in the data loggers, needing some improvement.

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41

Souza, Cleber Kouri de. "Variabilidade espacial de atributos de solo e produtividade em área cultivada com café orgânico e convencional /". Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105307.

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Orientador: José Eduardo Corá
Banca: Ednaldo Carvalho Guimarães
Banca: Sidney Rosa Vieira
Banca: Célia Regina Paes Bueno
Banca: Marcílio Vieira Martins Filho
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a distribuição espacial de atributos do solo e produtividade da cultura do café em áreas com diferentes sistemas de manejo: sistema convencional e sistema orgânico, visando à definição de zonas específicas de manejo. Foram feitas amostragens de solos em espaçamento regulares de 15m na transeção e 16m entre transeções em profundidade de 0-20cm. Determinaram-se matéria orgânica, fósforo, potássio, soma de base, capacidade de troca de cátions, saturação por bases, boro, cobre, ferro, manganês, zinco e produção da cultura nas safras 2003/2004 e 2004/2005. Para cada um dos atributos do solo estudados e produtividade da cultura, foi obtido os parâmetros da estatística descritiva, os semivariogramas e mapas de isovalores. Os valores médios, para a maioria dos atributos analisados, foram encontrados no sistema orgânico. O sistema convencional apresentou as maiores variabilidades dos dados expressas pelos maiores valores de coeficiente de variação. Os menores alcances, para a maioria dos atributos, foram observados no sistema convencional. A partir dos mapas de isovalores foi possível visualizar a distribuição espacial dos níveis de fertilidades do solo, sugerindo manejo diferenciado para cada área. Portanto, o estudo da variabilidade espacial dos atributos do solo e produção da cultura associado aos mapas de isovalores, auxiliam na caracterização e diferenciação de zonas específicas de manejo.
Abstract: The objective of this work is to evaluate the space distribution of attributes of the soil and productivity of coffee in areas with different systems of handling: conventional system transistion and organic system. Ground samplings had been made in 25m in the transect and 16m between transect in the depth of 020cm. Determined organic substance, match, potassium, addition of base, capacity of exchange of cátions, saturation for bases, boron, has covered, iron, manganese, zinc and production in harvests 2003/2004 and 2004/2005. For each one of the attributes of the soil studied and productivity, had been gotten the descriptive statistics, and maps using the method of interpolation for krigagem. The average values, for the majority of the analyzed attributes, had been found in the organic system. The conventional system presented the biggest express variabilities for the biggest values of CV. The minors you reach had been observed in the conventional system indicating bigger space dependence, for ali the attributes of the soil and productivity. From the maps was possible to visualize areas with differentiated behavior, suggesting handling located for each area. Therefore, the study of the space variability of the attributes of soil and production associated with the maps, they assist in the characterization of areas that need differentiated handling.
Doutor

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42

Santos, Roberto de Souza. "Ocupação do território e modernidade : reestruturação espacial da microrregião de Rondonópolis - MT. Uma análise sociedade-natureza /". Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104381.

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Orientador: Archimedes Perez Filho
Banca: Miguel Cezar Sanchez
Banca: Silvio Carlos Bray
Banca: Antonio Carlos Vitte
Banca: Jurandyr Luciano Sanches Ross
Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo desvendar e identificar as implicações espaciais e territoriais do progresso técnico-científico sobre o geossistema e quais as contribuições (e as não contribuições) que as políticas públicas de investimento (posteriormente a 1970) proporcionaram ao processo de ocupação territorial na microrregião de Rondonópolis-MT; aferir a efetiva intencionalidade ou não dos atores sociais (poder público e burguesia do agronegócio) no desencadeamento do processo de artificialização e ideologização da natureza; identificar como as políticas públicas de investimentos desenharam a organização territorial e a espacialização da microrregião no seio da acumulação capitalista, a partir da introdução do progresso técnico-científico na agropecuária; apontar a postura política dos atores sociais locais (burguesia do agronegócio e poder público) e o papel do Estado na gestão do território microrregiona frente à natureza e como os atores sociais se articulam politicamente para estabelecer a criação de um espaço racional compatível com a mais-valia.
Abstract: The present work has as aim to unveil and identify territorial and spatial implications of technical - scientific progress about the geosystem and which contributions (and non-contributions) that public policy of investments (subsequently 1970) provided to territorial occupation process in the Rondonópolis microregion - MT; gauge to effective intention or not of social actors (public power and agribusiness bourgeoise, in the unleashing of artificialization and ideologization process nature; identify as public policy of investments drew the territorial, spatialization organization of microregion in the bosom of capitalist acummulation, from the introduction of technical - scientific progress in the cattle - raising: aim to policy posture of local social actors (agribusiness middle class and public power) and the role of state in the microregion territory gestion front to nature and as social actor articulate themselves politically to stablish the criation of a compatible racional space with the most value.
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43

Baxter, Samantha Jayne. "The spatial variation of plant-available nitrogen within arable fields". Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272260.

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Mokrane, Adel. "Autonomous navigation of a rotary wing flying vehicles for precision agriculture". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPAST200.

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Alors que les applications d'agriculture de préecision (AP) sont déjà bien établies pour les quadrirotors, la navigation autonome, en particulier dans les champs agricoles complexes, non structurés et capricieux, reste un défi permanent pour ces véhicules. Les stratégies de navigation aérienne autonome ne doivent pas se limiter à garantir que la cible est atteinte sans entrer en collision avec les obstacles. Elles doivent également viser à identifier le chemin et la trajectoire optimaux (ou sous-optimaux) que le quadrirotor doit utiliser pour déplacer de son point de départ à sa destination, en tenant compte de toutes les contraintes pratiques qui peuvent s'appliquer. En général, la navigation aérienne autonome ne peut pas être résolue directement. Cependant, elle peut être divisée en plusieurs sous-problèmes : planification de la trajectoire, génération et optimisation de la trajectoire, replanification de la trajectoire et contrôle et suivi de la trajectoire. Cette thèse propose une solution complète et efficace du problème de navigation autonome pour un quadrirotor afin d'accomplir des missions de vol sures et stables pour la télédétection dans les champs agricoles. La solution est multi-phase et basée sur une combinaison d'algorithmes utilisés pour la première fois dans un scénario de AP. Certains de ces algorithmes ont ´et´e choisis avec précision parmi ceux actuellement disponibles dans la littérature afin d'identifier la meilleure combinaison d'algorithmes de navigation autonome. Dans la première phase, une définition hors ligne de la trajectoire optimale a été utilisée. Cette phase s'est généralement d´eroulée en deux étapes consécutives. La première étape utilisait des représentations de l'environnement, principalement des cartes artificielles d'occupation (OGM) et des cartes numériques d'élévation (DEM), pour générer des trajectoires géométriques optimales et localiser des points de référence de position. Des contraintes contenant les points de passage extraits et la vitesse/acc´el´eration `a ces points de passage ont été formées. Dans un deuxième temps, un algorithme de régulation quadratique linéaire (LQR) a été adopté pour générer des trajectoires minimales optimales. Le générateur de trajectoires LQR traite les contraintes des points de passage comme étant souples. Cela garantit à la fois la relaxation des contraintes des points de passage et la génération de trajectoires de position stables. Dans la phase de replanification de la trajectoire, un algorithme de champ potentiel artificiel (APF) amélioré a été utilisé pour replanifier localement la trajectoire du quadrirotor en temps réel. L'algorithme APF amélioré utilise des forces artificielles pour éloigner le véhicule de tout obstacle inattendu. Dans la phase finale, un contrôleur géométrique a été conçu pour suivre les trajectoires générées tout en pointant vers une direction de pointage spécifiée. Dans ce cas, le contrôleur devait utiliser les mesures vectorielles bruitées fournies par l'unit´e de mesure inertielle (IMU) pour construire l'attitude du quadrotor en temps réel le long de la trajectoire de position générée. Le contrôleur géométrique a été mis en œuvre sur le groupe euclidien spécial SE(3) afin d'éviter les singularités associées aux angles d'Euler ou les ambiguïtés accompagnant la représentation en quaternions. Les performances de la stratégie de navigation autonome proposée ont été d´emontrées à l'aide de simulations illustratives dans différents scénarios et les résultats ont confirmé l'efficacité de la stratégie proposée. Les résultats ont confirmé l'efficacité de la stratégie proposée. En particulier, des trajectoires de guidage géométrique sures ont été obtenues. Des trajectoires de position optimales satisfaisant aux contraintes des points de passage ont été générées avec succès en minimisant l'instantanéité du quadrotor
While Precision Agriculture (PA) applications are already well-established for quadrotors, achieving autonomous navigation especially in intricate, unstructured, and fickle agricultural fields still remains an ongoing challenge for such vehicles. Autonomous aerial navigation strategies should not be limited to ensuring that the target is reached without colliding with the obstacles. It should also aim to identify the optimal (or sub-optimal) path and trajectory for the quadrotor to travel from its starting location to the destination, taking into consideration any practical constraints that may apply. In general, the autonomous aerial navigation cannot be solved directly. However, it can be divided into multi-phase sub-problems: path planning, trajectory generation and optimization,trajectory re-planning and trajectory control and tracking. As its core, this thesis proposes a complete and efficient solution of the autonomous navigation problem for a quadrotor to accomplish safe and stable flight missions for remote sensing purposes in agricultural fields. The solution is multi-phase and based on a combination of algorithms used for the first time in a PA scenario. Some of these algorithms were accurately among those currently available in the literature aiming to identify the best combination of autonomous navigation algorithms. In the first phase, an offline definition of optimal trajectory was used. This phase was typically performed in two consecutive stages. The first stage made use of environment representations, mainly artificial Occupancy Grid Maps (OGMs) and Digital Elevation Maps (DEM), to generate optimal geometric paths and locate reference position way-points. Constraints containing the extracted position way-points and velocity/acceleration at these way-points were formed. In the second stage, a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) algorithm was adopted to generate optimal minimum snap trajectories. The LQR trajectory generator treats the constraints at the way-pointsto be soft. This would guarantee both the relaxation on fulfilling the way-points constraints and a generation of stable position trajectories. In the trajectory re-planning phase, an Improved Artificial Potential Field (APF) algorithm was used to locally re-plan the quadrotor trajectory in real-time. The Improved APF uses artificial forces to move the vehicle away from any unexpected obstacle. In the final phase, a geometric controller was designed to track the generated trajectories while pointing towards a specified pointing direction. The controller in this case was required to use the noisy vector measurements provided by the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) to construct thequadrotor's attitude in real-time along the generated position trajectory. The geometric controller was implemented on the Special Euclidean SE(3) group aiming to avoid singularities associated with Euler angles or ambiguities accompanying quaternion representation. The performance of the proposed autonomous navigation strategy was demonstrated using illustrative computer simulations in different scenarios and the results have confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. In particular, safe geometric guiding paths were achieved. Optimal position trajectories that satisfy theway-points constraints were successfully generated with minimized quadrotor's snap

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Pötter, Marcel Borges. "ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA ENTRE AMOSTRAGEM DE SOLO CONVENCIONAL E AMOSTRAGEM DE SOLO PARA AGRICULTURA DE PRECISÃO". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4804.

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Soil analysis is one of main resources for obtaining agriculture with quality and gains, being even the first way in planning this activity, to determine the necessity and quantity of fertilizer that each land needs, according recommendation of fertilization and setting. Therefore, this research is the main objective to evaluate the difference between soil analysis in conventional agriculture and soil analysis in precision agriculture. The research was developed in Restinga Seca, RS, at two distinct properties, was developed the system of conventional agriculture and, the precision agriculture. In conventional agriculture, soil analysis was put into action by this way: from an area of 20 hectares were collected from 15 dots, with a spade, mere samples that are put in a bucket, where formed a composed sample, to be send to laboratory. In precision agriculture the soil analysis was collected by geo-referencing method using GPS, establishing exact dots through the Coordinates X and Y , and in this way forming the sample grate. It was collected one sample each two hectares, more nine samples in V around each geo-referent dot, for send to laboratory. Soil levies were done by a four-cycle. The advantages of precision agriculture with regard to conventional agriculture are economic reduction of fertilizer, productivity increasing, land sustentation, because the correct manure use and economy of agricultural agro-toxins. The disadvantage is the high cost of the equipments to develop the precision agriculture. After all, the benefits and the increasing of the new method use corroborate evidence to prove its superiority in relation to conventional agriculture.
A análise de solo é um dos principais recursos para a obtenção de uma agricultura de qualidade e rendimento, sendo o primeiro passo no planejamento dessa atividade, a determinação da necessidade e a quantidade de fertilizantes de que cada gleba vai precisar, em consonância com os programas de recomendação de adubação e calagem. Em vista disso, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal avaliar a diferença entre análise de solo na agricultura convencional e análise de solo na agricultura de precisão. O trabalho realizou-se na cidade de Restinga Seca, RS, em duas propriedades distintas, cada qual com um tipo de sistema de agricultura: convencional e agricultura de precisão. Na agricultura convencional, a análise de solo foi executada em uma área de 20 hectares onde foram coletadas 15 pontos de amostras e enviadas ao laboratório. Na agricultura de precisão a análise de solo foi coletada uma amostra a cada dois hectares, mais nove subamostras em "V", ao redor de cada ponto georreferenciado, formando, assim uma amostra composta e enviada ao laboratório. As coletas de solo foram feitas com um quadriciclo. As vantagens da agricultura de precisão em relação à agricultura convencional são: redução econômica de insumos; aumento da produtividade; sustentabilidade da terra, pelo uso correto de fertilizantes, e economia em agrotóxicos. A desvantagem ainda é o alto custo em equipamentos para desenvolver a agricultura de precisão. Ao final, comprovam-se de forma eficiente os benefícios e o aumento crescente deste tipo de cultura que chamamos agricultura de precisão, em relação à agricultura convencional.

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French, Jr William David. "A Conceptual Design and Economic Analysis of a Small Autonomous Harvester". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/47787.

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Current trends in agricultural equipment have led to an increasing degree of autonomy. As the state of the art progresses towards fully autonomous vehicles, it is important to consider assumptions implicit in the design of these vehicles. Current automation in harvesters have led to increased sensing and automation on current combines, but no published research examines the effect of machine size on the viability of the autonomous system. The question this thesis examines is: if a human is no longer required to operate an individual harvester, is it possible to build smaller equipment that is still economically viable? This thesis examines the appropriateness of automating these machines by developing a conceptual model for smaller, fully autonomous harvesters. This model includes the basic mechanical subsystems, a conceptual software design, and an economic model of the total cost of ownership. The result of this conceptual design and analysis is a greater understanding of the role of autonomy in harvest. By comparing machine size, machine function, and the costs to own and operate this equipment, design guidelines for future autonomous systems are better understood. It is possible to build an autonomous harvesting system that can compete with current technologies in both harvest speed and overall cost of ownership.
Master of Science

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Ruß, Georg [Verfasser], i Rudolf [Akademischer Betreuer] Kruse. "Spatial data mining in precision agriculture / Georg Ruß. Betreuer: Rudolf Kruse". Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1047596296/34.

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Ruß, Georg Verfasser], i Rudolf [Akademischer Betreuer] [Kruse. "Spatial data mining in precision agriculture / Georg Ruß. Betreuer: Rudolf Kruse". Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ma9:1-820.

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Esteves, Mariana Canavarro Reis Teixeira. "Precision agriculture : a spatial econometric analysis of a portuguese maize yield". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/22844.

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Mestrado Bolonha em Econometria Aplicada e Previsão
Nowadays, maize is the most important cereal in the world and its production has been increasing both worldwide and in Portugal, over the years. The constant technological development has led to the creation of new techniques such as precision agriculture, to better meet the global needs of this primordial cereal as well as optimize its production. This research was developed jointly with the firm Agro Analítica from the agriculture sector, whose area of expertise is Precision Agriculture and System Optimization. In this manner, the present work aims to estimate a function for the maize yield identifying the relevant determining factors, and their effect, on maize productivity on an exploitation of a firm in Azinhaga, Golegã, district of Santarém, Portugal for the year 2020. Using appropriate software, this dissertation applies the most recent spatial econometric methods to cross-sectional data, in order to properly include spatial dependence in the estimation. Thus, the appropriate models were estimated: Spatial Lag Model (SLM), Spatial Error Model (SEM) and SARAR(1,1) Model, whose use was recommended by the diagnosis to OLS (Ordinary Least Square) residuals. The elected model was the SARAR(1,1), capturing the spatial dependence and heteroscedasticity in the data, with an accuracy of approximately 90%. In this framework, it was concluded that maize yield, in the year and area under study, is positively influenced by factors such as the sowing density, applied sulfur trioxide (SO3) and a specific variety of seed. Regarding the fertilization, nitrogen and potassium, and irrigation of the crop, presented a non-linear (quadratic) relationship with the maize yield. Also influencing the yield, there are weather-related variables measured by stage of the maize life cycle, that prove to be significant at explaining the variable under study such as the relative humidity, the temperature, and the wind velocity.
Atualmente, o milho é o cereal mais importante do mundo tendo a sua produção vindo a aumentar tanto a nível mundial como em Portugal ao longo dos anos. O constante desenvolvimento tecnológico resultou na criação de novas técnicas, como a agricultura de precisão, para melhor satisfazer as necessidades globais deste cereal primordial bem como otimizar a sua produção. Esta investigação foi desenvolvida em conjunto com a empresa Agro Analítica do sector da agricultura, cuja área de especialização é Agricultura de Precisão e Otimização de Sistemas. Desta forma, o presente trabalho visa estimar uma função que explique a produtividade do milho identificando os fatores, e o seu efeito na produtividade do milho, numa exploração da empresa em Azinhaga, Golegã, distrito de Santarém, Portugal, para o ano 2020. Utilizando o software apropriado, esta dissertação aplica os mais recentes métodos e ferramentas econométricas espaciais para dados cross-section (dados transversais), de modo a incluir devidamente a dependência espacial na estimação. Assim, foram estimados os modelos apropriados: Modelo Spatial Lag (SLM), Modelo Spatial Error (SEM) e Modelo SARAR(1,1) (Kelejian & Prucha, 2010), cuja utilização foi recomendada pelo diagnóstico aos reísduos OLS (Ordinary Least Square). O modelo escolhido foi o SARAR(1,1), captando a dependência espacial e heterocedasticidade presente nos dados. Desta forma, concluiu-se que a produtividade do milho, no ano e na área em estudo, encontra-se positivamente influenciado por fatores como a densidade de sementeira, o trióxido de enxofre aplicado (SO3) e uma variedade específica de sementes. Quanto à fertilização, com azoto e potássio, e quanto à irrigação da cultura, estes fatores apresentaram uma relação não linear (quadrática) com a produtividade do milho. Também influenciando a produtividade, existem variáveis relacionadas com o clima, medidas pela fase do ciclo de vida do milho, que provaram ser significativas para explicar a variável em estudo, tal como a humidade relativa, a temperatura e a velocidade do vento.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Wang, Chuan. "Development of plough-able RFID sensor network systems for precision agriculture". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/development-of-ploughable-rfid-sensor-network-systems-for-precision-agriculture(d19815ad-8a07-458f-8836-c0ddf7c8dc7a).html.

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There is a growing interest in employing sub-soil sensing systems to support precision agriculture. This thesis presents the design of an RFID sub-soil sensing system which is based on integrating passive RFID technology and sub-soil sensing technology. The proposed RFID sub-soil system comprises of an above-ground RFID reader and a number of RFID sub-soil sensor nodes. The key feature of the system is that the sensor nodes do not require an on-board battery, as they are capable of harvesting energy from the ElectroMagnetic (EM) field generated by the RFID reader. The sensor nodes then transmit sensor measurements to the reader wirelessly through soil. With the proposed RFID sub-soil system, the high path loss of the sub-soil wireless channel is a significant problem which leads to the challenge for the system to achieve an acceptable Quality of Service (QoS). In this project, the path loss in soil has been characterised through CST simulations. In the simulations, the effect of the soil on the sensor node antenna has also been investigated. This thesis also presents the design and implementation of a programmable RFID reader platform and an embedded RFID sensor node prototype. The RFID reader platform is implemented using a National Instruments (NI) PXI system, and it is configured and controlled by NI LabVIEW software. The sensor node prototype is capable of harvesting RF energy and transmitting sensor measurements from a temperature sensor through backscatter communication. A series of sub-soil experiments have been carried out to evaluate the performance of the RFID sensor node prototype using the PXI-based RFID reader platform. The experimental results are presented and analysed in this thesis. Additionally, this work has explored trade-offs in the system design, and these design trade-offs are summarised and described.

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