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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Potato chips – United States – History"
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Özbağ Keçeci, Merve. "Analyzing Brand-Level Chips Demand in the United States Using the Multinomial Logit Model". Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 19, nr 1 (1.04.2024): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.1347020.
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This study estimates demand for 52 chip brands using IRI scanner data. The multinomial logit model addresses dimensionality and endogeneity issues in demand estimation. All brands exhibit elastic demand, with own-price elasticities between -5.0412 and -1.4251, indicating high consumer responsiveness to price changes. Notably, tortilla chip brands are less elastic than potato chip brands. Baked chip brands fall under the category of highly elastic brands. Funyuns has the most elastic demand, while Calidad Triangle has the least elastic demand. Cross-price elasticities (0.0010 to 0.0263), exhibiting the IIA property, indicate that consumers have brand loyalty, as seen by comparisons with own-price elasticities' magnitudes.
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Clements, Justin, Benjamin Z. Bradford, Megan Lipke, Shelley Jansky, Jake Olson i Russell L. Groves. "Difference in Foliar Fatty Acid Composition in Potato Cultivars over a Growing Season May Influence the Host Location Preference of Leptinotarsa Decemlineata". American Journal of Potato Research 99, nr 1 (28.01.2022): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12230-021-09857-w.
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AbstractThe production of commercial potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) for different market classes is of vital agricultural importance in the United States. For the production of chips, fresh-market or processing potatoes, potato producers rely upon different potato cultivars to meet market and consumer demands. Many cultivars possess distinctive traits which make them more or less susceptible to disease and insect pressure. One important and understudied trait that may confer host location preference and population performance include leaf fatty acid composition(s). It is known that leaf fatty acid composition can influence growth, taste, and even insect defense mechanisms. In the current investigation we examined the fatty acid composition of leaf tissue obtained from 8 commercial potato cultivars representing different market classes grown in a controlled field study. We examined colonization preference of Leptinotarsa decemlineata among the 8 different potato cultivars over a 45 day period representing the first full generation in Wisconsin. Results of these experiments suggest, i) that fatty acid compositions in leaf tissue vary between potato cultivars and among sample dates throughout the experiment, ii) that Leptinotarsa decemlineata may preferentially colonize particular potato cultivars, and iii) that there was a significant correlation between omega-3 fatty acid composition in leaf tissue and Leptinotarsa decemlineata cultivar preference.
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Abad, J. A., M. Bandla, R. D. French-Monar, L. W. Liefting i G. R. G. Clover. "First Report of the Detection of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ Species in Zebra Chip Disease-Infected Potato Plants in the United States". Plant Disease 93, nr 1 (styczeń 2009): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-1-0108c.
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Zebra chip (ZC), an emerging disease causing economic losses to the potato chip industry, has been reported since the early 1990s in Central America and Mexico and in Texas during 2000 (4). ZC was subsequently found in Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, California, and Kansas (3). Severe losses to potato crops were reported in the last few years in Mexico, Guatemala, and Texas (4). Foliar symptoms include purple top, shortened internodes, small leaves, enlargement of the stems, swollen axillary buds, and aerial tubers. Chips made from infected tubers exhibit dark stripes that become markedly more visible upon frying, and hence, are unacceptable to manufacturers. Infected tubers may or may not produce plants when planted. The causal agent of ZC is not known and has been the subject of increased investigation. The pathogen is believed to be transmitted by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, and the association of the vector with the disease is well documented (3). Following the report of a potential new liberibacter species in solanaceous crops in New Zealand, we sought to identify this liberibacter species in plants with symptoms of the ZC disease. Six potato plants (cv. Russet Norkota) exhibiting typical ZC symptoms were collected in Olton, TX in June of 2008. DNA was extracted from roots, stems, midribs, and petioles of the infected plants using a FastDNA Spin Kit and the FastPrep Instrument (Qbiogene, Inc., Carlsbad, CA). Negative controls from known healthy potato plants were included. PCR amplification was carried out with ‘Candidatus L. asiaticus’ omp primers (1), 16S rDNA primers specific for ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’, ‘Ca. L. africanus’, and ‘Ca. L. americanus’ (1), and 16S rDNA primers OA2 (GenBank Accession No. EU834130) and OI2c (2). Amplicons from 12 samples were directly sequenced in both orientations (McLab, San Francisco CA). PCR amplifications using species-specific primers for the citrus huanglongbing liberibacter were negative. However, 1.1- and 1.8-kb amplicons were obtained with the OA2/OI2C and omp primers, respectively. The sequences for the rDNA were submitted to NCBI GenBank (Accession Nos. EU884128 and EU884129). BLASTN alignment of the 16S rDNA sequences obtained with primers OA2 and OI2c revealed 99.7% identity with a new species of ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ identified in New Zealand affecting potato (GenBank Accession No. EU849020) and tomato (GenBank Accession No. EU834130), 97% identity with ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’, and 94% with ‘Ca. L. africanus’ and ‘Ca. L. americanus’. The neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree constructed using the 16S rDNA fragments delineated four clusters corresponding to each of the liberibacter species. These results confirm that ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ spp. DNA sequences were obtained from potatoes showing ZC-like symptoms, suggesting that a new species of this genus may be involved in causing ZC disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the detection of ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ spp. in potatoes showing ZC disease in the United States. References: (1) C. Bastianel et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:6473, 2005. (2) S. Jagoueix et al. Mol. Cell. Probes 10:43, 1996. (3) J. E. Munyaneza et al. J. Econ. Entomol. 100:656, 2007. (4) G. A. Secor and V. V. Rivera-Varas. Rev. Latinoamericana de la Papa (suppl.)1:1, 2004.
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Munyaneza, J. E., V. G. Sengoda, J. M. Crosslin, G. De la Rosa-Lozano i A. Sanchez. "First Report of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous’ in Potato Tubers with Zebra Chip Disease in Mexico". Plant Disease 93, nr 5 (maj 2009): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-5-0552a.
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Zebra Chip (ZC), an emerging disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) first documented in potato fields around Saltillo in México in 1994, has been identified in the southwestern United States, México, and Central America and is causing losses of millions of dollars to the potato industry (4). Recently, this damaging potato disease was also documented in New Zealand (3). This disease is characterized by a striped pattern of necrosis in tubers produced on infected plants, and fried chips processed from these infected tubers are commercially unacceptable (4). Recent studies conducted in the United States and New Zealand have associated ZC with a new species of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ vectored by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli Sulc (1,3,4). A bacterium designated ‘Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous’ has recently been identified in potato plants with “psyllid yellows” symptoms that resemble those of ZC (2). To investigate whether liberibacter is associated with ZC in México, 11 potato (cv. Atlantic) tuber samples exhibiting strong ZC symptoms and six asymptomatic tubers were collected from a ZC-affected commercial potato field near Saltillo City, Coahuila, México in September 2008 and tested for this bacterium by PCR. Total DNA was extracted from symptomatic and asymptomatic tubers with cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) buffer (4). DNA samples were tested by PCR using primer pair OA2/OI2c (5′-GCGCTTATTTTTAATAGGAGCGGCA-3′ and 5′-GCCTCGCGACTTCGCAACCCAT-3′, respectively) specific for 16S rDNA and primer pair CL514F/R (5′-CTCTAAGATTTCGGTTGGTT-3′ and 5′-TATATCTATCGTTGCACCAG-3′, respectively) designed from ribosomal protein genes (3). Seven of eleven (63.7%) ZC-symptomatic tubers and one of six (16.7%) asymptomatic potatoes yielded the expected 1,168-bp 16S rDNA and 669-bp CL514F/R amplicons, indicating the presence of liberibacter. Amplicons generated from symptomatic tubers were cloned into pCR2.1-Topo plasmid vectors (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and one clone of each amplicon was sequenced in both directions (ACGT, Inc., Wheeling, IL). BLAST analysis of the ZC OA2/OI2c sequence (GenBank Accession No. FJ498806) showed 100% identity to liberibacter 16S rDNA sequences amplified from potato psyllids from Dalhart, TX and potato tubers from Garden City, KS (GenBank Accession Nos. EU921627 and EU921626, respectively). The ZC CL514F/R sequence (GenBank Accession No. FJ498807) was 98% identical to analogous rplJ and rplL liberibacter ribosomal protein gene sequences amplified from several solanaceous plants in New Zealand (GenBank Accession Nos. EU834131 and EU935005). The OA2/OI2c sequence was also identical to the 16S rDNA sequence (Genbank Accession No. EU812559) of ‘Ca. Liberibacter psyllaurous’ (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of ‘Ca. Liberibacter psyllaurous’ associated with ZC-affected potatoes in México. References: (1) J. A. Abad et al. Plant Dis. 93:108, 2009. (2) A. K. Hansen et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74:5862, 2008. (3) L. W. Liefting et al. Plant Dis. 92:1474, 2008. (4) J. E. Munyaneza et al. J. Econ. Entomol. 100:656, 2007.
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Crosslin, James M., Joseph E. Munyaneza, Judith K. Brown i Lia W. Liefting. "Potato Zebra Chip Disease: A Phytopathological Tale". Plant Health Progress 11, nr 1 (styczeń 2010): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2010-0317-01-rv.
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Potato zebra chip (ZC) disease is a relative newcomer to the world of important potato diseases. First reported in Mexico in the 1990s, by 2004-2005 the disease was causing serious economic damage in parts of Texas. ZC is now widespread in the south-western and central United States, Mexico, Central America, and was recently reported in New Zealand. By 2006, there seemed to be an association between ZC and the potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli). The exact nature of the relationship, however, has only recently been identified by the discovery of a new Candidatus Liberibacter bacterium that is transmitted to potatoes, tomatoes, and other solanaceous hosts by the potato psyllid. This review examines the history of this disease, the association of ZC with the potato psyllid, the host range, and recent research into the bacterial pathogen. Accepted for publication 15 December 2009. Published 17 March 2010.
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Zhaokun, Liu. "Icebreaking Cooperation: Resuming the Repatriation of U.S. Servicemen’s Remains from North Korea, 1985–1990". Journal of American-East Asian Relations 28, nr 3 (8.09.2021): 247–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-28030003.
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Abstract Unrelenting animosity continues to define the relationship between the United States and North Korea, but in the mid-1980s, P’yŏngyang began to seek non-confrontational measures to fulfill one of its major diplomatic objectives—opening a channel of direct negotiation with Washington. The bodies of U.S. soldiers who had perished or gone missing in North Korea in 1950 during the Korean War became bargaining chips for the North Koreans. This article analyzes the political stakes of these remains for the two countries. It traces the meetings between Congressman Gillespie V. Montgomery and North Korean officials in 1989 and 1990, which led to the first return of U.S. soldiers’ remains since October 1954. North Korea’s insistence on delivering the remains to Montgomery, rather than the Korean War Military Armistice Commission, was an attempt to force the United States to acknowledge its legitimacy. Unable to abandon the bodies, U.S. officials offered limited concessions, while endeavoring to maintain the status quo in Korea. The 1990 remains repatriation revealed the possibility of cooperation between the two countries.
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Workneh, F., D. C. Henne, A. C. Childers, L. Paetzold i C. M. Rush. "Assessments of the Edge Effect in Intensity of Potato Zebra Chip Disease". Plant Disease 96, nr 7 (lipiec 2012): 943–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-11-0480.
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Zebra chip is a newly emerging potato disease which imparts dark colorations on fried chips, rendering them unmarketable. The disease is associated with the phloem-limited proteobacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solancearum’, vectored by the potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli. First reported from Mexico in the mid-1990s, the disease was observed for the first time in Texas in 2000 and is now prevalent in several potato-producing regions of the United States. In this study, we were interested in investigating whether there are edge effects in zebra chip intensity that can be assessed as a “foot print” of the associated insect vector. In 2009, we conducted studies in three fields in the Texas Panhandle in paired plots of 10 by 20 m around the field edges and 100 m infield in which symptomatic plants were counted just before harvest. The number of plot pairs (edge and infield) ranged from 15 to 18 depending on the size of the fields. In a separate study, temporal disease progress was assessed in two fields around the edges of the center-pivot circle in approximately 10-by-450-m areas. In 2010, the paired plot studies were repeated in 10 potato fields in Texas, Kansas, and Nebraska. Zebra chip intensity data from the paired-plot studies for both years were analyzed using the Wilcoxon's signed-rank test, a nonparametric equivalent of the classical (parametric) paired t test. In the 2009 study in all three fields, the edge plots had significantly greater zebra chip intensity than the infield plots (P < 0.05). Edge plots in the 2010 study also had greater zebra chip intensity in all fields and the differences were significant in the majority of fields (P < 0.05). In the diseases progress study in both fields, weekly zebra chip intensity on the edges reached its maximum after the third week of its first detection, and the disease progress curves were best fitted with the second-degree polynomial (quadratic) for both fields. The 2-year study clearly demonstrated that zebra chip intensity in potato fields was greater on the edges than in the infields. This finding has significant implications for psyllid management because greater emphasis in psyllid control strategy can be directed toward the edges for better results.
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Crosslin, J. M., i G. Bester. "First Report of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous’ in Zebra Chip Symptomatic Potatoes from California". Plant Disease 93, nr 5 (maj 2009): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-5-0551b.
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A disease that severely affects processing potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), termed zebra chip (ZC), has been identified in several locations in the United States (Texas, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Nevada), Mexico, and Central America (4). The disease name comes from the rapid oxidative darkening of freshly cut tubers and the dark stripes and blotches that occur in chips processed from infected tubers. Recently, the disorder has been associated with a new ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ species in New Zealand (3). Also, a bacterium designated ‘Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous’ has been identified recently in potato plants with “psyllid yellows” symptoms that resemble foliar symptoms of ZC (2). In the fall of 2008, 10 tubers were received at the Prosser laboratory from a commercial potato grower and five had symptoms characteristic of ZC. The tubers, cv. Dakota Pearl, were grown near Lancaster in southern California. The tubers showed rapid oxidation upon slicing and the sunken stolon attachment characteristic of ZC (4). Nucleic acid was extracted from symptomatic tubers (1) and tested by PCR for ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ species with primer pairs OA2/OI2c (5′-GCGCTTATTTTTAATAGGAGCGGCA-3′ and 5′-GCCTCGCGACTTCGCAACCCAT-3′) and CL514F/R (5′-CTCTAAGATTTCGGTTGGTT-3′ and 5′-TATATCTATCGTTGCACCAG-3′), which amplify from the 16S rDNA and rplJ and rplL ribosomal protein genes, respectively (3). Four of the five tubers with distinct ZC symptoms yielded the expected amplicons with both primer pairs. Two tubers with mild internal discoloration yielded correctly sized amplicons but in lesser amounts than from the severely affected tubers. Nucleic acid from healthy potato tubers yielded no product with these primers. One clone of the 1,168-bp OA2/OI2c amplicon and two clones of the 669-bp CL514F/R amplicon from a strongly positive sample were sequenced in both directions (ACGT, Inc., Wheeling, IL). BLAST alignments of the consensus sequences of the OA2/OI2c and CL514F/R amplicons (GenBank Accessions Nos. FJ498802 and FJ498803, respectively) revealed 100% identity with analogous ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ sequences reported from ZC-symptomatic potatoes in New Zealand (GenBank Accession Nos. EU849020 and EU919514). The OA2/OI2c amplicon was also identical to a sequence of ‘Ca. Liberibacter psyllaurous’ (GenBank Accession No. EU812559) from psyllid yellows-affected potatoes in the United States (2) and also showed a 99% identity with sequences from a ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ species reported in ZC tubers from Kansas (GenBank Accession No. EU921626). Potato crops with symptoms of ZC have been observed previously in California (4), but this is the first identification of ‘Ca. Liberibacter psyllaurous’ from diseased potatoes grown in California. Since ZC was first reported in the mid- to late-1990s, information from potato growers and processors suggests that ZC is becoming more important. The disease has caused millions of dollars in losses, particularly in south Texas (4). The identification of ‘Ca. Liberibacter psyllaurous’ in California provides additional evidence that the disease is increasing in importance in other potato-growing regions. References: (1) J. M. Crosslin et al. Plant Dis. 90:663, 2006. (2) A. K. Hansen et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74:5862, 2008. (3) L. W. Liefting et al. Plant Dis. 92:1474, 2008. (4) J. E. Munyaneza et al. Subtrop. Plant Sci. 59:30, 2007.
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Secor, G. A., I. M. Lee, K. D. Bottner, V. Rivera-Varas i N. C. Gudmestad. "First Report of a Defect of Processing Potatoes in Texas and Nebraska Associated with a New Phytoplasma". Plant Disease 90, nr 3 (marzec 2006): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0377b.
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An outbreak of a new potato disease occurred in Texas and Nebraska causing a serious defect in potato chips produced from commercial processing potatoes. The defect consists of patchy brown discoloration of chips and can be a cause for rejection of contracted potatoes by the processor. Infected potato plants exhibit symptoms of the purple top wilt syndrome similar to those of the purple top disease in processing potatoes caused by clover proliferation phytoplasma recently found in Washington and Oregon (3). Foliar symptoms include stunting, chlorosis, slight purple coloration of new growth, swollen nodes, proliferated axillary buds, and aerial tubers. Tuber symptoms include mild vascular discoloration and brown flecking of medullary rays. Seed potatoes from affected plants produce hair sprouts. Total nucleic acid was extracted from leaf and stolon tissue of symptomatic plants in the field and from tuber samples exhibiting the defect from commercial storages. Nested polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were performed using phytoplasma-universal 16SrDNA-based primers (P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2) (2) to detect the presence of phytoplasmas in these samples. A negative control, devoid of DNA templates in the reaction mix, was included in all PCR assays. In 2004, 13 foliar samples tested positive for phytoplasmas using PCR. None of the apparently symptomless plants or tubers tested positive. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the PCR-amplified 16S rDNA using enzymes AluI, MseI, HhaI, BfaI, and Tsp509I indicated that four samples are associated with a phytoplasma belonging to subgroup A (16SrI-A) of the “Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris” (aster yellows phytoplasma) group (16SrI), and nine plant samples were associated with a new phytoplasma related to, but distinct from, the stolbur phytoplasma group (16SrXII). Nucleotide sequence analysis of cloned 16S rDNAs (GenBank Accession Nos. DQ174114-DQ174123) confirmed the results on the basis of RFLP analyses. Sequences of cloned 16S rDNAs were analyzed with previously described phytoplasma strains available in GenBank using DNAStar's (Madison, WI) Lasergene software MegAlign program. The new phytoplasma is only distantly related to the stolbur phytoplasma, sharing 96.6% sequence homology. In 2005, 14 defective tuber samples from storage and 16 symptomatic plants from the field tested positive for the new phytoplasma. In Texas and Nebraska, it appears that at least two distinct phytoplasmas seem to be involved in the disease complex contributing to the defects of processed products produced from infected potatoes. Previous reports have suggested a similar defect of chipping potatoes, but the phytoplasma associated with the disease was not identified (1). To our knowledgek, this the first report of this new phytoplasma associated with disease and defects of potato and the first report of this phytoplasma in the United States. References: (1) E. E. Bantarri et al. Trans. ASAE 33:221, 1990. (2) I.-M. Lee et al. Int. J. Sys. Bacteriol. 48:1153, 1998. (3) I.-M. Lee et al. Plant Dis. 88:429, 2004.
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Lin, Hong, i Neil C. Gudmestad. "Aspects of Pathogen Genomics, Diversity, Epidemiology, Vector Dynamics, and Disease Management for a Newly Emerged Disease of Potato: Zebra Chip". Phytopathology® 103, nr 6 (czerwiec 2013): 524–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-09-12-0238-rvw.
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An overview is provided for the aspects of history, biology, genomics, genetics, and epidemiology of zebra chip (ZC), a destructive disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum) that represents a major threat to the potato industries in the United States as well as other potato-production regions in the world. The disease is associated with a gram-negative, phloem-limited, insect-vectored, unculturable prokaryote, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’, that belongs to the Rhizobiaceae family of α-Proteobacteria. The closest cultivated relatives of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ are members of the group of bacteria known as the α-2 subgroup. In spite of the fact that Koch's postulates sensu stricto have not been fulfilled, a great deal of progress has been made in understanding the ZC disease complex since discovery of the disease. Nevertheless, more research is needed to better understand vector biology, disease mechanisms, host response, and epidemiology in the context of vector–pathogen–plant interactions. Current ZC management strategies focus primarily on psyllid control. The ultimate control of ZC likely relies on host resistance. Unfortunately, all commercial potato cultivars are susceptible to ZC. Elucidation of the ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ genome sequence has provided insights into the genetic basis of virulence and physiological and metabolic capability of this organism. Finally, the most effective, sustainable management of ZC is likely to be based on integrated strategies, including removal or reduction of vectors or inocula, improvement of host resistance to the presumptive pathogen and psyllid vectors, and novel gene-based therapeutic treatment.
Książki na temat "Potato chips – United States – History"
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Michael, Gross. My generation: Fifty years of sex, drugs, rock, revolution, glamour, greed, valor, faith, and silicon chips. New York: Cliff Street Books, 2000.
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Leaf, Sue. Potato City: Nature, history, and community in the Age of Sprawl. St. Paul: Borealis Books, 2004.
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O'Donoghue, Sean. The disaster of the Irish Potato Famine: Irish immigrants arrive in America (1845-1850). New York: PowerKids Press, 2016.
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Doolin, Kaleta. Fritos pie: Stories, recipes, and more. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2011.
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Crunch!: A History of the Great American Potato Chip. University of Wisconsin Press, 2017.
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Williams, Susan. Food in the United States, 1820s-1890. Greenwood, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400652653.
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The period from the 1820s to 1890 was one of invention, new trends, and growth in the American food culture. Inventions included the potato chip and Coca-Cola. Patents were taken out for the tin can, canning jars, and condensed milk. Vegetarianism was promulgated. Factories and mills such as Pillsbury came into being, as did Quaker Oats and other icons of American food. This volume describes the beginnings of many familiar mainstays of our daily life and consumer culture. It chronicles the shift from farming to agribusiness. Cookbooks proliferated and readers will trace the modernization of cooking, from the hearth to the stove, and the availability of refrigeration. Regional foodways are covered, as are how various classes ate at home or away. A final chapter covers the diet fads, which were similar to those being touted today. The period from the 1820s to 1890 was one of invention, new trends, and growth in the American food culture. Inventions included the potato chip and Coca-Cola. Patents were taken out for the tin can, canning jars, and condensed milk. Vegetarianism was promulgated. Factories and mills such as Pillsbury came into being. This volume describes the beginnings of many familiar mainstays of our daily life and consumer culture. It chronicles the shift from farming to agribusiness. Cookbooks proliferated and readers will trace the modernization of cooking, from the hearth to the stove, and the availability of refrigeration. Regional foodways are covered, as are how various classes ate at home or away. A final chapter covers the diet fads, which were similar to those being touted today. The volume is targeted toward high school students on up to the general public who want to complement U.S. history cultural studies or better understand the fascinating groundwork for the modern kitchen, cook, and food industry. Abundant insight into the daily life of women is given. Period illustrations and recipes and a chronology round out the text.
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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 Outlook for Potato Chips in the United States. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.
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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 Outlook for Salted Potato Chips in the United States. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.
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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 Outlook for Stacking Potato Chips in the United States. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.
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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 Outlook for Gourmet Potato Chips in the United States. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Potato chips – United States – History"
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Helzer, John e., kathleen bucholz, i leen Robins. "Five Communities in the United States: Results of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Survey". W Alcoholism in North America, Europe, and Asia, 71–96. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195050905.003.0006.
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Abstract We begin this chapter with a brief review of the history of alcohol use in the United States. This will help place the findings from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area survey, presented below, into context. Historical Overview Some families excel in the method of brewing beer with strange variety of ingredients. Here we commonly make it with pine chips, pine buds, hemlock for leaves, roasted corn, dried apple skins, sassafras roots and bran. With these, to which we add some hops and a little malt, we compose a sort of beverage which is very pleasant (Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, p. 298). The resourcefulness of early colonists in producing alcohol attested to the integral role it played in their lives. In addition to using alcohol for nourishment and medicinal purposes, the colonists served alcohol at social gatherings: weddings, funerals, and even the ordination of ministers (Levine, 1978; Ames, 1985; Caddy, 1983). Alcohol in the form of rum had an important economic role as well. Distilled from inexpensive imported molasses, rum became a major trading item for New England merchants. Historians estimate that the region exported as much as 600,000 gallons of rum per year, making huge profits for distillers (Lender & Martin, 1982).
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Fisher, James T. "The Rise of the Immigrant Church". W Communion of Immigrants, 43–68. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195333305.003.0003.
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Abstract Coming on the harvest time of the year 1845, the crops looked splendid,” recalled an Irish American of a fateful moment in world history, “but one fine morning in July there was a cry around that some blight had struck the potato stalks.” Soon the “air was laded with a sickly odor of decay, as if the hand of death had stricken the potato field, and ... everything growing in it was rotten.” From 1845 until the early 1850s, every potato harvest in Ireland was afflicted by a previously unknown fungus that destroyed the only source of nourishment for most of that country’s inhabitants. At least 1 million Irish people died of starvation, and another 1.8 million sought relief by emigrating to North America. These famine migrants signaled the changing nature of America’s population in that they made up the first wave of European refugees fleeing hunger and oppression who entered the United States between the 1840s and the early 1920s.
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Ferrie, Joseph P. "The Context of Antebellum Immigration". W Yankeys Now, 35–38. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195109344.003.0003.
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Abstract The two decades before the Civil War witnessed the first great wave of European immigration to the United States. As Figure 3-1 shows, from 1820 (the first year for which reliable data are available) through the mid-1840s, the annual volume of immigration remained well below 100,000, which translates into an immigration rate that remained between four and five per thousand. The volume of immigration rose dramatically in 1847, in the wake of the failure of the potato crop in Ireland in 1846 and on the European continent in the following two years and Continental political turmoil in 1848. In 1850 alone, nearly 370,000 immigrants arrived in the United States, pushing the immigration rate above 15 per thousand for the first and only time in the nation’s history. Three countries (Great Britain, Ireland, and Germany) accounted for 93 percent of all arriving immigrants in 1849. The rate of immigration seen in the mid-1850s has yet to be surpassed in U.S. history.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Potato chips – United States – History"
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Hunter, Martha S., i Einat Zchori-Fein. Rickettsia in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci: Phenotypic variants and fitness effects. United States Department of Agriculture, wrzesień 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594394.bard.
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The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major pest of vegetables, field crops, and ornamentals worldwide. This species harbors a diverse assembly of facultative, “secondary” bacterial symbionts, the roles of which are largely unknown. We documented a spectacular sweep of one of these, Rickettsia, in the Southwestern United States in the B biotype (=MEAM1) of B. tabaci, from 1% to 97% over 6 years, as well as a dramatic fitness benefit associated with it in Arizona but not in Israel. Because it is critical to understand the circumstances in which a symbiont invasion can cause such a large change in pest life history, the following objectives were set: 1) Determine the frequency of Rickettsia in B. tabaci in cotton across the United States and Israel. 2) Characterize Rickettsia and B. tabaci genotypes in order to test the hypothesis that genetic variation in either partner is responsible for differences in phenotypes seen in the two countries. 3) Determine the comparative fitness effects of Rickettsia phenotypes in B. tabaci in Israel and the United States. For Obj. 1, a survey of B. tabaci B samples revealed the distribution of Rickettsia across the cotton-growing regions of 13 sites from Israel and 22 sites from the USA. Across the USA, Rickettsia frequencies were heterogeneous among regions, but were generally at frequencies higher than 75% and close to fixation in some areas, whereas in Israel the infection rates were lower and declining. The distinct outcomes of Rickettsia infection in these two countries conform to previouslyreported phenotypic differences. Intermediate frequencies in some areas in both countries may indicate a cost to infection in certain environments or that the frequencies are in flux. This suggests underlying geographic differences in the interactions between bacterial symbionts and the pest. Obj. 2, Sequences of several Rickettsia genes in both locations, including a hypervariableintergenic spacer gene, suggested that the Rickettsia genotype is identical in both countries. Experiments in the US showed that differences in whitefly nuclear genotype had a strong influence on Rickettsia phenotype. Obj. 3. Experiments designed to test for possible horizontal transmission of Rickettsia, showed that these bacteria are transferred from B. tabaci to a plant, moved inside the phloem, and could be acquired by other whiteflies. Plants can serve as a reservoir for horizontal transmission of Rickettsia, a mechanism that may explain the occurrence of phylogenetically-similarsymbionts among unrelated phytophagous insect species. This plant-mediated transmission route may also exist in other insect-symbiont systems, and since symbionts may play a critical role in the ecology and evolution of their hosts, serve as an immediate and powerful tool for accelerated evolution. However, no such horizontal transmission of Rickettsia could be detected in the USA, underlining the difference between the interaction in both countries, or between B. tabaci and the banded wing whitefly on cotton in the USA (Trialeurodes sp. nr. abutiloneus) and the omnivorous bug Nesidiocoristenuis. Additionally, a series of experiments excluded the possibility that Rickettsia is frequently transmitted between B. tabaci and its parasitoid wasps Eretmocerusmundus and Encarsiapergandiella. Lastly, ecological studies on Rickettsia effects on free flight of whiteflies showed no significant influence of symbiont infection on flight. In contrast, a field study of the effects of Rickettsia on whitefly performance on caged cotton in the USA showed strong fitness benefits of infection, and rapid increases in Rickettsia frequency in competition population cages. This result confirmed the benefits to whiteflies of Rickettsia infection in a field setting.