Rozprawy doktorskie: „Potassium fertilizers”

1

Young, Bradford Kenneth Guertal Elizabeth A. "Potassium movement and uptake as affected by potassium source and placement". Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1575.

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More, Ketseemang. "Response of cabbage (Brassica Oleracea Var Capitata) transplants to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrition". Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09212007-133240.

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3

Rose, Terry. "Deep-placed phosphate fertiliser improves phosphorus uptake and seed yield of canola (Brassica napus L.) in a Mediterranean-type climate". University of Western Australia. Dept. of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0237.

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In Mediterranean-type climates, topsoil frequently dries out during spring. Problems associated with reduced nutrient (P, K) availability in dry topsoil may be overcome by placing fertilisers deeper in the soil, where the soil is more likely to remain moist for longer periods as opposed to conventional fertiliser placement. Deep-P placement has resulted in significant yield improvements for lupin crops in Mediterranean environments because lupin crops generally require soil P supply during spring (throughout the flowering stage); in contrast, wheat yields have seldom improved with deep P placement, presumably because plants have accumulated sufficient P prior to spring (grain filling stage) for maximum grain yields. The P and K accumulation patterns of canola had not been investigated, and therefore any potential yield benefits of deep placed fertilisers were unknown. This study aimed to define the P and K demands of canola throughout the growing season, and assess the viability of deep placement of fertiliser in matching soil P and K supply to crop demand. The study further investigated the impact of deep placement of P fertiliser on root growth and distribution throughout the soil profile. Initial glasshouse studies compared the P and K accumulation patterns of several canola cultivars with wheat, and found that the P and K demand of canola continued until later into the season than wheat, but there was little difference in the P and K accumulation patterns of the various canola cultivars. Further experiments in sand culture determined that regardless of the level of K supply, canola plants had accumulated sufficient K for maximum seed yields by early flowering. Under high P supply, canola plants had accumulated enough P for maximum seed yields by early flowering, but when P supply during vegetative growth was just adequate, plants required a continual P supply until mid silique-filling to attain maximum yields. Because plants had accumulated sufficient K for maximum seed yields by early flowering (therefore topsoil drying in spring was unlikely to affect yields), further field experiments examined only deep placement of P fertiliser to improve P uptake and yields.

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4

Badra, Abdo. "Effects of potassium, magnesium, and sulfur fertilization on corn grain and silage yields in a high nutrient soil". Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60449.

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The effects of added potassium, K, magnesium, Mg and sulfur, S on corn grain and silage yields were investigated in the field for two years.
Due to high nutrient soil, K, Mg and S had no effects on corn grain and silage yields. However, there were trends observed in the treatment effects that were significant. Added K at 240 kg K$ sb2$O/ha increased grain yield over zero kg K$ sb2$O/ha in 1983 and Mg at 60 kg/ha increased grain yield over 30 kg/ha in 1984. In silage, 240 kg K$ sb2$O/ha increased yield over 120 and zero kg K$ sb2$O/ha in 1984. Although there was no K by Mg interaction, there was a need for added Mg to achieve higher yields.
The cumulative effect of fertilizer S at 50 kg/ha significantly reduced silage yield in 1984 over zero S treatment indicating that fertilizer S was unnecessary for corn growth by reason of high levels of soil S and sufficient S provided from precipitation and air dry deposition. S had no interaction with K and Mg because there was no need for fertilizer S to increase yields.
The antagonistic association between K and Mg was seen at the seedling, tasseling and silking stages.
There was an indication of a K by S interaction which was expressed at different stages of growth, but this effect was not evident for dry matter yields.

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5

Razmjoo, Ghalaie Khorshid. "Effect of potassium, sulfur, boron, and molybdenum fertilization on alfalfa production and herbage composition /". The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487260859495673.

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6

Rajabipour, Ali. "Effects of Ca, K and water table depth on tomato mechanical properties". Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39984.

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Two series of tests were performed in summer 1993 and repeated in summer 1994 to investigate effects of potassium, calcium and water table depth on mechanical properties of tomato fruit. In the first group of tests five mechanical properties stress, strain, ER (ratio of stress to strain at break), energy and toughness were calculated from the force-deformation curve obtained by compression of pericarp disks taken from tomato fruits (cv New Yorker) at the breaker stage. In the second group of tests force, deformation and energy were obtained from puncture tests on whole tomato fruit. The textural parameters were used to compare the effects of the potassium, calcium and water level depths on the mechanical properties of tomatoes. Results showed the effects of calcium and water table depths on the mechanical properties were significant. Tomato fruits exposed to increasing moisture stress levels by increasing water table depth exhibited increased firmness. Increased application of calcium also resulted in increased firmness. Application of different potassium levels had in general no significant effect on breaking stress, strain, ER, energy and toughness of tomato fruit pericarp.
A new method of measuring skin strength of tomatoes is described. The method, refered to as loop method, overcame the problems with the existing method using mechanical grips. Further, the loop method was applied to measure the effect of potassium and calcium on skin strength of tomato. Using the loop method, data were collected on relaxation of tomato skin (epidermis). A computer program was written to model th tensile stress relaxation behaviour of tomato skin. The program was employed to calculate linear and non-linear coefficients of a relaxation model. The fitted values were in a very good agreement with experimental data (R$ sp2>$0.99).

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7

Chen, Jiansheng. "Effects of added nitrogen and potassium on selected soil properties and on yield and nutrient uptake of silage corn". Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59948.

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An incubation study was conducted to evaluate the effects of added urea, NH$ sb4$Cl, and KCl on fixation of NH$ sb4 sp{+}$ and K$ sp{+}$. A field study was carried out to observe the effects of rates and methods of added urea and KCl on the forms and distribution of N and K in soils, and on yields and nutrient uptake of silage corn.
Generally, the fixation of NH$ sb4 sp{+}$ was increased by added N but reduced by added K and vice versa. One exception was that added K increased NH$ sb4 sp{+}$ fixation when NH$ sb4$Cl was the N source. In comparison with NH$ sb4$Cl, urea resulted in greater K$ sp{+}$ fixation but less NH$ sb4 sp{+}$ fixation.
Band placement of urea and KCl showed apparent accumulation of NH$ sb4$-N and NO$ sb3$-N, and exchangeable K$ sp{+}$ in the fertilizer bands, particularly early in the growing season. On the other hand, band placement resulted in lower levels of available N and K in soil between the bands in comparison with broadcast.
Yields of silage corn and nutrient uptake values were increased by N and K fertilizers, except for one soil in the first year. Band placement of urea was superior in the case of frequent and light rainfall but inferior with dry surface soil conditions followed by a relatively large rainfall 3 or 4 days after application. In the latter condition, banding K resulted in less yields on one soil, and banding the two fertilizers together further reduced N utilization on another soil.
Additions of K suppressed Ca and Mg uptake but did not influence N uptake, whereas K uptake was usually enhanced by added N.

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8

Mercer, Lee Jonathan. "Radio-caesium uptake and flux in wheat as influenced by external potassium concentration". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369102.

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9

Hart, R. "The potential use of synthetic faujasite zeolites as slow release ammonium and potassium fertilizers". Thesis, City University London, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375831.

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10

Pholsen, Suradej. "Effects of nitrogen, potassium and organic matter on growth, chemical components and seed yields of IS 23585 forage sorghum cultivar". Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/14178.

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Sorghum is considered to be of African origin and subsequently spread to most countries in tropical and subtropical regions. Sorghum has outstanding resistance against drought conditions. Grain and fodder from sorghum plants have been used for man's and animals' consumption respectively for many decades. Experiments were conducted on Yasothon soil series (Oxic Paleustults) in Northeast Thailand, this is considered a poor soil. Growth parameters of sorghum were affected most by nitrogen chemical fertiliser followed by potassium chemical fertiliser. An increase in nitrogen level increased growth parameters and seed yields/ha of the sorghum plants whilst an increase in potassium also increased growth parameters and seed yields but to a lesser extent. High application rates of both nitrogen and potassium were required to achieve high total dry weights and seed yields/ha. Fermented cattle manure significantly increased growth parameters of the sorghum plants and soil properties. were also improved by cattle manure. Total dry weights and seed yields/ha were affected most by seasons and treatments whilst seasons x treatments had highly significant effects on seed yields/ha but not total dry weights/ha. In terms of economic viewpoint, optimum application rates for nitrogen at a range of 300-450 kg N/ha and 100 kg K20/ha for potassium plus 40 tonnes/ha of fermented cattle manure were the recommended rates for optimum above ground total dry weight (15,940-26,282 kg/ha) and seed yield (5,047- 6,374 kg/ha) of IS 23585 forage sorghum cultivar on Yasothon soil series. An increase in nitrogen fertiliser application increased estimated crude protein (CP) of the sorghum plants whilst potassium did not. Both nitrogen and potassium had no Significant effects on acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and dry matter degradability (DMO). However, seasons had significant effects on CP, NDF, ADF, DMD and brix values. Treatments also had significant effects on all components except DMD, and brix values. Seasons x treatments had significant effects on all components except CP and brix values.

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11

Morrison, L. Teri. "Dry matter estimation and potassium fertilization of intensively managed soft red winter wheat". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43256.

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Dry matter production must be predicted to utilize nitrogen recommendation models for winter wheat at growth stage 30. Four methods of dry matter estimation were evaluated for their ability to predict dry matter production. The pasture probe, height, and rising plate methods did not have adequate prediction ability. The drop plate method predicted dry matter with an r² of prediction of 0.82 for all sites combined. The predictive ability for an individual site was lower. The combined model on an individual site caused a wide range of errors. Consequently, the four methods are not recommended for estimating dry matter. The changes in percent nitrogen and dry matter near growth stage 30 were measured. Dry matter increased significantly, but percent nitrogen did not vary significantly. The number of clipped samples necessary to estimate the dry matter for the five ha field studied was four samples. The number of samples needed for larger fields will depend on the variability of the dry matter in the field and on the variation inherent to the sampling technique. Adequate potassium nutrition is required for high yields of winter wheat. Current soil test levels were evaluated and found to adequately describe the crop’s need for potassium. The influence of preplant and growth stage 25 applied potassium on yield and lodging was evaluated. On the medium to high potassium test soils used, the timing of the application did not affect yields or lodging. Ethephon reduced lodging better than potassium.
Master of Science

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12

Sanz-Scovino, J. I. "Native sources of soil potassium and the use of feldspars as fertilizers in the savannah of Colombia". Thesis, University of Reading, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374699.

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13

Casoti, Ronaldo de Oliveira [UNESP]. "Adubação nitrogenada e potássica na cultura da cana-de-açúcar e seus efeitos na produção e qualidade nutricional". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94736.

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Com o objetivo de avaliar fontes e doses de nitrogênio associadas à adubação potássica na produção e na qualidade bromatológica da cana-deaçúcar var. BR867515 foi conduzido um experimento a campo em área pertencente à Usina Unialco, município de Guararapes, SP. O solo do local foi classificado como Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo. As parcelas foram alocadas com dimensões de 10 x 7 m. A adubação de manutenção, exceto o nitrogênio e potássio, foi uniforme em todos os tratamentos, seguindo as recomendações oficiais do Estado de São Paulo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, sendo três doses de nitrogênio (80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1 de N ano) e três fontes (ajifer® L1419, ajifer® L14 + KCl e formulado 18 00 27), acrescentado de um tratamento testemunha com dose 0 (zero) de N, perfazendo os seguintes tratamentos: 1) Testemunha (sem nitrogênio e sem potássio); 2) 80 kg ha-1 de N via ajifer® L1419; 3) 120 kg ha-1 de N via ajifer® L1419; 4) 160 kg ha-1 de N via ajifer® L1419; 5) 80 kg ha-1 de N via ajifer® L14 + KCl; 6) 120 kg ha-1 de N via ajifer® L14 + KCl; 7) 160 kg ha-1 de N via ajifer® L14 + KCl; 8) 80 kg ha-1 de N via formulado 18 00 27; 9) 120 kg ha- 1 de N via formulado 18 00 27; 10) 160 kg ha-1 de N via formulado 18 00 27. O fertilizante foi aplicado uma semana após o corte e imediatamente incorporado. A maior produção de forragem de cana-de-açúcar foi com a utilização das fontes ajifer® L1419 e ajifer® L14 + KCl; As doses de 80 a 160 kg ha-1 de N não diferiram significativamente na produção de forragem. A qualidade bromatológica não variou em função da adubação nitrogenada associada à potássica.
An field experiment was realized in area belonging to Usina Unialco, in Guararapes, SP, in order to test the use of sources and rates of nitrogen associated to the potassium fertilization in the production and in the bromatological quality of the sugar-cane var. BR867515. The soil of the place was classified as Yellow Red Latosol. The portions were allocated with dimensions of 10 x 7m. The maintenance fertilizer, except the nitrogen and potassium, was uniform in all the treatments, following the official recommendations of the São Paulo State.The experimental design was radomized blocks with four repetitions, being three rates of nitrogen (80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 of N/year), and three sources (ajifer® L1419, ajifer L14 + KCl and formulated 18 00 27), increased of a control treatment with rate 0 of N, completing the following treatments: 1) control (without nitrogen and without potassium); 2) 80 kg ha-1 of N (ajifer® L1419); 3) 120 kg ha-1 of N (ajifer® L1419); 4) 160 kg ha-1 of N (ajifer® L1419); 5) 80 kg ha-1 of N (ajifer® L14 + KCl); 6) 120 kg ha-1 of N (ajifer® L14 + KCl); 7) 160 kg ha-1 of N (ajifer® L14 + KCl); 8) 80 kg ha-1 of N (formulated 18 00 27); 9) 120 kg ha-1 of N (formulated 18 00 27); 10) 160 kg ha-1 of N (formulated 18 00 27). The fertilizer was applied one week after the court and immediately incorporated. The largest production of sugar-cane forage was with the use of the sources ajifer® L1419 and ajifer® L14 + KCl; The rates from 80 to 160 kg ha-1 of N didn't differ significantly in the forage production. The bromatological quality didn't vary in function of the nitrogen fertilization associated to the potassium.

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Casoti, Ronaldo de Oliveira. "Adubação nitrogenada e potássica na cultura da cana-de-açúcar e seus efeitos na produção e qualidade nutricional /". Araçatuba : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94736.

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Resumo: Com o objetivo de avaliar fontes e doses de nitrogênio associadas à adubação potássica na produção e na qualidade bromatológica da cana-deaçúcar var. BR867515 foi conduzido um experimento a campo em área pertencente à Usina Unialco, município de Guararapes, SP. O solo do local foi classificado como Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo. As parcelas foram alocadas com dimensões de 10 x 7 m. A adubação de manutenção, exceto o nitrogênio e potássio, foi uniforme em todos os tratamentos, seguindo as recomendações oficiais do Estado de São Paulo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, sendo três doses de nitrogênio (80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1 de N ano) e três fontes (ajifer® L1419, ajifer® L14 + KCl e formulado 18 00 27), acrescentado de um tratamento testemunha com dose 0 (zero) de N, perfazendo os seguintes tratamentos: 1) Testemunha (sem nitrogênio e sem potássio); 2) 80 kg ha-1 de N via ajifer® L1419; 3) 120 kg ha-1 de N via ajifer® L1419; 4) 160 kg ha-1 de N via ajifer® L1419; 5) 80 kg ha-1 de N via ajifer® L14 + KCl; 6) 120 kg ha-1 de N via ajifer® L14 + KCl; 7) 160 kg ha-1 de N via ajifer® L14 + KCl; 8) 80 kg ha-1 de N via formulado 18 00 27; 9) 120 kg ha- 1 de N via formulado 18 00 27; 10) 160 kg ha-1 de N via formulado 18 00 27. O fertilizante foi aplicado uma semana após o corte e imediatamente incorporado. A maior produção de forragem de cana-de-açúcar foi com a utilização das fontes ajifer® L1419 e ajifer® L14 + KCl; As doses de 80 a 160 kg ha-1 de N não diferiram significativamente na produção de forragem. A qualidade bromatológica não variou em função da adubação nitrogenada associada à potássica.
Abstract: An field experiment was realized in area belonging to Usina Unialco, in Guararapes, SP, in order to test the use of sources and rates of nitrogen associated to the potassium fertilization in the production and in the bromatological quality of the sugar-cane var. BR867515. The soil of the place was classified as Yellow Red Latosol. The portions were allocated with dimensions of 10 x 7m. The maintenance fertilizer, except the nitrogen and potassium, was uniform in all the treatments, following the official recommendations of the São Paulo State.The experimental design was radomized blocks with four repetitions, being three rates of nitrogen (80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 of N/year), and three sources (ajifer® L1419, ajifer L14 + KCl and formulated 18 00 27), increased of a control treatment with rate 0 of N, completing the following treatments: 1) control (without nitrogen and without potassium); 2) 80 kg ha-1 of N (ajifer® L1419); 3) 120 kg ha-1 of N (ajifer® L1419); 4) 160 kg ha-1 of N (ajifer® L1419); 5) 80 kg ha-1 of N (ajifer® L14 + KCl); 6) 120 kg ha-1 of N (ajifer® L14 + KCl); 7) 160 kg ha-1 of N (ajifer® L14 + KCl); 8) 80 kg ha-1 of N (formulated 18 00 27); 9) 120 kg ha-1 of N (formulated 18 00 27); 10) 160 kg ha-1 of N (formulated 18 00 27). The fertilizer was applied one week after the court and immediately incorporated. The largest production of sugar-cane forage was with the use of the sources ajifer® L1419 and ajifer® L14 + KCl; The rates from 80 to 160 kg ha-1 of N didn't differ significantly in the forage production. The bromatological quality didn't vary in function of the nitrogen fertilization associated to the potassium.
Orientador: Reges Heinrichs
Coorientador: Cecílio Viega Soares Filho
Banca: Adônis Moreira
Banca: Fábio Ermínio Mingatto
Mestre

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Magro, Felipe Oliveira [UNESP]. "Efeito do composto orgânico e adubação potássica em atributos do solo e da beterraba". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103302.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta da beterraba à doses de composto orgânico e adubação potássica em cobertura, e o efeito destes em atributos do solo. Foi realizado um experimento na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel (FCA/UNESP), localizada em São Manuel-SP, com 10 tratamentos, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, e delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas cinco doses de composto orgânico (0; 20; 40; 60 e 80 t ha-1) na presença (60 kg ha-1 de K2O) e ausência da adubação potássica em cobertura. Para todos os tratamentos foi feita adubação com nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio no plantio, de acordo com a análise de solo. As características avaliadas foram: propriedades químicas do solo ao longo do ciclo, características vegetativas (altura; número de folhas; massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, raiz e da planta e área foliar) ao longo do ciclo, acúmulo e exportação de macronutrientes (nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio e enxofre) e produção (massa média, produtividade, diâmetro e comprimento das raízes). As doses de composto orgânico proporcionaram efeito positivo nas propriedades químicas do solo durante todas as épocas avaliadas. A ordem decrescente dos macronutrientes exportados pelas raízes de beterraba foi: potássio > nitrogênio > fósforo > magnésio > enxofre > cálcio. A ordem decrescente dos macronutrientes acumulados pela planta foi: potássio > nitrogênio > magnésio > cálcio > fósforo > enxofre. O período de maior demanda para a maioria dos macronutrientes foi dos 29 aos 43 dias após o transplante (DAT). Para produção, observou-se efeito quadrático para as doses de composto com máxima produtividade com 52 t ha-1. A adubação potássica em cobertura não proporcionou aumento na produção, indicando que a adubação potássica de plantio foi suficiente para suprir a demanda de potássio
The aim of this work was to evaluate the response of beet in function organic compost levels and potassium fertilization, and their effects on soil properties. The experiment was conducted at São Manuel Experimental Farm (FCA/UNESP), in São Manuel- SP, with 10 treatments in factorial scheme 5x2, and randomized complete blocks design, with four replications. Five compost levels (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 t ha-1) were evaluated in the presence (60 kg ha-1 of K2O) and absence of potassium fertilization in coverage. For all treatments was done fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at planting, according to soil analysis. The characteristics evaluated were: soil chemical properties during the cycle, vegetative characteristics (height; number of leaves; fresh and dry weight of shoot, root and total plant; and leaf area) during the cycle, accumulation and exportation of macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur) and production (fresh weight, yield, root length and diameter). The organic compost levels provide positive effects on the soil chemical properties during all periods evaluated. The order of nutrients exported by the beet roots was: potassium > nitrogen > phosphorous > magnesium > sulfur > calcium. The order of nutrients accumulated in the beet plant was: potassium> nitrogen> magnesium > calcium > phosphorus > sulfur. The period with the biggest demand for most of macronutrients was from 29 to 43 days after transplantation (DAT). For production, it was observed quadratic effect for compost levels with the highest yield with 52 t ha-1. Potassium fertilization in coverage did not provide increase in production, indicating that potassium fertilization at planting was sufficient to support the demand of potassium for beets

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Casarini, Edivaldo. "Doses de N e K aplicados via fertirrigação na cultura da roseira (Rosa sp.) em ambiente protegido". Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11143/tde-16122004-163854/.

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A fertirrigação em rosas é uma técnica bastante utilizada pelos produtores de flores. O nitrogênio e o potássio são os nutrientes mais exigidos nas distintas fases da cultura, onde a aplicação de quantidades corretas aumenta a produtividade e a qualidade das flores. Com o objetivo foi avaliar a produtividade e a qualidade das hastes florais na cultura da roseira, cultivar Versilha, em ambiente protegido conduziu-se um experimento na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da ESALQ/USP, localizado no município de Piracicaba, SP, entre os meses de novembro/2002 a setembro/2003. Os tratamentos foram dispostos numa combinação de 4 doses de N (10; 20; 30 e 40 g.pl-1.ano-1), 4 doses de K (10; 20; 30 e 40 g.pl-1.ano-1). O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados com 3 repetições, sendo os fatores arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4. O sistema de irrigação utilizado foi o gotejamento, adotando manejo de irrigação com tensiômetros e tanque evaporimétrico reduzido. Foram avaliados os parâmetros qualitativos das hastes e botões de rosas, a produtividade, a condutividade elétrica e os níveis de NO3- e K+ na solução do solo através de medidor de íons (HORIBA) e as concentrações de macro e micronutrientes nas folhas. A lâmina total aplicada entre os meses de fevereiro e setembro foi de 839,43 mm com média de 3,46 mm.dia-1 e o potencial matricial médio da água no solo foi de 10 kPa na camada de 0 20 cm. A produtividade de rosas nas duas colheitas reduziu linearmente com as doses de K aplicadas. Para a qualidade das hastes não houve diferença significativa para a maioria dos parâmetros avaliados nas duas colheitas. A condutividade elétrica e as concentrações de NO3- e K+ na solução do solo aumentaram linearmente de acordo com as doses de N e K aplicados. Para as concentrações de N e P nas folhas observou-se a influência das doses de N, para Ca2+ e Mg2+ observou-se a influencia das doses de K, mostrando o antagonismo entre eles. Nas concentrações de micronutrientes, o boro foi influenciado pelo N e K e as concentrações de Fe2+ e Mn2+ foram influenciadas pelo N.
The rose plant fertigation is a technique quite useful by flowers growers. The nitrogen and the potassium are the most required nutrients in the distinct crop phases, where the application of correct amounts increases the yield and flower quality. A study was carried out under protected environment conditions, at the experimental area of the Department of Rural Engineering of Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, from November/2002 to September/2003. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the yield and quality of rose flowers, Versilha cultivar. The treatments were disposed in combination of 4 N levels (10; 20; 30 and 40 g.pl-1.year-1) and 4 K levels (10; 20; 30 and 40 g.pl-1.year-1). The statistical test was performed in randomized blocks, with 3 replications, arranged in a 4 x 4 factorial design. Drip system irrigation was used with tensiometers and a reduced evaporation pan in order to manage water depth. The parameters evaluated were: stem and bud quality, yield, electric conductivity, NO3- and K+ soil solution levels by ion meter (HORIBA) and concentrations of macro and micronutrients in the leaves. Total irrigation water depth applied between February and September was 839,43 mm with an average of 3,46 mm.d-1 and the average soil matric potencial was -10 kPa in a 0 20 cm in depth. The two flushes rose yield was linearly reduced with the applied K levels. Stems quality showed no difference for majors evaluated parameters. The electric conductivity, NO3- and K+ soil solution levels linearly increased according to the levels of N and K. The N and P concentrations in the leaves were influenced by N levels. Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations in the leaves were influenced by K levels, showing antagonism between them. In micronutrients concentrations, boron showed an interaction, influenced by N and K levels and Fe2+ and Mn2+ influenced by N levels.

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Martinello, Polyana. "Obtenção de caulinta intercalada com acetato de potássio via processos mecanoquímicos e imersão em solução". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1122.

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Complexos de caulinita intercalada com acetato de potássio estão em destaque em diversos estudos devido a sua variada aplicação na indústria. A facilidade com que ocorre o processo de intercalação do acetato de potássio na matriz da caulinita corrobora na utilização do material em muitas outras reações e produtos. Duas metodologias de intercalação foram comparadas nesse trabalho, processos mecanoquímico e por imersão. Técnicas de caracterização como Difração de Raios X de pó (DRX), Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (IVTF), Espectroscopia Eletrônica por Reflectância Difusa em amostras sólidas (DRUV-Vis) foram utilizadas para a verificação do material preparado. Com o intuito de obter um material possível de ser usado como um fertilizante de liberação controlada de potássio foi realizado o estudo do comportamento térmico por meio de análises térmicas de DSC/TGA/DTG e a avaliação do material após ensaio de lixiviação. Além dos métodos de intercalação, porcentagens diferentes dos reagentes foram comparadas, levando a um resultado de melhor índice de retenção antes e depois da lixiviação juntamente com a estabilidade térmica do produto de intercalação, o material obtido na metodologia de intercalação do KAc foi de 20%, em imersão em solução.
Kaolinite complexes interspersed with potassium acetate are highlighted in several studies due to its wide application in industry. The ease with which occurs intercalation process of potassium acetate kaolinite matrix from the material supports the use of many other reactions and products. Merge two procedures were compared in this work, mechanochemical reaction and the wet. Characterization techniques as X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic on solid samples (DRUV-Vis) were used for the verification of the material prepared. In order to obtain a material can be used as a potassium fertilizer controlled release was carried out to study the thermal behavior by thermal analysis DSC / TGA / DTG and evaluation of the material after leaching test. In addition to interleaving different methods, percentages of reactants were compared, leading to a better result of the reaction rate before and after leaching along with the thermal stability of the material collating product obtained in KAc the intercalation retention at the best index was 20% by immersion in solution.

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Magro, Felipe Oliveira 1984. "Efeito do composto orgânico e adubação potássica em atributos do solo e da beterraba /". Botucatu : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103302.

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Orientador: Antonio Ismael Inácio Cardoso
Coorientador: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes
Banca: Luiz Antonio Augusto Gomes
Banca: Arthur Bernardes Cecilio Filho
Banca: Luis Felipe Villani Purquerio
Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta da beterraba à doses de composto orgânico e adubação potássica em cobertura, e o efeito destes em atributos do solo. Foi realizado um experimento na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel (FCA/UNESP), localizada em São Manuel-SP, com 10 tratamentos, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, e delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas cinco doses de composto orgânico (0; 20; 40; 60 e 80 t ha-1) na presença (60 kg ha-1 de K2O) e ausência da adubação potássica em cobertura. Para todos os tratamentos foi feita adubação com nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio no plantio, de acordo com a análise de solo. As características avaliadas foram: propriedades químicas do solo ao longo do ciclo, características vegetativas (altura; número de folhas; massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, raiz e da planta e área foliar) ao longo do ciclo, acúmulo e exportação de macronutrientes (nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio e enxofre) e produção (massa média, produtividade, diâmetro e comprimento das raízes). As doses de composto orgânico proporcionaram efeito positivo nas propriedades químicas do solo durante todas as épocas avaliadas. A ordem decrescente dos macronutrientes exportados pelas raízes de beterraba foi: potássio > nitrogênio > fósforo > magnésio > enxofre > cálcio. A ordem decrescente dos macronutrientes acumulados pela planta foi: potássio > nitrogênio > magnésio > cálcio > fósforo > enxofre. O período de maior demanda para a maioria dos macronutrientes foi dos 29 aos 43 dias após o transplante (DAT). Para produção, observou-se efeito quadrático para as doses de composto com máxima produtividade com 52 t ha-1. A adubação potássica em cobertura não proporcionou aumento na produção, indicando que a adubação potássica de plantio foi suficiente para suprir a demanda de potássio
Abstract: The aim of this work was to evaluate the response of beet in function organic compost levels and potassium fertilization, and their effects on soil properties. The experiment was conducted at São Manuel Experimental Farm (FCA/UNESP), in São Manuel- SP, with 10 treatments in factorial scheme 5x2, and randomized complete blocks design, with four replications. Five compost levels (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 t ha-1) were evaluated in the presence (60 kg ha-1 of K2O) and absence of potassium fertilization in coverage. For all treatments was done fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at planting, according to soil analysis. The characteristics evaluated were: soil chemical properties during the cycle, vegetative characteristics (height; number of leaves; fresh and dry weight of shoot, root and total plant; and leaf area) during the cycle, accumulation and exportation of macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur) and production (fresh weight, yield, root length and diameter). The organic compost levels provide positive effects on the soil chemical properties during all periods evaluated. The order of nutrients exported by the beet roots was: potassium > nitrogen > phosphorous > magnesium > sulfur > calcium. The order of nutrients accumulated in the beet plant was: potassium> nitrogen> magnesium > calcium > phosphorus > sulfur. The period with the biggest demand for most of macronutrients was from 29 to 43 days after transplantation (DAT). For production, it was observed quadratic effect for compost levels with the highest yield with 52 t ha-1. Potassium fertilization in coverage did not provide increase in production, indicating that potassium fertilization at planting was sufficient to support the demand of potassium for beets
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Engelbrecht, G. P. "Die invloed van bemesting en lowerbestuur op die kaliuminhoud en pH van Cabernet sap en wyn". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52781.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In an attempt to reduce the pH of juice and wine, different fertiliser applications and canopy management practices were evaluated in a field trial. Fertiliser treatments consisted of no, CaS04, Ca(OH)2, and MgS04 fertilisation. Canopy management was as follows: suckering (leaving only two shoots per bearer), tipping, vertical shoot positioning and removal of lateral shoots and yellow leaves in the bunch zone (Canopy 1); suckering (leaving three shoots per bearer), vertical shoot positioning as well as topping (Canopy 2); vertical shoot positioning and topping (Canopy 3). The field trial was conducted in the Paardeberg region on the farms Meerlus and Kersfontein. The vineyard at Meerlus was Cabernet franc/R99 with a high canopy density and a good root distribution, established on a sandy loam soil of granite origin, with a low subsoil pH and a high K content. The vineyard at Kersfontein was Cabemet Sauvignon/101-14 Mgt with a lower canopy density and a less extensive root distribution, also established on a sandy loam soil of granite origin, but with a low top- and subsoil pH and a higher K content. Fertilisation had no significant influence on the K content of juice and wine. Fertilisation with Ca and Mg reduced the pH of juice significantly in the case of Meerlus. In contrast, Mg fertilisation increased the pH of juice significantly at Kersfontein. Lastly, fertilisation had no significant effect on the pH of the wine. The K content of the juice at Meerlus was significantly reduced by Canopy 3 in comparison with Canopy 1 and 2. However, in contrast with Canopy 1 and 3, Canopy 2 significantly increased the pH of juice at Meerlus. The K content of the juice at Kersfontein was significantly reduced by Canopy 1, compared to Canopy 2 and 3, with no significant effect on the pH of the juice. Canopy management had no significant effect on wine pH. It appears to be possible to reduce the pH of juice in the case of Cabernet franc/99R, situated on granite soils, by means of Ca and Mg fertilisation. Because Ca(OH)2 and MgS04 fertilisation increased the maturity of Cabernet Sauvignon/101-14 Mgt grapes, it was impossible to evaluate the effect of fertilisation on the pH of juice at Kersfontein. The general phenomenon that a high canopy density results in a high pH of juice and wine, was not observed in this field trial. The possible reasons for this were the low canopy density of the control plots, as well as the difference in maturity between canopy management treatments.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In 'n poging om die pH van sap en wyn te verlaag, is die effek van verskillende bemesting- en lowerbestuursfaktore in 'n veldproef geêvalueer. Bemesting het bestaan uit geen, CaS04, Ca(OH)2 en MgS04 toediennings. Lowerbestuur was: suier tot twee lote per draer, tip, vertikale lootposisionering, verwydering van sylote en geel blare in trossone (Lower 1); suier tot drie lote per draer, top en vertikale lootposisionering (Lower 2); top en vertikale lootposisionering met geen suier nie (Lower 3). Die veldproef is op twee plase nl. Meerlus en Kersfontein, in die Paardeberg omgewing uitgevoer. Die wingerd by Meerlus was Cabernet franc/R99 met 'n hoë lowerdigtheid en goeie wortelverspreiding, wat op 'n sandleemgrond van graniet oorsprong met In lae ondergrond-pH en hoë K-inhoud gevestig is. Die wingerd by Kersfontein het bestaan uit Cabernet Sauvignon/101-14 Mgt met 'n laer lowerdigtheid en swakker wortelverspreiding, wat op In sandleemgrond van graniet oorsprong met In deurgaans lae grond-pH en baie hoë K-inhoud gevestig is. Bemesting het geen betekenisvolle invloed op die K-inhoud van sap en wyn gehad nie. By Meerlus het Ca- en Mg-bemesting egter die pH van sap betekenisvol verlaag. In teenstelling hiermee het Mg-bemesting die sap-ph by Kersfontein betekenisvol verhoog. Bemesting het verder geen betekenisvolle invloed op die pH van wyn gehad nie. Lower 3 het die K-inhoud van sap by Meerlus betekenisvol verlaag in vergelyking met Lower 1 en Lower 2. By Kersfontein was die K-inhoud van sap by Lower 1 betekenisvollaer as by Lower 2 en Lower 3. Teenoor Lower 1 en Lower 3 het Lower 2 'n betekenisvol hoër sap-pH by Meerlus tot gevolg gehad. Lowerbehandelings het egter geen betekenisvolle invloed op die pH van wyn gehad nie. Die moontlikheid bestaan dus om die sap-pH van Cabernet franc/R99 op granietgrond betekenisvol m.b.v. Ca- en Mg-bemesting te verlaag. Aangesien Ca(OH)2- en MgS04- bemesting die rypheidsgraad van Cabernet Sauvignon/101-14 Mgt se druiwe betekenisvol verhoog het, was dit onmoontlik om die effek van bemesting op sap-pH by Kersfontein te evalueer. Die algemene verskynsel dat 'n hoë lowerdigtheid tot hoë pH's in sap en wyn lei, is nie in die proef ondervind nie. Die lae lowerdigtheid van die kontrole persele en die verskil in rypheidsgraad tussen lowerbehandelings kan moontlik as rede hiervoor aangevoer word.

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Rivera, Rene Nene Chipana. "Modelagem da dinâmica da água e do potássio na irrigação por gotejamento superficial". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11143/tde-26042005-140149/.

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A técnica da aplicação da fertirrigação está ganhando aceitação, principalmente nos sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento, devido às vantagens que apresenta como a possibilidade de controlar a nutrição das plantas, como é o caso do potássio, que é um dos fertilizantes mais empregados. Porém, a descrição do transporte de água e solutos sob condições reais apresenta grande complexidade, além dos altos custos envolvidos nas pesquisas de campo. Portanto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um modelo matemático para simular o deslocamento simultâneo de água e potássio no solo aplicado sob fonte pontual. O estudo foi executado em três fases: desenvolvimento do modelo, validação experimental e análise de sensibilidade. A modelagem esteve baseada na solução numérica das equações que regem o movimento de água e o transporte de solutos no solo, aplicados a partir de fonte pontiforme, permitindo assim determinar a distribuição de água e dos solutos no solo em função tanto do espaço quanto do tempo. Estas equações foram resolvidas considerando um sistema de volumes de controle, caracterizado pelas dimensões radial e vertical, asumindo que o bulbo úmido está composto por uma série de anéis concêntricos. A validação do modelo foi conduzida no Laboratório de Física de Solo e em uma estufa plástica do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, da Universidade de São Paulo, em Piracicaba. A análise de sensibilidade foi feita com respeito às variações individuais da condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado, umidade inicial e saturada do solo, dispersividade, fator de retardamento e vazão do emissor. Foi obtido um bom ajuste entre os valores simulados pelo modelo e os observados, indicando que o movimento e distribuição de água e potássio aplicados via irrigação por gotejamento podem ser modelados matematicamente a partir da solução das equações de fluxo transiente mediante o uso do método dos volumes de controle. O resultado da análise de sensibilidade revelou que o modelo, com relação à distribuição de água, é bastante sensivel à umidade de saturação e inicial do solo. A respeito da distribuição de potássio, é bastante sensível a variações negativas da condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado, vazão do gotejador e fator de retardamento do solo, e pouco sensível às variações da dispersividade do solo.
The technique of fertigation application is winning acceptance, mainly in trickle irrigation, due to the advantages that it presents as the possibility of controlling the nutrition of the plants, as the case of the potassium, that is one of the most used fertilizers. However, the description of the transport of water and solute under real conditions presents great complexity, besides the high costs involved in the field researches. Therefore, the present work had as objective develop a mathematical model to simulate the simultaneous displacement of water and potassium applied in the soil under a punctual source. The study was executed in three phases: model development, experimental validation and sensibility analysis. The modeling was based on the numeric solution of the equations that govern the movement of water and the solute transport in the soil, applied from a punctual source, allowing to determine the distribution of water and of the solute in the soil in function of the space and time. These equations were resolved considering a system of control volumes, characterized by the radial and vertical dimensions, considering that the humid bulb is composed for a series of concentric rings. The validation of the model was driven at Soil Physics Laboratory and in a plastic greenhouse of the Department of Rural Engineering of the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz of Queiroz", of the São Paulo University, in Piracicaba - Brazil. The sensibility analysis was made with regard to the individual variations of the saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, initial and saturated soil humidity, dispersivity, retardation factor and emitter flow. It was obtained a good adjustment among the model simulated values and the observed ones, indicating that the movement and distribution of water and potassium applied in trickle irrigation can be modeled mathematically by the solution of the transient flow equations by using the control volumes method. The result of the sensibility analysis revealed that the model is quite sensitive to the soil saturation and initial humidity, regarding the distribution of water. Regarding the potassium distribution, it is quite sensitive to negative variations of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, emitter flow and retardation factor of the soil, and little sensitive to the variations of the soil dispersivity.

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Dupas, Elisângela. "Nitrogênio, potássio e boro: aspectos produtivos, morfológicos, nutricionais e frações fibrosas e proteicas do capim-tanzânia". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-16082012-085016/.

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A adubação equilibrada com nitrogênio, potássio e boro pode alterar a nutrição, produção e valor nutritivo das gramíneas forrageiras. Mediante as aplicações de combinações de doses de nitrogênio, potássio e boro objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos: a) nos aspectos morfológicos, na produção de massa seca e no estado nutricional da parte aérea; b) nas características morfológicas, produtivas e nutricionais das raízes e, c) nos componentes de parede celular e fracionamento de proteínas do capim-tanzânia. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação no período de janeiro a maio de 2010, utilizando quartzo moído como substrato. Cinco doses de nitrogênio (2, 10, 18, 26 e 34 mmol L-1) foram combinadas com cinco doses de potássio (0,2; 3,1; 6,0; 8,9 e 11,8 mmol L-1), que foram combinadas com cinco doses de boro (0; 45,45; 90,90; 136,35 e 181,80 mol L-1) em fatorial 53 fracionado, perfazendo 23 combinações de nitrogênio, potássio e boro, com quatro repetições. Realizaram-se três cortes das plantas de capim-tanzânia, nos seguintes períodos: 32 dias após o transplantio, 39 dias após o primeiro corte e 45 dias após o segundo corte. As doses de boro não interferiram nos aspectos produtivos e morfológicos da parte aérea e das raízes nem na composição de parede celular e frações proteicas. O boro somente influenciou a concentração de nitrogênio, potássio e boro da parte aérea. A interação doses de nitrogênio x doses de potássio foi significativa para as variáveis número de perfilhos, número de folhas, área foliar, valor SPAD e produção de massa seca da parte aérea. Com o pouco crescimento da planta ocorreu acumulação de nitrogênio, potássio e boro e diluição desses nutrientes nas folhas diagnósticas com a maior produção das plantas. A produção de massa seca das raízes, comprimento total e superfície total aumentaram com as combinações de doses de nitrogênio e potássio. As concentrações de nitrogênio, potássio e boro nas raízes foram influenciadas pela combinação das doses de nitrogênio com potássio. As concentrações de nitrato e amônio foram influenciadas positivamente pela combinação das doses de nitrogênio e potássio, tendo ocorrido maior concentração de amônio do que nitrato nas raízes. Com o aumento das doses de nitrogênio e potássio o comprimento específico e a superfície específica das raízes diminuíram. Os teores de FDN, FDA aumentaram e a relação FE+LM/CB diminuiu com as doses de potássio no segundo e terceiro cortes. O teor de PB no segundo corte aumentou com as doses de nitrogênio e diminuiu com as doses de potássio. As frações proteicas B1+B2 aumentaram e a fração B3 diminuiu no segundo e terceiro cortes com o aumento das doses de nitrogênio. A fração C para o terceiro corte diminuiu com as doses de nitrogênio. A combinação das doses de nitrogênio e potássio aumentou os teores da fração A para o terceiro corte. O suprimento de nitrogênio e potássio proporcionou aumento nos aspectos produtivos, morfológicos e nutricionais da parte aérea e das raízes, além de ter melhorado o valor nutritivo do capim-tanzânia.
The balanced fertilization with nitrogen, potassium and boron may change plant nutrition, yield and nutritive value of forage grass. Through the supply of combinations of nitrogen, potassium and boron it was aimed to evaluate the following effects on Tanzania guineagrass: a) plant morphology, dry matter production and nutritional status in the shoots; b) morphological, productive and nutritional aspects in the roots and c) cell wall components and protein fractions in the shoots. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse from January to May 2010, using ground quartz as substrate. Five rates of nitrogen (2, 10, 18, 26 and 34 mmol L-1) were combined with five rates of potassium (0.2, 3.1, 6.0, 8.9 and 11.8 mmol L-1) and five rates of boron (0, 45.45, 90.90, 136.35 and 181.8 mol L-1) in 53 fractionated factorial design, which had 23 combinations of nitrogen, potassium and boron, with four replications. Three harvests of Tanzania guineagrass were made: 32 days after transplanting, 39 days after the first harvest and 45 days after the second harvest. Boron rates did not interfere with production and morphological aspects of shoots and roots and in cell wall composition and protein fractions. Boron only influenced the concentration of nitrogen, potassium and boron in the shoots. The interaction nitrogen rates x potassium rates was significant for the number of tillers, number of leaves, leaf area, SPAD value and shoots dry matter production. When plants had short growth, nitrogen, potassium and boron accumulated in plant tissues and those nutrients were diluted in plants with great growth. The dry mass of roots, total root length, total root area increased with the combination of nitrogen and potassium rates. The concentration of nitrogen, potassium and boron were influenced by the combinations of nitrogen and potassium rates. The concentrations of nitrate and ammonium were positively influenced by the combinations of nitrogen and potassium rates, and higher concentrations of ammonium than nitrate were found in root tissues. Root specific length and specific surface area decreased as rates of nitrogen and potassium increased. The NDF and ADF increased and EF+MB/SS ratio decreased with the potassium rates in the second and third harvests. The CP content of the second harvest increased with the nitrogen and decreased with potassium rates. Fractions B1+B2 increased and fraction B3 decreased for the second and third harvests with increasing nitrogen rates. The fraction C for the third harvest decreased with nitrogen rates. The combination of nitrogen and potassium increased the content of fraction A in the third harvest. Nitrogen and potassium supply provided to increase the productive changes, morphological and nutritional aspects in shoots and roots well as it improved the nutritive value of Tanzania guineagrass.

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Silva, Everaldo Moreira da. "Cultivo de roseiras em ambiente protegido sob níveis de salinidade do solo e relações nitrogênio:potássio". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-19062013-110529/.

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A produção de rosas em ambiente protegido sob fertirrigação é uma técnica bastante utilizada pelos floricultores. Em ambiente protegido o manejo nutricional é realizado de forma mais intensa que nas condições de campo, priorizando-se a adubação via fertirrigação. Na fertirrigação a relação nitrogênio:potássio é um fator relevante nos parâmetros de produtividade e qualidade das flores de rosas. Neste sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da salinidade causada por excesso de aplicação de fertilizantes via fertirrigação associadas a diferentes relações nitrogênio:potássio (N:K) sobre os parâmetros biométricos e produtivos da roseira cultivada em ambiente protegido. O monitoramento da condutividade elétrica (CE) e das concentrações de nitrato e potássio na solução do solo, ao longo do ciclo da cultura, foram realizadas com o uso da TRD. Ao final do ciclo avaliou-se a extração de macronutrientes no tecido vegetal das hastes, folhas e botões florais. O experimento foi conduzido no período de 03 de março a 03 de novembro de 2012 na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\", em Piracicaba, SP. Com 22º 42\' de latitude sul e 47º 38\' de longitude oeste e uma altitude de 540 m. Foi adotado o delineamento em blocos casualizados completos, arranjados em esquema fatorial (5 x 3 + 1), com quatro repetições, totalizando 64 parcelas, sendo a unidade experimental representada por uma parcela com dimensões de 0,40 m de largura por 0,50 m de profundidade e 2,0 m de comprimento. Os tratamentos foram formados pela combinação de cinco níveis iniciais de condutividade elétrica (CEes: 1,2; 2,3; 3,3; 4,3 e 5,5 dS m-1), a serem mantidos constantes ao longo do ciclo da roseira e três relações nitrogênio:potássio (N:K) (2:1; 1:2 e 1:3) e uma testemunha com relação N:K (1:1). A irrigação foi realizada por gotejamento, utilizando um fator de depleção de água no solo de 0,3 para o manejo da irrigação. A umidade do solo foi monitorada com o uso de sondas TRD e de tensiômetros providos de transdutores de pressão. Os níveis de salinidade do solo provenientes do acúmulo de sais fertilizantes afetaram diretamente as variáveis: número e comprimento de hastes, matéria fresca e seca das hastes e botões florais. Diante dos resultados obtidos, observou-se que, as variáveis diâmetro de botão e índice de área foliar não sofreram influência em relação aos tratamentos impostos. Isoladamente as relações N:K não influenciaram nenhum parâmetro avaliado. As concentrações de N, K, P, Ca e Mg nos tecidos vegetais aos 245 dias após o transplantio (DAT), foram afetadas pelos tratamentos impostos. As maiores concentrações foram observadas nas folhas, sendo o nitrogênio o elemento de maior concentração, seguido pelo potássio. Com o uso da sonda TDR no manejo da fertirrigação foi possível manter os níveis desejados de salinidade da solução do solo ao longo do tempo, bem como as concentrações de nitrato (NO3-) e potássio (K+). A salinidade limiar do solo para a cultura da roseira foi de 2,52 dS m-1.
The fertigation is a technique often used in the greenhouse rose crop by flower famers. Under greenhouse conditions the nutritional management is often more intense than under field conditions, as a result, the application of fertilizers is applied by fertigation. In the fertigation, nitrogen and potassium fertilization ratios are important parameters which determine yield and quality of the rose flowers. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of soil salinity, due to the excessive fertilizers application by fertigation, associated with different nitrogen-potassium ratios (N:K) on biometric and productive parameters of the greenhouse rose crop. The electrical conductivity (EC), nitrogen and potassium levels in the soil solution were measured by TDR sensors during crop cycle. At the end of the crop cycle, macronutrients extractions in the stems, flower buds and flowers were measured. The experiment was carried out from 03/03/2012 to 11/03/2012 in the experimental field area of Department of Biosystems Engineering at \"Luiz de Queiroz\" College of Agriculture, in Piracicaba, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The place are located in the latitude 22º 42\' south and longitude 47º 38\' west with 540 m of the altitude. The statistical design was a randomized complete block, organized in a factorial scheme (5 x 3 + 1), with four repetitions and 64 parcel in total. Each experimental unit was represented for each parcel with dimensions 0.40 m of width, 0.50 m of depth and 2 m of length. Treatments were a combination of five initial EC levels (EC: 1.2; 2.3; 3.3; 4.3 and 5.5 dS m-1) which were maintained constant during de rose crop and three nitrogen-potassium fertilization ratios (N:K - 2:1; 1:2 e 1:3), and one witness with N:K ratio of 1:1. The irrigation was realized by drip system and it was utilized a soil-water depletion factor of 0.3 to irrigation management. The soil moisture was measured by TDR sensors and tensiometer with pressure transducers. Soil salinity levels due to the fertilizers accumulation affected directly the variables: stem number, stem length; dry and fresh matter of the stems and flower buds. Flower bud diameter and leaf area index were not affected by the imposed treatments. Nitrogen-potassium ratios did not affect any evaluated parameter. N, K, P, Ca and Mg concentration in the tissues at 245 days after planting (DAT) were affected by imposed treatment. Biggest concentration were found in the leaves which nitrogen showed the highest concentration followed by potassium. TDR sensors allowed maintaining the salinity levels in the soil solution at the desired levels during crop cycle, and also the nitrogen (NO3-) and potassium concentrations (K+). Threshold salinity of soil for the culture of the rose was (2.52 dS m-1).

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Stewart, Anna Elizabeth. "Full-Season and Double-Crop Soybean Response to Potassium Fertilizer". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56473.

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Demand for potassium (K) increases with increasing soybean yield. Little research has been conducted on soybean response to K on coastal plain and piedmont soils of Virginia, especially in double-crop systems. Nineteen full-season and 14 double-crop soybean experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 in Virginia and northeastern North Carolina to determine full-season and double-crop soybean (with wheat straw remaining or removed) response to soil test K and K fertilizer application rates. Field moist, air dried, and oven dry soil test K extraction techniques were also compared to predict responsiveness of sites to K applications. Potassium fertilizer increased yield in five of 19 full-season experiments and one of 14 double-crop experiments. Full-season soybean yield plateaued at 88% relative yield and soil test K value of 38.8 mg K kg-1. Full-season plant K critical concentrations were 18.2 g K kg-1 for V5 and 24.6 g K kg-1 for R2. Although critical concentrations could not be determined for double-crop soybean, V5 and R2 concentrations ranged from 17.6 to 35.6 g K kg-1 or 13.2 to 28.1 K kg-1, respectively, most of which were within or above accepted sufficiency levels. Eight of 13 sites resulted in greater soil K concentrations when alternative soil drying methods were compared to air-dry methods. However, differences were not consistent and no single method was superior for these soils. More data is needed for double-crop soybean systems due to lack of response and lack of low soil test K sites in these experiments.
Master of Science

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Rakkar, Manbir Kaur. "Evaluation of Soil Potassium Test to Improve Fertilizer Recommendations for Corn". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27767.

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A study was conducted at thirteen locations in North Dakota and Minnesota in 2013 and 2014 with the objectives of determining difference between the soil potassium (K) results based upon air-dried (KDry) and field-moist (KMoist) soil samples during the corn growing season and to evaluate corn response to applied K-fertilizer. Overall, KDry tests showed higher K levels in the soil test results compared to KMoist but the pattern of deviation was dependent upon various soil properties such as initial soil K level. Temporal variation of soil K levels indicated a need to consider time of soil sampling while making fertilizer recommendations. Potassium application significantly increased corn yields at only five out of 11 sites with soil K levels below critical K soil test levels (<150 ppm). Therefore, development of an improved soil testing strategy is required to improve the predictability of corn response to applied K fertilizer in this region.
North Dakota Corn Council

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Rethwisch, Michael D., Mark Reay, Aron Quist, Tim Cox, Jessica Grudovich i Jessica Wellman. "Comparison of Potassium Fertilizer Products and Amounts on DPL555BR Cotton, 2003". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/198132.

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Silvertooth, J. C., S. H. Husman, J. E. Malcuit i T. A. Doerge. "Upland Cotton Resposne to Soil and Foliar Applies Potassium Fertilizer, 1991". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208656.

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A single field experiment was conducted near Gila Bend, Arizona in 1991 to evaluate the effects of both soil and foliar applied potassium (K) fertilizersto Upland (Gossvpium hirsutum L.) cotton to a soil testing 315 ppm K (high). Soil applied K fertilizer at rates of 0, 75,150, and 225 lbs. K₂O/acre as K₂SO₄ were broadcast and preplant incorporated before listing. Foliar applications were made in all combinations with the various soil applied K treatments and consisted of four applications of 4.6 lbs. K₂O /acre as KNO₃ (10 lbs. KNO₃ /acre) over the first fruiting cycle, by a ground applicator with approximately 25 gallons per acre as carrier. No differences among treatments were detected by any plant growth measurement taken, plant tissue analyses, lint yield or lint quality determinations which were made over this experiment. Conclusions (preliminary) based upon these results indicate that K fertilization was not warranted under the conditions characterized in this single field experiment.

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Antunes, Cristiane Leite [UNESP]. "Fontes e modos de aplicação de potássio na alface americana (Lactuca sativa cv. Lucy Brown) em ambiente protegido". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103431.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-01-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:44:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 antunes_cl_dr_botfca.pdf: 881103 bytes, checksum: d508dc8eea99e16ddfec3bb7c2d431c8 (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Foi conduzido um experimento no Departamento de Engenharia Rural FCA/UNESP, Campus de Botucatu - SP, o qual teve por objetivo avaliar fontes de potássio em cobertura, aplicadas via água de irrigação (fertirrigação) e no manejo convencional (adubo sólido sobre a terra), na alface americana (Lactuca sativa L) cv. 'Lucy Brown', sob ambiente protegido. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com fatorial 3 x 2, e 5 repetições, em vasos nos quais foram transplantadas as mudas, que receberam os seguintes tratamentos: SK1- sulfato de potássio em fertirrigação, SK2- sulfato de potássio convencional, CK3- cloreto de potássio em fertirrigação, CK4- cloreto de potássio convencional, NK5- nitrato de potássio em fertirrigação, NK6- nitrato de potássio convencional, utilizando-se a dose calculada para elevar o teor de K no solo para 3 mmol de K.dm-3. Os tratamentos receberam dosagem fixa de 180kg.ha-1 de N, na forma de nitrato de cálcio, que foi dividida em 8 aplicações de cobertura, enquanto o parcelamento da adubação potássica se realizou em 16 aplicações para os tratamentos SK1; CK3 e NK5 e em 4 aplicações de cobertura (0, 15, 30, 45 dias, após o transplante) para os tratamentos SK2; CK4 e NK6. O sistema de irrigação utilizado foi por gotejamento e o manejo foi realizado em função da reposição de 75% da evapotranspiração do tanque Classe A. Não houve diferença significativa entre as fontes de fertilizante potássico utilizadas para os parâmetros relativos à produção, apenas para a qualificação da compacidade da cabeça, tendo o nitrato de potássio apresentado tendência de superioridade das médias. Houve diferença significativa para o manejo da adubação empregado com superioridade da fertirrigação para todos os parâmetros avaliados, tendo o cloreto de potássio apresentado diferença significativa para...
An experiment was carried in the Department of Rural Engineering FCA/UNESP, Campus of Botucatu - SP, which had for objective to evaluate potassium sources in covering, applied through drip fertigation and in the conventional method (sidedress each 15 days), in the crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) cv. ' Lucy Brown , under protected atmosphere. The experimental drawing was complete randomized in a factorial scheme 3 x 2 and 5 repetitions, in vases us which the mute persons were transplanted, that received the following treatments: SK1 - potassium sulfate in fertirrigação, SK2 - sulfate of conventional potassium, CK3 - potassium chloride in fertirrigação, CK4 - chloride of conventional potassium, NK5 - potassium nitrate in fertirrigação, NK6 - nitrate of conventional potassium, the dose calculated to elevate the text of K in the soil for 3 mmol of K.dm-3 being used. The treatments received fixed doses of 180 kg.ha-1 of N, in the form of nitrate of calcium, that was divided in 8 covering applications, while the parceling of the adubation potassium took place in 16 applications for the treatments SK1; CK3 and NK5 and in 4 covering applications (0, 15, 30 and 45 days after the transplant) for the treatments SK2; CK4 and NK6. The used irrigation system was for leak and the handling was accomplished in function of the replacement of 75% of tank class A of the evapotranspiration. There was not significant difference among the sources of fertilizer potassium used for the relative parameters to the production, just for the qualification of the compactness of the head , tends the nitrate of potassium presented tendency of superiority of the averages. There was significant difference for the adubation employee's handling with superiority of the fertigation for all the appraised parameters, tends the chloride of potassium presented significant difference inside...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Antunes, Cristiane Leite 1973. "Fontes e modos de aplicação de potássio na alface americana (Lactuca sativa cv. Lucy Brown) em ambiente protegido /". Botucatu : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103431.

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Orientador: Antonio de Pádua Sousa
Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas
Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes
Banca: Tarlei Arriel Botrel
Banca: Sebastião Ferreira de Lima
Resumo: Foi conduzido um experimento no Departamento de Engenharia Rural FCA/UNESP, Campus de Botucatu - SP, o qual teve por objetivo avaliar fontes de potássio em cobertura, aplicadas via água de irrigação (fertirrigação) e no manejo convencional (adubo sólido sobre a terra), na alface americana (Lactuca sativa L) cv. 'Lucy Brown', sob ambiente protegido. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com fatorial 3 x 2, e 5 repetições, em vasos nos quais foram transplantadas as mudas, que receberam os seguintes tratamentos: SK1- sulfato de potássio em fertirrigação, SK2- sulfato de potássio convencional, CK3- cloreto de potássio em fertirrigação, CK4- cloreto de potássio convencional, NK5- nitrato de potássio em fertirrigação, NK6- nitrato de potássio convencional, utilizando-se a dose calculada para elevar o teor de K no solo para 3 mmol de K.dm-3. Os tratamentos receberam dosagem fixa de 180kg.ha-1 de N, na forma de nitrato de cálcio, que foi dividida em 8 aplicações de cobertura, enquanto o parcelamento da adubação potássica se realizou em 16 aplicações para os tratamentos SK1; CK3 e NK5 e em 4 aplicações de cobertura (0, 15, 30, 45 dias, após o transplante) para os tratamentos SK2; CK4 e NK6. O sistema de irrigação utilizado foi por gotejamento e o manejo foi realizado em função da reposição de 75% da evapotranspiração do tanque Classe A. Não houve diferença significativa entre as fontes de fertilizante potássico utilizadas para os parâmetros relativos à produção, apenas para a qualificação da compacidade da "cabeça", tendo o nitrato de potássio apresentado tendência de superioridade das médias. Houve diferença significativa para o manejo da adubação empregado com superioridade da fertirrigação para todos os parâmetros avaliados, tendo o cloreto de potássio apresentado diferença significativa para...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: An experiment was carried in the Department of Rural Engineering FCA/UNESP, Campus of Botucatu - SP, which had for objective to evaluate potassium sources in covering, applied through drip fertigation and in the conventional method (sidedress each 15 days), in the crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) cv. ' Lucy Brown ", under protected atmosphere. The experimental drawing was complete randomized in a factorial scheme 3 x 2 and 5 repetitions, in vases us which the mute persons were transplanted, that received the following treatments: SK1 - potassium sulfate in fertirrigação, SK2 - sulfate of conventional potassium, CK3 - potassium chloride in fertirrigação, CK4 - chloride of conventional potassium, NK5 - potassium nitrate in fertirrigação, NK6 - nitrate of conventional potassium, the dose calculated to elevate the text of K in the soil for 3 mmol of K.dm-3 being used. The treatments received fixed doses of 180 kg.ha-1 of N, in the form of nitrate of calcium, that was divided in 8 covering applications, while the parceling of the adubation potassium took place in 16 applications for the treatments SK1; CK3 and NK5 and in 4 covering applications (0, 15, 30 and 45 days after the transplant) for the treatments SK2; CK4 and NK6. The used irrigation system was for leak and the handling was accomplished in function of the replacement of 75% of tank class A of the evapotranspiration. There was not significant difference among the sources of fertilizer potassium used for the relative parameters to the production, just for the qualification of the compactness of the " head ", tends the nitrate of potassium presented tendency of superiority of the averages. There was significant difference for the adubation employee's handling with superiority of the fertigation for all the appraised parameters, tends the chloride of potassium presented significant difference inside...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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Clover, Matthew William. "Soil and fertilizer potassium impacts on corn and soybean grain yield, potassium uptake, and within-field grain yield variation". [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.

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Geddes, Whitney Ann. "Effects of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizer on Willamette Spider Mite (Eotetranychus willamettei) (Acari: Tetranychidae)". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2010. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/321.

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The spider mite family (Tetranychidae) is a well known pest group in agriculture. Within this family, Willamette spider mite (Eotetranychus willamettei) causes physical harm and potential damage to grapevines (Vitis vinifera) along the central and north coast of California as well as Washington and Oregon. Willamette spider mite prefers cooler climates and feeds by puncturing the plant leaf tissue; therefore removing plant nutrients in the early stages of plant growth. Amending soils with fertilizer is a common cultural practice used in commercial vineyards, but no study has documented the interaction between the effects fertilizer concentrations have on Willamette spider mite. This project consisted of a field study (at Cambria Vineyards & Winery, Santa Maria, CA) and a laboratory study (at a California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo campus greenhouse). The field study tested the effects potassium, nitrogen, and control (unfertilized) treatments had on Willamette spider mite on ‘Chardonnay’ grapes. Field results showed no significant difference among the three treatments, but suggest a response, given that mite density peaked highest in the potassium treatment and had a second high peak in the nitrogen treatment. In addition, egg density peaked highest in the potassium treatment. The lab study tested the effect four different nitrogen treatments had on Willamette spider mites. Treatments ranged from High N (1500 ppm N fertilizer), Med-High N (1500 ppm N fertilizer), Med–Low N (500 ppm N fertilizer), and Low N (0-50 ppm N fertilizer). Four parameters were tested: male and female days to maturation, male and female survivorship to adult, adult female longevity and oviposition. Longevity and oviposition lab results indicate that Willamette spider mite has a non-linear response to grape N concentration. Performance was better within the two medium treatments compared to High N and Low N treatments. Survivorship suggests the same as days to maturation although not statistically significant.

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Galadima, Abraham 1956. "Potassium release kinetics and the effect of potassium fertilizer application on cotton growth, development, and yield in several Sonoran dessert soils of Arizona". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282870.

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In an effort to determine the agronomic necessity of K fertilization of cotton (Gossypium spp.) in Arizona, a five-year study was initiated in 1991, with a single field study near Gila Bend. Subsequent sites selected ranged from western (Yuma) to eastern (Safford) Arizona which totaled 11 site-years. Both Upland (G. hirsutum L.) and Pima (G. barbadense L.) cottons were cultivated, using soil and foliar applications of K. In 1992, study sites included the Safford Ag. Center (SAC), Maricopa Ag. Center (MAC), and a fanner cooperator site at Coolidge. In 1993, the experiment stations (SAC and MAC) were continued and Yuma Valley was added. The 1994 sites included only the experiment stations (SAC and MAC). In 1995, SAC and MAC were again maintained and a third location, a fanner cooperator site at Buckeye was added. Results from the study (12 site-years) indicated no lint yield increases due to K fertilization in all locations with either Upland or Pima cotton However, in 1995 at Buckeye, the result revealed a significant yield reduction due to the K foliar treatments. There were, however, no significant differences among the soil-only or the soil- plus-foliar treated plots at this location. Potassium (K) release kinetics of clay samples from 10 agricultural representative soils of Arizona was determined by successive extraction using a Ca-saturated cation resin. A preseason physical and chemical characterization of the soils showed all soils contain smectite-mica minerals. Four mathematical models (power function, Elovich, parabolic diffusion and first-order) were used to describe the nonexchangeable K release reaction involving 700-hour cumulative extraction time. Comparison of the models using the coefficient of determination (r²) and the standard error of the estimate (SE) indicated that the Elovich and the power function equations overall displayed the best fit. The first-order, and for the most part, the parabolic diffusion equation did not describe the K release very well. The constants a (initial rate) and b (release rate) for the Elovich and the power function equations, are at least in the order of magnitude as those found by others in several previous studies.

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Galic, Dragan M. "Fertilizer placement, tillage system and hybrid effects on corn response to potassium after long-term no-till". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0028/MQ51067.pdf.

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Карпович, Е. В., Э. А. Карпович i А. В. Силич. "Получение фосфорно-калийного удобрения при использовании принципов производства суперфосфата камерным методом". Thesis, Издательство СумГУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13194.

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В данном сообщении освещается технология получения сложного фосфорно-калийного удобрения путем разложения фосфорита специально подготовленной смесью серной кислоты и хлорида калия. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13194

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Lago, Bruno Cocco. "Época da aplicação de potássio no sistema de produção soja - milho segunda safra". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-08102018-173412/.

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A antecipação de potássio (K) do milho segunda safra na cultura da soja é um sistema de adubação que pode apresentar aproveitamento do K-fertilizante pela sucessão soja - milho similar ao parcelamento de potássio para cada cultura, sem alterar o desempenho da sucessão soja - milho em região de Cerrado. A viabilidade da antecipação do K de base e cobertura do milho na cultura da soja se dá pela aplicação a lanço, que reduz o tempo de reabastecimento da semeadora durante o plantio. Isto permite rápida semeadura do milho para garantir seu desenvolvimento em época de precipitação pluviométrica adequada. O objetivo desta tese foi avaliar o desempenho da sucessão soja - milho, assim como o aproveitamento de K-fertilizante (acúmulo e recuperação), em razão da aplicação de doses de potássio feitas a lanço em dois sistemas de adubação (antecipação e parcelamento). Os estudos de campo foram feitos nas safras 2014/15 e 2015/16 no estado do Tocantins. Os tratamentos foram as doses 0, 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1 de K2O com aplicação parcelada (40% - soja e 60% - milho) e antecipada, uma única vez na soja. As avaliações foram acúmulo de biomassa, potássio e magnésio (Mg) na parte aérea das plantas, a concentração K e Mg na folha diagnóstica, e a produtividade de soja e milho. Foram quantificados também, o acúmulo e a recuperação de potássio proveniente do fertilizante por meio de rubídio como traçador de potássio. Os resultados mostraram que antecipação de potássio não alterou a produtividade de grãos das culturas de soja e milho. No entanto, as doses de potássio mostraram efeito positivo na nutrição de K e negativo na de Mg, independente do sistema de adubação. O aproveitamento de K-fertilizante pela sucessão soja-milho foi similiar e até superior (22%) para a antecipação de potássio. Portanto, justifica-se ao produtor fazer a aplicação de potássio uma única vez, por ganhar agilidade durante a semeadura do milho.
Early application is a practice that brings potassium (K) fertilizer from corn to soybean in the soybean - corn succession. Recovery of K-fertilizer by these crops might be similar between early (to soybean) and split (soybean and corn) application, without change crops performance at Cerrado\'s region. Broadcast application allow these practices because planter stops is reduced: avoiding recharges of fertilizer during corn sowing and ensure a good plant development until the end of rainy season. So, the aim of this dissertation was assess crop`s performance, and uptake and recovery of K from fertilizer in the soybean - corn affected by potassim application at two practices (split application and early). Field study was conducted in the rainy season 2014/15 and 2015/16 at Tocantins State, Brazil. Treatments are rates 0, 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1of K2O with two practices: spplit application (40% - soja e 60% - milho) and early application (once in soybean). Evaluations were aboveground biomass, potassium and magnesium (Mg) accumulation, and leaf K and Mg content, and yield of soybean and corn. Potassium uptake and recovery from fertilizer was meseuared by rubidium as a tracr of potassium. Results showed that early application did not change grain yield for soybean and corn. However, regardless practice, the rate of potassium showed positive effect on K plant nutrition, whilst negative effect was observed on Mg. Overall, K recovery from fertilizer by soybean - corn succession was similar and higher (22%) for early application. Therefore, farmers can do early application for improve corn sowing.

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Flores, Camila Gomes. "Síntese de zeólitas potássicas a partir de cinza de carvão e aplicação no cultivo de trigo". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/150582.

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A combustão do carvão para a produção de energia elétrica tem como consequência a geração de cinzas, que é um dos maiores resíduos gerados no Brasil, em termos de volume (4.109 dm³/ano). Visando a minimização do impacto ambiental causado pelo mau descarte das cinzas, este trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar e caracterizar zeólitas obtidas a partir de cinza de carvão e aplicar na agricultura como fertilizante potássico. Para isso a cinza utilizada foi obtida no combustor piloto de leito fluidizado operando com carvão da Mina do Leão/RS e empregada para sintetizar material zeolítico a partir do tratamento hidrotérmico alcalino. Foram realizados ensaios experimentais utilizando razão solução/cinzas constante em 6 L mg-1, variando a concentração de hidróxido de potássio (KOH) entre 3 e 5 M, a temperatura entre 100 e 150 ºC e o tempo de reação entre 24 e 72 h. O material sintetizado e a cinza foram caracterizados quanto a sua composição química, mineralógica, morfologia, área superficial específica e capacidade de troca catiônica. Através da caracterização foi observada a formação de duas fases zeolíticas, a chabazita-K e a merlinoíta. A partir da caracterização do material, foi escolhido um dos produtos zeolíticos obtidos para aplicação em solo, como fertilizante de potássio para o cultivo de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.). A condição experimental escolhida foi de 5 M a concentração da solução de KOH, temperatura de 150 ºC e tempo de reação de 24 h. Nesta condição obteve-se apenas uma fase zeolítica identificada, a zeólita merlinoíta, com uma área superficial de 23,37 m² g e uma capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC) de 2,62 meq g 1. Para fins de comparação foi utilizado o fertilizante comercial, cloreto de potássio (KCl), que contém em torno de 60 % de K2O. Foram realizados 35 ensaios experimentais em casa de vegetação da EMBRAPA, utilizando 7 tratamentos (3 doses diferentes de KCl e zeólita 50, 100 e 150 % da dose máxima recomendada e o solo não tratado (testemunha)) em 5 blocos aleatórios. Os experimentos na casa de vegetação foram concluídos com 59 dias de cultivo de trigo e submetidos às análises como determinação da produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes das plantas e análise química do solo e tecido foliar. Verificou-se que a zeólita merlinoíta obtida a partir da cinza de carvão pode ser utilizada como fertilizante, pois teve um desempenho similar ao KCl no crescimento do trigo, não inibindo seu crescimento. Utilizando o tratamento com zeólita 100 % a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea foi de 1,07 ± 0,09 g e raízes 1,6 ± 0,23 g e na análise do tecido foliar teve uma absorção de 3,39 ± 0,31.
Coal combustion for electricity production results in the generation of ash, which is one of the main waste generated in Brazil in terms of volume. Intending the minimization of the environmental impact caused by poor disposal of ashes, this study aimed to synthesize and characterize zeolites obtained from coal ash and apply in agriculture as potassium fertilizer. For this purpose, coal fly ash was obtained from a fluidized bed pilot combustor operating with coal from Mina do Leão/RS and used to synthesize zeolitic material through the alkaline hydrothermal treatment. Experimental tests were performed using the ratio volume of solution/mass of coal fly ash constant at 6 mL mg -1, varying the concentration of potassium hydroxide (KOH) between 3 and 5 M, temperature between 100 and 150 °C and reaction time between 24 and 72 h. The synthesized and coal fly ash material was characterized by their chemical composition, mineralogy, morphology, specific surface area and cation exchange capacity. With the characterization, it was observed the formation of two phases zeolite K-chabazite and merlinoite. By the characterization of the material, it was chosen one of the zeolitic products obtained for application to soil as a potassium fertilizer for the cultivation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The chosen experimental condition was 5 M KOH solution, temperature of 150 °C and 24 h time of reaction. At this condition, only one zeolitic phase was identified, zeolite merlinoite, with a surface area of 23.37 m² g a cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 2.62 meq g-1. For purposes of comparison, the tests in the soil were performed using also a commercial fertilizer, potassium chloride (KCl), containing about 60 % of K2O. A total of 35 experimental trials were carried out in a greenhouse at EMBRAPA, using 7 treatments in 5 random blocks: 50, 100 and 150 % of the maximum recommended dose for KCl and for zeolite and untreated soil (witness). The experiments in the greenhouse were concluded with 59 days of wheat cultivation. The plants were submitted to analysis for dry matter in aerial parts and roots determination. Likewise, soil and foliar tissue were submitted to chemical analysis. It was found that the zeolite Merlinoite obtained from the coal fly ash can be used as a fertilizer because it had a similar performance to KCl in the wheat growth. The treatment with 100% zeolite presented a dry matter production of 1.07 ± 0.09 g for aerial parts and 1.6 ± 0.23 g for roots. Also, the leaf tissue analysis showed a potassium absorption of 3.39 ± 0.31 % m/m in this treatment.

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Ervin, Clara Ray. "Poultry Litter Ash as an Alternative Fertilizer Source for Corn". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103199.

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Poultry litter ash (PLA) is a co-product from manure-to-energy systems that originated in response to increased poultry litter (PL) volumes generated in concentrated poultry production regions. Investigating PLA as a crop fertilizer is an alternative solution to balancing poultry and crop regional nutrient cycling in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As the expanding world population places pressure on the poultry industry to meet consumption demands, increased PL production presents an obstacle to identify alternative uses for increased volumes. Currently, Virginia produces 44 million broilers with PL produced predominately in the Shenandoah Valley and Eastern Shore. Likewise, a growing world population places pressure on crop production areas and subsequently finite natural resources used for crop fertilization. Poultry litter ash is an alternative phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) source enhancing transportation logistics, repurposing PL nutrients, and offers dual purpose as a fertilizer and an energy source when compared to PL. Three PLA products [(fluidized bed bulk (FB Bulk), fluidized bed fly (FB Fly), and combustion Mix (CMix)], two manufactured co-products [(granulated poultry litter ash (GPLA), and ash coated urea (ACU)] were evaluated as P, K, and N sources for corn (Zea Mays L.) production in comparison to industry fertilizers [(PL, triple superphosphate (TSP), muriate of potash (KCL), and urea). A comprehensive examination of elemental composition, P speciation, P and K solubility, improved functionality into granulized forms, and field testing were conducted to discern PLA potential as an alternative fertilizer source. Poultry litter ash products were evaluated by total elemental analysis, backscatter-electron dispersive (BSED) microscopy, and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Poultry litter ash elemental concentrations were highly variable ranging from 50.6 to 102.0 g P kg -1 and 62.6 to 120.0 g K kg -1 and were comparatively higher than PL concentrations. Phosphorus structures that provided and controlled P solubility were Ca and Ca-Mg-phosphate compounds. Spectroscopy confirmed Ca structures as predominately monetite (dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; CaHPO4; log K ̊ 0.30) and brushite (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate; CaHPO4.2H20; 0.63 log K ̊ ) species that were supported by BSED and elemental stoichiometric ratios (Ca:P; 1.12 to 1.71:1). Additionally, GPLA acidified from FB Fly had higher brushite and monetite percentages described by spectra models, translating into a more soluble Ca-phosphate species when compared to FB Fly original P species. Granulated poultry litter acidulation trials successfully identified a desired granulation point of 29% (14.5 g acid to 50 g PLA) phosphoric acid (75% H3PO4) acidulation. Acidulation dose response relationships created simple linear regression (SLR) equations that sufficiently (R2 > 0.80) described changes in total measurable P and water soluble P, pH, and exothermic reaction temperatures to increasing H3PO4 acidulation. Solubility tests included: sequential extraction, particle size effect on solubility, carbon effect on water soluble P, and Mehlich-1 extraction of PLA sources that confirmed decreased P solubility. A majority PLA P was found in bound plant unavailable fractions (87.7 to 97.7% P of total P). Granulated poultry litter ash had improved P plant available P of 36.0% P of total P. Carbon (C) effects on PLA P were examined by ashing PLA samples in a muffle furnace at 550 ̊C. Differences in total carbon content negatively impacted FB Bulk and CMix total P (1.30 and 4.56 g P kg -1); however, muffle furnace temperatures increased FB Fly total P by 6.74 g P kg -1. All fertilizer products were investigated under field conditions in separate P, K and N corn studies across Virginia coastal plain soils to determine fertilizer effects on corn plant parameters [(most mature leaf (V6), corn ear leaf (R1), and grain (R6)]. Poultry litter P treatments, averaged over rate, recorded highest yield in both years. At eight of nine field sites, FB Bulk resulted in numerically or significantly higher Mehlich-1 concentrations than other P sources post-harvest. Although Mehlich-1 P increased, yield and plant parameters did not; which leads to the conclusion that PLA sources increased soil residual P that did not translate into immediate plant availability recorded within a growing season. Across plant efficacy parameters examined, PLA K is a comparable nutrient source and improved plant parameters when compared to control. Eighteen out of twenty-one plant parameters examined found similar ACU and urea effects on N concentrations. Therefore, ACU is a comparable N source to urea. When compared to industry fertilizer sources, we concluded that PLA is a slowly available P source, decreased P availability negatively affected early plant growth, K is a comparable nutrient source and improved plant parameters compared to control, and ACU effectively provided N to maintain sufficient corn growth. In conclusion, PLA co-products serve as a densified nutrient source that may provide plant available nutrients if processed to aid in nutrient distribution to grain producing areas.
Doctor of Philosophy
Poultry litter ash (PLA) is a co-product from manure-to-energy systems that originated in response to increased poultry litter (PL) volumes generated in concentrated poultry production regions. Investigating PLA as an alternative crop fertilizer is essential to balancing poultry and crop regional nutrient cycling in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As the expanding world population places pressure on the poultry industry to meet consumption demands, heightened PL production presents an obstacle to identify alternative uses for increased volumes. Currently, Virginia produces 44,683,904 broilers with PL produced predominately in the Shenandoah Valley and Eastern Shore. Likewise, a growing world population places pressure on crop production areas and subsequently finite natural resources used for fertilization vital to maintaining crop yields. Poultry litter ash, a co-product from manure-to-energy systems, is an alternative phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) source enhancing transportation logistics, repurposing PL nutrients, and offers dual purpose as a fertilizer and an energy source when compared to PL. In this dissertation, three PLA products [(fluidized bed bulk (FB Bulk), fluidized bed fly (FB Fly), and combustion Mix (CMix)], two manufactured co-products [(granulated poultry litter ash (GPLA), and ash coated urea (ACU)] were evaluated as P, K, and N source for corn (Zea Mays L.) production in comparison to industry fertilizers (PL, triple superphosphate (TSP), muriate of potash (KCL), and urea). Each of the following chapters provides a comprehensive examination of the following topics: elemental composition, P speciation, P and K solubility, improved functionality into granulized forms, and field testing designed to provide parameters to conclude PLA potential as an alternative P, K and N source. In the second chapter, PLA products were evaluated by total elemental analysis, backscatter-electron dispersive (BSED) microscopy, and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Poultry litter ash elemental concentrations are highly variable and are comparatively higher than PL concentrations. Phosphorus structure and species identified Ca as the primary element controlling P structure and subsequent solubility. The third component of this dissertation is granulation trials investigating phosphoric acid effects on granulizing and increasing total and water soluble P. Our results identified 29% (14.5 g acid to 50 g PLA) phosphoric acid acidulation for desired granule size. The third dissertation component examines PLA solubility. The results demonstrated PLA decreased P water solubility when compared to industry fertilizer sources. Granulated poultry litter ash demonstrated improved P plant availability due to the granulation process. The final and fourth dissertation components investigated PLA sources under field conditions in separate P, K and N corn studies across Virginia coastal plain soils to determine fertilizer effects on corn plant parameters. Minority of plant parameters tested revealed P control yielded numerically higher P concentrations than PLA P sources tested. Poultry litter P treatments, averaged over rate, recorded highest yield in both years. At eight of nine field sites, FB Bulk resulted in numerically or significantly higher Mehlich-1 concentrations than other P sources post-harvest. Although Mehlich-1 P concentrations increased, yield and plant parameters did not; which leads to the conclusion that PLA sources increased soil residual P that did not translate into immediate plant availability recorded within a growing season. Across plant efficacy parameters examined, PLA K is a comparable nutrient source and improved plant parameters when compared to controls. The majority of plant parameters examined found similar ACU and urea effects on N concentrations. Therefore, ACU is a comparable N source to urea. When compared to industry fertilizer sources, field results concluded that PLA is a slowly available P source, decreased P availability negatively affected early plant growth, K is a comparable nutrient source and improve plant parameters compared to control, ACU effectively provides N to maintain sufficient corn growth. In conclusion, PLA co-products serve as a densified nutrient source that may provide plant available nutrients if processed to aid in nutrient distribution to grain producing areas.

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Blocker, Shannon M. "Impacts and correction of potassium deficiency in no-till and strip-till soybean and corn production". Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2346.

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Ottman, Michael, i Tom Thompson. "Fertilizing Small Grains in Arizona". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/147019.

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6 pp.
Guidelines for nitrogen fertilization of small grains are presented using crop need, calendar dates, or tissue testing. Relationship between grain protein and nitrogen fertilization is presented. Phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients are also discussed.

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Queiroz, Samira Furtado de [UNESP]. "Soro ácido de leite associado a doses de nitrogênio em cobertura na cultura do milho". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/110310.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:09:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-12-06Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:58:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000793633.pdf: 1008833 bytes, checksum: cff96776651a37559144e069a2b99790 (MD5)
O soro de leite é um resíduo abundante que pode ser utilizado para aplicação no solo, com particular interesse nas concentrações de N e K. O objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar atributos químicos do solo e produtividade de milho em resposta à combinação de doses de soro ácido de leite e de N-ureia em cobertura. O experimento foi instalado em Frutal-MG, em Latossolo Vermelho textura média. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com dez tratamentos resultantes da combinação de cinco doses de N-ureia em cobertura, na presença e ausência de soro ácido de leite, e seis repetições. As doses de N-ureia foram 0, 45, 90, 135 e 180 kg ha-1 de N e o soro foi aplicado na dose de 62.500 L ha-1. O N-mineral do solo aumentou em função da adubação nitrogenada, mas não devido à aplicação de soro. A aplicação de soro de leite aumentou os teores de P-resina, K+ e Na+ trocáveis no solo e as concentrações de P, K e Na nas folhas de milho. O soro, em dose que forneceu 50 kg ha-1 de N, aumentou a produtividade de grãos de milho em 938 kg ha-1, o que não foi conseguido com 180 kg ha-1 de N-ureia em cobertura
Milk whey is abundant residue and it can be used for soil application, with particular interest in the N and K concentrations. This work aimed to evaluate soil chemical properties and corn yield in response to the combination of acid whey and N-urea topdressing doses. The experiment was carried out in Frutal/MG - Brazil, in a Haplustox. The experimental design was a randomized block with ten treatments resulting from the application of five doses of N-urea with or without the application of acid whey (62.500 L ha-1), and six replications. The doses of N-urea in topdressing were 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 kg ha-1 N. The soil mineral N increased due to nitrogen fertilization, but not due to the application of acid whey. The use of acid whey increased the available P and the exchangeable K+ and Na+ in soil and the concentrations of P, K and Na in maize leaves. The acid whey in a dose that provided 50 kg ha-1 N, increased the grain yield of maize in 938 kg ha-1 which was not achieved with 180 kg ha-1 N-urea in topdressing

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Queiroz, Samira Furtado de. "Soro ácido de leite associado a doses de nitrogênio em cobertura na cultura do milho /". Jaboticabal, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/110310.

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Orientador: Mara Cristina Pessôa da Cruz
Coorientador: Manoel Evaristo Ferreira
Banca: Itamar Andrioli
Banca: José Ricardo Mantovani
Resumo: O soro de leite é um resíduo abundante que pode ser utilizado para aplicação no solo, com particular interesse nas concentrações de N e K. O objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar atributos químicos do solo e produtividade de milho em resposta à combinação de doses de soro ácido de leite e de N-ureia em cobertura. O experimento foi instalado em Frutal-MG, em Latossolo Vermelho textura média. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com dez tratamentos resultantes da combinação de cinco doses de N-ureia em cobertura, na presença e ausência de soro ácido de leite, e seis repetições. As doses de N-ureia foram 0, 45, 90, 135 e 180 kg ha-1 de N e o soro foi aplicado na dose de 62.500 L ha-1. O N-mineral do solo aumentou em função da adubação nitrogenada, mas não devido à aplicação de soro. A aplicação de soro de leite aumentou os teores de P-resina, K+ e Na+ trocáveis no solo e as concentrações de P, K e Na nas folhas de milho. O soro, em dose que forneceu 50 kg ha-1 de N, aumentou a produtividade de grãos de milho em 938 kg ha-1, o que não foi conseguido com 180 kg ha-1 de N-ureia em cobertura
Abstract: Milk whey is abundant residue and it can be used for soil application, with particular interest in the N and K concentrations. This work aimed to evaluate soil chemical properties and corn yield in response to the combination of acid whey and N-urea topdressing doses. The experiment was carried out in Frutal/MG - Brazil, in a Haplustox. The experimental design was a randomized block with ten treatments resulting from the application of five doses of N-urea with or without the application of acid whey (62.500 L ha-1), and six replications. The doses of N-urea in topdressing were 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 kg ha-1 N. The soil mineral N increased due to nitrogen fertilization, but not due to the application of acid whey. The use of acid whey increased the available P and the exchangeable K+ and Na+ in soil and the concentrations of P, K and Na in maize leaves. The acid whey in a dose that provided 50 kg ha-1 N, increased the grain yield of maize in 938 kg ha-1 which was not achieved with 180 kg ha-1 N-urea in topdressing
Mestre

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Vasquez, Manuel Antonio Navarro. "Fertirrigação por gotejamento superficial e subsuperficial no meloeiro (Cucumis melo L.) sob condições protegidas". Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11143/tde-09022004-143214/.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivos determinar o efeito de duas profundidades de instalação dos tubogotejadores, três níveis de irrigação e quatro doses de potássio aplicados via fertirrigação por gotejamento superficial e subsuperficial no desenvolvimento, na produtividade e na qualidade de frutos do meloeiro sob condições protegidas, conduzido em sistema de espaldeira; avaliar a dinâmica de água e de potássio no perfil do solo e determinar a evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) e o coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) para o meloeiro nos diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. O experimento foi realizado no período de setembro/2001 a janeiro/2002, na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da ESALQ/USP, em uma área protegida de 420,0 m 2 (28,0 m x 15,0 m), localizado no município de Piracicaba - São Paulo à latitude de 22 o 4230S e longitude de 47 o 3800W. Foi utilizado o delineamento estatístico de blocos casualizados com 3 repetições, arranjados em esquema fatorial de 2x3x4. Os tratamentos resultaram da combinação entre duas profundidades de instalação dos tubogotejadores, três níveis de irrigação e quatro doses de potássio. As profundidades dos tubogotejadores foram P1 e P2 (0,0 e 0,2 m da superfície do solo).Os níveis de irrigação foram L1, L2 e L3 (0,33; 0,67 e 1,0 vezes a evaporação diária do mini tanque evaporimétrico). As doses de potássio K0, K1, K2 e K3 (0, 6, 9 e 12 g de K2O pl -1 ). A fertirrigação foi realizada cada dois dias mediante curva de absorção. O monitoramento da umidade e da concentração de potássio no solo foi feitos com tensiômetros e extratores de solução, respectivamente, instalados em torno da planta. Os valores totais de evaporação do mini tanque evaporimétrico durante o ciclo da cultura foi de 417,32 mm. Pelos valores de potencial mátrico, os níveis de irrigação L2 na posição P2, e L3 nas duas posições dos tubogotejadores, mantiverem o perfil de distribuição de água mais adequado para a cultura. As doses de potássio, os níveis de irrigação e as posições dos tubogotejadores influenciaram a concentração e a distribuição espacial e temporal de K + A aplicação das doses de potássio K1 e K2 em combinação com os níveis de irrigação L3 e posição dos tubogotejadores P2 favoreceu a obtenção de maiores produtividades totais (65.108,33 kg ha -1 e 69.646,00 kg ha -1 ) e comerciais (61.427,60 kg ha -1 e 66.224,31 kg ha -1 ). O Kc e ETc pode ser estimado com muita boa aproximação com ajuste de equações que levam em consideração a área foliar da planta.
The objectives of this work were: a) to determine the effect of two dripper installation depths, three irrigation depths and four potassium doses applied in surface and subsurface (SDI) irrigation on the productivity and quality of muskmelon frutis under protected conditions, b) to evaluate the water and potassium dynamics in the soil and c) to determine the muskmelon evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop coefficient (Kc) at different growth stages. The experiment was realized between September/2001 and January /2002, at ESALQ/USP Experimental Field, in Piracicaba São Paulo State, Brazil (Latitude 22o42'30"S, Longitude 47o38'00"W). The statistical test was realized in a randomized blocks with three repetitions, arranged in factorial outline of 2x3x4. The treatments resulted from the combination among two depths of installation of the dripline, three irrigation levels and four potassium doses: Dripline depths were positioned 0,0 and 0,2 m from soil surface (P1 and P2); the irrigation levels L1, L2 and L3 were 33, 67 and 100 percent of daily evaporation from a modified pan, and the potassium doses K0, K1, K2 and K3 (0, 6, 9 and 12 g of K2O pl-1). The fertirrigation was applied every two days based on nutrient absorption curves. Tensiometers and solution extractors, were used to monitor soil moisture and to evaluate the potassium concentration in the soil. The total evaporation from the modified pan during the crop cycle was of 417,32 mm. For the values of matric potential, the irrigation level L2 in the position P2 and L3 at both driplines depths (P1 and P2), maintained the best water conditions. The potassium doses, the irrigation levels and the driplines depths influenced the concentration and the spatial and time distribution of the K+ ion. The application of the potassium doses K1 and K2 (6 g of K2O pl-1 and 9 g of K2O pl-1) in combination with the irrigation levels L3 (417,32 mm) and dripline position P2 (0,2 m) resulted the best total productivity (65.108,33 kg ha-1 and 69.646,00 kg ha-1) and marketable productivity (61.427,60 kg ha-1 and 66.224,31 kg ha-1). The Kc and ETc of the melon crop under greenhause conditions can be well estimated considering plant leaf area along the vegetative cycle.

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Hackenhaar, Neusa Maria. "Variabilidade genética em cultivares de soja e eficiência do potássio sobre os teores de óleo e proteína visando à produção de biocombustível". Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/563.

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A soja (Glycine max (L.) Merril) é a principal fonte de óleo para a produção de biodiesel e de proteína para ração animal. Contudo, a composição química das sementes e a produtividade de grãos pode ser afetada pela disponibilidade de nutrientes à planta, principalmente de potássio. Diante disto, objetivou-se estudar a divergência genética e a eficiência do uso do potássio em cultivares de soja, quanto aos teores de óleo e proteína, visando à produção de biocombustível. Assim, no ano agrícola 2013/14, foram realizados quatro ensaios de competição de cultivares de soja em Palmas -TO, os quais foram distribuídos em duas épocas de plantio, cujas cultivares foram conduzidas sob alto e baixo potássio (40kg de K2O ha-1 e 200 kg de K2O.ha-1, respectivamente). O delineamento experimental utilizado nos ensaios foi de blocos casualizados com sete tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelas cultivares M9144RR, BRS33871RR (Sambaiba), TMG1288RR, BRS333RR, P98Y70RR, TMG 1180RR e M8766RR. A eficiência do uso de potássio pelas cultivares foi realizada através da metodologia adaptada de Fischer (1983) e a divergência genética por meio de procedimentos multivariados: distância generalizada de Mahalanobis e método de agrupamento de otimização de Tocher. No estudo da divergência genética, cada ensaio representou uma variável distinta no modelo multivariado. As cultivares M8766RR e BRS333RR são promissoras para produção de biodiesel e eficientes no uso do potássio. A cultivar P98Y70 é indicada para produção de proteína e eficiente quanto ao uso de potássio. As hibridações M8766RR x TMG1180RR e M8766RR x TMG1180RR, são promissoras para teor de óleo, e P98Y70 x TMG1180RR, para teor de proteína.
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) is the principal source of oil for the production of biodiesel and protein for animal feed. However, the chemical composition of seeds and grain yield may be affected by the availability of nutrients to the plant, particularly potassium. Given this, the objective was to study the genetic diversity and potassium use efficiency in soybean cultivars for the levels of oil and protein, aimed at producing biofuel. Thus, in the agricultural year 2013/14, were performed four soybean cultivars competition trials in Palmas - TO, which were distributed in two growing seasons, whose cultivars were conducted under high and low potassium (40kg of K2O ha-1 and 200 kg de K2O.ha-1, respectively – 88,18 lb of K2O ha-1 and 440,92 lb of K2O.ha-1, respectively). The experimental design used in the trials was randomized blocks with seven treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of cultivars M9144RR, BRS33871RR (Sambaíba), TMG1288RR, BRS333RR, P98Y70RR, TMG 1180RR and M8766RR. Was determined the efficiency of the use of potassium by crops, through the methodology adapted from Fischer (1983) and the genetic divergence by multivariate procedures: Mahalanobis distance and clustering method optimization Tocher. In the study of genetic diversity, each test represented a distinct variable in the multivariate model. The M8766RR and BRS333RR cultivars are promising for biodiesel production and efficient use of potassium. Cultivar P98Y70 is indicated for protein production and efficient in the use of available potassium in the soil. Hybridizations M8766RR x TMG1180RR and M8766RR x TMG1180RR are promising for oil content, and P98Y70 x TMG1180RR for protein content.

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Ferran, Marcos de. ""Remediação de um argissolo vermelho amarelo distrófico irrigado com efluente industrial citrícola com o cultivo do Capim-de-Rhodes (Chloris gayana, Kunth)"". Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-05072006-112630/.

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Com o objetivo de utilizar o Capim-de-rhodes como ferramenta de remediação de um Argissolo, textura média, irrigado com efluente industrial, um ensaio foi realizado em condições de campo no município de Matão (Estado de São Paulo), a fim de se verificar a capacidade de exportação de Na pelo Capim, sob diferentes doses de fertilizantes, nitrogenado e potássico. O experimento foi instalado no final da estação seca, em parcelas de 6 X 7 m, com desenho experimental de blocos totalmente casualizados. Os tratamentos foram: testemunha total (solo nu) e cultivo de capim com 0, 50, 100 e 200 kg de N e K2O . ha-1, aplicados a cada corte do capim (40 dias de intervalo). Foram realizadas coletas de solo em três profundidades, antes da aplicação dos tratamentos e depois, juntamente com as duas colheitas de capim; estas últimas visando a avaliação do rendimento agrícola e diagnose foliar. Os resultados indicaram uma nítida resposta em termos de produção de massa seca e teor de sódio na parte aérea quando o capim foi submetido às doses de 50, 100 e 200 kg de N e K2O.ha-1, comparado com o tratamento sem fertilizante. Esta resposta levou o capim a uma capacidade total de exportação de sódio de 120 kg.ha-1, quantidade esta, maior do que a aplicada pela irrigação no período do ensaio (75 kg.ha-1), levando à redução do teor no solo. O Capim-de-Rhodes demonstrou sua utilidade potencial como remediador de solos solódicos. Os resultados indicaram que é possível a prática da irrigação com o efluente, manejando-se adequadamente o capim, principalmente com fertilizantes nitrogenados, indicando também melhoria das características químicas do solo.
With the objective of using Chloris gayana (a grass specie) as a tool on the remediation of a tipic Hapludult, medium texture, irrigated with industrial waste water, a field trial was installed in Matão (state of São Paulo, Brazil) in order to assess the total exportation capacity of sodium by the grass, under different rates of nitrogen and potassium. The experiment was carried out at the end of the dry season, on 6 x 7 meters plot on a randomized complete block design. The treatments were: untreated (nude soil), and grass fertilized with 0, 50, 100 & 200 kg of N and K2O.ha-1, applied at each grass harvesting event (40 days interval). Soil was collected at three depths, before treatment application, and after, together with both grass harvesting; those, with the objective of evaluating yield and foliar analysis. The results indicated a clear response of yield and leaf sodium content when the grass was submitted to 50, 100 & 200 kg.ha-1 of N and K2O, compared to the zero fertilizer treatment. The grass achieved 120 kg.ha-1 exportation capacities in 80 days, which is more than the amount of sodium applied by the irrigation (75 kg.ha-1). Chloris gayana, showed its utility as a potential bio remediator of sodic soils. Also, the results confirmed that is possible to use the soil as a tool to treat waste water containing sodium, by managing adequately the mentioned grass specie, mainly with nitrogen fertilizer, maintaining quality for production.

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Prazeres, Stella da Silva. "Respostas biomÃtricas e fisiolÃgicas de duas cultivares de feijÃo-de-corda sob irrigaÃÃo com Ãgua salina e potÃssio no solo". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9452.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
A intensidade do estresse causado pela salinidade nas culturas irÃ depender principalmente, do nÃvel de tolerÃncia da espÃcie vegetal e das formas de manejo utilizadas. O feijÃo-de-corda Ã uma cultura de importÃncia econÃmica, no entanto apresenta sensibilidade ao estresse salino. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar as respostas biomÃtricas, fisiolÃgicas e produtivas de duas cultivares de feijÃo-de-corda, submetidas Ã irrigaÃÃo com Ãguas salinas e doses de potÃssio. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido na Ãrea experimental do Setor de Agrometeorologia da Universidade Federal do CearÃ. Foram utilizadas sementes de duas cultivares de feijÃo-de-corda (CE790 e CE104), as quais foram submetidas a nÃveis crescentes de salinidade, utilizando Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo com condutividade elÃtrica (CEa) de 0,8; 2,2; 3,6 e 5,0 dS m-1 e doses crescentes de potÃssio, utilizando 0,5, 1,0 2,0 e 4,0 g vaso-1 de Cloreto de PotÃssio. ApÃs coleta os dados foram submetidos a anÃlises estatÃsticas. O aumento da salinidade na Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo nÃo prejudicou o crescimento radicular das cultivares, por outro lado, a Ãrea foliar reduziu linearmente a cada incremento salino. A cultivar CE104 apresentou maior inibiÃÃo Ã acumulaÃÃo de Na+ com adiÃÃo de potÃssio. A salinidade afetou as trocas gasosas, das plantas de feijÃo-de-corda. Com a aplicaÃÃo de potÃssio houve uma menor perda hÃdrica e maior lixiviaÃÃo de Na+ nas plantas de feijÃo-de-corda sob estresse.
The strength of the stress caused by salinity in crops will depend largely on the level of tolerance of plant species and ways to employed manegement The cowpea is an of economic importance crop, however has sensitivity to salinity. This way, objective was to assess the responses biometric, physiological na production of two cultivars of cowpea, subject to irrigation with saline water and doses of potassium. The Experiment was carried in a protected environment at the experimental area the Sector of Agrometeorology, Federal University of CearÃ. The seeds used were two cultivars of cowpea (CE790 and CE104), which were subject to increasing salinity levels, used irrigation water with eletric conductivity (Eca) of 0,8; 2,2; 3,6 and 5,0 dS m-1 and increasing doses of potassium using 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 and 4,0 g pot-1 of potassium chloride. After collect the data was submitted to statistical analysis. The increase in the salinity in irrigation water did not impair to root growth of cultivars, however, the leaf Ãrea linearly reduced to each increase saline. The cultivar CE104 had highest inhibition to accumulation of Na+ with the addition of potassium. Gas exchanges been affected the effect of the salinity. As potassium application there was less water loss and higher leach of Na+ in cowpea plants under stress.

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Karlsson, Caroline. "Teknikutvärdering av Urintorkning i Pilotskala – ett Fältförsök i Finland : Technical Evaluation of Urine Drying in Pilot Scale - a Field Experiment in Finland". Thesis, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen för energi och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-397987.

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Av samtliga globala processer som reglerar jordsystemet är de biogeokemiska flödena av kväve (N) och fosfor (P) mest påverkade av mänskliga aktiviteter. Inerta former av N och P omvandlas till reaktiva former som sprids i miljön, där de orsakar eutrofiering och påverkar marina ekosystem negativt. Majoriteten av de reaktiva N- och P-formerna används för framställningen av mineralgödsel. Ett alternativt sätt att producera gödsel är att återvinna näringsämnena i avloppet. En teknik som återvinner näringsämnen i urin är basisk urintorkning. Teknologin stabiliserar urea med ett basiskt torkningsmedium och koncentrerar näringsämnena genom att evaporera vattnet i urinen. Slutprodukten är ett torrt gödsel i pulverform. I det här projektet testades urintorkningsteknologin för första gången i ett fältförsök. Ett system för urintorkning med kapacitet att förånga 40 kg urin dygn-1 m-2 konstruerades och integrerades i ett befintligt torrt sanitetssystem för användning under en period på tre månader. I projektet utvärderades 13 dygn av de 3 månaderna. Resultaten visade att 24 kg urin tillfördes systemet och att systemet kunde upprätthålla en kontinuerlig torkning av urinen. Efter torkningen återvanns majoriteten (97 %) av N i slutprodukten. På grund av att den tillförda mängden urin var liten blev växtnäringshalterna i slutprodukten och i torrsubstansen (TS) av slutprodukten låga. Systemet hade emellertid potential att torka mycket större kvantiteter urin. Om systemets fulla potential hade använts, det vill säga att torka 40 kg urin dygn-1 m-2, så hade särskilt N- och P-halterna ökat avsevärt. N-halterna hade även ökat ytterligare om torkningen hade utförts vid en lägre temperatur. Systemets energiförbrukning var hög, eftersom systemet hade en kontinuerlig energikonsumtion och även komponenter med hög effekt. I jämförelse med den konventionella avloppsvattenreningen och produktionen av mineralgödsel har systemet en hög energikonsumtion, men i jämförelse med en förbränningstoalett är systemets energiförbrukning likvärdig. För att minska energiförbrukningen kunde reglertekniska åtgärder utföras så att systemets energitillförsel upphör när systemet inte används. Systemets energiförbrukning får även ställas i relation till de problem som dagens system för livsmedelsproduktion och sanitet medför. Till skillnad från nämnda system möjliggör urintorkningsteknologin besparing av dricksvattenresurser, ett slutet kretslopp av näringsämnen och en minskad påverkan på miljön.
Of all global processes that regulate the earth system, the biogeochemical flows ofnitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the most affected by human activities. Inert forms of N and P are converted into reactive forms that are dispersed in the environment, causing eutrophication and affecting marine ecosystems. The majority of the reactive N and P are used for the production of mineral fertilizers. An alternative way of producing fertilizers is to recycle nutrients from waste water. A technology that reuses nutrients in urine is alkaline urine drying. The technology stabilizes urea with an alkaline drying medium and concentrates the nutrients by evaporating the water in urine. The end-product is a dry fertilizer in powder form. In this master project, the alkaline urine drying technology was tested for the first time in field conditions. A system for urine drying with the capacity to evaporate 40 kg of urine day-1 m-2 was constructed and integrated into an existing dry sanitation system for use over a period of three months. The master project evaluated the system for 13 days of the 3 months. The results showed that 24 kg of urine was collected in the system, significantly less than what the system had been designed to dry. Furthermore, the results showed that the system functioned smoothly recovering 97 % of the urine-N in the end-product. The nutrient content in the end-product and the dry matter of the end-product was low due to the low amount of urine that was collected. However, the system had the potential to dry much larger quantities of urine. If the system would have been operated to function at full potential (drying 40 kg of urine day-1 m-2) the N- and P-content in the end-product would be much higher than that observed during the 13 days. Furthermore, the system if operated at lower temperatures has the potential to recover more N. The system’s energy consumption was high, as the system had a continuous energy consumption. In comparison with the conventional waste water treatment and the production of mineral fertilizers, the system has a high energy consumption, but compared to an incineration toilet, the system’s energy consumption is equivalent. In order to reduce the energy consumption, automatic control could be implemented so that the energy is switched off when the system is not used. The system’s energy consumption may also be set in relation to the problems that today’s systems for food production and sanitation entail. Unlike the aforementioned systems, the urine dehydration technology does not consume drinking water, it enables recycling of nutrients as well as a reduced impact on aquatic life.

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Effgen, Emanuel Maretto. "Potássio no solo, na planta e produção de capim mombaça decorrente do uso de água residuária da suinocultura". Doutorado em Produção Vegetal, 2014. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/2003.

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No estado do Espírito Santo, estima-se que existem pouco mais de 226 mil cabeça de suínos, gerando cerca de 730.000 m³ de dejetos ricos em nutriente anualmente. Dessa forma, partindo do pressuposto que a aplicação da Água Residuária de Suinocultura (ARS) pode promover alterações nos teores de potássio do solo, promovendo incremento desse nutriente, bem como propiciar aumento da produção de massa seca do Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, sem que haja desbalanceamento nutricional da planta, objetivou-se avaliar os teores de potássio no solo e na planta, bem como a produção de massa seca do Capim Mombaça (Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça) decorrentes de diferentes doses de ARS em comparação com a adução mineral. Esta pesquisa foi realizada em uma propriedade rural, localizada no município de Jerônimo Monteiro – ES. Para o K e a relação K/CTC, utilizou-se o esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas com três repetições. As parcelas receberam cinco tratamentos sendo: adubação mineral (200 kg ha-1 K) via Cloreto de Potásio; e doses de ARS 50, 100, 150 e 200, equivalentes a 100, 200, 300 e 400 kg ha-1 K, calculados a partir da recomendação agronômica. Nas subparcelas, teve-se às profundidades do solo, sendo: 0 a 10; 10 a 20; 20 a 40 e 40 a 60 centímetros. Nas subsubparcelas, a situação representada pelo tempo antes da aplicação da ARS foi denominada AAARS, e dez dias após cada aplicação da ARS, denominada DAARS. Para a Massa Seca e o teor de K na planta, teve-se um esquema de parcelas subdivididas com três repetições. As parcelas receberam os tratamentos: adubação mineral e doses de ARS 50, 100, 150 e 200% da dosagem recomendada de potássio. As subparcelas foram os períodos de avaliação das aplicações da ARS aos dias 10, 130, 210 e 270 decorridos do início do experimento. Depois dos resultados obtidos, procedeu-se a análise estatística por meio de análise de variância adotando 5% significância F, sendo realizado o contraste entre os valores médios obtidos para adubação mineral e a ARS ao nível de 5 % de probabilidade, pelo teste de Tukey. Posteriormente, para as variáveis quantitativas foi realizada a análise de regressão a 5% de significância, sendo os modelos foram escolhidos pela utilização o teste t de Student, e pelos coeficientes de determinação R2, utilizando-se o software SAEG. Verificou-se que, mesmo com a aplicação de doses de K superior à recomendação agronômica através da ARS, ocorreu a redução linear dos teores de K no perfil solo, assim como ocorre o acréscimo linear desses teores com o aumento da dose. A aplicação ARS mostrou-se mais eficiente para incrementar K no solo, quando comparada à Adubação Mineral. A dose que se mostrou mais eficiente na manutenção dos teores K no solo é ARS 150 %. A maior produção de biomassa deu-se na dose 50%, todavia culminando com os menores teores de K na planta do capim Mombaça, e os maiores teores na planta foram obtidos nas maiores doses de ARS. Verifica-se que os atributos químicos do solo são influenciados pela aplicação de ARS, o que denota a necessidade de periodicidade na avaliação desses atributos em áreas com aplicação contínua de ARS.
In Espírito Santo state, it is estimated that there are just over 226 000 head of pigs, therefore, these generate about 730.000m³ nutrient-rich waste annually. Thus, assuming that the application of the swine wastewater can promote changes in the potassium soil, promoting increment this nutrient as well as provide increased dry matter yield of Panicum maximum cv. Mombasa, without nutritional unbalance the plant, it was aimed to evaluate the levels of potassium in the soil and plant, and the dry mass of Mombasa Grass (Panicum maximum cv. Mombasa) resulting from different doses of ARS compared to mineral adduction. This research was conducted in a rural property located in the municipality of Jeronimo Monteiro - ES. For K and K/CEC was used a scheme split-split-plot portion with three replications. The plots received five treatments being: mineral fertilizer (200 kg ha-1 K) via potassium chloride; ARS and doses of 50, 100, 150 and 200, corresponding to 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha-1 K, calculated from the agronomic recommendation. Subplots, it was taken to the depths of the soil, being: 0-10; 10 to 20; 20 to 40 and 40 to 60 centimeters. In the sub-subplots, the situation represented by time before the application of ARS was named AAARS, and ten days after each application of ARS, called DAARS. For Dry mass and K content in the plant, had become a split plot arrangement with three replications. The plots received treatments: mineral fertilizer and doses of ARS 50, 100, 150 and 200% of the recommended dosage of potassium. The subplots periods of evaluation of the applications of ARS 10 days, 130, 210 and 270 elapsed from the beginning of the experiment. After the results, it was proceeded to statistical analysis using analysis of variance adopting 5% significance F, the contrast between the mean values obtained for mineral fertilizer and the ARS at 5% probability being performed by Tukey test. Subsequently, for quantitative variables regression analysis the 5% significance level was conducted, and the models were chosen by using the Student t test, and the coefficient of determination R2, using the SAEG software. It was found that, even with the application of higher doses of K recommendation the agronomic via ARS occurred linear reducing of the content K in the soil profile as well as linear increase these levels with increasing dose occurs. The ARS application was more efficient to increase soil K compared to mineral fertilization. The more effective dose in maintaining levels of K in the soil was ARS 150%.The highest biomass yield was given at a dose 50%, however culminating with the lowest levels of K in the plant grass Mombasa, and the highest levels in the plant were obtained at higher doses of ARS. It appears that the soil chemical properties are influenced by the application of ARS, which indicates the need for periodicity in the evaluation of these attributes in areas with continuous application of ARS.

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47

Zikalala, Bongekile Octavia. "Chemical composition of baby spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) as affected by nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium nutrition". Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18762.

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Baby spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is considered to be the one of the extremely nutritious vegetables, rich both in phytochemicals and core nutrients. Nowadays, phytochemicals in plants are raising interest in consumers for their roles in the maintenance of human health. Variation in content of bioactive compounds and core nutrients is the main concern in vegetable production. Factors such as cultural practices specially fertilization, may affect the nutritional and medicinal properties of the plants Therefore, three parallel trials for NPK to investigate the response of baby spinach leaves to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) on chemical composition were conducted, with treatments arranged as follows: 0, 45, 75, 105, 120 kg·ha-1 N and P and 0, 60, 85, 106, 127, 148 kg·ha-1 K in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The results demonstrated that, application of nitrogenous, phosphorus, potassium fertilizers significantly increased the total phenolic content, total antioxidant activity, total flavonoid content and vitamin C while magnesium, iron, zinc and selenium did not exhibit significant response to all treatments applied. The increase in concentrations on total phenolic content, total antioxidant activity, total flavonoid content and vitamin C was observed, reaching maximum at 45 kg·ha-1 N, 75 kg·ha-1 P and 85 kg·ha-1 K. The optimum rates of 45 kg·ha-1 N, 75 kg·ha-1 P, 85 kg·ha−1 K were then used to formulate the NPK treatment combinations as follows: 0, 30: 30: 40, 45:45:60, 60:60:70, 75:75:90 kg·ha-1, arranged in a RCBD with three replicates. The results showed that total phenolic content, total antioxidant activity , total flavonoid content and vitamin C reached maximum in baby spinach leaves at N45:P45:K60 kg·ha-1.
Agriculture and Animal Health
M. Sc. (Agriculture)

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48

Ho`ota, Michael, i 何邁克. "Effects of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizers on the Susceptibility of Rice, Oryza sativa (L.), to the Brown". Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/674558.

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碩士
國立屏東科技大學
熱帶農業研究所
88
A combination of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizer were used on three varieties of rice; a susceptible variety, Taichung Native 1, and two resistant varieties, Chia Non Shi 862118 and Chianung Shi 862048, which were then exposed to the brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal).Three tests were carried out to determine the response of N. lugens to rice in terms of their preference, antibiosis, and tolerance under green house conditions. There was significant difference between the susceptible and resistant rice varieties in preference, antibiosis, and tolerance of N. lugens, however, no significance was detected in N. lugens response to different cultivars of rice under N and K fertilizer treatment. In the preference test N. lugens population on susceptible varieties started to increase 24 hrs after exposure but reduced on the resistant varieties.In the antibiosis or survival test there was significant difference between resistant and susceptible varieties in the duration growth and the percentage survival of N. lugens nymphs. The percentage survival of N. lugens on resistant varieties was 35% - 55%, as opposed to the susceptible variety at 73-88%. The duration growth for N. lugens on the resistant varieties was 17.2- 18 days, as opposed to the susceptible variety in 13 days. The number of macropterous N. lugens appeared to be higher on the resistant varieties than on the susceptible varieties even though it was not statistically significant. There was a significant difference in the rate of damage between the susceptible and resistant varieties. This study indicates that application of fertilizer did not alter the susceptibility of rice varieties. However, increasing the amount of nitrogen slightly increased the population of N. lugens and also slightly reduced the duration of growth of N. lugens from nymphs to adults on susceptible varieties. It also indicates that the varietal resistance to insect attack was a complex adaptive biochemical interaction between the resistant and the insect. The interaction can be expressed by non-prefernce, antibiosis or tolerance of an insect therefore the effects of the plant resistance to an insect are persistently cumulative, causing an overall reduction in the insect population on resistant varieties.

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49

Ranjith, Subasinghe A. "Physiological responses of sugarcane to nitrogen and potassium availability". Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/9267.

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Lin, Jin-Biau, i 林錦標. "The studies and evaluation of the analysis methods on the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium in organic fertilizers". Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83071881725012178415.

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碩士
朝陽科技大學
應用化學系碩士班
90
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are the most important and widely used three elements of plant nutrition. The organic matter can be regarded as the index of soil fertility. Therefore the studies and evaluation of the analysis methods on the contents of three main components in organic fertilizers are very important. Several methods have been used to measure the nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide, and potassium oxide contents in organic fertilizers, however, all of them still have some disadvantages and them affect the accuracy of measurement. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the suitability of elemental analysis method in determining the content of total nitrogen of organic fertilizers and confer the analysis method of organic nitrogen content; (2) confer the best absorbable wavelength range by using the ammonium vanadomolybdate colorimetric method; and (3) compare and evaluate the suitability of inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer method in determining the contents of total phosphorus pentoxide and total potassium oxide simultaneously in organic fertilizers. The Kjeldahl method was found to be the most appropriate method to measure the nitrogen content in organic fertilizers due to the amount of sample is large. For the elemental analysis method, the variance of measurement tends to increase because of the amount of sample is very small. However, a small systematic error was observed in elemental analyzer determination of total nitrogen. Therefore some operating conditions of elemental analyzer were not suitable to be used to measure the total nitrogen content in organic fertilizers. The content of organic nitrogen of pure organic fertilizer can be indirectly estimated by using the total amount of inorganic nitrogen contents subtracted from the total nitrogen content, or it can be estimated more appropriately by using the content of ammoniacal nitrogen subtracted from the test value of total nitrogen with sulfuric acid method as well. So the indirectly estimated method should be suggested to be used to measure the contents of organic nitrogen in organic fertilizers. The results of using ammonium vanadomolybdate colorimetric method to measure the total phosphorus pentoxide contents by UV/VIS at 400-420 nm were similar to those of using volumetric quinoline method. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer method was not suitable to be used to measure the total potassium oxide content in the fertilizer of high potassium content. But regardless of high or low potassium content of samples, flame photometric method was found to be the most appropriate method to measure the total potassium oxide content in fertilizers. The results of using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer method to simultaneously measure the total phosphorus pentoxide and total potassium oxide contents were similar to those of using volumetric quinoline method, ammonium vanadomolybdate colorimetric method and the flame photometric method. Their relationships were also very significant when the matrix interference was controlled well. The results also showed that inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer method was not suitable to be used to measure the sample of high phosphorus and potassium contents in fertilizers. Because of low phosphorus and potassium contents of pure organic fertilizers, the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer method was suitable to be used to simultaneously measure the total phosphorus pentoxide and the total potassium oxide contents in organic fertilizers. So the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer method should be suggested to be used to simultaneously measure the contents of total phosphorus pentoxide and total potassium oxide in organic fertilizers. In the future, the research may focus on how to create the best operating condition when elemental analyzer is used to measure the content of total nitrogen in homogenius organic compound

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