Artykuły w czasopismach: „Postural tremor”

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Dirkx, Michiel F., Heidemarie Zach, Bastiaan R. Bloem, Mark Hallett i Rick C. Helmich. "The nature of postural tremor in Parkinson disease". Neurology 90, nr 13 (23.02.2018): e1095-e1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000005215.

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ObjectiveTo disentangle the different forms of postural tremors in Parkinson disease (PD).MethodsIn this combined observational and intervention study, we measured resting and postural tremor characteristics in 73 patients with tremulous PD by using EMG of forearm muscles. Patients were measured both “off” medication (overnight withdrawal) and after dispersible levodopa-benserazide 200/50 mg. We performed an automated 2-step cluster analysis on 3 postural tremor characteristics: the frequency difference with resting tremor, the degree of tremor suppression after posturing, and the dopamine response.ResultsThe cluster analysis revealed 2 distinct postural tremor phenotypes: 81% had re-emergent tremor (amplitude suppression, frequency difference with resting tremor 0.4 Hz, clear dopamine response) and 19% had pure postural tremor (no amplitude suppression, frequency difference with resting tremor 3.5 Hz, no dopamine response). This finding was manually validated (accuracy of 93%). Pure postural tremor was not associated with clinical signs of essential tremor or dystonia, and it was not influenced by weighing.ConclusionThere are 2 distinct postural tremor phenotypes in PD, which have a different pathophysiology and require different treatment. Re-emergent tremor is a continuation of resting tremor during stable posturing, and it has a dopaminergic basis. Pure postural tremor is a less common type of tremor that is inherent to PD, but has a largely nondopaminergic basis.

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Samsonova, T. V., S. B. Nazarov, A. A. Chistyakova i Yu A. Ryl'skaya. "Postural tremor in children with motor development disorders in their first twelve months of life". Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) 66, nr 5 (8.12.2021): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2021-66-5-56-59.

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At the first year of a child’s life begins a gradual transition to verticalization through the sequential development of anti-gravity postures. During the maintain of these poses occurs the active muscle contraction and appears a postural tremor.Purpose: To identify the features of postural tremor while holding the first antigravity postures in children with motor development disorders and to develop a new method for its diagnosing in children in the first six months of life. During the first year of life, the child gradually moves to verticalization through the sequential development of anti-gravity postures. To maintain these postures, the child actively contracts muscles, causing postural tremor.Objective. To reveal the features of postural tremor while holding the first antigravity postures in children with motor development disorders and to develop a new diagnostic method in the first six months of life. Children characteristics and research methods. The authors examined 33 children with impaired motor development and 10 children without neurological pathology at the age of 3–5 months. All children underwent neurological examination and study of postural tremor according to our method.Results. The authors established the features of postural tremor in children with impaired motor development at the age of 3-5 months compared with healthy children, manifested in amplitude increase. The authors presented their own for recording postural tremor in children of the first six months of life at the stage of mastering the first antigravity postures. There are presented the results of the analysis postural tremor in children of 3-5 months with impaired motor development in comparison with healthy children. The article presents a new method for diagnosing impaired motor development in children of the first six months of life using the results of postural tremor research. The high diagnostic value of the developed method is shown

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Lukšys, Donatas, Gintaras Jonaitis i Julius Griškevičius. "Quantitative Analysis of Parkinsonian Tremor in a Clinical Setting Using Inertial Measurement Units". Parkinson's Disease 2018 (21.06.2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1683831.

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Background. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects human voluntary movements. Tremor is one of the most common symptoms of PD and is expressed as involuntary oscillation of the body. Tremors can be analysed in the frequency domain. Objective. The aim of the current study was to examine selected tremor parameters (frequency, root mean square, and approximated entropy) in order to quantify the characteristics of patients diagnosed with PD, compared to a healthy control group, and to compare the parameters by dividing the subjects according to UPDRS assessment. Methods. The subjects were divided into two groups: a group of people diagnosed with PD (n = 19) and a control group consisting of healthy volunteers (CO = 12). Each subject performed motor tasks specific to certain tremors: the finger-to-nose test. Each subject performed a motor task three times. A nine degree of freedom (DOF) wireless inertial measurement unit was used for the measurement of upper limb motor tasks. For the quantitative estimation of kinetic and postural tremors, dominant frequency, root means square, and approximation entropy were selected and calculated from the measured angular velocity and linear acceleration signals. A one-way ANOVA with a significance level of α = 0.05 was used to test the null hypothesis that the means of the tremor metrics were the same between the PD and CO groups. Results. Statistically significant differences between PD patients and control groups were observed in ApEn acceleration signal of kinetic tremor, ApEn angular velocity signal of kinetic tremor, ApEn angular velocity of postural tremor, frequency acceleration signal of postural tremor, and RMS angular speed kinetic tremor. Conclusion. Application of inertial measurement units for clinical research of patients and PD tremor evaluation allows providing quantitative information for diagnostic purposes, during screening in a clinical setting that differentiates between PD patients and controls.

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Obwegeser, Alois A., Ryan J. Uitti, Robert J. Witte, John A. Lucas, Margaret F. Turk i Robert E. Wharen. "Quantitative and Qualitative Outcome Measures after Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation to Treat Disabling Tremors". Neurosurgery 48, nr 2 (1.02.2001): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200102000-00004.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE We studied outcome measures after unilateral and bilateral thalamic stimulation to treat disabling tremor resulting from essential tremor and Parkinson's disease. The surgical technique, qualitative and quantitative tremor assessments, stimulation parameters, locations of active electrodes, complications, and side effects are described and analyzed. METHODS Forty-one patients with essential tremor or Parkinson's disease underwent implantation of 56 thalamic stimulators. Preoperative qualitative and quantitative tremor measurements were compared with those obtained after unilateral and bilateral surgery, with activated and deactivated stimulators. Stimulation parameters and stimulation-related side effects were recorded, and outcome measures were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Qualitative measurements demonstrated significant improvement of contralateral upper-limb (P < 0.001), lower-limb (P < 0.01), and midline (P < 0.001) tremors after unilateral surgery. Ipsilateral arm tremor also improved (P < 0.01). No differences were observed with the Purdue pegboard task. Quantitative accelerometer measurements were correlated with qualitative assessments and confirmed improvements in contralateral resting (P < 0.001) and postural (P < 0.01) tremors and ipsilateral postural tremor (P < 0.05). Activities of daily living improved after unilateral surgery (P < 0.001) and additionally after bilateral surgery (P < 0.05). Adjustments of the pulse generator were required more frequently for tremor control than for amelioration of side effects. Bilateral thalamic stimulation caused more dysarthria and dysequilibrium than did unilateral stimulation. Stimulation-related side effects were reversible for all patients. Stimulation parameters did not change significantly with time. A significantly lower voltage and greater pulse width were used for patients with bilateral implants. CONCLUSION Unilateral thalamic stimulation and bilateral thalamic stimulation are safe and effective procedures that produce qualitative and quantitative improvements in resting, postural, and kinetic tremor. Thalamic stimulation-related side effects are mild and reversible.

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Md Zain, Mohd Zarhamdy, Ali Zolfagharian, Moslem Mohammadi, Mahdi Bodaghi, Abd Rahim Abu Bakar i Abbas Z. Kouzani. "A Portable Non-Contact Tremor Vibration Measurement and Classification Apparatus". Actuators 11, nr 1 (17.01.2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act11010026.

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Tremors are the most common type of movement disorder and affect the lives of those experiencing them. The efficacy of tremor therapies varies according to the aetiology of the tremor and its correct diagnosis. This study develops a portable measurement device capable of non-contact measurement of the tremor, which could assist in tremor diagnosis and classification. The performance of this device was assessed through a validation process using a shaker at a controlled frequency to measure human tremors, and the device was able to measure vibrations of 50 Hz accurately, which is more than twice the frequency of tremors produced by humans. Then, the device is tested to measure the tremors for two different activation conditions: rest and postural, for both hand and leg. The measured non-contact tremor vibration data successfully led to tremor classification in the subjects already diagnosed using a contact accelerometer.

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Sturman, Molly M., David E. Vaillancourt i Daniel M. Corcos. "Effects of Aging on the Regularity of Physiological Tremor". Journal of Neurophysiology 93, nr 6 (czerwiec 2005): 3064–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01218.2004.

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The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of healthy aging on the regularity of physiological tremor under rest and postural conditions. Additionally, we examined the contribution of mechanical reflex factors to age-related changes in postural physiological tremor. Tremor regularity, tremor–electromyographic (EMG) coherence, tremor amplitude, and tremor modal frequency were calculated for 4 age groups (young: 20–30 yr, young-old: 60–69 yr, old: 70–79 yr, and old-old: 80–94 yr) under resting and loaded postural conditions. There were 6 important findings from this study: 1) there were no differences between the young and elderly subjects for any of the dependent variables measured under the rest condition; 2) postural physiological tremor regularity was increased in the elderly; 3) postural physiological tremor-EMG coherence was also increased in the elderly, and there was a strong linear relation between peak tremor-EMG coherence in the 1- to 8-Hz frequency band and regularity of tremor. This relation was primarily driven by the increased magnitude of tremor-EMG coherence at 5.85 and 6.83 Hz; 4) enhanced mechanical reflex properties were not responsible for the increased magnitude of tremor-EMG coherence in the elderly subjects; 5) tremor amplitude was not different between the 4 age groups, but there was a slight decline in tremor modal frequency in the oldest age group in the unloaded condition; and 6) despite the increases in postural physiological tremor regularity and the magnitude of low frequency tremor-EMG coherence with age, there was a clear demarcation between healthy aging and previously published findings related to tremor pathology.

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DELEU, D. "Toluene induced postural tremor". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 68, nr 1 (1.01.2000): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.68.1.118.

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Brown, P., J. C. Rothwell, J. M. Stevens, A. J. Lees i C. D. Marsden. "Cerebellar axial postural tremor". Movement Disorders 12, nr 6 (listopad 1997): 977–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.870120622.

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Luft, Frauke, Sarvi Sharifi, Winfred Mugge, Alfred C. Schouten, Lo J. Bour, Anne-Fleur van Rootselaar, Peter H. Veltink i Tijtske Heida. "A Power Spectral Density-Based Method to Detect Tremor and Tremor Intermittency in Movement Disorders". Sensors 19, nr 19 (4.10.2019): 4301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194301.

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There is no objective gold standard to detect tremors. This concerns not only the choice of the algorithm and sensors, but methods are often designed to detect tremors in one specific group of patients during the performance of a specific task. Therefore, the aim of this study is twofold. First, an objective quantitative method to detect tremor windows (TWs) in accelerometer and electromyography recordings is introduced. Second, the tremor stability index (TSI) is determined to indicate the advantage of detecting TWs prior to analysis. Ten Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, ten essential tremor (ET) patients, and ten healthy controls (HC) performed a resting, postural and movement task. Data was split into 3-s windows, and the power spectral density was calculated for each window. The relative power around the peak frequency with respect to the power in the tremor band was used to classify the windows as either tremor or non-tremor. The method yielded a specificity of 96.45%, sensitivity of 84.84%, and accuracy of 90.80% of tremor detection. During tremors, significant differences were found between groups in all three parameters. The results suggest that the introduced method could be used to determine under which conditions and to which extent undiagnosed patients exhibit tremors.

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Romanelli, Pantaleo, Helen Bronté-Stewart, Tracy Courtney i Gary Heit. "Possible necessity for deep brain stimulation of both the ventralis intermedius and subthalamic nuclei to resolve Holmes tremor". Journal of Neurosurgery 99, nr 3 (wrzesień 2003): 566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2003.99.3.0566.

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✓ Holmes tremor is characterized by resting, postural, and intention tremor. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of both the nucleus ventralis intermedius (Vim) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) may be required to control these three tremor components. A 79-year-old man presented with a long-standing combination of resting, postural, and intention tremor, which was associated with severe disability and was resistant to medical treatment. Neuroimaging studies failed to reveal areas of discrete brain damage. A DBS device was placed in the Vim and produced an improvement in both the intention and postural tremor, but there was residual resting tremor, as demonstrated by clinical observation and quantitative tremor analysis. Placement of an additional DBS device in the STN resolved the resting tremor. Stimulation of the Vim or STN alone failed to produce global resolution of mixed tremor, whereas combined Vim—STN stimulation produced global relief without creating noticeable side effects. Combined Vim—STN stimulation can thus be a safe and effective treatment for Holmes tremor.

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Raihan, Md Zahid, i Tipu Zahed Aziz. "Deep Brain Stimulation in Sub-Thalamic Nucleus in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease – our initial experience in four cases". Bangladesh Journal of Neurosurgery 9, nr 1 (30.08.2019): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjns.v9i1.42931.

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Parkinson’s Disease ( PD ) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease . It’s cardinal features are resting tremor, Rigidity, Akinesia and postural instability. Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease develops mainly due to degeneration of Dopaminergic neurons of Substantia Nigra. The role of Subthalamic Nucleus ( STN ) in the development of Parkinsonian Tremmor and other cardinal features is not completely understood yet. However previous studies in monkeys , administration of MPTP ( 1-methyl-4-phenyl- 1.2.3.6.-tetrahydropyridine ) proved that sub thalamic nucleus has a direct role in the development of Parkinsonian tremor and other features. We used no Micro Electrode Recording (MER) system,only studied clinically that Parkinsonian tremor stopped immediately after placement of electrode and same thing happened after micro stimulation of the sensorymotor region of the sub thalamic nucleus .Then high frequency deep brain stimulation ( DBS ) of these same four patients were assessed six months after surgery which led to a significant reduction of Parkinsonian tremor as well as other cardinal features of PD ( p< 0.001 ) . Both postural and resting tremor disappeared completely in three cases and significantly reduced in one case Bang. J Neurosurgery 2019; 9(1): 78-83

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Ferraz, Henrique B., Luiz Augusto Franco de Andrade, Sônia M. C. Azevedo Silva, Vanderci Borges i Maria Sheila G. Rocha. "Tremor postural e distonia: aspectos clínicos e considerações fisiopatológicas". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 52, nr 4 (grudzień 1994): 466–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x1994000400002.

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A presença de tremor e distonia de torção no mesmo paciente é frequente mas não há uma explicação satisfatória para isso. Suspeita-se que haja uma associação da distonia idiopática (DI) com o tremor essencial (TE). O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a frequência de tremor postural das mãos em pacientes com DI e distonia sintomática (DS). Foram estudados os prontuários de 185 pacientes com o diagnóstico sindrômico de distonia atendidos no Setor de Investigação em Moléstias Extrapiramidais da Escola Paulista de Medicina. DI foi diagnosticada quando não havia anormalidade no exame neurológico além da distonia e havia exames laboratoriais e de neuroimagem, relacionados à distonia, normais e história pregressa negativa para fatores causais de distonia. Foram analisadas as características clínicas da distonia e a presença de tremor postural nas mãos. Havia 185 pacientes, 120 com DI e 65 com DS. Tremor postural das mãos ocorreu em 27 (22,5%) das DI e 14 (21,5%) das DS. Tremor esteve presente nos quadros focais, segmentares e generalizados e também nos diversos tipos clínicos de DI e DS em proporções semelhantes. História familiar de TE estava ausente em todos os casos com tremor. A presença de tremor postural das mãos em pacientes com DI e DS pode sugerir que a desorganização fisiopatológica que produz a distonia pode favorecer o aparecimento do tremor.

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Soler, Rafael, Francisco Vivancos, Juan José Muñoz-Torrero, Javier Arpa i Pablo Barreiro. "Postural Tremor after Thalamic Infarction". European Neurology 42, nr 3 (1999): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000008096.

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Henderson, J. M., C. Yiannikas, J. G. L. Morris, R. Einstein, D. Jackson i K. Byth. "Postural Tremor of Parkinsonʼs Disease". Clinical Neuropharmacology 17, nr 3 (czerwiec 1994): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199406000-00007.

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Arbaizar, Beatriz, Inés Gómez-Acebo i Javier Llorca. "Postural induced-tremor in psychiatry". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 62, nr 6 (grudzień 2008): 638–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01877.x.

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Lee, Haneul, i Jerrold Petrofsky. "Differences Between Men and Women in Balance and Tremor in Relation to Plantar Fascia Laxity During the Menstrual Cycle". Journal of Athletic Training 53, nr 3 (1.03.2018): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-2-17.

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Context: Although much attention has been paid to the effect of estrogen on the knee ligaments, little has been done to examine the ligaments in the foot, such as the plantar fascia, and how they may be altered during the menstrual cycle. Objective: To (1) examine sex differences in plantar fascia thickness and laxity and postural sway and (2) identify any menstrual cycle effects on plantar fascia laxity, postural sway, and neuromuscular tremor between menstruation and the ovulation phase. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Fifteen healthy women (age = 25.9 ± 1.8 years) and 15 healthy men (age = 27.3 ± 2.0 years) volunteered to participate in this study. Intervention(s): We asked participants to perform 8 balance tasks on a force platform while we assessed postural sway and tremor. Main Outcome Measure(s): Plantar fascia length and thickness unloaded and loaded with body weight were measured via ultrasound. Postural sway and tremor were measured using a force platform. Results: Plantar fascia length and thickness with pressure were greater in ovulating women compared with men (P < .001), but no differences were found between women during menstruation and men. Postural sway and tremor were greater at ovulation than during menstruation (P < .05), and men had less sway than ovulating women on the 3 most difficult balance tasks (P < .01). Conclusions: Plantar fascia laxity was increased and postural sway and tremor were decreased at ovulation compared with menstruation in women. Postural sway and tremor in men were the same as in women during menstruation. These findings support the need to be aware of the effect of sex hormones on balance to prevent lower extremity injuries during sport activities.

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Budini, Francesco, Luciana Labanca, Michael Scholz i Andrea Macaluso. "Tremor, finger and hand dexterity and force steadiness, do not change after mental fatigue in healthy humans". PLOS ONE 17, nr 8 (10.08.2022): e0272033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272033.

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The effects of mental fatigue have been studied in relation to specific percentages of maximal aerobic or anaerobic efforts, maximal voluntary contractions or the performance of sport specific skills. However, its effects on tremor, dexterity and force steadiness have been only marginally explored. The present work aimed at filling this gap. In twenty-nine young individuals, measurement of postural, kinetic and isometric tremor, pinch force steadiness and finger and hand dexterity were performed before and after either 100 min of mental fatigue or control tasks. During the interventions blood pressure, oxygen saturation and heart rate and perceived effort in continuing the task were recorded every 10 minutes. Tremor was analysed in both time (standard deviation) and frequency domain (position, amplitude and area of the dominant peak) of the acceleration signal. Finger dexterity was assessed by Purdue pegboard test and hand dexterity in terms of contact time in a buzz wire exercise. Force steadiness was quantified as coefficient of variation of the force signal. Postural, kinetic and isometric tremors, force steadiness and dexterity were not affected. Higher oxygen saturation values and higher variability of heart rate and blood pressure were found in the intervention group during the mental fatigue protocol (p < .001). The results provide no evidence that mental fatigue affects the neuromuscular parameters that influence postural, kinetic or isometric tremor, force steadiness and dexterity when measured in single-task conditions. Increased variability in heart rate may suggest that the volunteers in the intervention group altered their alert/stress state. Therefore, it is possible that the alterations that are commonly observed during mental fatigue, and that could have affected tremor, steadiness and dexterity only last for the duration of the cognitive task and are not detectable anymore soon after the mental task is terminated.

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Makhoul, Karim, Rechdi Ahdab, Naji Riachi, Moussa A. Chalah i Samar S. Ayache. "Tremor in Multiple Sclerosis—An Overview and Future Perspectives". Brain Sciences 10, nr 10 (12.10.2020): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10100722.

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Tremor is an important and common symptom in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). It constituted one of the three core features of MS triad described by Charcot in the last century. Tremor could have a drastic impact on patients’ quality of life. This paper provides an overview of tremor in MS and future perspectives with a particular emphasis on its epidemiology (prevalence: 25–58%), clinical characteristics (i.e., large amplitude 2.5–7 Hz predominantly postural or intention tremor vs. exaggerated physiological tremor vs. pseudo-rhythmic activity arising from cerebellar dysfunction vs. psychogenic tremor), pathophysiological mechanisms (potential implication of cerebellum, cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathways, basal ganglia, and brainstem), assessment modalities (e.g., tremor rating scales, Stewart–Holmes maneuver, visual tracking, digitized spirography and accelerometric techniques, accelerometry–electromyography coupling), and therapeutic options (i.e., including pharmacological agents, botulinum toxin A injections; deep brain stimulation or thalamotomy reserved for severe, disabling, or pharmaco-resistant tremors). Some suggestions are provided to help overcome the unmet needs and guide future therapeutic and diagnostic studies in this complex disorder.

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Bast-Pettersen, Rita, Karl-Christian Nordby, Gunilla Wastensson i Lisa Aarhus. "Tremor measurements in a 22-year cohort study of workers exposed to hand-held vibrating tools". International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 94, nr 5 (19.02.2021): 1049–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00420-020-01612-8.

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Abstract Objectives The objectives of this cohort study were to evaluate possible long-term effects of occupational exposure to hand-arm vibration (HAV) in terms of increased tremor. The aims were to evaluate whether exposure during follow-up, baseline hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS), baseline manual dexterity or current medical conditions or life-style habits might be associated with increased tremor. A further aim was to compare two different activation conditions: postural vs rest tremor. Methods Forty men (current age: 60.4 years) who had previously worked as manual workers in a specialized engineering and construction company enrolled in the study. Their hand functions had been examined in 1994. At the baseline examination, 27 had been diagnosed with HAVS, while 13 were not exposed. The follow-up examination in 2016–2017 comprised the CATSYS Tremor Pen® for measuring postural and rest tremor and the Grooved Pegboard Test for assessing manual dexterity. Blood samples were taken for assessing biomarkers that might have impact on tremor. Results Neither cumulative exposure to HAV during follow-up nor HAVS at baseline were associated with increased tremor. A test for manual dexterity at baseline was significantly associated with increased tremor (Tremor Intensity) at follow-up. Blood markers of current medical conditions and tobacco consumption were associated with increased tremor. Rest tremor frequency was higher than postural tremor frequency (p < 0.001). Conclusions The main findings of this 22-year cohort study were no indications of long-term effects on tremor related to HAV exposure and previous HAVS status. However, baseline manual dexterity was significantly associated with increased tremor at follow-up. Activation conditions (e.g., hand position) are important when testing tremor.

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Fekete, Robert, i Jin Li. "Clinical Differentiation of Essential Tremor and Parkinson's Disease". Clinical Medicine Insights: Case Reports 6 (styczeń 2013): CCRep.S11903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ccrep.s11903.

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We present clinical features and tremor characterization in a patient with Parkinson's disease (PD) as well as in two cases of essential tremor (ET) with some parkinsonian features but no evidence of dopaminergic terminal loss on 123I-FP-CIT Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT). Relatively slow frequency rest tremor and bilateral upper extremity bradykinesia without decrementing amplitude were observed in the ET cases, with unilaterally decreased arm swing in case 3. Alternating rest tremor and re-emergent tremor with 13 second latency was confirmed in the PD case. Re-emergent tremor had alternating characteristics, which to our knowledge has not been previously reported. The ET cases had synchronous postural tremor. Alternating re-emergent tremor in PD provides further evidence for re-emergent tremor as an analogue of rest tremor in PD. Two cases of ET with synchronous postural tremor and one to two year history of parkinsonian features had no evidence of dopaminergic terminal loss up to 40 years after the initial onset of ET. Tremor synchronicity characterization can assist in differential diagnosis between the two disorders.

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Jain, Samay, Seo-Young Park i Diane Comer. "Patterns of Motor and Non-Motor Features in Medication-Naïve Parkinsonism". Neuroepidemiology 45, nr 1 (2015): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000437228.

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Background: Parkinsonism is defined by motor features (tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability). Accompanying non-motor features (e.g. cognitive, autonomic, sleep disturbances) are underrecognized and undertreated. We hypothesized that clinical patterns occurring in early, medication-naïve Parkinsonism are distinguished by features such as tremor, sleep, autonomic, and cognitive dysfunction. Methods: Clinical and neuroimaging data were obtained in the Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative. Group comparisons of Parkinsonism with dopaminergic deficits (PDD) (n = 388), controls (n = 196), and Parkinsonism with scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficits (n = 64) were done with ANOVA, chi-square, and post-hoc pairwise tests. To examine clinical patterns within the PDD group, k-means clustering was performed with non-motor or motor features, or both. Results: Among PDD, 4 non-motor patterns (% of PDD) (impulsive (14.9%), sleep-autonomic (22.9%), cognitive-olfactory (18.0%), and mild (44.1%)), 4 motor patterns (tremor plus bradykinesia (56.2%), tremor without bradykinesia (16.2%), postural instability (6.7%) and no tremor (20.9%)) and 5 combined motor/non-motor patterns (tremor with bradykinesia (42.3%), tremor without bradykinesia (15.5%), no tremor and mild non-motor features (17.0%), postural instability with sleep-autonomic disturbances (6.7%) and oldest onset cognitive-olfactory (18.6%)) were observed. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first description of non-motor clinical patterns in early, medication-naïve Parkinsonism, suggesting that such features are intrinsic to Parkinsonian disorders.

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Ahlskog, M. C., K. A. Josephs, J. H. Bower i J. E. Ahlskog. "P1.204 Combined resting–postural tremor – a variant of essential tremor". Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 15 (grudzień 2009): S81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-8020(09)70326-8.

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Morishita, Takashi, Kelly D. Foote, Samuel S. Wu, Charles E. Jacobson, Ramon L. Rodriguez, Ihtsham U. Haq, Mustafa S. Siddiqui, Irene A. Malaty, Christopher J. Hass i Michael S. Okun. "Brain penetration effects of microelectrodes and deep brain stimulation leads in ventral intermediate nucleus stimulation for essential tremor". Journal of Neurosurgery 112, nr 3 (marzec 2010): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.7.jns09150.

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Object Microelectrode recording (MER) and macrostimulation (test stimulation) are used to refine the optimal deep brain stimulation (DBS) lead placement within the operative setting. It is well known that there can be a microlesion effect with microelectrode trajectories and DBS insertion. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of intraoperative MER and lead placement on tremor severity in a cohort of patients with essential tremor. Methods Consecutive patients with essential tremor undergoing unilateral DBS (ventral intermediate nucleus stimulation) for medication-refractory tremor were evaluated. Tremor severity was measured at 5 time points utilizing a modified Tremor Rating Scale: 1) immediately before MER; 2) immediately after MER; 3) immediately after lead implantation; 4) 6 months after DBS implantation in the off-DBS condition; and 5) 6 months after implantation in the on-DBS condition. To investigate the impact of the MER and DBS lead placement, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were applied to test changes in tremor severity scores over the surgical course. In addition, a generalized linear mixed model including factors that potentially influenced the impact of the microlesion was also used for analysis. Results Nineteen patients were evaluated. Improvement was noted in the total modified Tremor Rating Scale, postural, and action tremor scores (p < 0.05) as a result of MER and DBS lead placement. The improvements observed following lead placement were similar in magnitude to what was observed in the chronically programmed clinic setting parameters at 6 months after lead implantation. Improvement in tremor severity was maintained over time even in the off-DBS condition at 6 months, which was supportive of a prolonged microlesion effect. The number of macrostimulation passes, the number of MER passes, and disease duration were not related to the change in tremor severity score over time. Conclusions Immediate improvement in postural and intention tremors may result from MER and DBS lead placement in patients undergoing DBS for essential tremor. This improvement could be a predictor of successful DBS lead placement at 6 months. Clinicians rating patients in the operating room should be aware of these effects and should consider using rating scales before and after lead placement to take these effects into account when evaluating outcome in and out of the operating room.

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Bourgeois, Frédéric, Nicola Pambakian, Jérôme Coste, Ijsbrand de Lange, Jean-Jacques Lemaire, Erik Schkommodau i Simone Hemm. "An online movement and tremor identification algorithm for evaluation during deep brain stimulation". Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 8, nr 2 (1.08.2022): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2022-1028.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is widely used to alleviate symptoms of movement disorders. During intraoperative stimulation the influence of active or passive movements on the neuronal activity is often evaluated but the evaluation remains mostly subjective. The objective of this paper is to investigate the potential of a previously developed Weighted-frequency Fourier Linear combiner and Kalman filter-based recursive algorithm to identify tremor phases and types. METHODS: Ten accelerometer recordings from eight patients were acquired during DBS from which 186 phases were manually annotated into: rest, postural and kinetic phase without tremor, and rest, postural and kinetic phase with tremor. The method first estimates the instantaneous tremor frequency and then decomposes the motion signal into voluntary and tremorous parts. The tremorous part is used to quantify tremor and the voluntary part to differentiate rest, postural and kinetic phases. RESULTS: Instantaneous tremor frequency and amplitude are successfully tracked online. The overall accuracy for tremorous phases only is 89.1% and 76.3% when also non-tremorous phases are considered. Two main misclassification cases are identified and further discussed. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate the potential of the developed algorithm as an online tremorous movement classifier. It would benefit from a more advanced tremor detector but nevertheless the obtained digital biomarkers offer an evidence-based analysis and could optimize the efficacy of DBS treatment.

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Smeja, M., F. Foerster, G. Fuchs, D. Emmans, A. Hornig i J. Fahrenberg. "24-h Assessment of Tremor Activity and Posture in Parkinson's Disease by Multi-Channel Accelerometry". Journal of Psychophysiology 13, nr 4 (październik 1999): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.13.4.245.

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Abstract This study describes a new method, based on accelerometry, which quantifies tremor activity and posture continuously. A total of 25 right-handed patients with Parkinson's disease were recorded in a rest condition and in a postural tremor test, and during 24-h ambulatory monitoring. The tremor parameters, such as amplitude, frequency, and occurrence (percent of time), were derived by joint amplitude-frequency analysis. The DC components of multi-channel accelerometry allowed the detection of posture. A repeated measurement MANOVA was used to test the effects of posture and night-day differences in tremor activity. Further issues included consistencies of amplitude measurements across hands, between tasks, and between segments of recordings. Findings indicated an increase between resting tremor and postural tremor in the three tremor parameters, an increase under distraction, and enhanced activity in sitting compared to standing/walking. The best predictions of daytime monitoring measures, based on resting measures, were made for left hand tremor. This methodology is suitable for the detection of diurnal changes in tremor activity, especially amplitude changes, and for the psychophysiological investigation of enhanced tremor caused by task demands and emotional reactions.

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Gautschi, OliverP, Dieter Cadosch i Rene Zellweger. "Postural tremor induced by paint sniffing". Neurology India 55, nr 4 (2007): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.37099.

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Deuschl, G. "W53 Neurophysiological aspects of postural tremor". Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 99, nr 4 (październik 1996): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(96)88667-6.

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Kobylecki, Christopher, Andrew G. Marshall, Anoop Varma, Mark W. Kellett, Jeremy P. R. Dick i Monty A. Silverdale. "Topiramate-responsive cerebellar axial postural tremor". Movement Disorders 23, nr 8 (15.06.2008): 1189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.22068.

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Schneider, Susanne A., i Peter G. Bain. "The Wilson films - Bilateral postural tremor". Movement Disorders 26, nr 14 (2.09.2011): 2462–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.23927.

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Berk, Caglar, i Christopher R. Honey. "Bilateral thalamic deep brain stimulation for the treatment of head tremor". Journal of Neurosurgery 96, nr 3 (marzec 2002): 615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.96.3.0615.

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✓ Isolated head tremor is rare, but can be disabling. The authors' experience with the treatment of limb tremor due to essential tremor led them to consider using bilateral thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) in two patients presenting only with disabling head tremor. One patient exhibited no peripheral tremor and the other displayed only a slight upper-limb tremor. Both patients underwent placement of units that apply simultaneous bilateral thalamic DBS. Surgical targets were verified by using intraoperative macrostimulation, and the stimulators were implanted during the same surgery. Patients were videotaped preoperatively and at 2, 4, 6, and 9 months postoperatively during periods in which the stimulators were turned on and off. Videotapes were randomized and rated for resting, postural, and action tremors according to the Fahn clinical rating scale for tremor. Because this scale is not designed for head tremor, the patients were also evaluated on the basis of a functional scale that reflected their quality of life and the amount of disability caused by head tremor. Both patients experienced no tremor after their stimulators were turned on and properly adjusted at the 6th postoperative week. The patients were followed for a total of 9 months and results remained stable throughout this period. No complications were encountered. Bilateral thalamic DBS appears to be an effective and safe treatment for isolated head tremor in patients with essential tremor. The authors present a scale for the functional assessment of head tremor.

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Morrison, Steven, Justin J. Kavanagh i Karl M. Newell. "Cross-limb dynamics of postural tremor due to limb loading to fatigue: neural overflow but not coupling". Journal of Neurophysiology 122, nr 2 (1.08.2019): 572–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00199.2019.

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Many experiments have shown independence of the index finger dynamics under bilateral postural tremor protocols. Here we investigated in young adults the dynamics of bilateral multidirectional postural tremor and forearm muscle activity under the progressively fatiguing conditions supporting an external weight to the point of induced postural failure. When no loads were applied, tremor in the vertical (VT) and mediolateral (ML) directions was similar with prominent peaks within 2- to 4-Hz and 8- to 12-Hz bandwidths. Contrastingly tremor in the anterior-posterior (AP) direction was characterized by a single peak between 0 and 2 Hz. Although no tremor coupling occurred cross limbs, strong within-limb coupling was found between ML and VT directions when no loads were applied (coherence range: 0.77–0.85), implying that these oscillations are related and likely derived from mechanical sources. Applying an external load to the index finger(s) led to significant increases in the amplitude of VT tremor and EMG activity within that limb but also caused increases in tremor directions not aligned with the gravitational vector (AP and ML). Significant increases in VT and ML tremor and EMG activity in the contralateral (unloaded) limb were also found when a single index finger was loaded; however, this bilateral increase did not align with increases in interlimb coupling (coherence <0.21). The effects of fatigue caused by prolonged loading were widespread, affecting tremor and muscle activity in both limbs through a combination of neural and mechanical mechanisms. The single- and dual-limb loading to fatigue increased neural overflow but not tremor coupling between the index fingers. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study investigated bilateral multidirectional tremor under unloaded and loaded conditions. We found that tremor in the mediolateral and vertical directions within a limb were strongly coupled, a result not reported previously. Furthermore, when holding a weight to failure, tremor in all directions increased. Tremor also increased in the contralateral (unloaded) limb despite no interlimb coupling. This contralateral increase in tremor following loading a limb until fatigue is hypothesized to stem from motor-overflow effects.

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Майстренко, E. Maystrenko, Третьяков, S. Tretyakov, Даянова, D. Dayanova, Черников i N. Chernikov. "Two-cluster model trёhkompartmentnye tremor in Parkinson´s disease". Complexity. Mind. Postnonclassic 4, nr 1 (23.08.2015): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/10863.

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The scope of compartment-cluster theory of biosystems is in modeling of voluntariness (or involuntariness) of postural tremor and occurs due to the changes in external control drives Ud from 1st (supervisor) cluster. In this case, there are variations in the frequency response and autocorrelation functions, which is typical for tremorogramm of postural tremor and in case of Parkinson´s disease. The voluntariness of the tremor may occur only in the change of quasiattractors’ parameters in models (changing dissipation coefficient b), that is observed in changes of phy-siological states in the organism (con sciously).

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Hosseini, Hassan, Tomasz Mandat, Emmanuelle Waubant, Yves Agid, Catherine Lubetzki, Olivier Lyon-Caen, Bruno Stankoff i in. "Unilateral Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation for Disabling Kinetic Tremor in Multiple Sclerosis". Neurosurgery 70, nr 1 (27.08.2011): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e31822da55c.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Surgical options of multiple sclerosis (MS) tremor treatment are limited and narrowed to thalamotomy or deep brain stimulation of the thalamic nucleus ventralis intermedius. Lack of qualification protocol frequently results in poor outcome. OBJECTIVE To determine prospectively the efficacy and safety of unilateral ventralis intermedius deep brain stimulation as a tool to control disabling kinetic arm tremor related to MS. METHODS Neurological and neuropsychological evaluations were performed 1 month and 1 day before surgery and 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery. The evaluation included measurement of tremor and dexterity, Extended Disability Status Scale, Mini Mental State Examination, and quality-of-life assessment. Nine consecutive patients were enrolled in the group. Mean age at the time of surgery was 38.9 ± 9 years; median Extended Disability Status Scale at baseline was 7.1. Mean MS duration was 11.7 years, and mean tremor duration was 6.11 years. Mean postural and kinetic scores and hand capacity were measured. RESULTS One month after surgery, median scores off and on stimulation were 12 and 6 for postural tremor, 12 and 10.5 for kinetic tremor score, 12 and 7.5 for manual capacity, and 22 and 20 for functional handicap, respectively. Similar results were 10 and 4, respectively, at the 3-month follow-up. Six months after surgery, median scores off and on stimulation were 10.4 and 4 for postural tremor and 12 and 7.8 for kinetic tremor, respectively. CONCLUSION This prospective study confirms the value and safety of ventralis intermedius deep brain stimulation for treatment of kinetic tremor related to MS. Accurate and precise presurgical qualification plays a key role in successful treatment.

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Gebai, Sarah, Mohammad Hammoud, Gwendal Cumunel, Gilles Foret, Emmanuel Roze i Elodie Hainque. "Experimental Testing of Passive Linear TMD for Postural Tremor Attenuation". Applied Sciences 11, nr 21 (20.10.2021): 9809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11219809.

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Research interest to provide a mechanical solution for involuntary tremors is increasing due to the severe side effects caused by the medications used to lessen its symptoms. This paper deals with the design of a cantilever-type tuned mass damper (TMD) used to prove the effectiveness of passive controllers in reducing the involuntary tremor’s vibrational signals transmitted by the muscles to the hand segment. TMD is tested on an experimental arm, reflecting the flexion-extension motion of the wrist, excited by a mechanical shaker with the measured tremor signal of a patient with essential tremor. The designed TMD provides a new operational frequency for each position of the screw fixed to its beam. Modal damping ratios are also calculated using different methods for each position. The effectiveness of the TMD is quantified by measurements using a vibrometer and inertial measurement unit. Three TMDs, representing 15.7% total mass ratio, cause a reduction of 29% for the acceleration, 69% for the velocity, 79% for the displacement, 67% for the angular velocity, and 82% for the angular displacement signals. These encouraging results will allow the improvement of the design of the passive controller in the form of a wearable bracelet suitable for daily life.

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Petrofsky, Jerrold, Robert Donatelli, Michael Laymon i Haneul Lee. "Greater Postural Sway and Tremor during Balance Tasks in Patients with Plantar Fasciitis Compared to Age-Matched Controls". Healthcare 8, nr 3 (20.07.2020): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030219.

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Plantar fasciitis (PF) is a common condition found in men and women and can reoccur throughout life. PF is commonly diagnosed by prolonged foot pain lasting more than 3 months and a plantar fascia over 0.4 mm thick, as measured using ultrasound imaging. This study examined the ability to balance and the occurrence of muscle tremor during different balance tasks in patients with PF compared to their control counterparts. Fifty subjects (25 patients with PF and 25 control subjects) participated in this study. Subjective pain (measured with a visual analog scale (VAS)), pressure pain threshold (PPT), and postural sway and tremor during eight different balance tasks were measured. Postural sway was measured by a balance platform, while tremor was measured as the mechanical movement of the platform in the 8 Hz frequency range. Thickness of plantar fascia, subjective pain, and PPT were significantly greater in the PF group compared to the controls (p < 0.001). Postural sway and 8 Hz tremor were significantly greater in the PF group compared to the control group for all eight balance tasks (p < 0.01). These results indicate that the lack of plantar fascia elasticity is probably the cause of the reduced balance and increased muscle tremor.

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Narcisa, Vivien, Dalila Aguilar, Danh V. Nguyen, Luis Campos, Jeffrey Brodovsky, Shana White, Patrick Adams, Flora Tassone, Paul J. Hagerman i Randi J. Hagerman. "A Quantitative Assessment of Tremor and Ataxia in FemaleFMR1Premutation Carriers Using CATSYS". Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/484713.

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The fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a relatively common cause of balance problems leading to gait disturbances in older males (40%) with the premutation. FXTAS is less common in females. We utilized the CATSYS system, a quantitative measure of movement, in 23 women with FXTAS (mean age 62.7; SD 12.3), 90 women with the premutation without FXTAS (mean age 52.9; SD 9.4), and 37 controls (mean age 56.53; SD 7.8). CATSYS distinguished differences between carriers with and without FXTAS in postural tremor, postural sway, hand coordination, and reaction time tasks. Differences were also seen between carriers without FXTAS and controls in finger tapping, reaction time, and one postural sway task. However, these differences did not persist after statistical correction for multiple comparisons. Notably, there were no differences across groups in intention tremor. This is likely due to the milder symptoms in females compared to males with FXTAS.

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Rapoport, A., I. Sarova i H. Braun. "Combined resting-postural tremor of lower limbs: Another essential tremor variant". Neurology 40, nr 6 (1.06.1990): 1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.40.6.1006.

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Kinfe, Thomas M., Hans-Holger Capelle i Joachim K. Krauss. "Impact of surgical treatment on tremor due to posterior fossa tumors". Journal of Neurosurgery 108, nr 4 (kwiecień 2008): 692–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns/2008/108/4/0692.

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Object The object of this study was to investigate the impact of surgical treatment on tremor caused by posterior fossa tumors. Methods The authors performed a retrospective evaluation of 6 cases involving patients with tremors due to posterior fossa tumors. Patients who had been treated with neuroleptic medication or had a family history of movement disorders were excluded. All patients had postural or kinetic tremors. Tremor was mainly unilateral. The study group included 5 women and 1 man. Mean age at surgery was 59 years. Five patients underwent total or subtotal tumor resection, and 1 patient underwent stereotactic biopsy only. The histological diagnosis was epidermoid tumor in 2 patients, metastasis in 2 others, and vestibular schwannoma and low-grade glioma in 1 each. Results Two patients had no improvement of tremor, postoperatively. In both of these patients the tumor (low-grade glioma in 1, metastasis in the other) involved the dentate nucleus directly. In the other patients, a compressive effect on the dentate nucleus or the dentatothalamic pathways was present without invasion of the cerebellar structures, and immediate or gradual amelioration of the tremor was observed postoperatively. Conclusions The prognosis of tremor due to posterior fossa tumors appears to depend mainly on the involvement of tremor-generating structures. The prognosis appears to be favorable in those patients with compression of these substrates, whereas primary invasion by tumor has a poor prognosis. Caution must be used in generalizing the findings of this study because of the small number of cases in the series.

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Keogh, Justin W. L., Steve Morrison i Rod Barrett. "Strength and Coordination Training Are Both Effective in Reducing the Postural Tremor Amplitude of Older Adults". Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 18, nr 1 (styczeń 2010): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.18.1.43.

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The current study investigated the effect of 2 different types of unilateral resistance training on the postural tremor output of 19 neurologically healthy men age 70–80 yr. The strength- (n= 7) and coordination-training (n= 7) groups trained twice a week for 6 wk, performing dumbbell biceps curls, wrist flexions, and wrist extensions, while the control group (n= 5) maintained their normal activities. Changes in index-finger tremor (RMS amplitude, peak, and proportional power) and upper limb muscle coactivation were assessed during 4 postural conditions that were performed separately with the trained and untrained limbs. The 2 training groups experienced significantly greater reductions in mean RMS tremor amplitude, peak, and proportional tremor power 8–12 Hz and upper limb muscle coactivation, as well as greater increases in strength, than the control group. These results further demonstrate the benefits of resistance training for improving function in older adults.

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Zakaria, R., F. A. Lenz, S. Hua, B. H. Avin, C. C. Liu i Z. Mari. "Thalamic physiology of intentional essential tremor is more like cerebellar tremor than postural essential tremor". Brain Research 1529 (wrzesień 2013): 188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.011.

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Senol, Mehmet, i Ali Kutlu. "Postural tremor due to use of omalizumab". Medicine Science | International Medical Journal 5, nr 1 (2016): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/medscience.2016.05.8432.

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Полухин, V. Polukhin, Берестин, D. Berestin, Филатова, D. Filatova, Глазова i O. Glazova. "Biophysical models of pathological and postural tremor". Journal of New Medical Technologies. eJournal 9, nr 4 (8.12.2015): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16779.

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Real chaotic and stochastic analysis of the two movements (tremor was considered as involuntary movements and tapping - arbitrary) shows them as chaotic movements (involuntary on the results of the test, not by the presence of the target). The authors introduce new criteria for separating these two types of motion in the form of matrices of pairwise comparisons of samples tremorograms and tappingrams. Identifying differences between the concrete (obtained continuously, during the sequential measurement) that are compared in pairs in one subject groups was performed using the Wilcoxon test. The increase in the number of "common" pairs of samples of tappingrams compared to tremorograms demonstrates a partial increase of phase-matching due to the afferentation and engaging mental activity. This indicates the beginning of a shift from the chaotic regime to stochastic. The increase in common pairs of tapping may be possible due to the change in patterns of fluctuations. The authors propose a new calculation of quasi-attractors of these two types of movements that allow the identification of the differences in the physiological state of the subject. The concrete examples of the changes in the parameters of the matrices of paired comparisons and quasi-attractors are demonstrated. The authors present a method of analysis of autocorrelation functions when partitioning the interval (-1; 1) into four parts. Using the analysis of the density autocorrelation functions and tremorograms and tappingrams shows a significant difference between involuntary movements (tremor) and arbitrary movement (tapping).

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Clark, S., i R. J. James. "573 THE RELIABILITY OF POSTURAL LEG TREMOR". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 26, Supplement (maj 1994): S102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199405001-00575.

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Petiot, Philippe, Alain Vighetto, Nadine Charles, Laurent Derex, Marc Trillet i Gilbert Aimard. "Isolated postural tremor revealing HIV-1 infection". Journal of Neurology 240, nr 8 (1993): 507–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00874122.

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Lefaucheur, Romain, Stéphane Derrey, Axel Lebas, David Wallon i David Maltête. "Unilateral postural tremor caused by frontal cavernoma". Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 125 (październik 2014): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.07.033.

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Cao, Yiming, Parvathi Menon, Florence Ching-Fen Chang, Neil Mahant, Nimeshan Geevasinga, Victor S. C. Fung i Steve Vucic. "Postural tremor and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy". Muscle & Nerve 55, nr 3 (2.12.2016): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.25253.

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Vernooij, Carlijn Andrea, Martin Lakie i Raymond Francis Reynolds. "The complete frequency spectrum of physiological tremor can be recreated by broadband mechanical or electrical drive". Journal of Neurophysiology 113, nr 2 (15.01.2015): 647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00519.2014.

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Two frequency peaks of variable preponderance have been reported for human physiological finger tremor. The high-frequency peak (20–25 Hz, seen only in postural tremor) is generally attributed to mechanical resonance, whereas the lower frequency peak (8–12 Hz, seen in both postural and kinetic tremor) is usually attributed to synchronous central or reflexive neural drive. In this study, we determine whether mechanical resonance could generate both peaks. In relaxed subjects, an artificial finger tremor was evoked by random mechanical perturbations of the middle finger or random electrical muscular stimulation of the finger extensor muscle. The high and the low frequencies observed in physiological tremor could both be created by either type of artificial input at appropriate input intensity. Resonance, inferred from cross-spectral gain and phase, occurred at both frequencies. To determine any neural contribution, we compared truly passive subjects with those who exhibited some electromyographic (EMG) activity in the finger extensor; artificially created tremor spectra were almost identical between groups. We also applied electrical stimuli to two clinically deafferented subjects lacking stretch reflexes. They exhibited the same artificial tremor spectrum as control subjects. These results suggest that both typical physiological finger tremor frequencies can be reproduced by random artificial input; neither requires synchronized neural input. We therefore suggest that mechanical resonance could generate both dominant frequency peaks characteristic of physiological finger tremor. The inverse relationship between the input intensity and the resulting tremor frequency can be explained by a movement-dependent reduction in muscle stiffness, a conjecture we support using a simple computational model.

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Smeltere, Ligita, i Elvīra Smeltere. "Research on Characteristics of Essential Tremor in the Latvian Population / Esenciālā Tremora Īpatnību Izpēte Latvijas Populācijā". Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 69, nr 5 (5.09.2015): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2015-0039.

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Abstract Essential tremor (ET) is a common movement disorder, characterised by symptoms such as bilateral postural and kinetic tremor with prevalent manifestation in hands. The disease has chronic progressive development. In the case of continuous severe form it may resemble Parkinson’s disease (PD) and sometimes comorbidity with PD is possible. Although both diseases have different pathogenesis and treatment, some tremor characteristics for both are similar, thus causing difficulties and mistakes in diagnosing. The aim of the research was to determine ET characteristics within the Latvian population to identify possible causes for making mistakes.

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Rajput, Ali H., i Alex Rajput. "Medical Treatment of Essential Tremor". Journal of Central Nervous System Disease 6 (styczeń 2014): JCNSD.S13570. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/jcnsd.s13570.

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Essential tremor (ET) is the most common pathological tremor characterized by upper limb action—postural tremor (PT)/kinetic tremor (KT). There are no specific neuropathological or biochemical abnormalities in ET. The disability is consequent to amplitude of KT, which may remain mild without handicap or may become disabling. The most effective drugs for sustained tremor control are propranolol and primidone. Symptomatic drug treatment must be individualized depending on the circumstances that provoke the tremor-related disability. Broad guidelines for treatment are discussed in this review. Patients may be treated intermittently only on stressful occasions with propranolol, clonazepam, or primidone monotherapy, or an alcoholic drink. Those with persistently disabling tremor need continued treatment.

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Héroux, M. E., G. Pari i K. E. Norman. "The effect of inertial loading on wrist postural tremor in essential tremor". Clinical Neurophysiology 120, nr 5 (maj 2009): 1020–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2009.03.012.

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