Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Pompe de charge instable”

Lorsqu’un patient souffrant de douleurs articulaires se présente à notre cabinet, il pourrait être aisé pour nous orthodontistes d’ignorer le problème en estimant que l’occlusion n’est pas en relation avec les symptômes et qu’il s’agit seulement d’un problème bio-psychosocial. Au travers d’exemples largement illustrés, cet article tente de démontrer que le patient peut apparaître en position occlusale stable, alors qu’il est en position articulaire instable. Ceci peut générer des adaptations articulaires, dentaires (abrasions) et l’apparition de douleurs. L’orthodontie permet de prendre en charge les patients en souffrance à la condition que la planification du traitement intègre le rétablissement d’une position articulaire stable, tout autant que celui d’une position occlusale stable.

This investigation aims to find lipid-based nanosystems to be used as tools to deliver manganese for diagnostic purposes in multimodal imaging techniques. In particular, the study describes the production and characterization of aqueous dispersions of anionic liposomes as delivery systems for two model manganese-based compounds, namely manganese chloride and manganese acetylacetonate. Negatively charged liposomes were obtained using four different anionic surfactants, namely sodium docusate (SD), N-lauroylsarcosine (NLS), Protelan AG8 (PAG) and sodium lauroyl lactylate (SLL). Liposomes were produced by the direct hydration method followed by extrusion and characterized in terms of size, polydispersity, surface charge and stability over time. After extrusion, liposomes are homogeneous and monodispersed with an average diameter not exceeding 200 nm and a negative surface charge as confirmed by ζ potential measurement. Moreover, as indicated by atomic absorption spectroscopy analyses, the loading of manganese-based compounds was almost quantitative. Liposomes containing NLS or SLL were the most stable over time and the presence of manganese-based compounds did not affect their size distribution. Liposomes containing PAG and SD were instable and therefore discarded. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the selected anionic liposomes was evaluated by MTT assay on human keratinocyte. The obtained results highlighted that the toxicity of the formulations is dose dependent.

In the membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating municipal wastewater, the effect of sludge retention time (SRT) on the contents of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), tightly bound EPS (TB) and loosely bound EPS (LB) and the ratios of protein and polysaccharide in TB and LB was studied. With the extension of SRT the EPS increased and the ratios of protein and polysaccharide in TB and LB changed. The above changes influenced the charge distribution of bacterial surface, increased the proportion of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity on the bacterial surface, changed the bacteria from the instable (R-type) to the stable (S-type), decreased the Zeta potential and increased the values of sludge volume index (SVI). The correlation analysis for the main parameters of fouling resistance was performed by SPSS software, and it was found that the correlation coefficient (rp) was -0.818 for Zeta potential, 0.853 for the content of suspended solids in supernatant and 0.832 for relative hydrophobicity, respectively. SRT of the MBR should be controlled below 120 times of the minimum generation-time of dominant bacteria considering the membrane fouling and sludge characteristics.

La récupération de l'énergie est le processus qui consiste à convertir l'énergie inutilisée présente dans notre environnement en énergie électrique utilisable pour alimenter un système électronique. Les récupérateurs d'énergie cinétique à transduction électrostatique (eKEH) utilisent l'énergie cinétique présente dans l’environnement, qui provient d'un objet en mouvement ou de vibrations, afin de la convertir en énergie électrique. Le principe employé est basé sur un condensateur variable polarisé. En ajoutant une couche triboélectrique entre ses armatures et en créant un contact entre elles, un eKEH devient ce qui l’on appelle communément un nanogénérateur triboélectrique (TENG). Ce type de transducteur accumule des charges par contact dans la couche triboélectrique qui devient ainsi un électret dont le champs électrique semi-permanent généré permet une variation de la distribution des charges électriques dans les électrodes par induction électrostatique.La modification de l'architecture d'un TENG par l'ajout d'une troisième électrode permet de transformer un transducteur à capacité simple en un TENG à capacité double. Le fait de doubler l'élément de conversion dans un transducteur doit permettre d’augmenter la quantité d'énergie convertie. Le circuit électronique choisi pour redresser le signal obtenu en sortie du générateur est le doubleur de Bennet. L’absence de tension de saturation en sortie de ce circuit est une caractéristique particulière de cette pompe de charge dite instable. Elle se traduit par une augmentation exponentielle de la tension de sortie et des charges accumulées dans le condensateur de stockage qui augmentent (en théorie) de manière infinie. Cela signifie que la surface du cycle charge-tension aux bornes du TENG, et donc l’énergie convertie du domaine mécanique, augmente à chaque itération du cycle mécanique du transducteur.Cette thèse comprend l'analyse, la simulation et la démonstration expérimentale d’un doubleur de Bennet comportant deux capacités variables asymétriques incluant chacune une couche triboélectrique. Il est montré que les performances du système « double TENG » - « double Bennet » sont supérieures au doubleur de Bennet classique. L'étude analytique s'aligne sur les simulations. Le système a été testé expérimentalement. Il en est conclu que les résultats expérimentaux sont pertinents lorsqu'ils sont comparés aux performances du système classique d’un « TENG mono-capacitif » - « Bennet simple». Par rapport au doubleur de Bennet classique, le double Bennet atteint les mêmes niveaux de tension en moins de temps. Cela est dû à l'avantage du double condensateur TENG qui augmente le nombre de charges accumulées par cycle mécanique. L'analyse a montré que les deux condensateurs TENG sont co-dépendants et qu’ils s’influencent mutuellement lorsqu’ils sont mis en fonction.Le signal de sortie du double Bennet est caractérisé par des tensions élevées allant de plusieurs centaines à plusieurs milliers de volts. Pour abaisser la tension redressée en sortie à un niveau compatible avec une application commerciale, un convertisseur DC-DC de type Buck est implémenté. Celui-ci nécessite un interrupteur. Cette thèse propose et étudie l'utilisation d'un interrupteur haute-tension MEMS dit à micro-plasma dont la tension d’actionnement est définie par la loi de Paschen. Cette thèse se conclue par une étude théorique et expérimentale de cette loi à l'échelle micrométrique dans le but de proposer des tensions d’actionnement optimales pour une meilleure gestion de l'énergie captée
Energy harvesting is the process that involves converting otherwise unused energy present in our environment into usable electrical energy that can be used to power an electronic system. Electrostatic kinetic energy harvesters (eKEHs) utilize vastly present kinetic energy that originates either from an object in motion or vibrations and converts it into electrical energy. The employed principle is based on a polarized variable electrostatic capacitor. With an addition of a triboelectric layer between its plates and utilizing the triboelectrification effect, an eKEH is transformed into a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). This type of transducer accumulates charges by contact in the triboelectric layer which thus becomes an electret whose generated semi-permanent electric field allows a variation of the distribution of the electric charges in the electrodes by electrostatic induction.Altering the architecture of a TENG by adding the third electrode, a single-capacitive transducer is converted into a double-capacitive TENG. Doubling the conversion element in a transducer is expected to increase the amount of converted energy. Chosen electronics circuit to condition obtained signal from the generator is Bennet’s charge doubler. An increase without saturation point at the output of this circuit is the unique characteristic of this unstable charge pump. It reflects through an exponential increase of output voltage and a number of charges accumulated in the storage capacitor which increase (in theory) in an infinite way. This means that the surface of the charge-voltage cycle at the terminals of the TENG, and thus the converted energy of the mechanical domain, increases at each iteration of the mechanical cycle of the transducer.The scope of this thesis encompasses the simulation, analytical and experimental research of Bennet’s charge doubler with two asymmetric variable capacitors each containing a triboelectric layer. It is postulated that the performance of the "double TENG" - "double Bennet" system is superior to the classic Bennet’s double. The results of analytical and simulation analysis have shown that the expected behavior of this circuit aligns with hypothesized performance results. The system has been tested experimentally. It is concluded that the results of the constructed system are relevant when compared with the reported performance of the classic "single-capacitive TENG" - "Bennet’s doubler" system.When compared with classic Bennet’s doubler, double Bennet reaches the same voltage levels in less time. That is due to the advantage of double capacitive TENG which increases the number of accumulated charges per mechanical cycle. In analytical analysis, it was found that the two TENG capacitors are codependent and that in operation they affect one another.The output signal of double Bennet is characterized by high voltages ranging from a few hundreds of volts to a few kilovolts (kV). To reduce the rectified output voltage to a level compatible with a commercial application, a Buck DC-DC converter is implemented. This requires a switch. This thesis proposes and studies the use of a high-voltage MEMS micro-plasma switch whose actuation voltages is defined by Paschen’s law. Within the scope of this thesis, the theoretical and experimental studies of this law at the micrometer scale propose optimal actuation voltages for better management of the converted energy

This doctoral thesis is concerning the theoretical and experimental analysis of heat pumps. In the first section of this study a design tool for predicting steady-state cooling and heating performance of vapor compression refrigerating machines is developed. In order to achieve correct results, accurate thermodynamic models are implemented to predict heat transfer coefficients, pressure drops and refrigerant mass charge. The software has been firstly developed for charge inventory purpose, and, as a consequence, it also has the capability to predict performance in off-design conditions given a fixed refrigerant charge. Moreover it can be useful for the liquid receiver dimensioning in reversible heat pumps, or for subcooling degree optimization at the condensers. In the present work the methodologies used for the calculation of the performance of each component are presented. The second part of the work is concerning gas absorption heat pumps, working with the refrigerant mixture water-ammonia. A theoretical design procedure is carried out and again verified by means of experimental measurement on a prototype. The last part of the study is concerning the estimation of the possible advantages of combined heating plants including solar collectors, air source heat pump and a condensing boiler. The investigation is carried out in collaboration with the manufacturers of the machines, allowing to have precise information about all the components. Investigations are carried out to compare the proposed systems with a standard solution with a condensing boiler only. Three different locations are considered in the present study. Comparisons are made regarding primary energy consumption, equivalent CO2 emission, percentage of renewable energy used and possible economical saving. For this purpose TRNSYS-based approach is adopted. The whole heating plant and the building are modeled together. Each component performance was previously measured in order to tune the mathematical model to be used in TRNSYS. In particular, experimental measurements were performed on a test-plant, allowing to tune a model for the stratification of the real storage tank, and for its dynamic response. The estimation of the dynamic behavior, and thus the heating load of the considered building, is carried out by means of TRNSYS. Domestic Hot Water consumption is calculated as well.
Questa tesi di dottorato è incentrata sull’analisi teorica e sperimentale di macchine frigorifere e in particolare di pompe di calore. Nella prima parte si affronta il calcolo di progetto e di verifica di macchine frigorifere e dei loro componenti. Attraverso un’accurata modellizzazione dei dispositivi coinvolti e dello scambio termico si è giunti a sviluppare un software di calcolo completo, che permette di valutare il comportamento di questo tipo di macchine anche in punti di lavoro off-design. Una parte consistente del lavoro è stata dedicata al calcolo della carica di refrigerante ottimale e agli effetti di accumulo di carica nel ricevitore di liquido con diverse condizioni al contorno. I risultati che si sono ottenuti sono stati verificati confrontando i risultati teorici con prove sperimentali effettuate ad hoc su un prototipo appositamente predisposto e su varie altre produzioni di serie presso la sala prove di Hiref S.p.A. La seconda sezione affronta lo studio delle pompe di calore ad assorbimento ad acqua-ammoniaca. Anche in questo caso l’approccio è dapprima quello del calcolo di progetto termodinamico, seguito da una verifica delle stime effettuate attraverso prove sperimentali su di un prototipo. Nella terza sezione del lavoro viene effettuata un’analisi energetica su un impianto di nuova concezione confrontando i possibili vantaggi rispetto a sistemi tradizionali di generazione. Lo studio si articola attraverso varie simulazioni dinamiche svolte in ambiente TRNSYS. A tal fine è stato possibile ottimizzare i modelli di simulazione dei singoli componenti, avendo accesso ai dati sperimentali sulle prestazioni delle singole macchine. Inoltre è stato possibile condurre delle prove su un impianto pilota installato presso i laboratori di SIME S.p.A. Ciò ha permesso di ricavare informazioni utili per modellizzare il comportamento dinamico di un serbatoio di accumulo combinato con stratificazione. Dopo aver calibrato i modelli dei singoli componenti di impianto è stato possibile ricostruire un modello completo dell’impianto e di una villetta bifamiliare in ambiente TRNSYS; il modello considera il riscaldamento sia a bassa che ad alta temperatura e la produzione di acqua calda sanitaria. Il sistema ibrido composto da caldaia modulante a condensazione, pompa di calore reversibile e solare termico viene messo a confronto con una soluzione convenzionale, ovvero un impianto con sola caldaia, e con diverse combinazioni di fonti energetiche.

Machine et installation d'essais. Courbes caractéristiques et essais préliminaires. Etude expérimentale de l'écoulement, moyenne dans le temps en sortie de roue et dans le diffuseur. Etude expérimentale des vitesses instantanées en sortie de roue et dans le diffuseur lisse. Analyse en fréquence dans des fluctuations de pression en paroi de diffuseur. Mesure de pression dans le canal de roue

Depuis quelques années, les explosifs artisanaux à base de peroxyde sont fréquemment utilisés dans les actes de terrorisme. Leur simplicité de conception ne les rend pas moins inoffensifs car ils sont tout aussi puissants que ceux à base de TNT (trinitrotoluène). Au regard des enjeux majeurs de la sécurité globale et en particulier de la protection du citoyen, il devient nécessaire de bénéficier d'instruments de détection fiables. C'est dans ce cadre que s'inscrit ce travail de thèse qui vise à développer un capteur intégré, sensible et sélectif aux traces d'explosifs, notamment ceux à base de peroxyde. Ce nez électronique est constitué d'une matrice de transistors à nanotubes de carbone (CNTFET) et d'une électronique et traitement des données. Après une brève introduction relative aux CNTFET pour la détection gazeuse, nous présentons les bases de l'élaboration d'une modélisation électrique du capteur. Cette modélisation a pour but, à terme, de permettre aux concepteurs decircuits intégrés de bénéficier d'un support de simulation des CNTFET, nécessaire à la mise en oeuvre de l'électronique de contrôle et de conditionnement des signaux. Nous détaillerons également ce qui constitue selon nous l'étape fondamentale précédant l'élaboration d'un modèle compact prédictif basé sur la physique, c'est à dire la compréhension topologique du réseau de nanotubes. Nous détaillerons alors différentes probabilités de contacts entre nanotubes. Nous présentons ensuite,l'élaboration de l'électronique permettant le contrôle des potentiels appliqués aux CNTFET et le conditionnement des signaux électriques. Ce conditionnement a pour objectif d'acheminer les réponses électriques du capteur vers des architectures de traitement de données utilisées pour la détection des différents gaz cibles. L'électronique intégrée en technologie CMOS HV (haute tension) est alimentée par pile basse tension. Des pompes de charge, élévateurs de tension, générant ces hautes tensions ont été étudiées, modélisées et réalisées. Nous proposons également dans ce manuscrit une nouvelle architecture de pompe de charge qui constitue, dans certaines plages d'utilisation, une alternative intéressante aux pompes de charge les plus performantes utilisées jusqu'à présent
For the last few years, improvised peroxide based explosives are frequently used in acts of terrorism. Their simple design does not make them less threatening than those based on TNT because they are equally as powerful as those based on TNT (trinitrotoluene). In view of the major issues of the overall safety and, in particular, the citizens' protection, it becomes necessary to enjoy reliable detection instruments. Such is the background of this PhD work which aims to develop a built-in sensor,sensitive and selective to traces of explosives, especially those based on peroxide. This electronic nose is made up of a network of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFET), and data processing hardware. After a brief introduction relating to CNTFETs for gaseous detection, we will provide the basis for the elaboration of an electronic modeling of the sensor. This modeling aims, at the end, to allow designers of integrated circuits to benefit from a simulation support of CNTFETs, required to the implementation of control and signal conditioning electronics. We will also detail what are the fundamental steps mandatory before the development of a predictive compact model based on physics, which means the topological understanding of the nanotubes network. Then, we will describe different probabilities of contacts between nanotubes. Later, we will introduce the elaboration of the electronics allowing the control of the voltages applied to the CNTFETs and the electrical signals conditioning. The objective of this conditioning is to carry electrical responses from the sensor to data processing architectures used for the detection of the different target gasses. High Voltage CMOS integrated electronics are powered by low-voltage batteries. Charge pumps and voltage boosters which generate these high voltages, have been investigated, modeled and carried out. We also provide in this dissertation a new charge pump architecture which offers, in some ranges of application, an interesting alternative to the most efficient charge pumps used until now

Une solution pertinente afin d'alimenter des capteurs isolés consiste à récupérer l'énergie disponible dans leur environnement immédiat. Parmi les sources d'énergie envisageables, notre choix s'est porté sur les vibrations mécaniques ambiantes. Notre contribution porte sur l'étude et la réalisation, par un procédé de fabrication collective, d'un transducteur électrostatique sans électrets en technologie MEMS Silicium. Nous proposons une étude analytique permettant d'optimiser l'efficacité du générateur électrostatique, tout en considérant une limite sur la tension maximale aux bornes du transducteur afin de ne pas endommager le circuit de conditionnement. Le design proposé prend également en compte d'éventuelles variations de l'amplitude des vibrations externes. Le dispositif a été fabriqué au sein de ESIEE Paris et présente un volume total de moins de 100 mm3.Les tests expérimentaux ont montré un comportement fortement non-linéaire de la structure. Nous avons obtenu une conversion d'énergie mécanique en énergie électrique correspondant à une puissance maximale de 2.3 μW à 260 Hz, pour une accélération de 1 g et à une pression de 0.15 Torr, lorsque le système est pré-chargé avec une tension de 10 V. Une fois implémenté dans un circuit de pompe de charge et pour les mêmes conditions d'accélération et de pression, le système peut fonctionner en complète autonomie pendant plus de 500 secondes pendant lesquelles la puissance délivrée varie de 1.4 μW à 940 nW avec une tension de pré-charge de 10.6 V
A relevant solution to power isolated sensors is to harvest the energy available in their immediate environment. Among the possible sources of energy, our choice was made on ambient mechanical vibrations. We have designed and fabricated a silicon-based and batch-processed MEMS electrostatic transducer which does not use an electret. We present an analytical method to optimize the efficiency of the electrostatic generator, while a voltage limitation on the transducer's terminal is set to prevent any damage in the conditioning electronics. The proposed design also takes into account some possible variations in the amplitude of external vibration. The device was fabricated in ESIEE Paris and its volume is less than 100 mm3. The device was tested experimentally and exhibits a strong non-linear behavior. We obtained a conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy corresponding to a power of 2.3 μW at 260 Hz, with an acceleration of 1 g and a pressure of 0.15 Torr, when the system is pre-charged with a voltage of10 V. When the device is implemented in a charge pump circuit and under the same parameters of acceleration and pressure, the system can operate in autonomous mode for more than 500 seconds during which the output power varies from 1.4 μW to 940 nW when the pre-charge voltage is 10.6 V

Une solution pertinente afin d'alimenter des capteurs isolés consiste à récupérer l'énergie disponible dans leur environnement immédiat. Parmi les sources d'énergie envisageables, notre choix s'est porté sur les vibrations mécaniques ambiantes. Notre contribution porte sur l'étude et la réalisation, par un procédé de fabrication collective, d'un transducteur électrostatique sans électrets en technologie MEMS Silicium. Nous proposons une étude analytique permettant d'optimiser l'efficacité du générateur électrostatique, tout en considérant une limite sur la tension maximale aux bornes du transducteur afin de ne pas endommager le circuit de conditionnement. Le design proposé prend également en compte d'éventuelles variations de l'amplitude des vibrations externes. Le dispositif a été fabriqué au sein de ESIEE Paris et présente un volume total de moins de 100 mm3.Les tests expérimentaux ont montré un comportement fortement non-linéaire de la structure. Nous avons obtenu une conversion d'énergie mécanique en énergie électrique correspondant à une puissance maximale de 2.3 μW à 260 Hz, pour une accélération de 1 g et à une pression de 0.15 Torr, lorsque le système est pré-chargé avec une tension de 10 V. Une fois implémenté dans un circuit de pompe de charge et pour les mêmes conditions d'accélération et de pression, le système peut fonctionner en complète autonomie pendant plus de 500 secondes pendant lesquelles la puissance délivrée varie de 1.4 μW à 940 nW avec une tension de pré-charge de 10.6 V

We can name particular Christian traditions that have worked and continue to work: for instance, pilgrimages, the use of icons, and the Advent service of Nine Lessons and Carols. Other traditions have been discerned and found wanting: for instance, failures in accepting religious freedom and in relationship with the Jewish people. Shared pastoral experience has led Pope Francis (‘The Joy of Love’ of 2016) to reform a tradition about Holy Communion being unavailable for the divorced and civilly remarried. The inspired biblical record of prophetic and apostolic traditions must play its essential role in contemporary discernment. In testing traditions, Roman Catholics should be open to learning from their fellow Christians, from ‘other’ religious faiths, and from the secular world. Discernment should be guided by such questions as: ‘What changes does Christ call for in the traditions we have inherited?’

This chapter investigates how fascist sympathizers saw Benito Mussolini as a man who could simultaneously navigate modernity while moderating its worst effects. Constructed as the austere administrator with a deep soul, sympathizers drew attention to all that Americans had sacrificed in their race to the future and provided recompense for those who felt lost, lonely, or left behind by change. As a model, Mussolini countered the pessimistic notes that inhered in criticisms of American masculinity in contemporary society, to offer the promise of change. Part of the change seemed to rest on policy actions — for instance, in the area of education and youth training — as suggested by Herbert Schneider and Richard Washburn Child. And part seemed to require a shift in attitudes toward Italian-Americans, as argued by Generoso Pope.

Abstract This chapter traces the evidence for the placement of Pope Hadrian’s epitaph within St Peter’s, its survival throughout the Middle Ages, its removal from the old basilica, and its preservation in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. It uses all of the antiquarian sources, both textual and visual, which observed and commented on the inscription in situ in the south transept, alongside those that traced the destruction of the old church and its monuments. It argues that the decision to preserve the epitaph for Hadrian I was taken during the pontificate of Pope Hadrian VI, who was closely allied to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, precisely because it recalled the earlier partnership between Hadrian I and Charlemagne. It also shows how the mood towards the old basilica and its monuments changed after the Council of Trent, and how antiquarians in Rome started to record the ancient monuments and to install some of them, including Hadrian’s epitaph, in the new structure, because they served a contemporary political and religious purpose.

When Pompey Conquered Jerusalem in 63 BC, the Jews of Judaea were just one among many peoples in the Levant to fall under Roman sway, but by AD 135, two centuries later, after two great revolts in AD 66–70 and AD 132–5, the Jews had been singled out for exceptional hostility: not only were they forbidden to live in their sacred city and its environs but even the name of Judaea was expunged by Rome from the political map of the region. The question on which I hope to shed some new light in this study is whether this disastrous history was the product only of Roman attitudes and the vicissitudes of international politics, or, at least in part, the product of the political and cultural self-representation of the Jews. The question is not as often posed in this fashion as might be expected, since many ancient historians simply take for granted the peculiar nature of the Jews and their nationalistic hopes and expectations. Such certainty is not wholly warranted, however, since the apparent oddness of the Jews may be something of a mirage if it is, at least in part, a product of the chance survival of so much more evidence about this provincial society than others. Writings by and about Jews in the early Roman empire were preserved in such great quantities not because Jews were especially important either culturally or politically, but because their history was, and is, of religious significance for two great religious traditions which have survived continuously since antiquity, rabbinic Judaism and Christianity. The apparently special nature of the Jews may thus reflect only our special capacity to say more about their cultural horizons and political aspirations than we can about (for instance) those of Gauls or Dacians, who also rebelled against Rome more than once in the early imperial period. One test of the hypothesis that Jews were not in fact all that strange is to try, as an exercise, to examine what would be known about the Jews if all this religious literature had not survived. We would have a very different picture of Jewish history if the only literary sources to survive from antiquity had been those written by pagan Greeks and Romans.