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1
Ives, Matthew Carl Faculty of Science UNSW. "Prawns, climate change, rising costs and falling prices : managing NSW???s prawn stocks in a world of uncertainties : a quantitative analysis of prawn harvesting strategies". Awarded by:University of New South Wales, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/39192.
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The monitoring and assessment of prawn populations in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, has been identified as a continuing research priority by both the fishing industry and the fisheries managers. This dissertation presents a series of dynamic population models developed to evaluate the status of the eastern king prawn (Melicertus plebejus) and eastern school prawn (Metapenaeus macleayi) populations within NSW and to analyse the relative performance of a number of alternative management strategies involving the three fisheries that target these species. Monthly commercial prawn catch and effort data from 1984 to 2006 were used to calibrate the stock assessment models. Where possible, the results of previous research were used to develop the structure of the model and to provide estimates of biological parameters. A process of increasing model complexity, including the addition of physical processes, such as river discharge events and economic considerations, was undertaken in an attempt to develop the most appropriate model for the analysis of management strategies. The first model presented was used to undertake a single-species assessment of the eastern king prawn stock and was based on a delay-difference population model with four different representations of recruitment. This model was calibrated to observations using the Bayesian sampling/importance re-sampling method and used to test the effect of significant changes in the future catch on the stock. The second model presented is a size-based metapopulation model which incorporated the dynamics of school prawns over three habitats, being harvested by three different fishing methods. This model was used to test the effect of alternative climate variability scenarios on the stock. The third model presented is a multi-species, multi-fishery bio-economic model. This model was used to examine the impact of nine alternative economic scenarios, incorporating various combinations of input costs and product prices. The results from the use of these models indicated that neither of the prawn population appeared to be over-exploited. The analyses also indicated that none of the alternative management strategies were found to stand-out enough to justify a move away from the current management strategy of input controls and spatio-temporal closures, even under a range of future scenarios including climate change and large movements in input costs and product prices.
2
Sterling, David John. "Modelling the physics of prawn trawling for fisheries management". Thesis, Curtin University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2573.
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Management of prawn trawling fisheries is a difficult task due to the competing interests of strongly motivated stakeholders and interest groups. This occurs because prawn trawling operations are technically complex, require large capital investments and exhibit high running costs while owners have limited property rights over the resources that they harvest. Prawn stocks are public resources and are managed with a view to provide maximum benefit to the broad community. Additionally their exploitation also involves the incidental capture of significant numbers of other animals of no commercial value (bycatch) and causes impacts on seabed morphologies, which are involved in many diverse ecosystem processes. At the policy level an intention to manage trawl fisheries in a comprehensive way is backed by a mandated approach that is designed to capture all of the above issues and interests. That approach is termed Ecological Sustainable Development (ESD). The work in this thesis is designed to produce a prediction tool for prawn trawling performance that is based on modelling the physical nature of prawn trawling activities. It is proposed that the resulting tool is essential for working to manage the multi-dimensional aspects of prawn trawling fisheries. Three discrete objectives for the thesis are; to expand and improve an existing Prawn Trawling Performance Model (PTPM) so that it is more accurate and relevant to a broader range of questions, to evaluate the capacity of the PTPM to predict the performance characteristics of real prawn trawling operations in terms of both engineering and catching performance and to investigate the problem space surrounding prawn trawl fisheries to identify and develop applications for the model. A rudimentary PTPM (Sterling 2000b) is expanded through the analysis of further empirical data collected for model and full-scale trawl gear.ght area of improvement to the PTPM were considered and in all cases significant changes were made. The accuracy of the new form of the model is here tested by comparing performance predictions with measurements of trawling performance for a variety of industrial trawl systems operated in the Queensland East Coast Trawl Fishery and also through comparing predicted trawling performance with prawn catches returned for trawlers operating in the Northern Prawn Fishery over the years 1970 to 2000. In the first case, errors in predicting swept area rate, considered an important performance parameter, were less than 5%. Fine scale issues were explored using the available sea mal data and a number of areas of concern within the model are highlighted. These relate to accurately quantifying the forces involved in the interaction of the trawl gear with the seabed and accurately accounting for the interaction between components within trawl systems. In the second case, the results suggest that between 50% and 60% of the variation in the seasonal catching performance of trawlers in the NPF is explained by predictions of swept area rate derived by the PTPM from the available data for that fishery. A comprehensive survey of applications for the PTPM is conducted in context with approaching the management of prawn trawling fisheries using the principles of ESD as defined by the National Strategy for ESD (1992). The Northern Prawn Fishery is used as a case study to explore in finer detail applications for the PTPM. Issues arising from the implementation of some of the applications are discussed.
3
Sterling, David J. "Modelling the physics of prawn trawling for fisheries management /". The Gap, Qld. : Sterling Trawl Gear Services, 2005. http://adt.curtin.edu.au/theses/available/adt-WCU20050921.093622.
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4
Sterling, David John. "Modelling the physics of prawn trawling for fisheries management". Curtin University of Technology, School of Physical Sciences, 2005. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16093.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Management of prawn trawling fisheries is a difficult task due to the competing interests of strongly motivated stakeholders and interest groups. This occurs because prawn trawling operations are technically complex, require large capital investments and exhibit high running costs while owners have limited property rights over the resources that they harvest. Prawn stocks are public resources and are managed with a view to provide maximum benefit to the broad community. Additionally their exploitation also involves the incidental capture of significant numbers of other animals of no commercial value (bycatch) and causes impacts on seabed morphologies, which are involved in many diverse ecosystem processes. At the policy level an intention to manage trawl fisheries in a comprehensive way is backed by a mandated approach that is designed to capture all of the above issues and interests. That approach is termed Ecological Sustainable Development (ESD). The work in this thesis is designed to produce a prediction tool for prawn trawling performance that is based on modelling the physical nature of prawn trawling activities. It is proposed that the resulting tool is essential for working to manage the multi-dimensional aspects of prawn trawling fisheries. Three discrete objectives for the thesis are; to expand and improve an existing Prawn Trawling Performance Model (PTPM) so that it is more accurate and relevant to a broader range of questions, to evaluate the capacity of the PTPM to predict the performance characteristics of real prawn trawling operations in terms of both engineering and catching performance and to investigate the problem space surrounding prawn trawl fisheries to identify and develop applications for the model. A rudimentary PTPM (Sterling 2000b) is expanded through the analysis of further empirical data collected for model and full-scale trawl gear.ght area of improvement to the PTPM were considered and in all cases significant changes were made. The accuracy of the new form of the model is here tested by comparing performance predictions with measurements of trawling performance for a variety of industrial trawl systems operated in the Queensland East Coast Trawl Fishery and also through comparing predicted trawling performance with prawn catches returned for trawlers operating in the Northern Prawn Fishery over the years 1970 to 2000. In the first case, errors in predicting swept area rate, considered an important performance parameter, were less than 5%. Fine scale issues were explored using the available sea mal data and a number of areas of concern within the model are highlighted. These relate to accurately quantifying the forces involved in the interaction of the trawl gear with the seabed and accurately accounting for the interaction between components within trawl systems. In the second case, the results suggest that between 50% and 60% of the variation in the seasonal catching performance of trawlers in the NPF is explained by predictions of swept area rate derived by the PTPM from the available data for that fishery. A comprehensive survey of applications for the PTPM is conducted in context with approaching the management of prawn trawling fisheries using the principles of ESD as defined by the National Strategy for ESD (1992). The Northern Prawn Fishery is used as a case study to explore in finer detail applications for the PTPM. Issues arising from the implementation of some of the applications are discussed.
5
Ashok, Reddy G. "Histology of hematopoietic tissues in the Indian White Prawn Penaeus indicus (H. Milne Edwards)". Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1999. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11035/1/Ashok%20Reddy%20G..pdf.
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Aquaculture industry is getting more attention all over the world because of its nature of providing food, export earnings, employment generation and upliftment of the socio-economic status of rural people.
Recently shrimp is in great demand in international markets. This demand can not be met by the fisheries. Hence there is a spurt in intensive aquaculture activities.
In India, shrimp aquaculture is shifting from semi-intensive to intensive type.High stocking densities in intensive aquaculture encourage the development and transmission of many diseases within cultured populations
6
Pillai, Bindu R. "Effect of physical stress on the Prawn Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards". Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1988. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11039/1/Bindu%20R.%20Pillai.pdf.
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In intensive and semi-intensive aquaculture practices the animals are under stress conditions. These stress factors can be environmental, biotic and abiotic, toxic or manmade. Environmental changes leading to stressful situation have been shown to alter the animals respiration and metabolism to a great extent. In addition, procedures adopted in aquaculture techniques such as handling of animals, confinement, transport and disease treatments cause a variable degree of trauma in them. These factors can adversely affect the overall production of animals in a culture system
7
Das, Chitra. "Studies on the effect of MS-222 on basal metabolism of Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards Seeds". Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1990. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11044/1/Chitra%20Das.pdf.
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Aquaculture has been on the focus in recent years the worldover
to augment food production. It's success involves techniques on handling, crowding, confinement, transport, nutrition and ecological management. A flaw in any one of these will adversely affect the physiology of fish leading to pathological conditions and mortality. Seed and feed are the 2 major constraints in most of the culture systems, which hatcheries and factories can take care of. But problems on handling and transport still loome large; since causes that adversely affect the animals are difficult to ascertain with certainity in most cases even today.
8
Deepa, M. B. "Isolation and characterization of Vibrio sp pathogenic to Penaeus monodon". Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1996. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11053/1/Deepa%20M.B..pdf.
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Vibriosis in shrimp culture causes about 80% mortality. In the present study. Vibrio isolated from diseased Penaeus monodon was characterized as Vibrio alginolyticus. The physical, cultural and biochemical investigations carried out in the study confirmed the isolate. Growth of V.alginolyticus in Zobell marine broth indicated no lag period, while the peak growth was observed at 18 hours. V.alginolyticus was found to
cause mortality in healthy shrimps in artificial infection studies. One hundred percent mortality was noted at 5.7x10 cells, 5.7x10 cells, 5.7x10 cells per P.monodon. Reisolation studies indicated the presence of the same bacteria in haemolymph and other body tissues.
9
Ganga, U. "Influence of different levels of ambient oxygen on metabolite changes and growth in laboratory reared Penaeus indicus (H. Milne Edwards)". Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1992. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11059/1/Ganga%20U..pdf.
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Worldwide, the penaeid shrimp has assumed an increasingly important place among cultured animals and is the mainstay of marine export products of India. While it is important to maximize production by semi intensive and intensive methods it is also necessary to understand the impact of various environmental parameters on physiology, growth and survival of these aquatic organisms.
10
Kamala, R. "Studies on salinity induced stress on neurosecretory cells, protein, free amino acid content and ammonia excretion rate of penaeid prawn Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius)". Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1989. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11074/1/Kamala%20R..pdf.
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An important adaptation in organisms to withstand osmotic variations in their external medium, is their efficiency of regulating intracellular concentration. In this context, cell volume regulation appears as a fundamental mechanism. The problem of cell volume regulation becomes crucial in the establishment of organisms in aquatic environment with fluctuating osmolarities.
11
Kutty, Letha. "Mobilisation of total carotenoids in relation to ovarian maturation in the prawn Metapenaeus dobsoni (Miers)". Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1989. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11078/1/Letha%20kutty.pdf.
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In India, prawn and prawn products account for about 83% of the
foreign exchange earnings from sea food export , the present demand being on small sized shrimps (Anonymous, 1989). However, the inconsistant trends in capture fisheries has necessitated the identification and adoption of alternate methods for enhancing prawn production. So scientific farming appears to be the best alternative in the present context .
12
Ambipillai, Liya. "Histopathological survey of cultured shrimps in modified extensive systems of Cochin, Kerala". Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 2001. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11079/1/Liya%20Ambipillai.pdf.
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A disease survey was conducted using histopathological tools in
a cross section of shrimp farming area in Cochin during March to June, 2001. Shrimp samples collected from 26 farms comprised of Penaeus indicus, Penaeus monodon. and Metapenaeus dobsoni. The major pathological condition recorded was the presence of chronic inflammatory fesions characteristic of systemic bacterial infection and was observed in 42% of the farms surveyed. In 19% of the farms hepatopancreatic pathology, typical of oral/enteric vibriosis was recorded. Mortality of P.monodon due to mixed infection of MBV and vibriosis
was recorded in one farm. Fouling of shrimps by the ciliate protozoan, Zoothamnium could be detected only in 8% of the cases. Abnormal conditions such as spontaneous muscle necrosis, dark coloured gills and brown discolouration of the shell were recorded in 36% of the farms. Absence of white spot viral inclusions in any of the target tissues of the samples examined was one of the most important observations during the study. No apparent pathological conditions were recorded in 27% of the farms surveyed.
13
Ajith, Kumar V. "An analysis of factor-product relationship in prawn farming-a production function approach". Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1990. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11192/1/Ajithkumar%20V.pdf.
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A perusal of fisheries development programmes of different countries of the world reveals that the development of prawn culture is a field to which most of the countries have attached great importance. Among the two general kinds of prawn culture being practiced in different parts of the world, extensive or traditional culture involves operations in more or less natural aminities available and is devoid of proper management procedures. The more systematic method of cultivation Involves preparation of ponds, selective stocking of prawns and implementation of management procedures (Bensam , 1982). In the former method, the production is rather low, but in the latter, it is quite high.
14
Denham, Ainslie M. "Geostatistical spatiotemporal modelling with application to the western king prawn of the Shark Bay managed prawn fishery". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2012. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/435.
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Geostatistical methodology has been employed in the modelling of spatiotemporal data from various scientific fields by viewing the data as realisations of space-time random functions. Traditional geostatistics aims to model the spatial variability of a process so, in order to incorporate a time dimension into a geostatistical model, the fundamental differences between the space and time dimensions must be acknowledged and addressed. The main conceptual viewpoint of geostatistical spatiotemporal modelling identified within the literature views the process as a single random function model utilising a joint space-time covariance function to model the spatiotemporal continuity. Geostatistical space-time modelling has been primarily data driven, resulting in models that are suited to the data under investigation, usually survey data involving fixed locations. Space-time geostatistical modelling of fish stocks within the fishing season is limited as the collection of fishery-independent survey data for the spatiotemporal sampling design is often costly or impractical. However, fishery-dependent commercial catch and effort data, throughout each season, are available for many fisheries as part of the ongoing monitoring program to support their stock assessment and fishery management. An example of such data is prawn catch and effort data from the Shark Bay managed prawn fishery in Western Australia. The data are densely informed in both the spatial and temporal dimensions and cover a range of locations at each time instant. Both catch and effort variables display an obvious spatiotemporal continuity across the fishing region and throughout the season. There is detailed spatial and temporal resolution as skippers record their daily fishing shots with associated latitudinal and longitudinal positions. In order to facilitate the ongoing management of the fishery, an understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of various prawn species within season is necessary. A suitable spatiotemporal model is required in order to effectively capture the joint space-time dependence of the prawn data. An exhaustive literature search suggests that this is the first application of geostatistical space-time modelling to commercial fishery data, with the development and evaluation of an integrated space-time geostatistical model that caters for the commercial logbook prawn catch and effort data for the Shark Bay fishery. The model developed in this study utilises the global temporal trend observed in the data to standardise the catch rates. Geostatistical spatiotemporal variogram modelling was shown to accurately represent the spatiotemporal continuity of the catch data, and was used to predict and simulate catch rates at unsampled locations and future time instants in a season. In addition, fishery-independent survey data were used to help improve the performance of catch rate estimates.
15
Patro, Biswamitra. "Evaluation of phosphorus sources in the compounded diets of Penaeus indicus". Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 2000. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11041/1/Biswamatra%20Patro.pdf.
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A 30- day feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected sources of inorganic phosphorus in a diet compounded for juvenile Penaeus indicus. The phosphorus sources tested were calcium phosphate dibasic, sodium phosphate
monobasic, potassium phosphate monobasic and a mixture of calcium phosphate dibasic and potassium phosphate monobasic in the ratio 1:1. Ihe efficacy ol the diets was evaluated in terms of weight gain, food conversion ratio (FCR), apparent feed
digestibility coefficient and apparent phosphorus digestibility. No significant differences were observed among the treatments (P>0.05) in the response parameters recorded.
However the best specific growth rate (4.05+ 0.32), apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of the diet (93.58± 2.05) and apparent digestibility of phosphorus (ADP) (55.08±2.05) were recorded for shrimps fed the diet supplemented with sodium
phosphate monobasic. but the best FCR (2.00 ± 0.33) was observed with the diet supplemented with a mixture of calcium phosphate dibasic and potassium phosphate monobasic in the ratio 1:1. The present study suggests that a diet containing good quality ingredients with sufficient available P (0.81 %) as in the control diet (diet-1) is adequate to promote survival, growth and phosphorus retention in juvenile P. indicus. However if a supplement source of P is required sodium phosphate monobasic is recommended in the diet as it provided the best response when incorporated in the diet in the tested salinity (17-19 ppt).
16
Anil, M. K. "A sampling model for the estimation of juvenile shrimp fishery of Vembanad lake". Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1990. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11194/1/Anil%20M.%20K..pdf.
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Fish has been an important source of protein for the underfed
population inhabiting in the coastal belt of the country. Realizing the importance of fishery resources in meeting the food requirements of the country, in recent times, developmental agencies have paid serious attention for exploiting these resources for the benefit of the population. Besides meeting the internal requirements , export of marine fish earns to the nation foreign exchange of about 630 crores of Rupees currently. Export of marine products from the nation has been mainly concentrated on prawns and its products. However, in recent times it is reported that inspite of increased inputs in fishing, the production of prawns is not showing commensurate increase. Hence industry and developmental agencies are seized of the problem of increasing production and ways and means of conserving the resources is being discussed in various forums .
17
Beena, K. B. "Socio-Economic Study of Prawn Farmers in Ernakulam District". Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1992. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11036/1/Beena%20B.K..pdf.
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There is a need to utilise rich and varied resources
in the field of capture and culture fisheries in India. On
one hand it will provide cheap source of protein to the
consumers end earn foreign exchange and on the other hand
poor coastal population will be benefitted by way of
raising their family income. Government of India has been
attaching great importance to the fisheries in the new
agricultural policy and an enhanced outlay of over Rs 400
crore has been earmarked for the fisheries development in
Eighth Five Year Plan. Besides this, states end Union
Territories will make suitable increase in their allocations
in the centrally sponsored fisheries schemes.
18
Lowry, Nicholas. "Biology and fisheries for the spot prawn (Pandalus platyceros, Brandt 1851) /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5388.
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Anilkumar, P. "Studies on the enzyme phenol oxidase in Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards". Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1992. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11030/1/Anil%20kumar%20P.pdf.
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Modern aquaculture is a new science and industry although traditional in origin. In the past fifteen years aquaculture production shows a steady increase from 5 million m etric tonnes (1973) to 14.5 million metric tonnes (1988). In future an increase in the population coupled with an increase in percapita consumption will definitely culminate in the intensified effort to increase aquaculture production. In this context prawns are very important as a candidate species for culture and foreign exchange earner for a developing country like India. In order to achieve a reliable mechanism for production in future, a thorough understanding of the cultured
animal is necessary. In prawns the most important event occurring through out its life cycle is moulting, which is a mechanism for growth. Prawns like most other crustaceans are ensheathed in a thick outer covering called exoskeleton. The presence of this rigid exoskeleton limits the growth of this animal, which is solved by the periodic shedding of the
exoskeleton followed by the secretion of new ones.
20
Varghese, Binu. "Effect of salinity on the survival, Growth and biochemical composition of Penaeus monodon Fabricius Postlarvae". Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1999. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11040/1/Binu%20Varghese.pdf.
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Aquaculture has immense potential to augment finfish and shellfish production to partially meet the growing demand for animal protein, It has emerged as the only growth sector of fisheries industries. Aquaculture clearly has the
potential to continue to grow rapidly and to make a further substantial contribution to employment and food security, particularly in the rural areas.
Penaeid shrimp culture has emerged as a highly profitable investment alternative. In past few decades researchers have gathered considerable information on the biology, production and culture of many of the commercially important shrimps but unfortunately not much attention has been paid to the ecophysiological aspects. In-depth studies on all biotic and abiotic factors are necessary in formulating ecofriendly aquaculture practices. This is particularly important in view
of the sudden collapse of shrimp farming in 1994-95 after its rapid expansion in the early 1990's
21
Ghadei, Surendra Kumar. "A Study on the effects of eyestalk ablation on the electrophoretic patterns of general protein in Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards". Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1990. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11060/1/Ghadei%20S.%20K..pdf.
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Among the penaeid prawns available for culture in Indian waters
the present stress is on the Indian white prawn Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards due to its wide distribution along both the coasts , high market demand and vast amount of information available on their biology and seed distribution. Although P. monodon grows to a larger size P. indicus is equally a good candidate species as its life history stage Is very short and good survival rates .
22
Hari, Sadu. "Physico-chemical characteristics of shrimp feeds compounded from a few fermented feed ingredients". Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 2000. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11065/1/Hari%20Sadu.pdf.
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In the recent years, there has been a rapid development in the field of fisheries especially with reference to aquaculture. India has vast fisheries resources with a total EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) of 2.02 million square kilometers and a coastline of 8047 kilometers. The total riverine length is above 29,000 square kilometers. The lentic water bodies include lakes, ponds, tanks, reservoirs, bheels, bans, jheels,etc,which are estimated to be nearly 1.29 lakh hectares in area. The rivers upon joining the sea form large areas of brackish water estuaries. The area suitable for brackishwater fish farming
is around 2 million hectares. These form a tremendous resource for fisheries in the country. The marine environment produces around 2.6 million tonnes of fish, comprised of different variety of fishes, crustaceans and mollusks. The inland water
resources produce around 2.3 million tonne of fish. Eventhough the current inland production lags behind the marine production there has been a tremendous increase in the annual growth rate primarily due to aquaculture.
23
Kumar, Jaideep. "Effect of starvation on biochemical constituents of Metapenaeus dobsoni". Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1991. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11067/1/Jaideep%20kumar.pdf.
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Aquatic organisms, including fishes and crustaceans,
even in the best of their environments live under extremely
dynamic physical and chemical conditions, many of which
have no analogue in the terrestrial environment. Although
individual fishes or populations may adapt to such conditions,
it does not imply that they do not expend energy to cope
physiologically with the condition.
24
Ani, S. "Laboratory studies on feeding and water exchange in the culture of Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards". Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1992. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11028/1/Ani%20S..pdf.
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Aquaculture has emerged as one of the most promising industries
in the world with considerable growth potential and is expected to contribute around a quarter of the global fishery harvest by the year 2000. The demand o f fish products in the world is increasing at a rate of over8% annually (Alagh 1991).
Of all the aquacultural products, the shrimps are the most important by virtue o f their high value and persistent demand. World production of cultured shrimp may attain one million tonnes per year by the turn of the century and from India the expected production is 50,000 tonnes.
In this context, it is imperative that India also should intensify its efforts in shrimp farming.
25
Ajith, Kumar P. B. "Studies on technological improvements for enhancement of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fabricius) larval production through micro algal feeding". Thesis, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 2021. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/16158/1/Tiger%20shrimp%20larval%20production_PhD%20Thesis_2021_Ajith%20Kumar%20P.%20B..pdf.
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The present study was done by visiting 21 shrimp hatcheries in the coastal districts of Kerala. The visits and studies revealed that shrimp hatcheries in Kerala had used broodstock animals for induced maturation and spawning based on unilateral eyestalk ablation in earlier times, however, due to the unavailability and/or high cost of brooders gradually this scenario changed and brought nauplii from other states; and reared in the hatcheries. Nauplii thus brought are further cultured under the standard protocol using live and artificial food, to supply the grow-out
sectors with young post-larvae (FAO, 2004; Biao and Kaijin, 2007; Valverde-Moya and Alfaro-Montoya, 2014; Xu et al., 2018).
The present study revealed that status of hatcheries in Kerala is found entirely different from the hatcheries and farms of other states. The system of operation and cultures maintained by each hatchery in Kerala is based on a package of practice set by the hatcheries considering their
convenience and ease of handling. Tiger shrimp hatcheries in Kerala have a wide array of possibilities. However, considering the exploration of the foresaid possibilities, most of the culturists fail to follow a standard set of
procedures and that gives them only instant success but considering the same on a long run it is found as a failure. The survey revealed that this results in loss of cultures and ultimately farmers leave the practice and divert themselves to some other activities. The present work is
programmed in such a way that these drawbacks are minimized to a greater extend and take necessary steps to improve and help them to exist in a long run.
26
Ajitha, S. "Investigations on the effect of probionts as a tool against bacterial infestation in Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards) juveniles". Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1997. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11023/1/Ajitha%20S..pdf.
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The family Vibrionacea plays an ambiguous part m marine
fish and shellfish as it includes bacterial strains that have been
reported to proliferate and cause mass mortalities in semi
intensive and intensive culture systems.) Gram negative bacterial
septicemias disease or Vibriosis has been observed in captured as
well as cultured marine crustaceans exposed to stress where it
has resulted in severe mortalities. Systemic infection or
septicemis have also been reviewed. The infections are usually caused
by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Vibrio alginolyticus or the
odd Aeromonas spp. Although there are many reports of vibriosis
among marine crustaceans none have been studied in detail.
27
Hutabarat, S. "The commercial Penaeidae of north Central Java and their recruitment". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234805.
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28
Bianchini, Marco. "The deep-water red shrimp, Aristaeomorpha foliacea, of the Sicilian Channel : biology and exploitation /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5392.
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29
Mamun, Abdullah-Al. "Shrimp-prawn farming in Bangladesh : impacts on livelihoods, food and nutritional security". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/25012.
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The overarching aim of this research was to improve understanding of the synergies and trade-offs between economic and domestic food security benefits associated export-oriented shrimp and prawn aquaculture in a fragile developing country environmental context. The research scope covers the entire ‘seafood system’ incorporating production, distribution, trading and consumption in the south-west coastal region under greater Khulna District, Bangladesh. The primary research objective was to understand causal factors in variation of seafood nutritional quality and health outcomes, exploring correlations with seafood consumption across a range of agro-ecological, aquatic farming systems and socio-economic conditions. The study also focused on differences in intra-household allocation with a special focus on adolescent girls, being amongst the most vulnerable members of society. These objectives necessitated a highly inter-disciplinary approach to understand complex interactions between biophysical aspects (e.g. where and which species are most effective in supplying essential nutrients) and the social norms of food allocation. Fieldwork was conducted in Satkhira, Khulna, and Bagerhat Districts of Khulna Province over 17 months during 2012 to 2015. Four villages across a peak-annual surface water salinity gradient; high saline (>10 ppt), medium saline (>5<10 ppt), low saline (<5 ppt) and freshwater (<0.5 ppt) were selected for case-studies. The thesis begins with a literature review of the evolution of shrimp and prawn farming in Bangladesh and the wider region and identification of knowledge gaps. Research resolved from district to community to household level. Key informant (KI) interviews were used to establish well-being criteria (based on a range of 5 social and economic assets) at community level. In each community a census of households (n=1082 households) were derived from the same interviews and KIs asked to ranked households on the established well-being criteria. Results were validated through a short interview of all the identified households (HH). This sample-frame provided the based for two concurrent survey efforts. Stratified-random selection of 160 HH on two well-being categories (better-off and worse-off) for ‘farm level’ analysis using a semi-structured questionnaire. Key topics included inputs/outputs characteristics, economic benefits and the fate of farmed products were evaluated. Another 240 households with single adolescent girls were selected from the same frame, again with randomized-stratified sampling based on well-being categories for ‘intra-household’ analysis. This resulted in selection of 60 HH per community consisting of 30 ‘better-off’ and 30 worse-off households (further analysis was conducted on a range of secondary sampling outcomes based on livelihood options, intra-household food distribution and aquatic farming assets). A 24-hour food recall method, food frequency questionnaire, food photography and measuring cup sets were used to estimate individual members’ food consumption at the household level. Anthropometric measures (stunting, wasting, BMI, MUAC) and biomarkers (omega-3 index in RBC and LC n-3 PUFA/LC PUFA in whole blood cell) were used to assess food security outcomes of adolescent girls (n=200 subject). In an entirely separate effort, samples of shrimp/prawn and fish polyculture species (57 species and 9 by-products, 1 live feed; n=672) were collected from the major agro-ecologies (four saline gradients; HS, MS, LS and FW) and culture systems (extensive, semi-intensive, intensive, organic and pocket gher). At least 3 sites from each saline gradient (3×4=12 sites) were selected for sampling and pooled samples to represent all the culture system in the region. The major macro and micronutrients of the collected species were analysed and these datasets were used to know the nutritional distribution among the family members in household level study. Two aggregate indices of wealth (or well-being) and aquaculture were developed based on a range of quantitative (ordinal and interval) measures. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was used to understand how aquaculture influences on wealth gain. Wealth index of the same social well-being did not differ among the agro-ecologies. However, the aquaculture index was varied in agro-ecologies. Most of the households (60-80%) were involved directly in aquaculture however, a majority portion of the households was worse-off (48-64%). Both HS and LS area had more livelihood options due to their proximity to mangrove forest Sundarbans and city amenities, respectively compared to MS and FW area. Ownership of the land did not influence any involvement in aquaculture and yields but he willingness and risk-absorbing capacity of the farmers were the main factor to get involve in aqauculture. In aquatic farming system the importance of export-oriented shellfish yield gradually decreased from HS to FW area (55-20% by volume). The intentional stocking of finfish and PLs were common across the saline areas however the wild caught juveniles and hatchery originated fingerlings were usual in higher and lower saline areas, respectively. The low priced tilapia took the place of wild recruited mangrove fishes in MS area. Diseases, especially the devastating white spot virus (WSSV), frequency were higher in higher saline areas. The indicators like wild recruitment, salinity, water productivity and water management also a vital factor to gain yield. The integration of aquatic and terrestrial crops (rice and dyke crop) in the lower saline areas provide higher yield compared to higher saline areas. However, the net economic returns were largely determined by the aquatic products. The income of ghers in FW and MS area was sensitive to the lower prices of freshwater finfish and tilapia. The protein content in shellfish was higher than the other finfish, however, lower in other essential nutrients. Species living in the higher saline areas contained higher total n-3 PUFA (in weight) and LC n-3 PUFA/LC-PUFA compared to the same species living in lower saline areas. Small Indigenous Species (SIS) and Self-Recruiting Species (SRS) were proven to provide higher micronutrients and total n-3 PUFA than larger fish. Seafood that destined for the international markets contained less n-3 PUFA and micronutrients in comparison to the domestically consumed fish. Customary intra-household food distribution disparity (mainly fish) still exists at household levels where females, especially adolescent girls, were deprived. Fish consumption (>77 g /capita/day) and fish originated protein supply (>25% of total protein intake) was higher than the other part of Bangladesh. The protein consumption of adolescents was 2-3 times higher than the Recommended Nutritional Intake (RNI). However, the energy intake was lower than the required level. High protein, low energy consumption was not reflected in body mass. Micronutrients (zinc) consumption was above the RNI level. However, iron and calcium consumption was less than the RNI. The n-3 PUFA in RBC of adolescent girls accurately reflected their access to, and availability of, oily fish. In the omega-3 index (n-3 PUFA in red blood cell) both HS and MS areas, adolescent females were in the intermediate stage (4-8%), and rest of the two areas were in the undesirable stage (<4%). The n-3 LC-PUFA was around 20-30% of total LC-PUFA content in whole blood and gradually decreased from higher saline to lower saline areas. The thesis concludes that the gher based aquatic animal farming in S-W Bangladesh is a dynamic system operated by both rich and poor. The salinity level and the presence of mangrove forest make the farming system dynamic. The holistic scenario suggested aquaculture in ghers is a family driven small scale polyculture where varieties of aquatic foods are produced both for global and local value chain. Higher amounts of valued products (both in terms of nutrition and price), less disease susceptibility, more alternative livelihood options both in HS and LS were found in better position than the other two sites, however the nutritional content of fish and its manifestation in adolescents strongly mirrors agro-ecologies irrespective of social position of households. The thesis provides an important, grounded importance of the system and the linkage of the community people for livelihoods, food production and food security. The dynamic systems were understood and effective messages formulated for the policy makers. In doing so, the thesis contributes to an understanding of how small-scale polyculture equally benefited local food security and macroeconomic growth of a developing country.
30
Wassenberg, Theodore John. "Fate of selected species of the by-catch from prawn trawlers in Moreton Bay, Queensland". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1987. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/35933/1/35933_Wassenberg_1987.pdf.
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Studies of the fate of discarded by-catch were carried out in the Moreton bay prawn trawl fishery between September 1983 and March 1986. These studies included the determination of the by-catch biomass composition as well as assessing the impact of trawling and
various handling times on damage and mortality. The by-catch was made up of 52% Crustacea, 15% elasmobranchs, 8% bony fish, 18% chinoderms, 3% cephalopods and 4% debris by weight. Portunus elagicus represented ~5% of the crustacean biomass and the lpheids nearly 2.0% and of the bony fishes, cardinal fish
represented 13%, winter whiting 7%, and the flounders 5%.
Trawls in the Moreton Bay fishery are of about 60 minutes and require about 20 minutes to sort. Times recorded for trawl duration and sorting over the study averaged 65.8 min and 23.3 min respectively. Short term survival of Crustacea was high (about 85%) while survival of bony fish was variable (from 20% to 70%) between species.
A study of the fate of discards that reach the seabed showed that Portunus pelagicus was the most common scavenger attracted to the bait; followed by several bony fish species (11%) (n = 881 photographs). No prawns were observed at any of the simulated discards. A comparative analysis of foregut contents of sand crabs (P. pelagicus) and two penaeid prawn species (Penaeus plebejus and
P. esculentus) showed that the penaeid prawns do not feed on trawler discards but that the sand crabs had fed on discards (33% by weight of their diet). Measurement of the rate of scavenging of discards on the seabed showed that benthic scavengers were capable of consuming up to 11 g of fish per linear metre per hour.
The amounts of discards that are partitioned to seabirds (terns,
gulls and cormorants) and dolphins were estimated. Fish discarded into the sea separate into a floating group and a sinking group. Size was important in determining the fate of discarded fish. Fish less than 100 mm long were generally taken by terns and gulls (34%
of fish biomass) while fish greater than 100 mm were eaten by dolphins (41%) and cormorants (15%) and the rest (10%) sink. Crustacea were not eaten by birds or dolphins. A model of the fate of prawn trawler discards is presented with quantified pathways. This model shows that energy, in the form of discarded fish, is removed from the Moreton Bay benthic biomass and some ecological consequences of this are discussed. This study has
shown that earlier models and ideas about the fate of prawn trawler discards are misleading.
31
Kangas, M. I. "Postlarval and juvenile western king prawn Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinovye studies in Gulf St Vincent, South Australia, with reference to the commerical fishery /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk159.pdf.
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32
Anderson, Robert Scot. "DETERMINATION OF A QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTIVE LANGUAGE FOR FRESHWATER PRAWN (MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII) AND CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE BASED ON A WILLINGNESS-TO-PAY MODEL". Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-03302008-103841.
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33
Aragão, José Augusto Negreiros. "Dinâmica populacional e avaliação do estoque do camarão rosa (Farfantepenaeus subtilis Pérez-Farfante 1967) na plataforma continental amazônica brasileira". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-22012013-110850/.
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O camarão rosa (Farfantepenaeus subtilis) explotado pela pesca industrial na plataforma continental amazônica brasileira possui um ciclo de vida curto, mas complexo, habitando áreas oceânicas, mais ao norte da área de ocorrência, na fase adulta e larval, e áreas estuarinas e lagunares na fase de pós-larva e juvenil. O período de maior intensidade de reprodução se estende de maio a setembro e logo após a reprodução as larvas eclodem e iniciam sua migração para áreas costeiras, passando por diversas fases, onde se assentam e residem principalmente entre junho e outubro. A partir de setembro até janeiro do ano seguinte é maior a intensidade de recrutamento de juvenis às áreas oceânicas, onde passam a amadurecer e, a partir de dezembro, começam a ser capturados pela pesca industrial. A maior abundância da população adulta em termos de biomassa vai de março a agosto quando também se verificam as maiores capturas. As fêmeas crescem mais que os machos e estão presentes sempre em maior proporção nas capturas (61%). Os comprimentos assintóticos foram estimados em 231 mm ( k = 1,6 \'ano POT.-1\') e 205 mm (k = 0,94 \'ano POT.-1\'), para fêmeas e machos respectivamente. A população apresenta taxa de mortalidade natural relativamente elevada, 2,53 \'ano POT.-1\' para fêmeas e 1,83 \'ano POT.-1\' para machos, sendo observadas acentuadas flutuações de recrutamento e abundância, com evidências de que são fortemente governadas pelas condições ambientais. O estoque vem sendo explotado em níveis moderados nos anos recentes (E = 0,45), embora tenha sofrido elevadas taxas de explotação na década de 80, o que levou a uma redução do tamanho da população. O rendimento máximo sustentável, considerado uma média de longo prazo, foi estimado em 4.032 toneladas de cauda por ano, para um esforço de pesca de 19.370 dias de mar. Nos últimos anos, se observa uma tendência de recuperação da biomassa populacional, mas com as oscilações anuais características da espécie. A vazão do rio Amazonas é o fator ambiental que governa com mais intensidade as condições do ambiente costeiro na região e verificou-se que suas flutuações estão correlacionadas a alterações na abundância da população da espécie. Postula-se que o aporte e sobrevivência das larvas e pós-larvas no ambiente costeiro seja influenciada pela intensidade da vazão do rio. O período em que se assentam nos berçários na zona costeira coincide com a estação de vazante do rio, sendo a sobrevivência favorecida por vazões abaixo da média e vice-versa. Portanto, medidas de ordenamento voltadas para o uso sustentável do recurso devem estar associadas ao conhecimento das condições ambientais nesta fase, bem como a estudos sobre a abundância de pós-larvas e juvenis na faixa costeira.The brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus subtilis) exploited by the industrial fishery on the continental shelf of the Brazilian Amazon has a short but complex life cyele, inhabiting oceanic areas, at the north of the area of occurrence, during the adult and larval stages, and estuarine areas and lagoons in post-larval and juvenile. The period of highest intensity of reproduction extends from May to September and soon after the hatch, the larvae start their migration to coastal areas, passing through several stages, where they settle and remain resident between June and October. From September to January of the following year the intensity of recruitment to ocean areas is higher, and once there they start to mature and are caught by the industrial fishery from December on. The highest abundance of the adult population in terms of biomass is observed from March to August when the largest catches also occur. Females grow larger than males and are always present in greater proportion in catches (61%). The asymptotic lengths were estimated at 231 mm (k = 1.6 \'year POT.-1\') and 205 mm (k = 0.94 \'year POT.-1\') for females and males respectively. The population has a natural mortality rate relatively high, 2.53 \'year POT.-1\' for females and 1.83 \'years POT.-1\' for males, and pronounced fluctuations in recruitment and abundance are observed, with evidence of being strongly governed by environmental conditions. The stock has been exploited at moderate levels in recent years (E = 0.45), although it has suffered high rates of exploitation in the 80\'s, which led to a reduction in population size. The maximum sustainable yield, considered a long-term average, was estimated at 4,032 ton of tail per year for a fishing effort of 19,370 days at sea. In recent years, it is observed a tendency of recovering of the population biomass, but annual fluctuations are characteristics of the species. The flow of the Amazon River is the main environmental facto r that governs the conditions of the coastal environment in the region and it was found that it is correlated with the fluctuatícn of the brown shrimp population abundance. It is postulated that the uptake and survival of larvae and post larvae in the coastal environment is lnfluenced by the intensity of river flow, The period during which they settle at the nurseries in the coastal zone coincides with the dry season and their survival is favored when the flow of the river is below the average, and vice versa. Therefore, management measures aimed at sustainable use of the resource must be associated with the knowledge of environmental conditions during this phase, as well as studies on the abundance of post-larvae and juveniles in the coastal zone.
34
Dheeragool, Panadda. "Modified atmosphere packaging of pink prawn (Pandalus platyceros)". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27415.
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Pandalus platyceros (pink prawn or spot shrimp) was stored under (1) aerobic control (bags left open to air), (2) carbon dioxide (CMAP), and (3) nitrogen atmospheres (NMAP) at 1°C. Facultative anaerobes were the majority of psychrotrophic bacteria which contaminated the prawns in this study. Tissue pH of the CMAP prawns was the lowest of all prawns and brought about the greatest exudat ion of the muscle tissue. The microorganisms were markedly inhibited under the CMAP and were slightly inhibited under the NMAP. Consequently, formation of salt-soluble proteins, water-soluble proteins, TMA, and TVB progressed most slowly in the CMAP prawns. TMA production was favored under the NMAP. No ATP was detected in the prawns at the time of packaging. ADP degradation was accelerated under the CMAP but delayed under the NMAP. AMP degraded most rapidly in the control prawns followed by the NMAP and the CMAP prawns respectively. No effect of storage atmospheres was found on IMP, inosine, and hypoxanthine decompositions. Development of K-value in prawns was most strongly influenced by IMP decomposition rate and was slower under the CMAP than under the NMAP. Redness of prawn colour (Hunter a value) was maintained under the NMAP and the CMAP. But carbon dioxide in the CMAP and the NMAP likely caused destruction of the pigments during storage resulting in lighter colour of the stored prawns (Hunter L value). Shelf-life of the pink prawns was at least doubled under the CMAP system but no shelf-life extension was afforded by the NMAP system.
The first principal component of the prawn quality parameter accounted for 59.07% of the data variance. This means the most important quality descriptors of the prawns were all microbiological variables, raw prawn meat odour and colour scores, TMA, cooked prawn meat odour and colour scores, water-soluble protein and overall sensory score. Stepwise discriminant analysis of pH and total aerobic sulphide-producing psychrotrophic bacterial count data of the prawns with TMAN concentration as the grouping variable, resulted in 97.2% correct classification of the prawn samples. Two equations for the canonical variables were obtained. A plot of these two canonical variables will visually indicate the region of prawn quality (good, acceptable, or unacceptable).Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
35
De, Silva Lekamwasam L. S. S. K. "Poultry feeds prepared from fermented prawn waste silage". Thesis, Loughborough University, 1998. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/28068.
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The use of shrimp processing waste with other cheap raw materials such as cassava was studied as a potential low cost animal feed, specially in developing countries. The impact on the economies of the shrimp industry and possible effects on the environmental were taken into consideration in developing the project.
36
Campbell, Peter J. "Osmoregulation in the prawn Palaemon longirostris (Caridea, Palaemonidae)". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2644.
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Salinity tolerance, and several aspects of osmoregulation, ionic regulation and permeability were measured for Palaemon longirostris at three temperatures (4, 12 & 20°C). Influence of ontogenetic stage on salinity tolerance and osmoregulation was investigated by testing separately individuals sorted, using carapace length, into 'small' (10-18mm), 'medium' (18-24mm), 'large' (>24mm) and 'ovigerous' (>24mm) size groupings. Effect of seasonal acclimatization on salinity tolerance and osmoregulation was taken into account by comparing responses of summer- with winter-collected prawns. Irrespective of temperature and size, summer Palaemon longirostris were extremely euryhaline and had >90% survival in various salinities from 0.5-34 º/oo . For summer prawns, survival in 43 º/oo was reduced, particularly at 4°C. Salinity tolerance of winter prawns was generally less than that of summer individuals, this difference being marked at salinity extremes in combination with low temperature. Over the salinity range 0.5-34 º/oo , prawns were very efficient hyper-hypo-osmoregulators at each temperature. At 43 º/oo, blood osmolalities tended towards the isosmotic, indicating that osmoregulation was breaking down. There was no clear effect of prawn size or season on osmoregulation, however, low temperature appeared to be disruptive. Transfer of prawns from 14 º/oo to either 5 º/oo or 34 º/oo, and from 1 º/oo to 34 º/oo, resulted in a new steady blood osmolality within 6-12h. Transfer from 34 º/oo to 1 º/oo , caused blood osmolality to drop significantly within 12h, and a new equilibrium was not reached until 72h. The inorganic ions sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium and magnesium accounted for >94% of total blood osmolality over the salinity range 0.5-34 º/oo . There was no consistent effect of temperature on the regulation of these ions.
37
Pillai, N. N. "Studies on the life history of some carideans of the southwest coast of India". Thesis, 1991. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/6746/1/Binder1.pdf.
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The penaeid and caridean prawns are the most sought after decapod
crustaceans all over the world. This is because of their importance as an
esteemed food of gourmet and economic significance. There is an ever
increasing demand for prawn products in the international and national markets.
At the same time it is realised that enhancing of their production from the
coastal waters from where they are largely exploited a t present may not
be possible due to the limited availability of stocks, heavy fishing pressure
and increasing environmental hazards. This has led to frantic search for
additional resources or methods of augmenting the production either through
culture in suitable systems or exploitation of the resources in the under exploited
andlor new grounds.
38
Chandge, M. S. "Studies on lipid nutrition in larvae and juveniles of the Indian white prawn Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards". Thesis, 1987. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/6985/1/TH-61_Man.pdf.
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Nutrition is the process of providing nourishment to
the living organism for its healthy upkeep, growth and
reproduction. Nutrient substances for this purpose are
provided by food. An individuals nutritional status is
dependent on the provision of sufficient nutrient substances,
and good utilization of these nutrients. Poor .status of
nutrition may be caused by eating food that is inadequate in
amount or kind or due to failure in assimilation and utilization
of nutrients from the ingested food. The chief function
of food is to supply nutrient material to meet the physiological
needs of the organisms. such as to supply energy. to build
and maintain the cells and tissues, and to regulate body
processes. In general, there are two types of nutrients - energy
nutrients (proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates) and non-energy
nutrients (vitamins and minerals). Among the energy nutrients.
carbohydrates and lipids form chief sources of energy, but
protein, primarily, is utilized for growth. In formulated
feeds both energy nutrients and non-energy nutrient. should be
found in adequate levels and in balanced proportions.
39
Anikumari, N. P. "Studies on the use of probiotics in the Larval rearing of the shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798)". Thesis, 2004. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7512/1/TH-138.pdf.
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The study regarding 'Studies on the use of probiotics in the larval rearing of the
shrimp Penaeus monodon . was carried out by studying the effect of three probiOlic
organisms. Saccharomyces boulardii. Lactobacillus plal1farulll and Bacillus sublilis. The
parameters monitored were. level of enrichment in larvae and post larvae, survival. weight
gain, effect on other bacterial flora and resistance to a pathogenic Vibrio harveyii infection.
Attempts were made to find out the optimum enrichment duration and maximum enrichment
levels of the above probiotic organisms in Arlemia nauplii and also the difference in
enrichment level between two brands of Arlemia nauplii . The study \\as carried out in larval
as well as in post larval stages. Direct additions of probiOlics were carried out in larval stages
while Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus sublilis enriched Arlemia metanauplii \\ere fed
to the larvae in post larval section. Anemia enrichment experiments revealed the maximum
enrichment levels as 3410 for Saccharomyces boulardii. 2093 for Bacillus sublilis and 105
CFUllarva for Laclobacillus plantarum. Enrichment levels also varied between the t\\O
brands. 3410 CFU/nauplii for OSI and 1120 CFU/nauplii for Red Dragon brand in the case of
Saccharomyces boulardii. Significant increase in weight gain and survival rate were noticed
in larvae as well as post larvae in the experiments conducted. Highest enrichment levels were
noticed for mysis Ill. Maximum enrichment levels noticed were 1535 CFUllarva for
Saccharomyces boulardii and 2133 CFUllarva for Bacillus subtilis in the larval stages from
zoea to PL I. while in post larvae it was I CFUllarva for Saccharomyces boulardii and 66
CFUllarva for Bacillus sub/ilis. Laclobacills planlarum could not be detected during the
enrichment study. Addition of Saccharomyces bOl/lardii as \\ell as Bacillus sub/ilis
significantly reduced Vibrio counts during mysis stage as well as during post larval stages.
Effect on sea water agar counts were not significant during larval stages while in post larvae
sea water agar counts were decreased with the application of Saccharomyces boulardii and
Bacillus subtilis. Enrichment of Lactobacillus plan/anlln did not produce any significant
effect on other bacterial flora. Addition of Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus sublilis
increased the resistance of larvae to pathogenic Vibrio hmwyii infection in larvae as \I ell as
post larvae. About 103 CFU/ml Saccharomyces boulardii broth and 104 to 105 CFU/ml of
Bacillus sublilis cells were necessary to surmount Vibrio han'eyii infection in PL. I. Post
colonization studies after discontinuing the feeding resulted in 98% reduction in
Saccharomyces boulardii counts and 13% reduction in Bacillus sublilis counts after five days
from PL I. In post larvae Bac/lus sub/ilis showed only 7% reduction in five days from PL 21.
Post larvae fed with live enriched nauplii performed better than those fed with dead enriched
nauplii. for the parameters studied. From the above study it is evident that Saccharomyces
boulardii and Bacilllls sub/lis can be used as effective probiotic species for shrimp
larviculture while Laclobacillusplantarum is not a suitable species.
40
Kalpana, K. V. "Studies on osmoregulation in the penaeid prawn Metapenaeus dobsoni (Miers)". Thesis, 1999. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/14072/1/Thesis_1999_Kalpana%20K%20V.pdf.
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Metapenaeus dobsoni (Miers) is the most abundant species along the coast of Kerala. It is cultured extensively by adoption of traditional farming practices. The geographical location and water source determines the seasonal and annual environmental fluctuations the prawn farming systems experiences. The life cycle of the shrimp includes its migration to the coastal deeper waters for spawning and the immigration of larvae to the estuaries for growth. The survival of the species in such complex ecosystems is thus critical to its life cycle. The animal adapts itself to different environments through a physiological process known as osmoregulation. The present study on osmoregulation in the penaeid prawn Metapenaeus dobsoni was thus undertaken to understand the mechanism adopted by this species to survive in different environments. A number of experimental work have been conducted to understand the effect of salinity on the internal variations. However the effect of the complex environmental conditions as existent in nature on the osmotic variations in this species has not been dealt with in any of the earlier studies.
41
Mohamed, K. S. "Studies on the reproductive endocrinology of the penaeid prawn Penaeus indicus H Milne Edwards". Thesis, 1989. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/6646/1/TH_19.pdf.
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The reproductive endocrinology of the penaeid prawn - P.
indicus has been investigated by adopting a comprehensive
approach to the problem. The major aspects of the study
included the indepth investigations on the process of
oogenesis, spermatogenesis, spermatophore formation, neuro- endocrine control of reproduction and the variation in bio- chemical components in relation to ovarian maturation.
42
Laxmilatha, P. "Studies on the haemolymph of Penaeus indicus H Milne Edwards". Thesis, 1991. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/6681/1/TH_29.pdf.
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Studies on the haemolymph of Penaeus indicus.
The f i r s t Chapter deals with the biochemical
constituents of the haemolymph, the second includes electrophoretic chara- cterization of proteins in the haemolymph and the third Chapter deals with
haemocyte identification and classification.
43
Joseph, Shoji. "Some studies on the Reproductive endocrinology of Tiger prawn Penaeus monodon Fabricius". Thesis, 1996. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/6733/1/TH_50.pdf.
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Penaeid shrimp amprise one of the most economically important
marine products because of its universal appeal, unique taste, high unit
value, and ever increasing demand in the international market as it has been
given the prime importance both dcmestically and world wide. This unlimited
demand for shrimp in the world market resulted in the over exploitation of
the natural shrimp stocks in many parts of the world including the coastal
waters of India.
44
Mathew, Sini Joys. "Studies on Vibrio spp. in juveniles of penaeus indicus in culture systems". Thesis, 1996. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/6734/1/TH_51.pdf.
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Use of weak or unhealthy seeds, nutritional imbalance in the supplementary diets,
deterioration in the water quality are some of the important factors that predispose the
animals to diseases of infectious or non-infectious aetiology. Many pathogenic organisms
are already distributed widely in culture systems and the disease outbreaks are often
precipitated by adverse environmental factors. Hence, many diseases encountered in '
aquaculture can very well be prevented by strict, timely and scientific management.
Knowledge of the factors that induce physiological stress in the animal and that influence
the survival and growth of the cultured animal, is essential for the success and profitability
of aquaculture.
45
Preetha, K. "Benthic ecology of selected prawn culture fields and ponds near Cochin". Thesis, 1994. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/6739/1/TH_53.pdf.
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In the recent past, world-wide fishing effort has increased and the
resources must be approaching or must have already surpassed the maximum
sustainable yield. In this context, aquaculture assumes a significant
role as the next alternative to enhance food production. During the year
1993-94, export of marine products from India recorded an all time high
of 239918 hit valued at Ks. 2252.80 crores, of which 60,000 t was
contributed by prawns from lands under shrimp farming. The exploitation
of this economically significant group has reached an optimum level in
our waters. As a source of additional resource, aquaculture has been
resorted to which has a long recorded history in India and has been
traditionally practised in suitable low-lying areas.
46
Joshi, V. P. "Studies on the female reproductive physiology of the prawn, Macrobrachium idella (Hilgendorf, 1898)". Thesis, 1990. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7021/1/TH-69_Vij.pdf.
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The members of the genus Macrobrachium of family
Palaemonidae, class Crustacea number over a hundred species in
the world. Many of them are of high economic importance, both
as items of food (source of protein) as well as cash crop, fetching
good prices in the market. These prawns are widely distributed
in tropical, subs tropical and temperate zones and are gaining more
and more importance as culturable species. This is mainly due to
their omnivorous habit, endurance to wide range of salinity and easy
breeding in captivity.
Modern farming of Macrobrachiurn had its humble birth
in Penang, Malaysia in the early 1960's and in less than 15 years
it has generated great world-wide interest. Many important research
and development projects have been initiated in many countries (Ling,
1982). Ling has done the pioneering work of culture of Macrobrachiurn.
Ling and Merican later (1961 )developed a method for larval rearing
and seed production of M. rosenbergii. Subsequently extensive efforts
have been made to develop the hatchery techniques and on culture
aspects of M. rosenbergii (Ling, 1962, 1968, 1969a and b). Following
the above works, Fujimura and Okamoto (1970) refined the technique
of seed production and cultivation of M. rosenbergii. Malecha (1977)
attempted cross-breeding of different strains of M. rosenbergii from
different parts of United States of America. Dietz (1982) in his
extensive studies on M. rosenbergii reported the impact of eyes talk
ablation on the reproduction. Further Sandifer and Lynn (1980)
in United States and Chow et al. (1982) in Japan have developed
technique of artificial insemination in M. rosenbergii. At
present the farming of M. rosenbergi, though on a small scale
is established in Hawaii, Florida and California in U.S. and Indonesia,
Malasia, Taiwan and Thailand in Asia.
47
Karuppasamy, P. K. "Studies on pelagic shrimps in the deep scattering layer of the west coast of India (TH 100)". Thesis, 2001. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7160/1/TH-100_Kar.pdf.
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Today, when so much is being said and written about our interests in the ocean, it
is particularly important to retain our perspective. Of course, the present pattern is likely
to change, although how rapidly or dramatically we do not know. What is certain is that
we shall use the ocean more intensively and in a greater variety of ways. Our greatest
need is to use it wisely. The general goal of ecological research to which marine biology
makes an important contribution, is to achieve an understanding and to tum to our
advantage all the biological processes that give our planet its special character. Marine
biology is focussed on the problems of biological production, which are closely related to
problems of production in the economic sense as well. Our most compelling interest is
often narrower. It lies in ocean life as a renewable resource, primarily of protein-rich
foods and food supplements for our domestic animals and to us and of secondary
materials and drugs. At this point, it is time to inquire about the future expectations from
the ocean which is or three dimensional environments provides protein rich seafoods
alternate to agricultural products from land. Other than this, nonliving resources such as
minerals, oil, medicinal properties of the various marine organisms etc. are resources we
collect from the sea.
The present harvest of marine living resources from the world oceans is about 87
million tonnes in 1996 (Anon., 1998). More than 90% of this harvest is finfishes: the rest
consists of whales, crustaceans, molluscs and other invertebrates. It is now a common
knowledge that fish is one of the few major foodstuffs showing an increase in global
production that continues to exceed the growth rate of the human population. This
increase has been accompanied by changing patterns of use. Although some products of
high unit values that includes luxury foods, such as shellfish, have maintained or even
enhanced their relative economic importance and the trend is that moderate catch is used
directly for human consumption and the bulk is reduced to fishmeal for animal feed and
manure. There are also large aggregations of pelagic animals that live further down and
are associated particularly with the "Deep Scattering Layer" (DSL). the sound-reflecting
stratum observed in all oceans which has vast potential to provide exploitable resources.
2
48
Abdussamad, E. M. "Population characteristics of prawns in natural and selective stocking systems (TH 103)". Thesis, 2001. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7177/1/TH-103_Abd.pdf.
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Shrimps are extremely valuable resources, in view of their large domestic as well as
export demand. Their high value emphasizes the importance of resource management, especiaJly, since substantial increase in global shrimp production is not expected, to make roost efficient use of the stocks in existing fisheries. However, shrimp management is somewhat different in concept than management of other fisheries, owing to its unique life history. The important biological characteristic of penaeids is the presence of two distinct phases in their life cycle, involving postlarval and juvenile phase living close to inshore waters or in estuaries which serve as their nursery and an aduh phase in deeper waters, where they mature and spawn. Different species spend variable amount of time, ranging from few weeks to several months in their nursery habitats. The open estuary and tidal ponds of Cochin, where traditional prawn fisheries exist are ideal nurseries for prawns. Fishery of the tidal ponds involves trapping wild seeds during nursery phase and allowing them to feed naturally and grow till they emigrate when they are caught in filtemets. Tidal ponds are generally extensive in nature with little or no management. These habitats, however, provide a potential and biologically healthy environment for the growth of prawns and fishes.
In seasonal ponds, paddy and prawn are cuhivated ahemately. Paddy is cuhivated during
monsoon, when salinity becomes low. After paddy harvesting in October, prawn and fish seeds are allowed to enter the field during high tides. Harvesting starts in November and is carried out fur 6-7 days around every full and new moon. The process of trapping and filtration continue till the middle of April, when ponds are drained and the entire stocks were harvested. Perennial ponds are non-drainable and filtration is carried out round the year. However, occasional partial harvesting is resorted, when any calamities struck or large proportion of good-sized prawns encountered in the catch. Shrimp fishery of tidal ponds is supported mainly by M dobsoni, P. indicus and M monoceros. Despite, having many biological features in common, like backwater nursery phase, variations are expected to occur in the degree to which the brackishwater environment is put to use by each species and their distribution.
49
Leena, K. "Reproductive dynamics of Metapenaeus affinis in Mumbai waters". Thesis, 2003. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7196/1/TH-120.pdf.
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The relative
Y/R and BIR analysis indicated that increase in fishing effort and reduction in
length at capture would increase yield, but Thompson and Bell yield-stock
prediction model showed that this would result in a loss in terms of economic
returns. Stock recruitment relationship on monthly cohort basis showed presence
of Ricker type of relationship, which was better when mature females instead of
total adult females, were taken as the spawning stock. Maximum recruitment was
possible with 13 million spawners or 193 tonnes of adult females as standing
stock biomass.
50
Dineshbabu, A. P. "Biology, population characteristics and fishery of the Ridge back shrimp, Solenocera choprai, Nataraj, 1945 Along south Karnataka coast, India". Thesis, 2005. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7519/1/TH-141.pdf.
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The study presents a comprehensive account on the fishery, biology and
population dynamics of Solenocera choprai along South Karnataka
coast during 2003-2004.
- ~ Trawling for the species was invariably carried out during the night
time from a depth of 60 to 100 m .
. .,..... Along Kamataka coast, S. choprai was landed only in two fisheries
harbours, Mangalore and Malpe and 86% of' the catch was landed at
Mangalore .
. ".,.., Unique sandy belt occurring from 50 m depth off Karnataka coast was
found to harbour the species, which have a habit of burrowing in the
soft sandy substratum, with the anterUlules of the species forming
respiratory tube enabling them to respire while burrowing in the sand.
~ The landing of S. choprai along the coast during the period of study
showed a declining trend from the previous years, the landings in 2003
and 2004 were 1,445 t and 752 t respectively .
. _~ Peak landing of the species was observed during September-October,
immediately after the commencement of fishing after the cessation of
southwest monsoon .
. ~ The regression equations of length-weight relations between male and
female were tested for equality showed that the values of slope and
elevation differed significantly at I % level.