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1
Siddaway, Andrew P. "Explaining and predicting psychological problems : the joint importance of positive and negative constructs". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/26911.
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Positive Clinical Psychology (PCP) argues that positive and negative psychological constructs are jointly important for explaining psychological problems. “Positive” constructs have been explicitly focused on by positive psychology researchers and “negative” constructs have been explicitly focused on by mental health researchers. This thesis examines the relationship between positive and negative constructs in relation to four psychological problems: depressive symptoms (Chapter 2), anxiety-problems (Chapter 3), suicide attempts (SAs) (Chapter 4 and 5), and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) (Chapter 4 and 5). Clarifying how psychological problems are most appropriately conceptualised has implications for definitions, diagnostic criteria, measurement, and clinical interventions. This thesis provides evidence that some constructs form bipolar continua, having a positive pole and a negative pole, whilst other constructs do not. Chapters 2 and 3 demonstrate that well-being and calmness respectively form continua with depressive and anxiety symptoms. In contrast, Chapters 4 and 5 demonstrate that SA and NSSI cognitions do not form a continuum with another construct. Results indicate that positive and negative constructs appear to have different relationships to one-another depending on the construct under investigation. Constructs that are common in the general population – such as depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, well-being symptoms, and calmness symptoms – appear to be bipolar, having a positive and a negative pole. Psychological constructs that are rare in the general population and which specifically characterise psychological problems (rather than being an extreme manifestation of a common psychological experience) – such as SA and NSSI cognitions – appear to be unipolar. The replication of scientific findings also features strongly throughout this thesis. Each chapter may therefore have a timely bearing on the emerging “replication crisis” literature.
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Hirsch, Jameson K., Fuschia M. Sirois, Danielle Molnar i Edward C. Chang. "Pain and Depressive Symptoms in Primary Care: Moderating Role of Positive and Negative Affect". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/860.
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OBJECTIVES: Pain and its disruptive impact on daily life are common reasons that patients seek primary medical care. Pain contributes strongly to psychopathology, and pain and depressive symptoms are often comorbid in primary care patients. Not all those who experience pain develop depression, suggesting that the presence of individual-level characteristics, such as positive and negative affect, that may ameliorate or exacerbate this association. METHODS: We assessed the potential moderating role of positive and negative affect on the pain-depression linkage. In a sample of 101 rural, primary care patients, we administered the Brief Pain Inventory, NEO Personality Inventory-Revised positive and negative affect subclusters, and the Center for Epidemiology Scale for Depression. RESULTS: In moderation models, covarying age, sex, and ethnicity, we found that positive affect, but not negative affect, was a significant moderator of the relation between pain intensity and severity and depressive symptoms. DISCUSSION: The association between pain and depressive symptoms is attenuated when greater levels of positive affects are present. Therapeutic bolstering of positive affect in primary care patients experiencing pain may reduce the risk for depressive symptoms.
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Paoli, Jason. "Can mindfulness and nostalgia raise adolescents’ happiness and subjective well-being? : A quantitative study on the effects of using nostalgia and mindfulness as methods to raise happiness and subjective well-being amongst adolescents". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för psykologi (PSY), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-41267.
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Worldwide, 450 million people are estimated to have a mental health problem. Therefore this study set out with the aim to fill the gap in research on how to raise happiness and subjective well-being amongst adolescents. The sample of the study consisted of 90 students ranging from 16 - 19 years of age. They were randomly assigned to one of two methods; BPS (Best Personal Self) or nostalgia. Each group was then given varying instructions on a task they would perform on a daily basis, with tests taken on the first and last day of the study. The tests consisted of questions from the PANAS (Positive and Negative Affect Scale) and the SWLS (Satisfaction with Life Scale), which would determine the different methods short- and long-term effect on the participants happiness and subjective well-being. A control group was used to compare the results of the test groups. The results indicated nostalgia as being the most effective way to raise short-term well-being amongst adolescents, which raised interesting questions for future studies.
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Jenick, Marcus, i n/a. "Couples Coping With End-Stage Cancer: The Influence of Attachment, Emotional Support, and Positive Meaning on Psychological Adjustment and Each Other". Griffith University. School of Applied Psychology, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030804.121524.
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This thesis was concerned with the psychological adjustment of 67 end-stage cancer patients, and three psychosocial variables considered to influence that adjustment: emotional support from spouse, positive meaning, and working models of attachment. Furthermore, this thesis was also concerned with the psychological adjustment of the patients' spouses, and the influence of emotional support from patient and working models of attachment on their adjustment. It was hypothesised that each of these psychosocial variables would directly influence the psychological adjustment of patients and spouses, measured using the negative affectivity scale of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). Furthermore, it was hypothesised that emotional support would influence positive meaning, and working models of attachment would influence both emotional support and positive meaning. Variables were measured via paper and pencil self-report inventories, with the exception of positive meaning, where verbal responses to an open question were coded. Univariate analyses indicated an association between patients' and spouses' emotional support provided by one another and their psychological adjustment. Univariate results also showed that patients' positive meaning was related to patients' psychological adjustment, and that patients' working models of attachment involving higher levels of attachment anxiety were associated with patients' poorer psychological adjustment. All these individual associations remained statistically significant after three control variables related to the patients' physical condition were taken into account. In addition, univariate analyses indicated that attachment was associated with emotional support, and that emotional support was associated with positive meaning. Following univariate analyses, variables were integrated into one model for patients and another for spouses using path analyses. Results were generally consistent with the prior sets of analyses. However, patients' working models of attachment involving higher levels of attachment anxiety no longer had a direct effect on patients' psychological adjustment to statistically significant levels. Rather, the influence of the working models of attachment on patients' psychological adjustment was mediated by emotional support. In addition, patients' positive meaning no longer had a significant direct effect on patients' psychological adjustment. The insignificant path coefficients between attachment anxiety and psychological adjustment, and between positive meaning and psychological adjustment, were attributed to the large amount of variance in negative affect due to emotional support. In summary, this research indicates that emotional support given and received between patients and spouses is important to the psychological adjustment of each party. Furthermore, emotional support influences patients' ability to construe positive meaning in their illness, although positive meaning does not appear to be as critical to the psychological adjustment of patients as emotional support. Working models of attachment influence the psychological adjustment of patients primarily through their influence on emotional support.
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Jenick, Marcus. "Couples Coping With End-Stage Cancer: The Influence of Attachment, Emotional Support, and Positive Meaning on Psychological Adjustment and Each Other". Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365492.
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This thesis was concerned with the psychological adjustment of 67 end-stage cancer patients, and three psychosocial variables considered to influence that adjustment: emotional support from spouse, positive meaning, and working models of attachment. Furthermore, this thesis was also concerned with the psychological adjustment of the patients' spouses, and the influence of emotional support from patient and working models of attachment on their adjustment. It was hypothesised that each of these psychosocial variables would directly influence the psychological adjustment of patients and spouses, measured using the negative affectivity scale of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). Furthermore, it was hypothesised that emotional support would influence positive meaning, and working models of attachment would influence both emotional support and positive meaning. Variables were measured via paper and pencil self-report inventories, with the exception of positive meaning, where verbal responses to an open question were coded. Univariate analyses indicated an association between patients' and spouses' emotional support provided by one another and their psychological adjustment. Univariate results also showed that patients' positive meaning was related to patients' psychological adjustment, and that patients' working models of attachment involving higher levels of attachment anxiety were associated with patients' poorer psychological adjustment. All these individual associations remained statistically significant after three control variables related to the patients' physical condition were taken into account. In addition, univariate analyses indicated that attachment was associated with emotional support, and that emotional support was associated with positive meaning. Following univariate analyses, variables were integrated into one model for patients and another for spouses using path analyses. Results were generally consistent with the prior sets of analyses. However, patients' working models of attachment involving higher levels of attachment anxiety no longer had a direct effect on patients' psychological adjustment to statistically significant levels. Rather, the influence of the working models of attachment on patients' psychological adjustment was mediated by emotional support. In addition, patients' positive meaning no longer had a significant direct effect on patients' psychological adjustment. The insignificant path coefficients between attachment anxiety and psychological adjustment, and between positive meaning and psychological adjustment, were attributed to the large amount of variance in negative affect due to emotional support. In summary, this research indicates that emotional support given and received between patients and spouses is important to the psychological adjustment of each party. Furthermore, emotional support influences patients' ability to construe positive meaning in their illness, although positive meaning does not appear to be as critical to the psychological adjustment of patients as emotional support. Working models of attachment influence the psychological adjustment of patients primarily through their influence on emotional support.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Applied Psychology
Full Text
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Wockatz, Philip. ""WOW. FOR VOLVO" : cognition and affect combining forces to measure the immeasurable". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-20990.
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Stavor, Katherine Monique. ""Touching On" Positive and Negative Affect". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297766.
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The current study investigates relations among touch, positive affect, negative affect and attachment style in romantically involved individuals. Touch is known to strengthen relationships in primates and is a key factor in mother-child bonds. Human touch has also shown regulatory effects in stressful situations. It is hypothesized that a combination of touch factors, including duration and location, will decrease negative affect and increase positive affect in romantically involved females. It is predicted that male and female’s individual attachment styles and relationship quality will mediate this effect. One hundred and fifty-two participants, or 76 couples, were studied during a 5-minute segment where the couple discussed a topic of contention in their relationship. The duration and location of touch were coded independently for both the male and the female. The affect measure coded by SPAFF was also coded independently for each partner. Initial results have revealed differences within and between couples.
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Crutchfield, Audra. "Negative affect and positive symptoms of psychosis". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12109/.
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The current study utilized structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the factor-to-factor relations and temporal associations between disturbances in negative affect (NA) and positive symptoms of psychosis (PP). Data were drawn from a large, public-domain data set (MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study). A dimensional approach was used to conceptualize and identify latent variables of NA (depression, anxiety, and guilt) and PP (hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder) among individuals with a diagnosis of primary psychotic disorder. Results showed that anxiety, guilt, and depressed mood modeled an NA latent variable, and that hallucinations and unusual thought content modeled a PP latent variable. As predicted, results revealed strong, significant cross-sectional (synchronous) associations between NA and PP at each measured time-frame, suggesting that NA and PP occurred concurrently within the sample. Contrary to predictions, no significant cross-lagged effect between NA and PP was identified (10 weeks and 20 weeks respectively).
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Crutchfield, Audra Louise Neumann Craig Stephen. "Negative affect and positive symptoms of psychosis". [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12109.
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Neiss, Michelle Roseanne, i Michelle Roseanne Neiss. "The relationship between positive affect and negative affect: A behavioral genetic analysis". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289180.
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For years, researchers have debated the structure of affect. Although many researchers claim positive and negative affect are independent, others present evidence that the two are bipolar. The current study used a behavioral genetic design as a unique way to address this debate. A national sample of 783 sibling pairs, including 117 identical twins, 160 fraternal twins, and 506 full-sibling non-twin pairs provided information on their positive and negative affect over the past month. A sub-sample of 210 twin pairs provided additional information on their positive and negative affect over daily and weekly time frames. Several different analyses indicated that at the phenotypic level, affect demonstrated a bipolar structure. Multivariate behavioral genetic analyses were used to estimate common genetic and environmental factors that influence the relationship between positive and negative affect, as well as the specific genetic and environmental factors that influence each. These analyses indicated that specific genetic and shared environmental factors were not necessary to explain the relationship between positive and negative affect. This pattern of results was consistent with the bipolar viewpoint. The structure of affect looked to be bipolar across differing time frames. No age differences in the structure of affect were found.
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Obermeier, Michael. "The positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenia". Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-149360.
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Whelen, Megan L. "Positive and Negative Affect in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression". The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1586452794797565.
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Becker, Theresa M. "Differential effects of negative and positive affect on context processing". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5086.
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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on September 15, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
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Egan, Sarah Jane. "An investigation of positive and negative perfectionism". Thesis, Curtin University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2147.
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Perfectionism has long been recognized as a factor that is central to understanding psychological disorders, as it is significantly higher in the majority of psychological disorders compared to the general population. The construct of perfectionism was examined in this research by exploring differences between positive and negative perfectionism. The literature to date has focused almost exclusively on perfectionism as a maladaptive construct, with little research examining if perfectionism can be a positive factor. The implication of the study was to determine if some factors identified may be potentially important in future treatments targeted towards perfectionism, as there is some evidence to suggest that perfectionism may predict poorer response to standard cognitive behavioural treatment. This research compared three different groups; (i) a clinical group with diagnoses of anxiety and depression (n = 40); (ii) a group of athletes (n = 111) and (iii) a student control group (n = 101). The research consisted of 5 studies. In Study 1, evidence was found for the validity, consistency of factor structure and internal consistency of the Positive and Negative Perfectionism Subscale (PANPS; Terry-Short, Owens, Slade, & Dewey, 1995). In Study 2, clinical participants with a range of diagnoses were found to have significantly higher overall perfectionism and negative perfectionism compared to athletes and controls. Rigidity predicted higher positive perfectionism. Dichotomous thinking accounted for a large proportion of variance in negative perfectionism, and was argued to be an important factor distinguishing between positive and negative perfectionism. In Study 3, positive perfectionism was found to relate to faster performance time in athletes competing in triathlons, and negative perfectionism was not found to impede sporting performance.The Big Five personality domains were investigated in Study 4, and Agreeableness was found to be a significant predictor of negative perfectionism in the clinical group. In comparing clinical and athlete groups, athletes had significantly lower Neuroticism, and higher Extraversion and Conscientiousness. Study 5 was a clinical descriptive study that examined motivation to change and cognitions about failure in a select sample of clinical participants with extreme high scores on negative perfectionism and athletes with extreme low scores. The clinical participants reported many negative consequences, yet despite this recognition, the majority reported they did not wish to change perfectionism. Also, as the level of negative perfectionism increased, the degree of diagnostic comorbidity increased. It was concluded that it may be more useful to distinguish between positive achievement striving and negative perfectionism rather than positive and negative perfectionism. Clinical implications were outlined which included targeting dichotomous thinking and resistance to change in the development of treatments for perfectionism.
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Kirkland, Tabitha. "Relationships Between Positive and Negative Affect in Happiness and Hypomania Risk". The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1435925962.
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Egan, Sarah Jane. "An investigation of positive and negative perfectionism". Curtin University of Technology, School of Psychology, 2005. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16554.
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Perfectionism has long been recognized as a factor that is central to understanding psychological disorders, as it is significantly higher in the majority of psychological disorders compared to the general population. The construct of perfectionism was examined in this research by exploring differences between positive and negative perfectionism. The literature to date has focused almost exclusively on perfectionism as a maladaptive construct, with little research examining if perfectionism can be a positive factor. The implication of the study was to determine if some factors identified may be potentially important in future treatments targeted towards perfectionism, as there is some evidence to suggest that perfectionism may predict poorer response to standard cognitive behavioural treatment. This research compared three different groups; (i) a clinical group with diagnoses of anxiety and depression (n = 40); (ii) a group of athletes (n = 111) and (iii) a student control group (n = 101). The research consisted of 5 studies. In Study 1, evidence was found for the validity, consistency of factor structure and internal consistency of the Positive and Negative Perfectionism Subscale (PANPS; Terry-Short, Owens, Slade, & Dewey, 1995). In Study 2, clinical participants with a range of diagnoses were found to have significantly higher overall perfectionism and negative perfectionism compared to athletes and controls. Rigidity predicted higher positive perfectionism. Dichotomous thinking accounted for a large proportion of variance in negative perfectionism, and was argued to be an important factor distinguishing between positive and negative perfectionism. In Study 3, positive perfectionism was found to relate to faster performance time in athletes competing in triathlons, and negative perfectionism was not found to impede sporting performance.The Big Five personality domains were investigated in Study 4, and Agreeableness was found to be a significant predictor of negative perfectionism in the clinical group. In comparing clinical and athlete groups, athletes had significantly lower Neuroticism, and higher Extraversion and Conscientiousness. Study 5 was a clinical descriptive study that examined motivation to change and cognitions about failure in a select sample of clinical participants with extreme high scores on negative perfectionism and athletes with extreme low scores. The clinical participants reported many negative consequences, yet despite this recognition, the majority reported they did not wish to change perfectionism. Also, as the level of negative perfectionism increased, the degree of diagnostic comorbidity increased. It was concluded that it may be more useful to distinguish between positive achievement striving and negative perfectionism rather than positive and negative perfectionism. Clinical implications were outlined which included targeting dichotomous thinking and resistance to change in the development of treatments for perfectionism.
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Hardy, Christina M. "The effects of positive and negative affect on Iowa gambling task performance". View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/hardyc/christinahardy.pdf.
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Ravyts, Scott. "Sleep and Pain in Older Adults: The Role of Negative and Positive Affect". VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5170.
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Poor sleep is known to contribute to increased levels of pain. Preliminary findings suggest that negative and positive affect may mediate this relationship. Given that older adults are prone to both sleep disturbance and pain, the main objectives of the present study were to: 1) examine the relationship between sleep and pain in a non-clinical pain sample of community-dwelling older adults and 2) to examine whether negative and positive affect mediate the relationship between sleep and pain. Baseline measures from 82 older adults participating in the Active Adult Mentoring Project (AAMP) were used for secondary data analysis. A daily sleep diary was used to assess sleep efficiency (SE), total wake time (TWT), total sleep time (TST), and sleep quality (SQ). Affect was measured using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), while pain was assessed on an 11-point Likert-scale. Findings only partially corroborated past research; SE, SQ, and TWT each predicted pain, while TST did not. In addition, neither positive nor negative affect was found to mediate the relationship between sleep and pain. Methodological and theoretical explanation for the lack of significant mediation are discussed. Nevertheless, the findings suggest that the assessment and treatment of poor sleep among older adults with pain may be clinically relevant.
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Young, Steven G. "Dissociable positive and negative affective reactions to mere exposed and easy to process negative and neutral stimuli". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1281462260.
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Hinkelmann, Kim. "Positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) syndromale Struktur und klinische Korrelate /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=968846076.
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Brown, Amy Lynn. "Decision-Making in Social Dilemmas: Positive and Negative Framing, Payoff Structure, and Affect". Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1154706106.
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Oinonen, Kirsten A. "Effects of oral contraceptives on daily self-ratings of positive and negative affect". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ33426.pdf.
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Hirsch, Jameson K., Andrea R. Floyd i Paul R. Duberstein. "Perceived Health in Lung Cancer Patients: The Role of Positive and Negative Affect". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/684.
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Purpose: To examine the association of affective experience and health-related quality of life in lung cancer patients, we hypothesized that negative affect would be positively, and positive affect would be negatively, associated with perceived health.
Methods: A sample of 133 English-speaking lung cancer patients (33% female; mean age = 63.68 years old, SD = 9.37) completed a battery of self-report surveys.
Results: Results of our secondary analysis indicate that trait negative affect was significantly associated with poor physical and social functioning, greater role limitations due to emotional problems, greater bodily pain, and poor general health. Positive affect was significantly associated with adaptive social functioning, fewer emotion-based role limitations, and less severe bodily pain. In a full model, positive affect was significantly associated with greater levels of social functioning and general health, over and above the effects of negative affect.
Conclusions: Reduction of negative affect is an important therapeutic goal, but the ability to maintain positive affect may result in greater perceived health. Indeed, engagement in behaviors that result in greater state positive affect may, over time, result in dispositional changes and enhancement of quality of life.
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Erdheim, Jesse Hackman J. Richard. "Positive and negative affect how do they impact Hackman's (1987) model of group effectiveness /". Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1170958005.
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Erdheim, Jesse. "POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AFFECT: HOW DO THEY IMPACT HACKMAN’S (1987) MODEL OF GROUP EFFECTIVENESS". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1170958005.
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Hansdottir, Ingunn. "Relationships of positive and negative affect to coping and functional outcomes in systemic sclerosis /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3094615.
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Lund, Jesper. "The Effects of Positive Emotions on School Satisfaction Among Adolescents". Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för kommunikation och information, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-5141.
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The relationship between positive emotions and school satisfaction was studied in 19 adolescents aged 13,57 to 15,17 years (M=14,45, SD=0,446), of these 50% were female. The subjects were all Caucasian native Swedish speakers. Schools satisfaction, life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect and gratitude was measured at the beginning of the study and again fourteen days later. During the fourteen days, the subjects were given a task to carry out each day. The control condition was asked to list up to five things that had affected them during the last day. The experimental condition was asked to list up to five things they were grateful for in the last day. The results did not show any relationship between positive affect and school satisfaction. It is suggested that the results might be caused by either too little time for the intervention to cause a significant effect, by the subjects failing to carry out the given task each day or by too few subjects to rule out random effects.
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Oztekin, Ceyda. "The Role Of Gender, Sense Of Coherence And Physical Activity In Positive And Negative Affect". Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609546/index.pdf.
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The present study investigated the role of gender, sense of coherence and total physical activity in positive and negative affect. The participants were 376 (169 female, 206 male, and 1 missing value) volunteered students from different faculties of Middle East Technical University. Three questionnaires, namely, Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC), Physical Activity Assessment Questionnaire (PAAQ), and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) were administered to the students together with the demographic information sheet. Two separate stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the predictive power of gender (coded as dummy variable), sense of coherence and total physical activity on positive and negative affect scores. Results revealed that, sense of coherence and total physical activity predicted the positive affect whereas sense of coherence predicted the negative affect of university students. Findings are discussed in the light of sense of coherence, physical activity and positive and negative affect literature.
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Khan, I. (Iqra). "Impact of emotional intelligence on risk behaviour with mediating effect of positive and negative affect". Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2017. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201703141348.
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Emotional intelligence and risk taking behaviour are considered as significant factors through which people engage in organizations and in daily life. This dissertation formulates the linkage between emotional intelligence, positive affect, negative affect and risk taking behavior. The underlying principle of this study was to develop a sense of relationship between emotional intelligence, positive affect, negative affect, and the conduct of risk taking behavior amongst telecom companies providing the call center services in Pakistan. Afterwards mediating affect of positive and negative affect was checked in the proposed emotional intelligence-risk behavior relationship. Current study was conducted in three big cities of Pakistan (Islamabad, Lahore and Rawalpindi). The technique of convenience sampling was used to collect the data through questionnaires from call center agents. The research design was cross-sectional, and total of 202 finalized and usable responses were used as sample size. In time one 300 questionnaires were used as sample size, and similarly 300 questionnaires were distributed in second time for data collection. Correlation, regression, and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. All hypotheses were accepted and it was proved that positive and negative affect mediate the emotional intelligence to risk behavior relationship. Moreover, current research highlights the areas where future research can be done in different context by involving several other constructs with risk taking behavior.
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Melka, Stephen Edward. "Emotion Dysregulation and Psychopathology: A Structural Exploration of Emotional Factors and Positive and Negative Affect". OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/397.
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Recent epidemiological data from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) estimate significant lifetime prevalence rates for anxiety and mood disorders, suggesting nearly one in three people would meet diagnostic criteria for an anxiety and/or mood disorder at some point during their lifetime (NCS, 2007). Comorbidity research has also revealed that people often suffer from these disorders concurrently (Rodriguez et al., 2004). Many have argued that anxiety and mood disorders frequently co-occur because they share similar etiological factors (Barlow, 1991; Clark & Watson, 1991; Watson, 2005). Additional empirical research has suggested that depressive and anxiety disorders share similar genetic diatheses and merely present differently because of variation in environmental stressors (Hettema, Neale, & Kendler, 2001; Rutter Moffit, & Caspi, 2006). As a result, an investigation of shared emotion regulation and affective processes across anxiety and mood disorders may reveal parallel etiological factors and areas for intervention. Research examining emotion and affective dysregulation indicates that mood and anxiety pathology may be characterized by similar emotional control and understanding deficits (Amstadter, 2008; Bradley, 2000; Sandin et al., 1996). Models of emotion dysregulation suggest that individuals suffering from anxiety pathology report decreased understanding of emotions, higher reactivity and sensitivity to emotions, and poor emotional management and mood repair skills (Mennin et al., 2005). Similarly, studies have observed parallel difficulties in those with depression (Liverant, Brown, Barlow, & Roemer, 2008; Rude and McCarthy, 2003). Additionally, research has indicated that efforts to reappraise or suppress emotions may affect the intensity and valence of emotional experiences (Gross & John, 2004). The current study builds off this research by incorporating elements of previous models of emotion dysregulation and anxiety and mood pathology in an effort to develop a comprehensive model of affective process that may underlie both anxious and depressive symptomatology. A total of 526 undergraduate students participated in the present investigation by completing a series of self-report instruments measuring affect and psychopathology. Response patterns were analyzed using AMOS 4.0 in order to examine the structural relationships between negative affectivity, positive affectivity, emotion reappraisal, emotion suppression, negative emotional reactivity, and poor understanding of emotions. Initial tests of a single model of emotion dysregulation suggested that the development of two separate models best represented subject responses. As a result, distinct models for suppression and reappraisal were tested concurrently. Tests of model invariance revealed similar structural qualities across gender, ethnicity, and levels of general distress for both models. Following modification, final fit indices suggested good fit for the reappraisal model (CFI = .99, TLI = .99, RMSEA = .057); however, the suppression model did not appear similarly representative of subject response behavior (CFI = .89, TLI = .85, RMSEA = .073). Findings of the current study suggest that the use of emotional reappraisal may be associated with increased positive affective and decreased negative affective states. Further, attempts to reappraise emotional experiences may influence the relationships poor understanding of emotions and fear of strong affect demonstrated with negative and positive affect. Data support previously articulated psychotherapy treatment strategies (Beck, 1979; Barlow & Cerny, 1988; Linehan, 1993; Hayes, 2004), but also indicate that current cognitive behavioral therapies may benefit from heightened attention to emotions and the incorporation of affective regulation skill building strategies. Future research directions, study strengths and limitations, and additional implications of present results are included.
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Hirsch, Jameson K., Fuschia M. Sirois i Edward C. Chang. "Pain and Depressive Symptoms in Primary Care Patients: Moderating Role of Positive and Negative Affect". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/605.
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Fiorelli, Julie Ann. "The differential prediction of positive and negative affect in play and in daily life in children". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1420626790.
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Thornburg, Kristopher M. "The effect of positive and negative messages on problem solving in computer programming tasks". Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/608.
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Many supervisory control systems require the operator to solve any problems that the system's automation cannot accommodate. Consequently, this class of systems would benefit from designs and methods which improve operator problem solving performance. Currently, human factors researchers develop designs and methods emphasizing the cognitive capacities and abilities of operators. For the most part, these approaches neglect the emotional state of the operator, although emotion has been shown to have an important impact on performance in many other domains.
This dissertation introduces the modified Multidimensional Problem Solving (m-MPS) Model, a theoretical model predicting how affect, one aspect of emotion, will influence problem solving performance. The model was tested in an experiment in which 32 participants attempted to correct a series of 5 bugs in a computer program. During their task, they received compiler messages with keywords specifically chosen to create a positive or negative affective state. The model predicted that the participants with messages designed to increase positive affect would seek solutions with a more divergent thought process, and this would be indicated with a more diverse set of problem-solving approaches, along with higher scores on a divergent thought measuring test administered throughout the experiment. Those with less positive affect would seek solutions in a smaller, less creative space and demonstrate less divergent thought. Unfortunately, the feedback messages did not appear to evoke an emotional response powerful enough to create a measurable change in emotional state. However, the messages did affect various aspects of the participants' performance in ways consistent with the model, including fewer repeated solutions with increasing divergent thought scores (F(1,423) = 12.39, p < 0.01) and the probability of continuing the problem solving process declines with each unsuccessful attempt (Z = -2.98, p = 0.003). The most compelling result was that participants receiving the negative messages were significantly less likely to successfully complete the problem-solving task (Wald Χ2 = 4.06, p = 0.044). These results suggest that in human-computer interactions, messages are an important factor in creative problem solving performance. Further research is necessary to determine the source of these effects in supervisory control interfaces.
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Cyders, Melissa A. "MANIPULATION OF POSITIVE EMOTION AND ITS EFFECTS ON NEGATIVE OUTCOMES OF GAMBLING BEHAVIORS AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION: THE ROLE OF POSITIVE URGENCY". Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10225/923.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2008.Title from document title page (viewed on November 24, 2008). Document formatted into pages; contains: vi, 68 p. Includes abstract and vita. Page number iii repeats. Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-61).
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Huang, J. (Jiao). "How positive and negative outcomes affect members’ satisfaction in social network communities:a regulatory focus theory perspective". Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2014. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201405241495.
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Based on interests and topics, different communities are created within social network platforms. Community members discuss questions, share information, and help others solve problems. Some social network communities are very successful and have attracted a lot of members, whereas other social network communities cannot sustain because members are not satisfied and leave. The current study investigates the factors associating with user’s satisfaction in the social network communities. Regulatory focus theory is used to frame the investigation. Based on regulatory focus theory, vanity, disinhibition, enjoyment, bridging social capital are proposed as promotion-focused goals, while privacy concern and risk aversion are categorised as prevention-focused goals. The research model is tested with the data collected from online questionnaire. Results suggest that individuals’ satisfaction increases when they feel disinhibited, obtain enjoyment, and gain bridging social capital in social network communities. The fulfilment of vanity is not regarded as a significant source of satisfaction in social network communities. This study has important contributions to literature and implications for practice.
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Andersson-Westny, Jill, i Hanna Bergvall. "Andra i ljuset av sig själv : Relationen mellan sinnesstämning och empati". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-25201.
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Empati är en grundförutsättning för människors interaktion, kommunikation och förståelse för varandra. Forskning har visat att individer med depression och olika personlighetsstörningar har en tendens till nedsatt empati. I en enkätstudie med 205 deltagare, varav 162 kvinnor, undersöktes om sinnesstämning har ett samband med empati. Deltagarna försattes i en sinnesstämning, de fick tänka på positiva eller negativa händelse. Sedan läsa en negativt riktad vinjett om en gripande händelse. Sinnesstämning mättes med The Brief Mood Introspection Scale (BMIS) och empati med hjälp av Batsons empatiskala. Studien avser att fylla luckan som finns om sinnesstämning och empati hos människor i allmänhet. Manipulationen gav inget signifikant resultat. Resultatet visar dock ett positivt samband mellan sinnesstämning och empati från självskattningsskalorna. Deltagarna med positiv sinnesstämning rapporterade mer empati. Kvinnor kände mer empati är män och de äldre mer än yngre. Studien relaterar till att högre välmående hos individer kan skapa mer empati i samhället.
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Roth, Rachel Anne. "Improving Middle School Students' Subjective Well-Being: Efficacy of a Multi-Component Positive Psychology Intervention Targeting Small Groups of Youth and Parents". Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5573.
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A dual-factor model of mental health conceptualizes mental health status as a combination of both psychopathology and subjective well-being. Current literature indicates that complete mental health (i.e., low psychopathology, high subjective well-being) is associated with the best academic and social functioning among youth. Thus, the absence of psychopathology alone is not sufficient for student success. While research on interventions for improving subjective well-being, termed positive psychology interventions (PPIs), is increasing, PPIs for youth in particular lag behind similar interventions for adults. Additionally, a majority of youth-focused PPIs have targeted singular constructs (e.g., gratitude, character strengths), have neglected to include relevant stakeholders in youth's lives, and have not examined the impact of booster sessions on maintaining gains in subjective well-being. Research questions answered in the current study pertain to: (a) the impact of a comprehensive, multi-target, multi-component, small-group youth-focused PPI on students' subjective well-being and symptoms of psychopathology, and (b) the extent to which booster sessions can prevent students from experiencing post-intervention declines in subjective well-being and symptoms of psychopathology. To answer these questions, 42 seventh grade students were randomly assigned to either immediately receive the PPI or to a wait-list control group; all participants' subjective well-being and symptoms of psychopathology were analyzed across time. At immediate post-intervention, students who participated in the PPI made significant gains in all components of subjective well-being, and there was a trend for them to report less internalizing and externalizing symptoms of psychopathology relative to students in the wait-list control group. By seven-week follow-up, students who participated in the PPI exhibited sustained high levels of positive affect, and there was a trend for them to report sustained low levels of negative affect and internalizing symptoms of psychopathology relative to students in the wait-list control group. Thus, findings from the current study support this multi-component PPI as an evidence-based method for making long-lasting improvements in early adolescents' positive affect, a primary indicator of subjective well-being. Implications for school psychologists, contributions to the literature, and future directions are discussed.
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Shlien, Rania K. "The Multidimensional Interpersonal Dependency Inventory: Scale Development". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40627.
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Current inventories of interpersonal trait dependency are problematic because they are based on theories that fail to recognize the positive aspects of dependency. The main goal of this thesis was to develop a new inventory that takes into account theoretical advances using Robert Bornsteinâ s definitions and identified components of interpersonal dependency. The study was broken into the following three stages: 1. Item and inventory creation, 2. Expert feedback and interrater reliability and 3. Data collection and analysis. Three-hundred fifteen undergraduates completed a questionnaire packet, consisting of a demographics section, a copy of the new inventory, and seven other inventories that measure dysfunction and well-being. Although the original hypotheses in this work were not supported, exploratory factor analysis yielded four factors. These four factors and their relevance to the measurement of interpersonal dependency are discussed and suggestions are made for future studies.Master of Science
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Dreves, Parker A. "Explaining the Negative Effects of Stigma through Sense of Mastery". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/286.
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Previous research on stigma has identified many negative outcomes associated with its experience. These often include decreased affect and decreased life satisfaction. The present study examined sense of mastery - the sense of control one feels they have over the events in their life - as a moderator or mediator for these negative effects of stigma. To examine this, the Life Evaluations Survey was distributed to psychology students at a Southeastern university (N = 392). Participants completed measures of public stigma, self-stigma, sense of mastery, positive and negative affect, and life satisfaction. Results revealed experiences of public and self-stigma were associated with a decreased sense of mastery. In addition, sense of mastery was found to partially explain the relationship between stigma and quality of life. By contrast, results did not support a moderating role of mastery. Findings suggests that stigmatized individuals experience a sense of diminished control over their lives, which translates into decreased positive affect and life satisfaction.
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Ranucci, Melissa B. "Positive and Negative Affect: Differential Impact of Optimism, Pessimism, and Coping in People Living with HIV/AIDS". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4804/.
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People living with HIV/AIDS (PLH) struggle with depression. Recent research suggests that depression affects medical regimen adherence, disease progression, and risky sexual behaviors. The present study uses a stress and coping theory viewing HIV-related stigma and physical symptoms as stressors in PLH. Results suggest whereas symptoms and stigma consistently predict negative affect, positive affect, and overall depression, the role of optimism, pessimism, active coping, denial, and behavioral disengagement is not as clear. Pessimism and denial predict negative affect and depression. Optimism and behavioral disengagement predict depression and positive affect. Active coping only predicts positive affect. Focusing on positive and negative affect as distinct components that contribute to overall depression may help researchers develop interventions more effectively.
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Jomar, K. "A measure of positive and negative self-harm beliefs : the Self-Harm Beliefs Scale (SHBS)". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2016. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3003371/.
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Objectives: The current study aimed to develop a measure of positive and negative beliefs in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), the Self-Harm Beliefs Scale (SHBS). A secondary aim was to explore the impact of these beliefs on NSSI behaviour. Design: The study adopted a cross-sectional design. Methods: Adults (n=98) with a history of NSSI were recruited from general and clinical populations across the North-West of England. The relationship between beliefs and NSSI behaviour (i.e. current NSSI, NSSI severity and future likelihood of NSSI) were assessed. The impact of NSSI beliefs on shame and mental well-being were also explored. Results: The SHBS demonstrated good reliability and convergent validity. Individuals with current and historic experience of self-harm endorsed positive and negative beliefs about NSSI. Increased endorsement of positive beliefs appeared to predict current NSSI behaviour as well as future likelihood of NSSI. Both positive and negative beliefs were significant predictors of shame however, only negative beliefs significantly predicted mentalwell-being. NSSI beliefs did not appear to significantly predict NSSI severity. Conclusions: The SHBS is a reliable and valid measure of beliefs about NSSI and presents as a useful clinical and research tool. Exploring NSSI beliefs appears important for better understanding the maintenance of NSSI and improving treatment approaches for this population.
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Wryobeck, John M. "The role of fatigue, positive affect and negative affect in the reporting of quality of life in a group of radiation oncology patients". Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1074539.
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The use of quality of life instruments to evaluate the effect of cancer and its treatment on individuals has increased but the process by which the patient comes to make these quality of life evaluations has not been addressed. Earlier studies have shown the reporting of physical symptoms and the evaluation of one's health to be related to negative affect. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the relationship between negative affect and the evaluation of ones health would remain the same in a group of cancer patients, when a major disease and treatment symptom, fatigue was controlled for. The current study found no relationship between negative affect and the evaluation of health once fatigue was controlled for. Negative affect and fatigue were found to be moderately correlated and fatigue accounted for a large proportion of the variance in the quality of life domains of physical, functional and emotional well-being. Both empirical and theoretical issues are discussed.Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services
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Nsamenang, Sheri A., i Jameson K. Hirsch. "Positive Psychological Determinants of Treatment Adherence Among Primary Care Patients". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/700.
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Patient adherence to medical treatment recommendations can affect disease prognosis, and may be beneficially or deleteriously influenced by psychological factors.AimWe examined the relationships between both adaptive and maladaptive psychological factors and treatment adherence among a sample of primary care patients.MethodsOne hundred and one rural, primary care patients completed the Life Orientation Test-Revised, Trait Hope Scale, Future Orientation Scale, NEO-FFI Personality Inventory (measuring positive and negative affect), and Medical Outcomes Study General Adherence Scale.FindingsIn independent models, positive affect, optimism, hope, and future orientation were beneficially associated with treatment adherence, whereas pessimism and negative affect were negatively related to adherence. In multivariate models, only negative affect, optimism and hope remained significant and, in a comparative model, trait hope was most robustly associated with treatment adherence.ImplicationsTherapeutically, addressing negative emotions and expectancies, while simultaneously bolstering motivational and goal-directed attributes, may improve adherence to treatment regimens.
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Duggan, Leanne. "Examining factors that influence the relationship between personality and stress". Thesis, Federation University Australia, 2021. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/176853.
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Individual differences in the stress response have been linked with numerous factors, including personality traits and mindfulness. Selye (1950) was among the first to detail the physiological stress response that takes place during a stressful event, or after exposure to a stressor. These responses include heart rate changes and the secretion of cortisol into the blood stream, which are key physiological indicators that a stress response is taking place. Lazarus and Folkman (1984) examined appraisal of stressful events, determining that this is crucial to the stress experience. An extension of Lazarus and Folkman’s cognitive appraisal theory was offered by Vollrath (2001), suggesting an individual’s personality accentuates our stress response, therefore, offering an explanation for the individual differences evident in stress responses. The relationship between personality and stress is not straight forward, and other factors, such as affect and mindfulness, may influence this relationship. Thus, this dissertation is divided into three studies. Study 1 examined the moderating and mediating factors of affect on the relationship between personality traits and perceived stress. A total of 290 adults (71% female; Mage = 35.0 years, SD = 12.92) completed an online questionnaire package, comprising of the Perceived Stress Scale, Big Five Inventory, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and a number of demographic questions. A hierarchical regression showed that 56% of the variance in perceived stress was explained by personality and affect, and when all personality traits were viewed concurrently and with affect, neuroticism was the only one to significantly explain variance in perceived stress. No moderation effects were found in Study 1 however, positive affect partially mediated the relationship between neuroticism and perceived stress. Study 2 aimed to further the findings of Study 1 by investigating whether trait mindfulness impacted the relationship between personality and stress. A total of 266 adults (70% female; Mage = 34.0 years, SD = 12.68) completed an online questionnaire package, consisting of the Perceived Stress Scale, Big Five Inventory, and Carolina Empirically Derived Mindfulness Scale. A hierarchical regression showed that 58% of the variance in perceived stress was explained by personality and trait mindfulness. When all personality traits and trait mindfulness were viewed together, neuroticism and agreeableness were the only personality traits to significantly explain variance in perceived stress. The sub-scale trait mindfulness attention significantly moderated the relationship between agreeableness and perceived stress, while a partial mediation was found between neuroticism and the sub-scale trait mindfulness acceptance. Study 3 investigated the effectiveness of a brief state-based mindfulness intervention on physiological (cortisol and heart rate) and psychological stress responses, in a participant matched design. A total of 20 participants (60% female; Mage = 34.60 years, SD = 14.68) were recruited from Studies 1 and/or 2 and matched based on gender, dominant personality trait (found in Study 1 and 2), and perceived stress. One participant in each matched pair was then randomly allocated to the mindfulness experimental, or control, group. The mindfulness experimental group completed a 10-minute breathing exercise, prior to completing the Trier Social Stress Test, a verbal presentation and arithmetic task, designed to induce stress. The control group did not complete any activity prior to the stress test. Comparison of the groups indicated that no significant differences in perceived stress were evident pre-post- intervention. Changes in heart rate were noted for all participants during the intervention, though no difference was evident between groups. The results of Study 3 indicate a mindfulness breathing exercise makes little difference to physiological stress responses during a stress task. The combined findings of this dissertation indicate that personality traits can influence the likelihood of an individual experiencing stress. Mindfulness and affect also impact on the relationship between personality and stress and offer some insight into the individual experience of stress responses.Doctor of Philosophy
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Fei, Xia-Wen. "The effects of chronic exercise on the frequency and intensity of positive and negative affect in Chinese students /". Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61130.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic exercise on the frequency and intensity of positive and negative affect in Chinese students and to examine the effects of chronic exercise on indicators of fatigue and health. No differences in maximal oxygen uptake between groups or across time were observed. Significantly higher heart rates were noted as a function of participation in the exercise program. Positive affect increased for the male exercise group from Pre-training to Post-training while the female exercise group did not significantly increase over time periods. Positive affect of the control group remained stable throughout. Negative affect in males and females in the control group did not change over time. In the exercise group the females' negative affect decreased from Pre-training to Post-training while the males did not significantly decrease from Pre-training to Post-training. The men and women in the exercise group reported significantly greater daily indicators of fatigue than the control group of subjects. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Dahm, Theresa. "Goal pursuit, motivation and the experience of positive and negative affect in young people : an experience sampling study". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2015. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/56835/.
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The study reported in this thesis aimed to test a psychological model of goaldirected behaviour in a sample of young adults, using experience sampling methods. The purpose was to assess the relationship between goal-related appraisals of success and importance, and fluctuations in both positive and negative affect as well as levels of ruminative thought. The influence of individual differences in transdiagnostic factors relating to motivation and anhedonia, as well as symptoms of depression, rumination and schizotypy were also considered. An analogue sample of non-clinical young adults was recruited and took part in this six-day intensive, longitudinal study. Subjective reports of momentary affect, rumination, and goal appraisals were assessed five times daily for six days. Baseline measures relating to symptoms of psychopathology, motivation and anhedonia were also administered. Using multilevel modelling, the relationship between goal appraisals and affective and ruminative responses could be analysed within the context of the days and individuals that they occurred. Results suggested that appraisals of success were associated with higher levels of momentary positive affect and lower levels of momentary negative affect and rumination. While importance was positively associated with momentary rumination, the expected interaction between success and importance was not found. Individual differences in depression symptoms and schizotypy were differentially associated with reduced momentary positive affect, whereas individual differences in trait rumination were differentially associated with increased momentary negative affect and rumination. There was some evidence that individual differences in depression symptoms were also associated with reduced overall enjoyment and goal success during the experience sampling period. These findings are relevant to our understanding of goal-directed behaviour, and how goal appraisals influence positive affect as well as negative affect and rumination. The results suggest that targeting appraisals of success and increasing activities that provide experiences of mastery and pleasure may be an important aspect of clinical interventions.
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Pomery, Elizabeth Anne. "The influence of positive and negative affect on the processing of outcome expectancies related to risky sexual practices". [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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Burrows-Kerr, Ruth. "Repetitive negative thought and anhedonia : a systematic review (literature review) ; Repetitive negative thought and reward sensitivity (empirical paper)". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18074.
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Literature Review: Anhedonia, the loss of interest or pleasure in usually pleasurable activities, is a core symptom of depression and is associated with a reduction in positive affect (PA). Repetitive negative thought (RNT) is implicated in the development and maintenance of psychiatric disorders. It has been hypothesised that RNT causally contributes to anhedonia. The aim of this review was to explore this relationship to answer two questions: Is there a relationship between RNT and anhedonia? Does RNT causally contribute to anhedonia? Review inclusion criteria were: studies using standardised measures to report a relationship between RNT and anhedonia or reduced PA. Results suggest that cross-sectional and longitudinal studies identify a relationship between RNT and anhedonia. Preliminary evidence from experimental studies shows that RNT causally contributes to anhedonia. Limitations within the field are that anhedonia is rarely measured directly or behaviourally. Future research is warranted to explore the relationship between RNT and anhedonia with a particular focus on direct and behavioural measures of anhedonia. Empirical Paper: It is hypothesised that repetitive negative thought (RNT) causally contributes to anhedonia. There is cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence of this relationship, but it has not previously been investigated directly using experimental methods. In the present study, student participants were randomly assigned to an unresolved goal (RNT) manipulation (n = 43) or resolved goal (control) manipulation (n =41) prior to completing a reward sensitivity task. This task has been reliably found to train a response bias towards the stimuli that is differentially positively reinforced, with both depression and self-reported anhedonia associated with a reduced response bias. The unresolved goal versus resolved goal manipulation was effective, with the unresolved condition producing significantly higher levels of RNT during the reward sensitivity task relative to the resolved condition. Inconsistent with study predictions, there was no significant difference between the conditions on response bias, although there were trend findings, which tentatively suggest that RNT may influence anhedonia. Potential accounts for the null findings and future research are discussed.
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German, Tom. "Contributions of negative affect and empathy to the enjoyment of television drama a eudaimonic approach /". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1218542710.
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Nell, Hermann Werner. "Hope, religiosity and subjective well-being / Hermann Werner Nell". Thesis, North West University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/13175.
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This study explored the relationship between religiosity, hope, and subjective well-being among a group of 430 participants (28.8% male, 88.4% black, 8.4% white) residing in the Gauteng Province South Africa. The sample consisted of students (n = 210) as well as family members of these students (n = 220). A cross-sectional quantitative survey design was used. Data was gathered using the Adult Trait-hope Scale, a three item measure of religiosity, the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Descriptive statistics were computed in SPSS 22. Following this, correlations between all latent variables were calculated in Mplus Version 7.11, where after latent variable modelling was performed. During this process, an initial measurement model was specified, which was examined for goodness of fit, and compared against two competing measurement models. The best fitting model was then subjected to a process of model development, and subsequently re-specified as a structural model. The fit of this model was again assessed and compared to two competing structural models. Finally, indirect effects between religiosity, hope, and subjective well-being (comprised of positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction) were investigated. The results revealed that religiosity was a significant predictor of both agency and pathway hope, and that the strength of this relationship was moderate in the case of agency hope, and weak in the case of pathway hope. In turn, agency hope predicted higher levels of life satisfaction and positive affect, and lowered levels of negative affect. However, with the exception of positive affect (with which it was positively associated), pathway hope was not related to any of the subjective well-being variables, suggesting that it is less significantly associated with subjective well-being than agency hope. The results of the mediation analysis revealed that agency hope acted as a significant mediator of the relationship between religiosity and life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect. Pathway hope mediated the relationship between religiosity and positive affect. These results suggest that the elevated levels of subjective well-being often found in relation to religiosity can at least in part be attributed to the fact that religion is associated with elevated levels of hope. The mini-dissertation is concluded with a chapter that outlines the conclusions and limitations related to the study, and on this basis, several recommendations were proposed for future research and practical application of the findings.MA (Positive Psychology), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014