Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Prawn farms”

In the Republic of Korea, Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) was first isolated from Pacific whiteleg shrimp in April 2020; however, there are no existing reports of EHP infection in other shrimp or prawns. Here, we aimed to investigate EHP infection and its prevalence in giant freshwater prawn farms in the Republic of Korea. We tested prawns from 22 farms for EHP infection, and samples from eight farms showed positive EHP infection results in 2021. In EHP-infected prawn farms, the prevalence ranged from 4.9% to 18.2%. The prevalence of EHP infection in the Republic of Korea, derived from the prevalence in prawn farms, was estimated to be 0.8% in 2021. The proliferation of EHP was observed within the hepatopancreatic epithelial cells of prawns using H&E and Giemsa staining. Mature EHP was observed in the sinus between epithelial cells of the digestive tubules. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a clade distinct from the previously reported EHP in Pacific whiteleg shrimps. This is the first report of EHP infection in a giant freshwater prawn in the Republic of Korea, where the prevalence of EHP infection is not high, but it is recognized as an emerging disease that requires periodic monitoring and quarantine management in giant freshwater prawns.

Copper (Cu) contamination of six prawn farms under three upazilas of Satkhira district were evaluated. Total 54 water, sediment and prawn samples were collected from six farms, 18 samples from each category were examined to observe the Cu contamination of water, sediment and prawn. Cu was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer at the central laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University and toxicity laboratory of Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Mymensingh. The levels of Cu in water sample, sediment sample and samples of prawn species were collected from different surface and ground sources. The concentration of Cu in sediment samples were ranged from 45.3895 to 127.8771 ?g-1 and the average mean concentration was 76.92101 ?g-1. The concentration of Cu in prawn was ranged from 16.1069 to 97.3841 ?g-1 and the average mean concentration was 51.2342 ?g-1. The copper concentration in water ranged from 0.0309 to 0.0702 ppm. Cu concentrations in those samples were higher in sediment than prawn, but very lower concentration was found in water sample. The Cu in sediment samples were present higher amount than allowable limit. So prawn was mostly affected by contaminated water and sediment.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v4i2.10157 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 4(2): 105-109, 2011

To determine hazardous antibiotics/chemicals and pesticides residues in Good Aquaculture Practice(GAP) and non-GAP farms and exploring the post-harvest management techniques of shrimp/ prawn forensuring its food safety issues, a study was conducted from July 2016 to June 2019 in three upazilas viz.Bagerhat Sadar, Rampal and Kachua of Bagerhat district. A total of 550 shrimp/prawn farms were randomlysurveyed considering GAP criteria. The farms were categorized as Category A- the farms which comply 90-100% GAP criteria; Category B- farms which comply 70-< 90% GAP criteria and Category C- farms whichcomply 50-<70% GAP criteria. From the study it was found that only 1.67±0.58 % farms were underCategory-A, 37.67±6.81 % farms were under Category-B and 53±6.08 % farms were under Category-C. Atotal of 108 shrimp/prawn samples were collected in which 30% samples were from GAP farms and 70%samples were from non-GAP farms. Collected samples were analyzed for hazardous antibiotics/chemicals andpesticides residues (Heptachlor, Endrin, Dieldrin and DDT) using LC-MS and GC-MS machine. Nohazardous Nitrofuran and Chloramphenicol metabolites were found from the collected samples and noresidual concentrations of Heptachlor, Endrin, Dieldrin and DDT were found from GAP samples. In non-GAP samples, 14.8% samples contained some residues of Heptachlor, Endrin and Dieldrin in which 10.2%samples residues were lower than the Maximum Residual Limit (MRL) which is not harmful for humanhealth. Only 4.6% samples had residues which were slightly higher than the MRL. Exploration of postharvestmanagement techniques of shrimp and prawn were done by observing the icing system quality andtransportation system from farms to market/depot. It was found that 5.67±2.08% farmer used proper icingand transportation system as well, 16.33±3.21% farmers used moderate icing and transportation system and78±2% farmers used poor icing and transportation system. It was also observed that pathogenic bacterialload was higher in poor icing and transportation system as well than the proper icing and transportationsystem. From the study it can be concluded that, if farmers follow at least 50% of the GAP criteria then thefoods (shrimp/prawn) will be safer for human consumption.

Water and soil quality parameters play a vital role for sustainable shrimp and prawn production which together is the leading exportable seafood product in Bangladesh contributing to a significant amount of foreign currency earnings. However, this sector is often negatively criticized by the consumers of importing countries for farm (locally called gher in Bengali) environment. In this context, an investigation was carried out to assess water and soil quality parameters of shrimp and prawn farms in southwest Bangladesh. This study was conducted at Dumuria and Paickgacha Upazila of Khulna district during dry and wet season in 2012. The data were collected from 9 shrimp and prawn farms and they were categorized in three different groups (as treatments) including 3 prawn (T1), 3 shrimp & prawn (T2) and 3 shrimp farms (T3). Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, alkalinity, salinity, total phosphorous and total hardness were measured using portable advanced HACH water quality test kit in both dry and wet season. Farm soil (sediment) quality parameters including pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus were measured in the laboratory in wet season. It was found that most of the water quality parameters were in suitable range in both seasons for prawn, shrimp & prawn and shrimp farming. However, the ammonia content was 0.009 to 0.45 ppm and 0.2 to 0.6 ppm in shrimp farm during dry and wet season, respectively which was higher than the other category of farms. The higher ammonia content in shrimp farm might be due to the decomposition of aquatic weeds, organic matter, uneaten feed etc. creating stress to shrimp. Different co-relationships found between the water quality parameters in all the farming systems in the both seasons. In terms of soil quality parameters such as pH, organic carbon and total nitrogen, there was no significant difference between the farm categories. However, available phosphorous content was significantly higher in shrimp & prawn farm. Phosphorous content was found negatively correlated with pH and organic carbon content of farm sediment (soil). From the present study, it could be argued that ammonia is the main problem for shrimp farms that may cause severe disease outbreak which need to be addressed from the view point of research and development towards sustainable seafood production in Bangladesh.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 13(1): 153-160, June 2015

Hundreds of fish and prawn farms were constructed in the past decades. Many of these farms have ceased operation mainly due to the outbreak of diseases. With population increase, rapid urbanization and industrialization, water quality at the estuary and coastal regions where most of the fish and prawn farms are located is deteriorating. Treatment and recycling of water are essential to maintain the water quality at an acceptable level. A system consisting of preliminary settling, biofiltration, secondary settling and final polishing with a biofilter was tested in an experimental farm. Water quality was maintained at relatively good level at the cultivating pond after 120-day growing period. The growing facilities continued to show good performances after 4 growing cycles with a 2-week rest period between each cycle. Similar system was installed at a 26-hectare farm site having several ponds with sizes varying from 0.7 to 2.5 hectares. No disease outbreak was encountered after the installation of the treatment and recycling facilities.

Post harvest qualitative and quantitative changes have been studied in an important crustacean species prawn, Golda (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) of Bangladesh at various stages of handling Golda have been studied. Detailed information on post-harvest handling, storage, transportation, and distribution of prawn using pre-tested questionnaires was collected from some selected farms and depots of four Golda producing districts viz. Khulna, Bagerhat, Jessore and Norail area. The information on various aspects was collected through interview with cross section of people engaged in farms and depots. The aspects of information collected on Golda farms were: farm conditions, infrastructure, harvesting, farm production, post-harvest care, transportation and quality measures. Information collected on various aspects of depots was: infrastructure facilities, condition of shrimp during receiving, handling, transportation, washing and owners’ opinion about the quality of prawn from previous year experiences. The post-harvest losses of Golda is due to soft shell, improper washing or washing with unclean water, longer duration of harvesting, exposure of shrimp at high ambient temperature for a long time (delayed icing), contamination, piled up on a dirty floor, general lack of hygiene and dipping in water to weight gain was about 1-4% of the total harvested quantity.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i2.16959 Progress. Agric. 19(2): 177 - 186, 2008

White tail disease (WTD) is caused by the Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and an extra-small virus (XSV). MrNV belongs to the Nodaviridae family. While the role of XSV in the pathogenicity of WTD remains unclear, MrNV is considered to be a significant factor in the disease. To study WTD infection in giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), adult and post-larval (PL) prawns were collected from three giant freshwater prawn farms in Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea in 2021. Although the adult and PL prawns did not display any gross signs of WTD, MrNV was detected in both adult and PL in this study. However, XSV was not detected in both prawns. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the capsid protein gene sequences of MrNV obtained in this study were robustly clustered with the MrNV group, and were clearly distinguished from Alphanodavirus and Betanodavirus groups of the family Nodaviridae. Although Zenker’s necrosis and myolysis were observed histopathologically in the abdominal striated muscle of adult and PL prawns, no gross signs associated with white tail were observed because of local lesions.

A yearlong (September 2009–August 2010) study was undertaken to find out possible reasons for occasional occurrence of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) outbreak in the traditional prawn farms adjoining Cochin backwaters. Physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of water and sediment from feeder canal and four shrimp farms were monitored on a fortnightly basis. The physicochemical parameters showed variation during the two production cycles and between the farms studied. Dissolved oxygen (DO) content of water from feeder canal showed low oxygen levels (as low as 0.8 mg/L) throughout the study period. There was no disease outbreak in the perennial ponds. Poor water exchange coupled with nutrient loading from adjacent houses resulted in phytoplankton bloom in shallow seasonal ponds which led to hypoxic conditions in early morning and supersaturation of DO in the afternoon besides considerably high alkaline pH. Ammonia levels were found to be very high in these ponds. WSSV outbreak was encountered twice during the study leading to mass mortalities in the seasonal ponds. The hypoxia and high ammonia content in water and abrupt fluctuations in temperature, salinity and pH might lead to considerable stress in the shrimps triggering WSSV infection in these traditional ponds.

The assemblage composition, biomass and dynamics of zooplankton and epibenthos were examined in a commercial prawn pond in southeast Queensland over two seasons. Physico-chemical characteristics of the pond water were measured concurrently. Numbers and biomass of zooplankton in the surface tows (140 micrometre mesh) varied from 8 ind. L-1 (44 micrograms L-1) to 112 ind. L-1 (324 micrograms L-1) in the first season, with peaks in biomass corresponding to peaks in numbers. In the second season the zooplankton numbers varied from 12 to 590 ind. L-1, but peaks in numbers did not correspond with peaks in biomass, which varied from 28 to 465 micrograms L-1. This was due to differences in the size of the dominant taxa across the season. Although this occurred in both seasons, the effect on biomass was more pronounced in the second season. In both seasons, immediately after the ponds were stocked with prawn postlarvae there was a rapid decline in zooplankton numbers, particularly of the dominant larger copepods. This was probably due to predation by the postlarvae. Subsequent peaks in zooplankton numbers were principally due to barnacle nauplii. The largest peaks in zooplankton numbers occurred before stocking in the first season, but the largest peaks were in the middle of the second season. While changes in abundance and biomass of the zooplankton assemblage were not correlated with physico-chemical characteristics in the first season, there were correlations between zooplankton numbers and temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and secchi disk readings in the second season. No correlations were found with zooplankton biomass and physico-chemical characteristics in the second season. The correlations in the second season were mainly due to the high prevalence of barnacle nauplii through the middle part of the season, and may reflect suitable conditions for barnacle reproduction. Epibenthic faunal abundance in the beam trawls (1 mm mesh) peaked at 14 ind. m-2 and 7 ind. m-2 in the first and second seasons respectively and the biomasses at 0.8 g m-2 and 0.7 g m-2. Peaks in abundance of epibenthos did not correspond to peaks in biomass. This was due to large differences in the size of the taxa across the seasons. Sergestids (Acetes sibogae) and amphipods were the most abundant taxa in beam trawl samples. Amphipods were only abundant in the first season, with their numbers increasing towards the end of the grow out period. Acetes were abundant in both seasons, but were dominant in the second season. Correlations between physico-chemical parameters and epibenthos numbers were found to be strongly influenced by the dominant taxa in each season. In the first season, negative correlations were found between epibenthos abundance and pH and temperature. These relationships may reflect an effect on the growth of macroalgae in the pond, with which the amphipods were strongly associated, rather than a direct effect on the epibenthos. In the second season, a positive correlation existed between temperature and epibenthos abundance, however this was strongly influenced by the very high abundance of Acetes in the last sampling period. No correlations were found between epibenthic fauna biomass and physico-chemical parameters. Abundances of epibenthic fauna were not related to zooplankton densities indicating this source of food was not likely to be a limiting factor. Neither the pond water exchange regime nor moon phase could explain changes observed in abundances of zooplankton or epibenthos assemblages in the first season, however the sampling regime was not designed to specifically investigate these effects. In the second season water exchanges were sampled more rigorously. The density of zooplankton in the outlet water was from 2 to 59% of the density of zooplankton in the pond, and the zooplankton density of the inlet water was from 9 to 50% of the outlet water. The number of zooplankton recruited into the pond from the inlet water, after the prawns were stocked, was negligible and contributed little to changes observed in zooplankton assemblages. Reproduction of barnacles within the pond appeared to play the most important role in changes in the assemblage. Water exchange did, however, appear to play a greater role in the changes observed in epibenthic fauna assemblages. In the last season of sampling the feeding of the dominant epibenthic species, Acetes sibogae, was examined using a combination of gut content and stable isotope analysis. Acetes gained little nutrition directly from the pelleted feed, probably relying primarily on zooplankton as their direct food source. Other dietary items such as macroalgae also played a role in the nutrition of the Acetes. If Acetes numbers were high at the beginning of a season they may compete with the newly stocked prawns for the zooplankton resource. However, they will not compete with the prawns later in the season when the prawns are gaining most of their nutrition from the pelleted feed. Overall it appears that zooplankton are important to the nutrition of the prawns at the beginning of the season when the assemblage is usually dominated by copepods. Later in the season the assemblage is dominated by barnacle nauplii which are recruited from within the pond. The establishment of an abundant assemblage of suitable zooplankton species before stocking prawn postlarvae would appear to be beneficial, if not essential. The assemblage of epibenthic fauna changes throughout the season as new recruits are brought in from outside the pond. Epibenthic faunal assemblages in ponds from southeast Queensland are dominated by Acetes which are not likely to adversely affect the production of prawns unless they are particularly abundant early in the grow out season when the prawns would be utilising the same food resources as Acetes.

The assemblage composition, biomass and dynamics of zooplankton and epibenthos were examined in a commercial prawn pond in southeast Queensland over two seasons. Physico-chemical characteristics of the pond water were measured concurrently. Numbers and biomass of zooplankton in the surface tows (140 micrometre mesh) varied from 8 ind. L-1 (44 micrograms L-1) to 112 ind. L-1 (324 micrograms L-1) in the first season, with peaks in biomass corresponding to peaks in numbers. In the second season the zooplankton numbers varied from 12 to 590 ind. L-1, but peaks in numbers did not correspond with peaks in biomass, which varied from 28 to 465 micrograms L-1. This was due to differences in the size of the dominant taxa across the season. Although this occurred in both seasons, the effect on biomass was more pronounced in the second season. In both seasons, immediately after the ponds were stocked with prawn postlarvae there was a rapid decline in zooplankton numbers, particularly of the dominant larger copepods. This was probably due to predation by the postlarvae. Subsequent peaks in zooplankton numbers were principally due to barnacle nauplii. The largest peaks in zooplankton numbers occurred before stocking in the first season, but the largest peaks were in the middle of the second season. While changes in abundance and biomass of the zooplankton assemblage were not correlated with physico-chemical characteristics in the first season, there were correlations between zooplankton numbers and temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and secchi disk readings in the second season. No correlations were found with zooplankton biomass and physico-chemical characteristics in the second season. The correlations in the second season were mainly due to the high prevalence of barnacle nauplii through the middle part of the season, and may reflect suitable conditions for barnacle reproduction. Epibenthic faunal abundance in the beam trawls (1 mm mesh) peaked at 14 ind. m-2 and 7 ind. m-2 in the first and second seasons respectively and the biomasses at 0.8 g m-2 and 0.7 g m-2. Peaks in abundance of epibenthos did not correspond to peaks in biomass. This was due to large differences in the size of the taxa across the seasons. Sergestids (Acetes sibogae) and amphipods were the most abundant taxa in beam trawl samples. Amphipods were only abundant in the first season, with their numbers increasing towards the end of the grow out period. Acetes were abundant in both seasons, but were dominant in the second season. Correlations between physico-chemical parameters and epibenthos numbers were found to be strongly influenced by the dominant taxa in each season. In the first season, negative correlations were found between epibenthos abundance and pH and temperature. These relationships may reflect an effect on the growth of macroalgae in the pond, with which the amphipods were strongly associated, rather than a direct effect on the epibenthos. In the second season, a positive correlation existed between temperature and epibenthos abundance, however this was strongly influenced by the very high abundance of Acetes in the last sampling period. No correlations were found between epibenthic fauna biomass and physico-chemical parameters. Abundances of epibenthic fauna were not related to zooplankton densities indicating this source of food was not likely to be a limiting factor. Neither the pond water exchange regime nor moon phase could explain changes observed in abundances of zooplankton or epibenthos assemblages in the first season, however the sampling regime was not designed to specifically investigate these effects. In the second season water exchanges were sampled more rigorously. The density of zooplankton in the outlet water was from 2 to 59% of the density of zooplankton in the pond, and the zooplankton density of the inlet water was from 9 to 50% of the outlet water. The number of zooplankton recruited into the pond from the inlet water, after the prawns were stocked, was negligible and contributed little to changes observed in zooplankton assemblages. Reproduction of barnacles within the pond appeared to play the most important role in changes in the assemblage. Water exchange did, however, appear to play a greater role in the changes observed in epibenthic fauna assemblages. In the last season of sampling the feeding of the dominant epibenthic species, Acetes sibogae, was examined using a combination of gut content and stable isotope analysis. Acetes gained little nutrition directly from the pelleted feed, probably relying primarily on zooplankton as their direct food source. Other dietary items such as macroalgae also played a role in the nutrition of the Acetes. If Acetes numbers were high at the beginning of a season they may compete with the newly stocked prawns for the zooplankton resource. However, they will not compete with the prawns later in the season when the prawns are gaining most of their nutrition from the pelleted feed. Overall it appears that zooplankton are important to the nutrition of the prawns at the beginning of the season when the assemblage is usually dominated by copepods. Later in the season the assemblage is dominated by barnacle nauplii which are recruited from within the pond. The establishment of an abundant assemblage of suitable zooplankton species before stocking prawn postlarvae would appear to be beneficial, if not essential. The assemblage of epibenthic fauna changes throughout the season as new recruits are brought in from outside the pond. Epibenthic faunal assemblages in ponds from southeast Queensland are dominated by Acetes which are not likely to adversely affect the production of prawns unless they are particularly abundant early in the grow out season when the prawns would be utilising the same food resources as Acetes.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School of Environmental and Applied Science
Full Text

Includes bibliographical references.
Generally aquaculture continues to suffer from pollution and this has resulted in the decline of production. The effect of pollution can be directly on the organisations cultured causing immediate death or retarding their growth and making them vulnerable to a variety of diseases, or indirectly by reducing their reproductive capacity. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of zinc and lead on the hatched eggs, and zinc and copper on spawing and hatching of eggs from mature female Penaeus indicus. The experiment for each heavy metal was conducted separately. In the post-spawning experiment, hatched eggs were counted and exposed to 0.0, 0.1, 10., 10.0 and 100 ppm of zinc and lead to see the effect of the heavy metals on hatching of the eggs and survival of the hatched eggs. Concentrations of 0.0, 0.1 and 1.0 ppm of zinc and lead did not show signicant difference of hatch rate among each other but 10.0 and 100.0 ppm of zinc and lead gave significantly lower hatch rate as compared with the lower concentrations. Hatch rate completely failed at 100.0 ppm of both heavy metals.

Shock protein 70 (hsp70), ubiquitin (Ub) and gill-associated virus (GAV) were chosen as bio-indicators in an attempt to determine if they could be used to predict production of Penaeus monodon on a farm. To investigate the response of these bio-indictors with respect to changes in environmental factors, an ELISA for Ub was developed and previously developed ELISAs for hsp70 and GAV were optimised. The utility of the ELISAs with respect to farm conditions, changes in the expression of hsp70 and Ub relative to health status, transportation and laboratory-induced hypoosmotic stress in cultured P. monodon was investigated. Protein expression as determined by ELISA, showed samples from the high yield pond had significantly lower optical density for hsp70 and Ub than the low yield pond (p<0.001, p<0.001 respectively). Transport (p<0.001, p<0.05) and osmotically stressed (p<0.001, p<0.001) groups showed a significantly higher response for hsp70 and Ub when compared to the control group. These results indicated that further investigations using farm data were justified. A trial was undertaken in collaboration with a commercial prawn farm who supplied all the environmental and production data for the trial period. Two investigations were undertaken using this data. The first was to investigate changes in the hsp70, Ub and GAV responses in relation to environmental factors. There were significant correlations between all factors, the greatest number were associated with hsp70 (22 significant correlation coefficients) followed by GAV (18 significant correlation coefficients) and then Ub (17 significant correlation coefficients). In general the correlations between bio-indicators were positive and the environmental factors showed mostly negative correlations with the bio-indicators. To determine the biological significance of these interactions, correlation analysis was conducted for each bio-indicator and environmental factor for all ponds daily from six days prior to sampling up to and including the day of sampling. The major environmental factors identified were pH (am) and salinity (am). Morning pH was negatively correlated to hsp70 at day of sampling and four days prior to sampling with a dramatic correlation coefficient increase at five and six days prior to sampling. A similar pattern was noted with Ub. Salinity (am) was negatively correlated to hsp70, Ub and GAV at all days. Principal component analysis was used in an attempt to better understand the underlying factors that explained the correlations and to reduce the data necessary for farmers to monitor. Five components were produced. Component one consists of four factors; days in pond, salinity (am), hsp70 and GAV. Components two to five consists of two factors in each component being temperature (am and pm) in component two, secchi (am and pm) in component three, pH (am and pm) in component and DO (am) and Ub in component five. The total cumulative variance explained by the five components was 74.3%. The next study investigated changes in the hsp70, Ub and GAV responses in relation to production factors. There were significant correlations between all factors, the greatest number were associated with hsp70 and GAV (28 significant correlation coefficients) and then Ub (10 significant correlation coefficients). In general, correlations between hsp70 and GAV and production factors were positive. Survival was the only exception with negative correlations for hsp70 and GAV. Production factors and the bio-indicators were subjected to principal component analysis. Two components were produced. Component one consisted of five factors, being days in pond, average body weight, yield, hsp70 and food conversion ratio. Component two consisted of two factors, survival and Ub. The total cumulative variance explained for the two components was 61.7%. Discriminant analysis was performed to determine 1) if the bio-indicators and environmental factors could be used to distinguish between specified production outcomes and 2) which factors contribute most to these outcomes. Production factors were separated into the mutually exclusive categories of < or > 70% survival and < or > 7 tonnes/hectare (yield). Using am data only, the number of factors required to correctly classify greater than 70% of the ponds for both survival and yield was reduced to seven and five respectively. Of these, the factors most important in distinguishing between the categories were days in pond, hsp70, salinity and to a lesser extent, dissolved oxygen. Using classification and regression tree analysis, decision trees were developed for the production factors. A maximum average body weight of 23.9 g was predicted if the minimum morning salinity can be kept below 38 ppt and the morning pH can be kept below 7.8. A minimum average body weight of 13.4 g was predicted if the minimum morning salinity was >= 38 ppt and the prawns had been in the pond for < 129.5 days. A maximum survival of 85% was predicted if the morning dissolved oxygen level can be kept at >= 4.4 ppm and the optical density of GAV is >= 0.191. A minimum survival of 50.8% was predicted if morning dissolved oxygen levels are < 4.4 ppm and the minimum evening salinity is <32.8 ppt. Food conversion ratio appears to be largely dependent on days in pond. The best food conversion ratio (1.43) was predicted if the prawns were in the pond < 113.5 days and the worst (1.8) was if the prawns had been in the pond between 113.5 and 136.5 days and the morning pH was >= 7.95. A maximum yield of 8.01 tonnes/hectare was predicted if the prawns had been in the pond for >= 166.5 days and the minimum was 3.11 tonnes/hectare at < 119 days in pond. Secchi and GAV also played a role in yield outcomes. A maximum biomass of 6650 kg/pond was predicted if morning salinity was kept below 40 ppt and the prawns were in the pond for >= 168 days and a minimum biomass of 2740 kg/pond was predicted is morning salinity was above 41.5 ppt. It is concluded that hsp70 may be a useful indicator relating to transport stress, survival and yield of P. monodon in a commercial setting. The results presented here show the successful development of statistical models based on environmental factors for the prediction of production outcomes that are both practical and interpretable at farm level. Continued investigation and development of predictive methods for production outcomes and profitability associated with prawn farms is recommended.

Przedmiotem badań w rozprawie jest sytuacja prawna rolnictwa w egzekucji. Analizie została poddana w pierwszej kolejności potrzeba udzielenia ochrony rolnictwu w przepisach szczególnych z zakresu egzekucji, z uwagi na wypełnianie istotnych funkcji gospodarczych i społecznych. Swoiste uwarunkowania rolnictwa uzasadniają potrzebę tworzenia różnego rodzaju odrębnych i ochronnych konstrukcji prawnych. Zbadane zostało nie tylko uzasadnienie przyznania wsparcia rolnictwa w przepisach o egzekucji świadczeń pieniężnych, ale także właściwy przedmiot ochrony – działalność rolnicza, rolnik, gospodarstwo rolne lub jego rodzaj, gospodarstwo rodzinne.Celem rozprawy jest ocena obowiązujących przepisów o egzekucji pod kątem realizacji konstytucyjnej normy programowej nakładającej obowiązek kierunkowego wspomagania gospodarstw rodzinnych jako podstawy ustroju rolnego. Realne wsparcie gospodarstw rodzinnych wymaga kompleksowego uregulowania ich sytuacji prawnej w tym także skutków niewykonywania zobowiązań pieniężnych oraz stanu niewypłacalności lub zagrożenia jego powstaniem. Praca zawiera wstęp oraz pięć rozdziałów, w którychomówiono poszczególne regulacje prawne pod kątem przydatności jako instrument ochrony rolnictwa w egzekucji. Rozprawę zamyka zakończenie, w którym zawarto wnioski de lege lata oraz wnioski de lege ferenda.
The subject of research in the dissertation is the legal situation of agriculture in legal enforcement.First, the analysis of the need to provide protection to agriculture in specific provisions in the field of enforcement was carried out, due to the its important economic and social functions. Specific conditions of agriculture justify the need to create various types of protective and separate legal structures.Not only the justification for granting agriculture support in the provisions on the enforcement of pecuniary debts has been examined, but also the proper subject of protection - agricultural activity, farmer, farm or its type, family farm.The purpose of the dissertation is to assess the applicable provisions on legal enforcement in terms of implementation of the constitutional program norm imposing the obligation to provide support for family farms as the basis of the agricultural system. Real support for family farms requires comprehensive regulation of their legal situation, including the effects of non-performance of financial obligations and the state of insolvency or threat of its creation.The dissertation consists of an introduction, five substantive chapters in which the legal provisions are discussed in terms of their usefulness as an instrument of protection of agriculture in enforcement. The thesis closes with the ending, which contains de legelata and de lege ferenda conclusions.
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydział Prawa. Katedra Prawa Cywilnego i Handlowego. Zakład Prawa Rolnego.

Gospodarstwo rolne jako współuczestnik rynku gospodarczego, ulokowane jest w wielopłaszczyznowej regulacji zarówno na gruncie prawa krajowego i wspólnotowego. Klasyczne ujęcie czynników produkcji (praca, kapitał oraz ziemia), klasyfikuje gospodarstwo rolne jako swoistego rodzaju przedsiębiorstwo, które objęte jest odrębną i preferencyjną regulacją prawną, z uwagi na strategiczny charakter i rolę dla każdego Państwa i funkcjonującego w nim społeczeństwa. W pracy poruszono zagadnienia uwarunkowujące procesy legislacyjne w kontekście konkretnych zdarzeń polityczno-gospodarczych, które odzwierciedlały całokształt przybieranych przez Państwo koncepcji i modeli rolnictwa, jak również próbę wyważenie interesu prawa własności względem nakładanych obowiązków administracyjnych. Główny akcent w pracy położono na gospodarstwa rodzinne prowadzone przez rolników indywidualnych, które stanowią egzemplifikacje przyjętej normy programowej, wyrażonej w art. 23 Konstytucji Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej. Charakteryzując metody badawcze przybrane w pracy, wymienić należy przeprowadzoną analizę w oparciu o metodę prawno-dogmatyczną, historyczną, prawno-porównawczą z elementami statystycznymi oraz analizy typu SWOT. Dwie pierwsze z nich najpełniej pozwalają wyprowadzić wnioski dotyczące czynników kształtujących ustrój rolny w Polsce. Dwie kolejne ukazują bezpośrednie relację związanie z ówczesnym rolnictwem oraz płaszczyzną ekonomiczno-społeczną-prawną. Rozdział pierwszy został poświęcony zagadnieniom związanym z ewolucją instytucji gospodarstwa rolnego i jego prawnymi uregulowaniami. Przyjrzano się w nim źródłom pojęć oraz definicji gospodarstwa rolnego w ujęciu konstytucyjnym, administracyjnym i cywilistycznym. Podniesiono także kwestie dotyczące polityki rolnej, zasadności regulacji ochronnych i ustawowego wsparcia gospodarstw rolnych. Rozdział drugi zawiera charakterystykę i ocenę korelacji prawa rolnego względem pozostałych dziedzin prawa. W dalszej części ukazano odrębność systemu ubezpieczeń społecznych, podatków, systemu obrotu i ochrony nieruchomości rolnych, odstępstwa rolnego oraz systemów wsparcia i ochrony zasobów środowiska naturalnego w gospodarstwach rodzinnych. Wyjątkowo istotną materią tego rozdziału jest również nadal aktualna kwestia egzekucji świadczeń pieniężnych z majątku gospodarstwa rolnego. Rozdział trzeci odnosi się do zagadnień związanych z prawno-ekonomicznymi regulacjami wsparcia rodzinnych gospodarstw rolnych, w których skoncentrowano się na tematyce wpływu WPR, założeniach EFRROW, PROW w latach lata 2014–2020 i innych systemach wsparcia dla rodzinnych gospodarstw wiejskich. Rozdział czwarty zawiera analizę komparatystyczną ustroju i rozwiązań prawnych zapewniających wsparcie dla rodzinnych gospodarstw rolnych stosowanych w Polsce i wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej. Postawione w wstępie pracy hipotezy badawcze rozwinięto w tezach i uzasadnieniu zawartym w zakończeniu. Rozważania oparto na twierdzeniu, iż ustawodawca otacza coraz to większym zakresem regulacji tryb i funkcjonowanie gospodarstw rolnych, co determinuje pozycję prawną gospodarstwa rolnego w licznych aktach normatywnych. Wyjątkowość sektora agrarnego dodatkowo ustawodawca uwydatnia poprzez rozwinięcie oddzielnych regulacji oraz odmiennego podejścia i ujęcia sfery majątkowej rolników, jak też ich obowiązków publicznych. Wysoce rozbudowana konstrukcja instrumentów regulacyjnych stawia gospodarstwa rolne jako równoprawny podmiot gospodarczy z zapewnioną uprzywilejowaną pozycją w stosunku do silniejszych kapitałowo podmiotów na rynku gospodarki wolnorynkowej, niemniej czynniki globalizacyjne spowodowały, że do dziś wiele osób traktuje rolnictwo w sposób bagatelizujący, wynikający najprawdopodobniej z niezrozumienia znaczenia i specyfiki tego sektora, w stosunku do ogólnoświatowej części systemu gospodarczego.
An agricultural holding as a co-participant of the economic market, is located in a multifaceted regulation both on the basis of national and EU law. The classic view of production factors (labor, capital and land) classifies an agricultural holding as a kind of enterprise, which is covered by a separate and preferential legal regulation, due to its strategic character and role for each State and the society functioning in it. In the dissertation issues were raised related to legislative processes in the context of specific political and economic events, which reflected the entirety of concepts and models of agriculture adopted by State, as well as an attempt to the balance between interest of property rights with imposed administrative obligations. The main emphasis was put on family farms conducted by individual farmers, which is exemplifications of the accepted program norm, expressed in art. 23 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. Characterizing the research methods adopted at work, mention should be made of the analysis based on the legal-dogmatic, historical, legal-comparative method with statistical elements and SWOT analysis. The first two of them allows to draw the most complete conclusions about the factors shaping the agricultural system in Poland. Two next shown a direct relation with the then agriculture and the economic-social-legal plane. The first chapter was devoted to issues related to the evolution of an agricultural institution and its legal regulations. It looked at the sources of concepts and definitions of a farm in constitutional, administrative and civilian terms. Also raised issues related to: agricultural policy, the legitimacy of protective regulations and statutory support for farms. The second chapter contains the characteristics and assessment of the correlation of agricultural law in relation to other areas of law. In the following, the author shows separateness of the social security system, taxes, the system of trade and protection of agricultural real estate, agricultural exemption and support and protection systems for natural resources in family farms. An extremely important matter of this chapter is also the current issue of the judicial execution of cash benefits from farm property. The third chapter refers to issues related to legal and economic regulations for supporting family farms, which focus on the impact of the CAP, EAFRD objectives, RDPs in the years 2014-2020 and other support systems for family rural households. The fourth chapter contains a comparative analysis of the system and legal solutions that provide support for family farms used in Poland and selected European Union countries. The research hypotheses put forward in the introduction were developed in the theses and substantiation contained in the conclusion. The considerations were based on the claim that the legislator surrounds the mode and functioning of farms holdings by increasing range of regulation, what determines the legal position of an agricultural holding in numerous normative acts. The legislator emphasizes the uniqueness of the agrarian sector by developing separate regulations and different approach and recognition of the farmers property sphere, as well as their public duties. The highly developed construction of regulatory instruments places agricultural holdings as an equal economic entity, with a privileged position in relation to stronger capital market players in free market economy. However, globalization factors have caused that many people still treat agriculture in a downplaying manner, probably resulting from a misunderstanding of the importance and specificity of this sector in relation to the global economic system.

Praca doktorska nawiązuje do tematu statusu prawnego gospodarstwa rolnego w świetle zasady zrównoważonego rozwoju obszarów wiejskich. Intensyfikacja produkcji rolnej jaka nastąpiła w XX w. dzięki zastosowaniu maszyn rolniczych, nawozów sztucznych i środków ochrony roślin wpłynęła na wzrost plonów, ale jest przyczyną chemicznych zanieczyszczeń środowiska. Gospodarstwa rolne o przemysłowej produkcji są nastawione na maksimum zysku, specjalizację upraw roślinnych i hodowlę dużej ilości zwierząt. Gospodarstwa rolne pełnią ważną funkcję produkcyjną. Dobry wpływ na środowisko i jakość produktów rolnych, zdrowie ludzi, zwierząt ma gospodarstwo ekologiczne i integrowana produkcja. Prawo: UE i polskie stanowi o zasadach rolnictwa ekologicznego, które podlega certyfikacji i musi spełnić szereg wymagań prawnych. Przepisy krajowe stanowią o integrowanej produkcji, którą prowadzi się zgodnie z wymogami certyfikacji i redukcji środków chemicznych do niezbędnego minimum. W rolnictwie ukształtował się (od 1996 r.) oddzielny system produkcji przemysłowej organizmów genetycznie zmodyfikowanych, który prowadzi się na dużą skalę w państwach kontynentu: amerykańskiego, azjatyckiego, australijskiego. System GMO prowadzi do licznych zagrożeń genetycznych, którego skutków nie można przewidzieć i nie jest tożsamy z uprawą roślin niemodyfikowanych. Rolnictwo UE objęte jest Wspólną Polityką Rolną, która z biegiem lat podlegała zmianom. Intensyfikacja produkcji rolnej zmniejszyła się z powodu ochrony środowiska i nadprodukcji żywności, zreformowano sposób wsparcia dla gospodarstw rolnych. W państwach UE wprowadzono instrumenty prawne dotyczące: redukcji pestycydów, integrowanej ochrony roślin, zasady wzajemnej zgodności, zasady dobrej kultury rolnej, zmian w prawie ochrony środowiska i prawie wodnym. Celem zmian prawnych we WPR UE jest realizacja zasady zrównoważonego rozwoju w rolnictwie, zachowanie specyfiki gospodarstwa rodzinnego i kształtowanie jego roli w ochronie środowiska. Z PROW na lata 2014-2020 finansowana jest pomoc dla: rolnictwa ekologicznego, integrowanej produkcji i rolnictwa zrównoważonego w ramach zobowiązań rolno-środowiskowo-klimatycznych oraz na rozwój gospodarstw rodzinnych i terenów wiejskich, działania na rzecz klimatu, zarządzanie zasobami naturalnymi w sposób zrównoważony. Prawo UE stanowi o pomocy dla gospodarstw rodzinnych i wprowadzeniu rolnictwa wielofunkcyjnego. Celem Strategii Zrównoważonego Rozwoju Wsi, Rolnictwa i Rybactwa na lata 2012–2020 jest określenie kierunków rozwoju obszarów wiejskich. Działania ekonomiczne i społeczne muszą uwzględnić: ochronę środowiska, poprawę dochodów rolników, zapewnić kadry pracujące dla rolnictwa. Zastosowanie technologii z wykorzystaniem inżynierii genetycznej ujemnie wpływa na bezpieczeństwo ekologiczne i żywnościowe. Uwalnianie GMO do środowiska jest ważnym zagadnieniem, regulowanym przez przepisy prawa UE i polskie. UE chroni zagrożone gatunki roślin, zwierząt gospodarskich i pszczół. Z państw kontynentu amerykańskiego UE importuje znaczne ilości soi i kukurydzy GMO. Przemysłową hodowlę zwierząt prowadzi się w UE przy zastosowaniu komponentów do produkcji pasz pochodzących z upraw GMO. Używanie pasz pochodzących z upraw GMO nie chroni środowiska, przepisy UE nie są spójne. Należy zwiększyć ilość upraw roślin wysokobiałkowych niemodyfikowanych genetycznie w UE. Rolnictwo przemysłowe i korporacje przemysłu chemicznego nie dbają o środowisko, chcą maksymalizacji zysku i uzależniania od siebie rolnictwa rodzinnego, doprowadzając do jego likwidacji. Stosowanie zasad zrównoważonego rozwoju jest przyszłościowym kierunkiem rozwoju rolnictwa UE. Gospodarstwo rolne ma istotny wpływ na zachowanie zdrowia człowieka, cennej przyrody, dóbr publicznych, kultury wiejskiej.
The dissertation refers to the topic of the legal status of an agricultural holding in the light of the principle of sustainable development of rural areas. Intensification of agricultural production that occurred in the 20th century through the use of agricultural machinery, fertilizers and plant protection products increased crop yields, but is the cause of chemical pollution of the environment. Agricultural holdings running an industrial production are focused on maximum profit, specialization of plant crops and raising large numbers of animals. Agricultural holdings serve an important production function. Organic farms and integrated production have a good impact on the environment and the quality of agricultural products, human health, and animal health. EU and Polish law regulates the principles of organic farming, which is subject to certification and must meet a number of legal requirements. National regulations provide for integrated production, which is carried out according to certification requirements, and reduction of chemicals to the minimum necessary. A separate system of industrial production of genetically modified organisms has formed in agriculture (since 1996), which is executed on a large scale in the Americas, Asia, and Australia. The GMO system leads to numerous genetic risks, the effects of which cannot be predicted, and is not identical to growing non-GMO crops. EU agriculture is covered by the Common Agricultural Policy, which has evolved over the years. Intensification of agricultural production has decreased due to environmental protection and food overproduction, the manner of supporting agricultural holdings have been reformed. Legal instruments have been introduced in EU countries concerning pesticide reduction, integrated pest management, cross-compliance, good agricultural practices, changes in environmental law and water law. The aim of legal changes in the EU CAP is to implement the principle of sustainable development in agriculture, to preserve the specificity of the family agricultural holding and to shape its role in environmental protection. The RDP for 2014-2020 finances aid for: organic farming, integrated production, and sustainable agriculture under agri-environmental and climate commitments, and for development of family agricultural holdings and rural areas, measures beneficial for the climate, sustainable management of natural resources. EU law provides assistance for family agricultural holdings and the introduction of multifunctional agriculture. The objective of the Strategy for Sustainable Development of Rural Areas, Agriculture and Fishing for 2014-2020 is to define the direction of rural development. Economic and social measures must take into account the protection of the environment, improvement of farmers' income, providing staff working for agriculture. The use of genetically engineered technologies has a negative impact on environmental and food security. The release of GMOs into the environment is an important issue, regulated by EU and Polish law. The EU protects endangered plant, livestock, and bee species. The EU imports significant amounts of GMO soybeans and corn from countries on the American continent. Industrial animal breeding is carried out in the EU using feed components derived from GMO crops. Using feed from GMO crops does not protect the environment, EU regulations are not consistent. The amount of non-GM protein crops grown in the EU should be increased. Industrial agriculture and chemical industry corporations do not care about the environment, they want to maximize profit and make family farming dependent on them, leading to its elimination. Applying the principles of sustainability is the way forward for EU agriculture and for preserving a healthy environment for the future. An agricultural holding it has a significant impact on the preservation of human health, valuable wildlife, public goods, rural culture.

This chapter focuses on advances in the farm production of the freshwater prawns (FWPs) Macrobrachium spp., primarily on M. rosenbergii. Farming FWPs is generally divided into four phases: reproduction, hatchery, nursery, and grow-out. The broodstock is held in earthen ponds or indoor tanks filled with freshwater. The hatchery is usually performed in intensive systems, using indoor tanks and brackish water, whereas the nursery phase uses freshwater in indoor tanks or in earthen ponds. The grow-out is generally performed in semi-intensive systems, using freshwater earthen ponds in monoculture, but integrated systems with fish, crabs, or rice are also very common. The production strategy is site specific and should be set up according to the species raised, climate characteristics, and the desired market size of the prawn. Productivity generally ranges from 1,000 to 4,500 kg/ha/yr, but may surpass 11,000 kg/ha/yr in tropical areas. Production is concentrated in Asia, mainly in China. Most production is traded in local markets, and FWPs are usually sold alive, but some countries, such as Bangladesh, India, and Thailand, export frozen prawns to Europe and the USA. Substantial scientific literature and more than 100 patents support the technology for farming FWPs. However, genetics, nutrition, and interaction with other species in integrated culture are still issues. The culture of FWPs has been described in detail in a number of international review papers, books and book chapters, and practical manuals. This chapter summarizes and updates the information found in those publications.

Polish Deal from the perspective of supporting innovation. Purpose: To present the construction of tax reliefs for innovations in companies and attempt to generally assess their effectiveness against the background of the degree of use of similar solutions in other countries. Design/methodology/approach: The study is of a literature and empirical character. The research consists of five stages. The first stage describes the degree of innovation in economies in the world. The second stage presents the system of public suport of innovation in OECD countries (direct subsidies and tax reliefs). In the third part the conception of a tax relief and its role in the public policy is explained. The next two parts present constraction of new tax reliefs in income taxes in Poland. Summary includes a general assessment of new tax instruments. Findings: The degree of innovation in economies varies, but the leading countries have been fairly stable for many years. They dominate, among others Western European countries, the United States, South Korea. OECD countries support the development of innovation with subsidies and tax allowances, mainly reliefs for R&D activity. The main beneficiaries of the support are SME. The share of the granted allowances in GDP is growing dynamically. This proves that tax reliefs are an important tool for stimulating innovative activity, mainly in smaller enterprises. The use of the concessions varies across individual countries, and this instrument is successfully used by both better and less developed countries. However, taking into account the size of the granted allowances in GDP, in 2019 selected countries of Western Europe, along with Canada and South Korea, dominated. Unfortunately, Poland fares very poorly compared to the EU countries and even the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in terms of the degree of innovation in the economy, as well as in terms of public support for innovation. The structure and rules of new tax reliefs are rather simple and transparent, and thus should not be a problem for entrepreneurs from a formal point of view. Consequently, the mere fact that the allowances in question were introduced into the tax system must be regarded as appropriate. On the other hand, another issue is the actual degree of interest and use of the reliefs by the entrepreneurs themselves. Reliefs usually consist in deducting the relevant expenses from the income from economic activity, so the real condition is first to achieve a sufficiently high income. In this context, non-returnable subsidies seem to be a more attractive solution than allowances for smaller entrepreneurs. So far, the interest of entrepreneurs in investment tax reliefs in Poland has been quite weak.