Artykuły w czasopismach: „Poor laws – history”

1

Rose, M. E. "The English Poor Laws, 1700-1930". English Historical Review 118, nr 475 (1.02.2003): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/118.475.247.

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Holmlund, Kerstin. "Poor laws and schooling in Stockholm". History of Education Review 42, nr 1 (21.06.2013): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/08198691311317688.

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Levene, Alysa. "Obligation, Entitlement and Dispute under the English Poor Laws". Social History 42, nr 3 (3.07.2017): 435–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2017.1320150.

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Gilbert, G. "The Morning Chronicle, Poor Laws, and Political Economy". History of Political Economy 17, nr 4 (1.12.1985): 507–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-17-4-507.

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Ely, James W. "The Eighteenth-Century Poor Laws in the West Riding of Yorkshire". American Journal of Legal History 30, nr 1 (styczeń 1986): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/845937.

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Ratzmann, Nora. "Reforming Moldovan social assistance: Poor Laws for the European fringe?" Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 14, nr 3 (3.07.2014): 409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2014.924729.

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Kidd, Alan J. "Historians or Polemicists? How the Webbs Wrote Their History of the English Poor Laws". Economic History Review 40, nr 3 (sierpień 1987): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2596252.

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Frohman, Larry. "The Break-Up of the Poor Laws— German Style: Progressivism and the Origins of the Welfare State, 1900–1918". Comparative Studies in Society and History 50, nr 4 (23.09.2008): 981–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417508000418.

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While the 1834 New Poor Law and the controversies over its reform represent one of the central threads in every narrative of the history of modern Britain, the same can hardly be said of the German poor laws, whose history is far less known. This is due in large part to a historiographical tradition that sees the Bismarckian social insurance programs as the fons et origo of the German welfare state and thus marginalizes all forms of social assistance that can not be neatly fitted into the narrative pre-history or subsequent development of these programs. This contrasts with a British tradition where, as E. P. Hennock has recently argued, national insurance was primarily conceived as a means of poor law reform, and where the poor laws figure prominently in the historiography of the welfare state. On the other hand, this insurance-centered approach to the welfare state is not entirely to blame because, for their part, historians of poor relief have not been able to establish any positive connections between individualized, subsidiary, deterrent relief and social insurance or social security systems based on rights deriving from either contributions or citizenship.

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Jones, Peter. "The New Poor Laws in Scotland, England and Wales: Comparative Perspectives". Local Population Studies, nr 99 (31.12.2017): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35488/lps99.2017.31.

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This article focuses on a seemingly obvious but largely overlooked question in the historiography of British welfare: what are the merits of, and the obstacles to, a serious comparative study of the poor laws in the constituent countries of mainland Britain? It first considers the wider context for such a question in relation to European welfare history, then discusses the broad historiographical trends for each country in relation to two key areas of the welfare debate: how far the intentions of the central Poor Law authorities were reflected in local practice, and the ability of paupers themselves to shape or influence their own experience of relief at the local level. It makes some key observations about the ways in which 'national narratives' of welfare have developed for Scotland, England and Wales in the past, and how these have shaped our view of the relationship between them, and finally suggests avenues for future research.

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Crossman, Virginia. "Viewing Women, Family and Sexuality Through the Prism of the Irish Poor Laws". Women's History Review 15, nr 4 (wrzesień 2006): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612020500530554.

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Mandler, Peter. "Tories and Paupers: Christian Political Economy and the Making of the New Poor Law". Historical Journal 33, nr 1 (marzec 1990): 81–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x0001311x.

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Everyone knows that Edwin Chadwick wrote the New Poor Law; or, rather, that he wrote the report – issued in 1834 by the royal commission appointed two years earlier to inquire into the poor laws – which formed the basis for the New Poor Law. The well-informed among us might add the name of the political economist Nassau Senior as Chadwick's co-author. But few would be able to supply any of the further seven names which stood with Chadwick's and Senior's as co-signatories to the report. These seven royal commissioners were Bishop Blomfield of London, Bishop Sumner of Chester, William Sturges Bourne, M.P., the Rev. Henry Bishop, Henry Gawler, Walter Coulson, and James Traill.

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Crossman, V. "The New Ross Workhouse Riot of 1887: Nationalism, Class and the Irish Poor Laws". Past & Present 179, nr 1 (1.05.2003): 135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/past/179.1.135.

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Neal, Frank. "Lancashire, the Famine Irish and the Poor Laws: A Study in Crisis Management". Irish Economic and Social History 22, nr 1 (czerwiec 1995): 26–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/033248939502200102.

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STEWART, JOHN, i STEVE KING. "Death in Llantrisant: Henry Williams and the New Poor Law in Wales". Rural History 15, nr 1 (17.03.2004): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793303001092.

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This article first examines the recent historiography of the Poor Law, notes the dearth of historical writing on this topic with respect to Wales and then uses an incident which took place in the rural Welsh town of Llantrisant in the early 1840s which clearly exemplifies both particularly Welsh characteristics and those of the medical services of the New Poor Law. It is contended that further study of the welfare regime in nineteenth-century Wales is important for both Welsh history and for the broader historical understanding of the Poor Laws in rural areas.

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Rothery, Karen. "The Power of Personality in the Operation of the New Poor Law". Genealogy 4, nr 1 (20.01.2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy4010011.

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For many years, historians focused on the institutional aspects of the poor laws and the power vested in the central authorities; more recently, the experience of the poor themselves has been at the heart of academic study. This article looks at a third group: those who exercised power and influence in delivering poor law policy at a local level and specifically how certain individuals with strong personalities administered or disrupted what was heralded as a uniform and centrally controlled system. Based on an in-depth local history study on the development of the poor law unions in the county of Hertfordshire, England, this paper will look in detail at the contribution made by specific individuals during the early years of the new poor law and consider how they influenced poor law policy and practice. It will argue that personal contributions made a difference to the operation of the poor laws and that the personality of certain poor law officials had the potential to influence the central authorities, which has not been fully recognised. This research supports the argument that the new poor law was regionally diverse and provides new evidence to suggest that the power of local personnel to influence poor law policy contributed to that diversity and should not be overlooked.

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Royle, E. "The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: Rights, Representation, and Reform: Writings on the Poor Laws, Volume I". English Historical Review 119, nr 481 (1.04.2004): 535–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/119.481.535.

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Innes, J. "Shorter note. The Solidarities of Strangers. The English Poor Laws and the People, 1700-1948. Lynn Lees". English Historical Review 114, nr 457 (czerwiec 1999): 746–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/enghis/114.457.746.

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Innes, J. "Shorter note. The Solidarities of Strangers. The English Poor Laws and the People, 1700-1948. Lynn Lees". English Historical Review 114, nr 457 (1.06.1999): 746–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/114.457.746.

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Chiciudean, Gabriela. ""Scadența" de Horia Liman – obiceiuri ancestrale într-un spațiu izolat / “The Deadline” by Horia Liman – Ancestral customs in an isolated space". Swedish Journal of Romanian Studies 3, nr 1 (17.04.2020): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35824/sjrs.v3i1.21464.

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In his novel, “The Deadline”, Horia Liman depicts the history of an authentic world governed by unwritten laws belonging to the morality of the common man, especially to the honour code. In a poor isolated community from Oaș, placed on a rocky hill, where only the nettles grow, the knapsack and the knife are held in high esteem. The atmosphere of the novel, its characters and their features, the difficult life and the unwritten laws are gradually unveiled through significant events.

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SHAVE, SAMANTHA A. "THE IMPACT OF STURGES BOURNE'S POOR LAW REFORMS IN RURAL ENGLAND". Historical Journal 56, nr 2 (3.05.2013): 399–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x13000034.

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ABSTRACTEngland was blighted by frequent agricultural depressions in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Recurrent crises brought poor law reform to the parliamentary agenda and led to the passage of two non-compulsory pieces of legislation, Sturges Bourne's Acts of 1818 and 1819. These permissory acts allowed parishes to ‘tighten up’ the distribution of poor relief through two vital tools: the formation of select vestries, and the appointment of waged assistant overseers. Whilst previous studies have tended to represent the legislation as a failing reform in the dying days of the old poor law, we know remarkably little about the relief practices deployed by parishes operating under the auspices of Sturges Bourne's Acts. This article starts by detailing the genesis of the reforms before considering the provisions of the acts and their rates of adoption in rural England. Focusing upon administrative records from Wessex and West Sussex, the article proceeds to examine the inspection of relief claimants, and judgments made as to their ‘character and conduct’; the general measures taken to reduce outdoor relief; and their alternative strategies for allocating relief. It is argued that the reforms re-drew the distinction between ‘deserving’ and ‘undeserving’ poor, ultimately changing individuals' and families' entitlement to relief under the old poor laws.

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Stein, M. A. "The English Poor Laws, 1700–1930. By Anthony Brundage. [Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 2001. vii and 185 pp. Hardback. £49.50. ISBN 0–333–68271–8.]". Cambridge Law Journal 61, nr 3 (11.12.2002): 715–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302301788.

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This latest addition to the Palgrave series on Social History in Perspective is a concise and systematic overview of the Poor Law system from the beginning of the 18th century through to its demise in 1930. Well written, The English Poor Law is intended as an introduction to the subject for students of law, history, and/or society, and therefore offers a very short account. Fortunately, the knowledgeable Professor Brundage (whose earlier books include an analysis of the New Poor Law and a biography of one of its facilitators, Edwin Chadwick) provides first-rate end notes and an extensive bibliography. In consequence, those wishing to learn more of this interesting topic have been afforded the means for additional research.

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Batlan, Felice. "Déjà Vu and the Gendered Origins of the Practice of Immigration Law: The Immigrants’ Protective League, 1907–40". Law and History Review 36, nr 4 (listopad 2018): 713–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248018000469.

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Donald Trump's administration has provoked crisis after crisis regarding the United States’ immigration policy, laws, and their enforcement. This has affected millions of immigrants in the U.S. and those hoping to immigrate. Stemming from this, immigration lawyers are providing extraordinary amounts of direct pro bono legal services to immigrants in need. Yet the history of the practice of immigration law has been largely understudied. This article closely examines Chicago's Immigrants’ Protective League between 1910 and 1940. The League provided free counsel to tens of thousands of poor immigrants facing a multitude of immigration-related legal issues during a time when Congress passed increasingly strict immigration laws. The League, always headed by women social workers, created a robust model of immigration advocacy at a time when only a handful of women were professionally trained lawyers. The League's archival documents, manifests how Trump's immigration policies have a long and painful history. U.S. immigration law and its enforcement have consistently been cruel, inhumane, arbitrary, and capricious. Told from the ground up and focusing upon the day-to-day problems that immigrants brought to the League, one dramatically sees how immigration laws and practices were like quicksand, thwarting the legitimate expectations of migrants. The League, in response, participated in creating what would become the practice of immigration law, engaging, and quickly responding to changing laws, rules, policies, and the needs of migrants.

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Zigarovich, Jolene. "Charging the Dead: The Necroeconomies of Burial Laws and the Legal Suspension of the Dead". Victoriographies 13, nr 3 (listopad 2023): 298–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2023.0505.

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While Victorian studies have traditionally examined anatomy laws and the dissection of executed criminals, this article discusses laws that required payment for execution and burial costs, and uncovers actual cases in which families refused payment and as a result the state refused to release the corpse. Capital punishment looms over novels such as Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities, Oliver Twist, and Great Expectations, and Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles. Yet, conspicuously absent from these novels are the necropolitics and economics surrounding the dead body of the executed, which saw more legal protections in the nineteenth century. The aim is to not only excavate laws rarely discussed in critical literature, but to interrogate the astonishing lengths the common law and ecclesiastical court systems were taking in order to manage bodies (through fees, burial prescriptives, customary laws, and so on). Execution and burial fees were designed to financially exploit the grieving poor. Therefore, what often resulted was a suspension of burial – a delay caused by necroeconomies built into these grim financial systems. The article thus brings together ecclesiastical court cases to underscore the tension between customary burial fees, Poor Laws, and their critique in fiction.

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Landau, Norma. "The Regulation of Immigration, Economic Structures and Definitions of the Poor in Eighteenth-Century England". Historical Journal 33, nr 3 (wrzesień 1990): 541–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00013522.

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In the eighteenth century, parish officers used the laws of settlement to regulate the immigration of the poor to their parishes. Their regulation went well beyond ridding their parishes of indigent immigrants. Parish officers monitored the immigration of the non-indigent poor; they insured that their parishes acquired the documents which guaranteed that a poor immigrant would not become the responsibility of the parish to which he had immigrated; and they even removed non-indigent immigrants from their parishes, using their parishes' funds to pay for sending these immigrants back to the parishes which were legally responsible for their welfare.1 To the modern observer, such regulation of migration from one parish to another may seem odd, so odd that some historians have assumed that this regulatory activity did not occur.2 Obviously, then, the parishes' regulation of immigration was part of a world now lost. Regulation of immigration by parish officers disappeared in 1795, when parliament abolished the legal foundations for this practice.3 In detective stories, discovery of the circumstances and implications of a disappearance reveals the structure of the world in which it occurred. So may it be with the regulation of immigration.

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Eastwood, David. "Rethinking the Debates on the Poor Law in Early Nineteenth-Century England". Utilitas 6, nr 1 (maj 1994): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820800001357.

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One of the more interesting developments in recent historical writing has been a reconsideration of the debates over poor law reform. In the sharply-demarcated world of post-war scholarship, the poor law fell clearly, if somewhat problematically, into the domain of social history. For obvious contemporary reasons, post-war social history devoted a good deal of scholarly energy to constructing a history of social policy. Much of this work was problematized in terms of the then orthodox agenda of the welfare state. The dominant questions concerned modes of assessing entitlements, mechanisms for delivering welfare, and the bureaucratic characteristics of the old and new poor laws. Despite its considerable empirical merits, this kind of social history was inhibited by its methodological and problematic certainties. To a large extent this was a social history which defined itselfagainsttraditional political history, offering a narrative of social policy formation which, whilst not eliminating political processes from its account, tended to marginalize their normative significance. One extreme formulation was Sydney Checkland's ‘socially innocent state’. Here the loss of ‘social innocence’ on the part of the British state is evaluated directly in terms of its willingness to develop the kind of social agenda and administrative machinery characteristic of modern wellfarism. For Checkland in particular, social policy was conceived almost exclusively in terms of state-driven programmes of ‘social improvement’. The old poor law, with its pattern of local management, discretionary administration, and paternalist social vision flatly contracted the statutorily-articulated welfarism which Checkland took to be axiomatic to a coherently-conceived social policy. In terms of statutory authority and administrative machinery, Checkland saw the new poor law as a critical move towards a more coherently-constructed state social policy.

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Hwang, Maria Cecilia, i Rhacel Salazar Parreñas. "Not Every Family: Selective Reunification in Contemporary US Immigration Laws". International Labor and Working-Class History 78, nr 1 (2010): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547910000153.

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AbstractThis article questions the notion that family reunification is the cornerstone of US immigration policies and points to the violation of the right to family reunification in US law. It specifically looks at the forcible separation of legal residents from their families, including foreign domestic workers in the Labor Certification Program; US-born children with undocumented relatives, including parents and siblings; and guest workers. We argue that the growing influence of nationalist politics and big businesses trumps the interests of the family in US immigration policies, resulting in the prolonged and forcible separation of working-class and poor migrant families.

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Thompson, F. M. L. "Presidential Address: English Landed Society in the Twentieth Century: II, New Poor and New Rich." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 1 (grudzień 1991): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679027.

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The notion that the great leviathans of wealth, who had for so long been accustomed to taking first place in a nation of snobs which contrived simultaneously to accept, admire, envy, and criticise their opulence, might actually become impoverished first began to gain some currency in the 1890s. True, this had been anticipated by a few specially pessimistic and debt–ridden landowners in the immediate anxieties aroused by the Repeal of the Corn Laws. Lord Monson, who had inherited from a cousin estates liberally furnished with dowagers and other inescapable expenses, and who was in despair at the tendency of income to fall while outgoings remained fixed, exploded to his son in 1851: ‘What an infernal bore is landed property. No certain income can be reckoned upon. I hope your future wife will have Consols or some such ballast, I think it is worth half as much again as land’. A similar but more sober banker's view had been put by Evelyn Denison, a classic gentlemanly capitalist, in 1847 when he announced his intention to sell much of his land ‘not because I am of the class of encumbered landlords, for I have luckily extricated myself from that, but because I do not think it worth while to keep a security paying 2 per cent, when I can get an equally good one paying ’.

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Musiewicz, Piotr. "Krytyka nowego prawa o ubogich w ujęciu ruchu oksfordzkiego (1833‑1845)". Politeja 15, nr 55 (22.05.2019): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.15.2018.55.04.

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The Oxford Movement’s Critique of the Poor Law Amendment ActThe paper presents a short history of poor laws in England and Great Britain, the content and justifications of the Poor Law Amendment Act (1834), general characteristics of the Oxford Movement and its main political ideas, the state of contemporary research on the topic, and finally the Movement’s approach to the new Poor Law. This approach – the Oxford Movement’s critique – has been reconstructed into three main groups of arguments. In the first group there are arguments pointing out why a state’s responsibility, and state-organised system of poor relief, is to be irrelevant and why the Church should play a far greater role in this field. The second group of arguments underlines the impracticality of centralisation in the system and proposes the major role of the local units in poor relief, as well as more ‘personal’ approach to the poor, also by reforming workhouses. The third group of arguments undermines the liberal (and Puritan) idea of solely individual responsibility for one’s poverty and destitution – an idea underlying the new Poor Law.

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Rosenfeld, B. Z., i H. Perlmutter. "The Attitude to Poverty and the Poor in Early Rabbinic Sources (70-250 ce)". Journal for the Study of Judaism 47, nr 3 (28.09.2016): 411–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700631-12340454.

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This research examines the attitude of rabbinic literature to poverty and the poor after the destruction of the Second Temple. In the Hebrew Bible there are instructions to care for the poor and to be compassionate toward them. However, in Wisdom literature there is also criticism of the poor depicting them as lazy. The Torah obligates the individual Jew to support the poor though tithes from the produce of the fields, giving charity and free loans, but does not advocate establishing public funds for the relief of the poor. Rabbinic literature from after the destruction of the temple shows that the rabbis advocated community responsibility for helping the poor. It shows compassion toward the poor and encourages the Jews to support them through charity. They amended religious laws in order to enable the poor to have more to consume. This seems to be a change from the way the rabbis related to the poor prior to the destruction as is depicted by the New Testament. Examination of actions attributed to sages from before the destruction shows that the rabbis related positively primarily toward poor who were “sons of good” citizens. The other poor were “others” and were left to charity and tithes. After the destruction all poor are “ours,” sons of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

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Hathaway, Jane. "The Mawzaע Exile at the Juncture of Zaydi and Ottoman Messianism". AJS Review 29, nr 1 (kwiecień 2005): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s036400940500005x.

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Among scholars of Jewish communities under Islamic rule, Yemen has gained a poor reputation for treatment of its ancient Jewish minority in comparison with other predominantly Muslim societies. Although Yemen had, until the 1950s, a sizable Jewish population whose presence dated back centuries before the advent of Islam, various Muslim rulers of key parts of Yemen enforced the sumptuary laws and other restrictions stipulated in the Pact of עUmar with unusual stringency, and the Jews' history under Islamic rule was marred by sporadic instances of outright persecution.

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BUTT, Simon. "The Indonesian Constitutional Court: Reconfiguring Decentralization for Better or Worse?" Asian Journal of Comparative Law 14, nr 1 (22.03.2019): 147–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2018.19.

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AbstractAfter Soeharto stepped down in 1998, Indonesia began a radical decentralization program, one aspect of which was granting wide-ranging lawmaking powers to subnational governments. The national legislation establishing the decentralization framework gave power to the central government to review provincial-level laws, and, from 2014, for provincial governors to review city and county laws, and to invalidate them if they are inconsistent with national laws, morality, or public order. In 2017, the Constitutional Court declared these review mechanisms unconstitutional, deciding that these reviews should be conducted by the Supreme Court rather than the national or provincial executive governments. This decision reversed the trend of successive reforms from 2004 that had begun restoring political and legal power to the centre. It was also one of the most problematic in the Court’s history, as this article demonstrates. The legal reasoning was poor and incomplete, the Court appeared to be equally split (though the Court did not acknowledge this), and the consequences of the decision (which the Court did not appear to consider) are likely dire. The decision has caused great confusion, but despite its flaws may well lead to reforms requiring the Constitutional Court, rather than the Supreme Court, to review subnational laws.

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Shao, Ken. "Legal orientalism? The poor Chinese culture and US–China intellectual property disputes since the late Qing dynasty". Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 9, nr 2 (maj 2019): 134–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2019.02.01.

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From the nineteenth-century late Qing dynasty reform to China's endeavor to construct a twenty-first-century knowledge economy, intellectual property has frequently stuck out as a core agenda of China–foreign diplomatic and trading relations. Such a history is usually interpreted from two perspectives: one is an ‘infringement perspective’ in which China is understood as a notorious infringer of foreign intellectual property; the other is a ‘transplant perspective’ which argues that China's modern intellectual property laws emerge and progress as the consequence of foreign pressure. Both interpretations intend to hold that China's passive role in modern intellectual property law making is ultimately cultural – that is, the notion of intellectual property is alien to Chinese culture. This paper takes a completely different cultural perspective. Through micro-level historical details, it addresses the following fundamental question – was the authentic Chinese culture present or accessible by the Westerners (as well as many Chinese) in that part of history? In a broader context, it further addresses another crucial question – if the authentic Chinese culture is yet to be presented or accessible, shouldn't (legal) orientalism be regarded as a consequence of cultural unawareness rather than cultural prejudice?

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Medvedev, V. V. "The contents and laws of soil anthropogenous evolution". Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 15, nr 1-2 (15.01.2014): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041402.

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Long soil ploughed up are typical polygenetic formations as in their formation alongside with natural the significant role is played with anthropogenous factors. Under action of mechanical, chemical, reclamative and other kinds influences natural soils lose inherent in them a structure, properties and modes. Anisotropism, spatial heterogeneity, preferential descending and ascending streams of a moisture amplify, new types of horizontal and vertical soil structures are formed, grows the equilibrium bulk density, consolidation and quantity of false aggregates, the structure pore spaces changes, obvious braking processes of aggregation is marked, ability to convertibility of properties and modes as the basic condition of counteraction of degradation processes is lost, rhythmic of soil formation due to activization relax processes is broken characteristic for natural soil. Significant changes occur in thin dispersed mineral and organic parts. The total humus decreases, its lability increases, is observed claying, because of increase in depth of watering and lowering of carbonates level it is locally marked acidification. As a result it is ascertained, that in conditions of unbalanced and poor-quality land tenure even simple reproduction of soil fertility is impossible, and an equilibrium (stable) condition of soil properties and modes – more likely wrongly generated on the basis of not enough long-term researches. As a result of anthropogenous evolution for rather short historical time interval the new body – anthropogenous transformed soils was generated. This fact demands reflection in soil classification and correctives in studying, management of their fertility and use. Possible scripts of the further anthropogenous soil evolution are discussed: the degradation, a seeming balance and "reasonable" precise agriculture. Degradation (degradation) – the most probable script at preservation of modern unbalanced and poor-quality agriculture. Degradation in these conditions can gradually become the factor forming an agrisoil. A seeming balance (seeming equilibrium, balance). – the least probable script. Seeming because it is characteristic for short-term prospect, but in conditions of long scarce balance elements and excessive mechanical loading soil evolution cannot be equilibrium. Steady development - the script to which it is necessary to aspire ("reasonable" agriculture - intelligence agriculture). The script on immediate prospects – instead of the zone generalized technologies – exact agriculture (precise agriculture) in view of spatial diversity, history of a field and a stage of its anthropogenous evolution. The organization of researches is necessary for realization of the favorable script of anthropogenous soil evolution with use of modes in situ and on-line, landscape soil-ecological ranges, complex stationary experiences with application of methods of planning of experiment, use of effective methods of forecasting of soil processes and as a whole exemplary system of scientific monitoring. Uncontrolled soil use in the country should not be.

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Nashir, Asep Kamaluddin, i Denny Indra Sukmawan. "Tinjauan Historis Mengenai Pelibatan Sektor Keamanan Dalam Krisis Kesehatan". Jurnal Keamanan Nasional 8, nr 1 (11.08.2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31599/jkn.v8i1.533.

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Security sector engagement, in particular TNI, Polri and BIN are seen as dominant during Covid-19 pandemic. It trigger concern across the public, as the civil argue that their security approach is ineffective. On the other hand, their involvement is guaranteed by the laws and regulations. Best practices across the world show that the involvement of the security sector in dealing with pandemics is a necessity, especially for countries that have poor national health systems. This study uses qualitative methods, with secondary data.

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Amalinda Savirani i Guntoro. "Between Street Demonstrations and Ballot Box: Tenure Rights, Elections, and Social Movements among the Urban Poor in Jakarta". PCD Journal 8, nr 1 (10.06.2020): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/pcd.v8i1.414.

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This article investigates the political participation of urban poor through the People's Network of Urban Poor (Jaringan Rakyat Miskin Kota, JRMK) in Jakarta's 2017 gubernatorial election. It also traces the material aspects of this movement, particularly the issues emphasised by the movement: settlement rights, tenure rights, and livelihood rights. Settlement rights reflect a complex system of agrarian laws in Indonesia, and urban development plans in Jakarta, all of which have been shaped by the contestation of economic and political interests. Tenure and livelihood rights for the urban poor, are heavily steeped in history, with constant threat of forced eviction, As a result the three rights became increasingly tangible and movement became ever more urgent. This article argues that the materiality of social movements influences the urban poor movement political strategies. In this case, the movement created a "political contract" with the candidate who ultimately emerged victorious in the election; owing to the complexity of land and settlement issues, electoral politics offered the most promising strategy. However, movements with different types of 'materiality' could employ other approaches.

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Ndlovu, Sifiso. "An Analysis of the History of Public Sector Trade Unionism in Zimbabwe". Cross Current International Journal of Economics, Management and Media Studies 1, nr 2 (26.04.2019): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijemms.2019.v01i02.005.

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Before independence, labour policies and laws were oppressive towards the employment of African workers. Industrial relations were based on master- servant relationship. Employment was in a four-tiered structure, whereby Europeans were at the top followed by Asians, Coloureds and Africans at the bottom. Employers determined the working conditions unilaterally. The introduction of the tax system was used to discriminate African workers and to control labour movement. Africans worked in order to pay discriminatory tax such as the poll tax or hut tax. This official discrimination made the problem of African Workers worse. The workers were not only discriminated in working places but also on the basis of race and colour. African workers, therefore, used every opportunity to protest against poor working conditions and official discrimination on racial grounds. The fight against colonial rule cannot be differentiated from the fight for workers’ rights. And this could explain why the current labour movement in Zimbabwe is politicized in a way

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Ndlovu, Sifiso. "An Analysis of the History of Public Sector Trade Unionism in Zimbabwe". Cross Current International Journal of Economics, Management and Media Studies 1, nr 2 (26.04.2019): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijemms.2019.v01i02.005.

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Before independence, labour policies and laws were oppressive towards the employment of African workers. Industrial relations were based on master- servant relationship. Employment was in a four-tiered structure, whereby Europeans were at the top followed by Asians, Coloureds and Africans at the bottom. Employers determined the working conditions unilaterally. The introduction of the tax system was used to discriminate African workers and to control labour movement. Africans worked in order to pay discriminatory tax such as the poll tax or hut tax. This official discrimination made the problem of African Workers worse. The workers were not only discriminated in working places but also on the basis of race and colour. African workers, therefore, used every opportunity to protest against poor working conditions and official discrimination on racial grounds. The fight against colonial rule cannot be differentiated from the fight for workers’ rights. And this could explain why the current labour movement in Zimbabwe is politicized in a way

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Murdoch, Lydia. "State, Society and the Poor in Nineteenth-Century England, and: The Solidarities of Strangers: The English Poor Laws and the People, 1700-1948 (review)". Victorian Studies 44, nr 2 (2002): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vic.2002.0025.

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Adesoye, Oluwatimilehin Peter, i Abimbola Oluyemisi Adepoju. "Food insecurity status of the working poor households in south west Nigeria". International Journal of Social Economics 47, nr 5 (23.04.2020): 581–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-09-2019-0589.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the factors influencing the food insecurity status of the working poor households in south west Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachInternational Labour Organisation poverty line, Household Food Insecurity Access Scale as well as the Ordered Logit model were used to identify the factors influencing the food insecurity status of the working poor households in south west Nigeria.FindingsThe study revealed that more than half of the respondents were working poor households, with more than four-fifths of them being food insecure. Income irregularity, savings and level of education had major roles to play in the food insecurity status of working poor households.Social implicationsEmployment has always been considered as a route out of poverty and food insecurity. However, the intensity of poverty among working households should be considered in the design and development of policy and programmes, targeted towards workers. Laws should protect the right of workers against non-payment of salaries, advantages of family planning should be emphasised, social security allowance should be provided to serve as an alternative source of income during emergencies and more investment made in education.Originality/valueThis paper attempts to bridge the knowledge gap in the empirical link between employment, poverty and food insecurity. Particularly, its application to the working households.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-09-2019-0589

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Fernández Galeano, Javier. "Running Mascara: The Hermeneutics of Trans Visual Archives in Late Franco-Era Spain". Radical History Review 2022, nr 142 (1.01.2022): 72–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-9397058.

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Abstract This article traces the curation of visual archives of trans subjectivity by the Franco regime. It focuses specifically on the experiences of three trans women who were prosecuted in the early to mid-1970s. Based on the definition of photographs as “material performances,” the author reconsiders recent debates about the “ethics of turning away” from forensic documents. Since Spanish privacy laws forbid the full reproduction of defendants’ photographs, this study also delves into the ethics of research on trans visibility in contexts of criminalization. The examined evidence demonstrates the disproportionate targeting of poor trans women as well as the centrality of the paseo (stroll) in their daily struggle for belonging. The confiscated photographs show a community of trans women posing in natural or public settings using different techniques to highlight the eroticism of their bodies. Likewise, trans women’s representational strategies centered joy, sisterhood, and intimacy as tenets of a livable life.

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Schroeder, Nicole Lee. "“An Emporium of Beggars,” Medical Rhetoric, Disability, and Philadelphia’s Early Nationalist Welfare Crises". Journal of the Early Republic 44, nr 1 (marzec 2024): 57–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jer.2024.a922051.

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Abstract: In the early 1800s, cities across the Atlantic world launched welfare reforms designed to curtail excessive spending. Cities like Philadelphia opened numerous investigations into the rise of poverty and local governments ushered in new practices that depended heavily on institutions like hospitals, prisons, and boarding schools. This article considers the rhetoric used by early Philadelphia reformers to defend reform practices. Relying on hundreds of pension applications, I compare descriptions of the poor offered by government officials with actual pension records. I argue that these reforms evidence a shifting of historic protections for disabled persons, and a refusal on behalf of government officials to acknowledge the rise of a disabled minority in the United States. Changes to the poor laws barred disabled populations from securing home-based care resources, and posed institutionalization as the sole solution to rising poverty rates.

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Clausen, Fabian, i Amir Attaran. "The Chad-Cameroon Pipeline Project--Assessing the World Bank's Failed Experiment to Direct Oil Revenues towards the Poor". Law and Development Review 4, nr 1 (5.08.2011): 32–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1943-3867.1099.

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The World Bank's engagement with projects involving extractive industries has not proven particularly successful. Especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, it has actually often made matters worse. Borrower countries' economies failed to grow, and corruption increased; the poor did not benefit from the revenues that were generated. This paper assesses the complex legal and institutional framework of the World Bank project that many hoped would change this bleak record: in the highly publicized and controversial Chad-Cameroon Pipeline Project, the Bank catalyzed the largest private investment in the history of Sub-Saharan Africa. This model project featured new and untested contractual, statutory, institutional and fiscal mechanisms which were intended to make Chad's oil revenues transparent and compel the Government of Chad—one of the world's poorest—to expend its oil revenues on areas consistent with the project's agreed poverty reduction objective, such as education and health. Despite these heroic measures, in 2008 the revenue allocation program collapsed, and the Bank's projects in Chad terminated prematurely. Not for the first time, the government of Chad had unilaterally altered the underlying laws to enable more security and military spending. Yet again, the poor had not profited from the oil revenues. We analyse in this paper whether the Bank's failure in the Chad-Cameroon Pipeline Project was due to specific errors in the framework of contracts, laws and institutional structures the Bank deployed—errors which could, in theory, be taken as lessons for a future project making use of an improved revenue allocation system—or whether generally the Bank's entire concept of contractually imposing a revenue allocation system is flawed, such that any attempt to revive such a system on another occasion is misguided and futile.

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Pimm-Smith, Rachel. "District schools and the erosion of parental rights under the Poor Law: a case study from London (1889–1899)". Continuity and Change 34, nr 3 (grudzień 2019): 401–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416019000353.

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AbstractThis article investigates the empirical backing for the claim that poor law officials needed legal authority to refuse poor parents’ right to the custody of their children in order to stabilise children's welfare institutions during the nineteenth century. Although workhouses were capable of accommodating children, Victorian lawmakers feared children would model themselves on adult paupers to become permanent burdens on the state. To tackle this problem, a system of children's welfare institutions called ‘district schools’ was introduced to train children to become industrious adult labourers. Children were usually classified as orphans or deserted so they could be sent to district schools without fear of family intervention. However, children with ambiguous parental circumstances were labelled as ‘other’ and considered a problematic class because they were perceived to be at risk of having on-going contact with their birth families. Lawmakers feared parents of ‘other’ children would undermine reformation efforts by asserting their custody rights, and passed the first laws in English history to allow the state to restrict parental rights on this basis. This article explores the claim of unwanted parental involvement, and in doing so, seeks to contextualise the origins of public law interference in the family sphere within a narrative of imposed citizenship rather than protection.

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Eltahir, Muna M. "Community Participation in Housing and Urban Development in Poor Urban Communities,Case Study of Umbadda, Khartoum". FES Journal of Engineering Sciences 4, nr 1 (6.12.2009): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/fjes.v4i1.46.

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Community participation represents a voluntary action carried out by community members who participate with each other in different kinds of work to achieve desired goals. Participation includes people's involvement in decision-making, in implementing programs, sharing in the benefits of development programs and their involvement in efforts to evaluate such programs. (Cohen, D. and Prusak). According to Muhammad, community participation, known locally as nafeer or fazaa, is a deeply rooted ancient phenomenon in the Sudanese culture and has been common especially among traditional people in rural areas and villages, where it is usually men's domain (Muhammad, 1975). Community participation is affected by religious beliefs, ethnic and cultural backgrounds as well as laws, political environment, economic situation. Social relations (social capital), history and age of the neighborhood. The present paper discusses community participation in Umbadda, Harra 14, a newly planned poor neighborhood in Greater Khartoum the capital of Sudan, which has a population of 5.5 million inhabitants growing at an annual rate of 5.6% per year. Data collection was based on a filed research carried out by the author in the summer of 2002 through intensive interviews with community leaders, and a structured household questionnaire.

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Bae, Yuh-Jin. "Analyzing the Changes of the Meaning of Customary Land in the Context of Land Grabbing in Malawi". Land 10, nr 8 (10.08.2021): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080836.

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Ordinary Malawians who live in customary land have been suffering from land grabbing due to their weak and ill-defined land rights. Although Malawi has experienced a number of land reforms that should have contributed to strengthening customary land rights, many people in customary land still suffer from land grabbing. Accordingly, it is important to understand the factors that lead to land grabbing in customary land in Malawi. Thus, by looking at the overview of land laws and policies throughout history, this study has two aims: (1) to analyze the historical changes in the meaning and position of customary land in Malawi and (2) to analyze the land grabbers in Malawi before, during, and after the colonial era. In order to achieve the main goals, this research mainly analyzes land laws and policies connected to customary land in Malawi. The main findings of this research are that (1) the meaning of customary land changed before and after the colonial period, but little has changed between the colonial period and the present. Since the creation of land laws during the colonial period, the land rights of the people who live in customary land have not been secured, and (2) the land grabbers changed from the British colonial rulers and European settlers to the Government of Malawi. Further, with the recent land laws, such as Land Act 2016 and Customary Land Act 2016, wealthy Malawians may become new land grabbers who can afford to obtain the customary estate grants. By examining the main results, it was found that from the colonial period until the present, customary land has been vulnerable to land grabbing as its weak position still resembles that of the colonial era. Thus, Malawi appears to face significant challenges in amending its customary land laws for the benefit of the poor.

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Oakes, Peter. "Christian Attitudes to Rome at the Time of Paul's Letter". Review & Expositor 100, nr 1 (luty 2003): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003463730310000107.

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In the late fifties, Christianity was a provincial religious movement rooted in Jewish beliefs, practice, and history. This gives to a model of Christian attitudes to Rome three natural dimensions: provincial, Jewish, and distinctively Christian. A provisional list of attitudes is constructed by considering issues that were significant for each group. The resulting list has six elements: awe at Rome's prestige, power and wealth; appreciation of Roman peace, economic prosperity, partial protection of Diaspora communities, and laws permitting Jewish practice; resentment at taxation, occupation of Israel, and poor governing of Judaea; contempt for Roman religious beliefs and certain aspects of morality; denial of ultimate authority; and expectation of overthrow. This combination could be used as a grid for interpreting the Roman dimension of Paul's letter.

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Ben-Dov, Jonathan. "The poor's curse: Exodus xxii 20-26 and curse literature in the ancient world". Vetus Testamentum 56, nr 4 (2006): 431–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853306778941674.

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AbstractIn the passage Exod. xxii 20-26 the poor man cries to God after he had been mal-treated by a powerful creditor. In response God acts as an avenger against that evil individual. The article first clarifies the background to such violent acts by proprietors in Ancient Near Eastern Laws, and the response to it in the laws of Deuteronomy xxiv. The curse and revenge are then explained in the light of parallel practices from ancient Greek literature, mainly from the Oddesey. Curse practices meant to restore justice are explored on the basis of Greek binding spells and of the corpus of Greek literary curses. The image of the Mesopotamian god "ama" as an avenging god is analyzed according to the famous Babylonian "ama" hymn and to that god's epitheta. Finally, examples of Hebrew curse literature are highlighted in the Book of Job and in Psalm cix.

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Meraj, Bushra, i Ali Hassan Khan. "Traces of Marxism leading to Color Prejudice in the Novel based drama". International Journal of Linguistics and Culture 3, nr 2 (16.12.2022): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/ijlc.v3i2.124.

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The character of Parizaad from the drama Parizaad, aired on Hum TV in 2021, is the subject of the current study. Using Marxist theory, we were able to better understand the character of Parizaad in the narrative. The qualitative analysis of the data was carried out by the researcher. Its possible that Marxism had an influence onthis drama. Hashims Urdu novel Parizaad shows the terrible reality of Pakistani society in all its complexity, and is a must-read for anybody interested in the countrys history. For a change, its a breath of fresh air to read a story that takes on Pakistani societys laws as well as the rich and powerful in such a straightforward way. Numerous Parizaad have died as a result of the current societal system crushing them under its weight. Race, injustice, and socioeconomic inequality are just a few of the issues that are addressed in it. It has been identified that the drama portrayed the racial and class discrimination in the society through realistic lens and exposed the plight of the poor, marginalized and often ridiculed poor class.

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Preethi, Bhuvana, Mala Vijayakrishnan i Prasanth Nagarajan. "A study of postnatal depression in a tertiary care centre – A prospective observational study". Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research 9, nr 4 (15.11.2022): 501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijogr.2022.096.

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Postnatal depression is defined as non-psychotic depressive episodes of mild to major severity which occurs during pregnancy or postpartum. It is one of the most common non obstetric disorders that causes significant morbidity in women during the perinatal period. It is often unrecognized, but an extremely common yet a disorder (100-150 per 100 births) and is prevalent among Indian women up to 19% - 22% as well. The aim of this study is to find out incidence of postnatal depression in Vijaya Hospital, a private tertiary care hospital. This study aims at identifying the incidence of postnatal depression in postnatal mothers in a tertiary care centre using Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) questionnaire and the risk factors contributing to postpartum depression. The results were incidence of postnatal depression at week one was 40% and week four was 27%.: It is a prospective observational study with a sample size of 100. Postnatal mothers were screened using EPDS questionnaire at one week when they are admitted in hospital and four weeks when they come for postnatal checkup. Women with EPDS score of 13 and above was considered having Postpartum Depression. Age, socioeconomic status, educational status, employment status, type of family, menstrual history, premenstrual syndrome, obstetric score, mode of delivery, planning of pregnancy, relationship with parents, in laws and partner was compared at one week and four weeks.The Primary outcome of the study was to measure the incidence of PPD at week one which was 40% and week four which was 27%. The secondary outcome identified the risk factors contributing to PPD in my study was menstrual history, mode of delivery, relationship with in laws, lack of partner support which was found to be statistically significant. In my study done in a private tertiary care hospital, the cumulative incidence of PPD was 52%. Delivery through Caesarean section, menstrual history and poor relationship with in laws at one week was found to be statistically significant with a p-value of <0.05. Lack of partner support at one week and four weeks were found to be statistically significant with a p- value of < 0.05.

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MITCHISON, ROSALIND. "The Solidarities of Strangers: The English Poor Laws and the People, 1700–1948. By Lynn Hollan Lees. Pp. xiv, 376. ISBN 0 521 57261 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1998. £45.00." Scottish Historical Review 78, nr 2 (październik 1999): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.1999.78.2.283.

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