Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Polymer insulators

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Polymer insulators”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Polymer insulators"

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Utami, Agnes Manik Sari, Abdul Syakur i Hermawan Hermawan. "Analysis of Leakage Current and Insulator Resistivity for Quality Assurance of Medium Voltage Network Polymer Insulators Alumina - SiO2 in Tropical Climate Simulator Room". TEKNIK 42, nr 1 (6.04.2021): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/teknik.v42i1.36152.

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The tropical climate of Indonesia, which has moderately high rainfall, has an impact on the output of outdoor insulators. The presence of chemical particles, pollen, and salt in the air will bind to the insulating material's outer surface and settle, resulting in crystallization that allows the insulating material's surface roughness to increase. One of the insulators that are being produced is an insulator made of epoxy resin. The injection of fillers is used to further improve the durability of the outdoor epoxy resin insulators installed in tropical climatic conditions. Epoxy resin from bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin and polyaminoamide combined with silane, alumina, and SiO2 is used as research materials. The parameters examined were leakage current and resistance to insulation. The use of silane as a hardener will also improve the resistivity on the surface of the insulator, which makes it more difficult to flow or reduces the leakage current. Alumina is well-known for being a solid heat and voltage insulator. The addition of SiO2 to the epoxy resin insulating material increases the insulator's mechanical strength in the form of tensile and compressive strength. With fluctuations in temperature and humidity, the artificial tropical environment is replicated in a test chamber. The value of the leakage current increases with an increase in temperature and humidity. The correlation between air temperature and humidity and insulation resistance is inversely proportional, the higher the temperature applied to the insulator, the lower the insulator resistivity. The same refers to the relationship between air humidity and resistance to insulation. The higher the humidity applied to the insulator, the lower the insulator resistivity. At a test voltage of 11 kV, a humidity of 60%, and a temperature variation of 25oC, the leakage current of epoxy resin insulators is up to 9.2 uA lower than in a factory-made SiR insulator. The leakage current and insulator resistivity's number is already in the good and protected range such that the insulator can be used and reproduce.
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Darwison, Darwison, Syukri Arief, Hairul Abral, Ariadi Hazmi, M. H. Ahmad, Eka Putra Waldi i Rudy Fernandez. "A leakage current estimation based on thermal image of polymer insulator". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 16, nr 3 (1.12.2019): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v16.i3.pp1096-1106.

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Polymer insulators tend to fail because of the climatic and environmental conditions. The failure occurs when the surface of insulator is contaminated by sea salt or cement dust which lead to partial discharge (PD). Leakage currents will increase by PD that causes deterioration of insulation. To predict the insulation failures, an adaptive neurofuzzy inference system (ANFIS) method using initial color detection processes are proposed to estimate the leakage currents based on the polymer insulator thermal images (infrared signature). In this study, the sodium chloride and kaolin are used as pollutants of the polymer insulator according to IEC 60507 standards. Then, the insulator is tested in the laboratory using AC high voltage applied at 18 kV where the temperature detection is controlled at 26° C and 70% RH (relative humidity). The percentage of colors (Red, Yellow, and Blue) from the thermal image is measured using the color detection method. Correspond to the color percentage, the ANFIS method predicts leakage currents from polymer insulators. Furthermore, this system interprets measured data from insulators that need to be categorized as Safe, Need Maintenance or Harmful. The final application of the system can be a non-contact tool to predict the polymer insulators used by technicians in the field.
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Luk’Yanov, A. M., Yu G. Chepelev i A. A. Luk’Yanova. "Reliability and durability of polymer insulators of the contact network". Vestnik of the Railway Research Institute 77, nr 2 (28.04.2018): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2018-77-2-110-117.

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On the network of electrified railroads and power lines of advanced countries there is an intensive work undergoing on the conversion of traditional insulating structures made of porcelain and glass to new ones - polymeric. In order to minimize mechanical damage, it is necessary first of all to investigate the stress-strain state in the connection zone “end terminal - fiberglass rod”, and on the basis of the results obtained, to develop a number of design solutions that make it possible to provide the required reliability of such connection. The analysis of the stress-strain state and the strength of the joint between the fiberglass rod and the end terminal is of greatest interest, taking into account the viscoelastic properties of the glue (glue creeping). Authors present a method for calculating axis-symmetric glue joints of polymer insulators based on the finite element method. The stress state of the junction zone (“end terminal - fiberglass rod”) is analyzed. Optimum sizes of the glue-joint connection of the insulator are determined taking into account the viscoelastic properties of the glue. The results of testing the models of polymer insulators of the contact network in the temperature range -60 ... + 100 °C are given and the life of tension (suspension), fixation and console polymer insulators is estimated on the basis of the principle of temperature-time analogy. The proposed technique for assessing the stress-strain state of the glued joint of polymer insulators, taking into account the viscoelastic properties of the adhesive, allows to determine the optimal parameters of the end caps, taking into account the time of action of the load on the insulator. An analysis of the experimental curves of durability has made it possible to establish the norms governing the change in the durability of a polymer insulator, depending on the load acting on it. A load, that provides reliable operation of the polymer insulator for 30 years, can be accepted for tension insulators, which is not more than 40 % of the destructive insulator, and for fixative and console - not more than 45 and 50 % respectively.
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Darmadi, Agam Celvano, Kholistainingsih Kholistianingsih i Priyono Yulianto. "ANALISIS TAHANAN ISOLASI PADA ISOLATOR PORSELIN DAN POLIMER TERHADAP POLUTAN GARAM DI GISTET 500 KV ADIPALA CILACAP". Teodolita: Media Komunkasi Ilmiah di Bidang Teknik 23, nr 2 (8.01.2023): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.53810/jt.v23i2.455.

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GISTET 500 kV Adipala is one of the locations that is in the spotlight in the Central Java Transmission Main Unit (UIT JBT) because of frequent pollutant problems, especially during the dry season. This causes the surrounding air to have a high salt content and also the flyash from the PLTU. This condition causes the insulators on the tower and gantry to be exposed to pollutants and can result in flashover and breakdown. This study discusses the effectiveness of polymer insulators by testing the insulation resistance of clean porcelain insulators, polluted porcelain, clean polymers, and polluted polymers. To get the condition of the insulator polluted with salt water, the method of raining on the insulator is carried out. The result of the clean porcelain test was 2970 GOhm. in the experiment with polluted porcelain insulators, the following results were obtained: the minimum 50ml experiment measured a resistance value of 2950 GOhm, which was reduced by 1% from the clean one and the maximum 500ml experiment measured the resistance value to 390,3 GOhm, which was 87% reduced from the clean one. The net polymer insulator test results are 3222.8 GOhm. In the experiment with polluted polymer insulators, the following results were obtained: the minimum 50ml experiment measured a resistance value of 2982 GOhm, which was 7% less, the maximum 500ml experiment was 2382.8 GOhm, 26% less. From the results of these experiments, it can be seen that in the porcelain insulator experiment with salt water polluted, the insulation resistance value decreased in each experiment until the maximum experiment was 500ml which obtained a resistance value of 390.3 GOhm. The results of the clean polymer insulator test were 3222.8 GOhm, while the pollutant polymer insulator experiment recorded a value that was not significantly decreased with the lowest value in the 500ml experiment of 2382.8 GOhm. When compared with the minimum standard of insulation resistance for the 500 kV system used by PLN is 500 MOhm. Porcelain insulators that experience continuous exposure to pollutants have the potential to experience flashover and faster breakdown compared to polymer insulators when viewed from the trend of decreasing insulating resistance. It can be concluded that polymer insulators are more effective for use in environments that have a high level of exposure to air pollution such as at GISTET Adipala. Keywords: Porcelain Insulator, Polymer Insulator, Pollutant, Flashover, Breakdown GISTET 500 kV Adipala adalah salah satu lokasi yang menjadi sorotan di Unit Induk Transmisi Jawa Bagian Tengah (UIT JBT) karena seringnya masalah polutan terutama pada musim kemarau. Hal ini menyebabkan udara sekitar memiliki kandungan garam yang tinggi dan juga flyash dari PLTU. GISTET Adipala. Hal ini menyebabkan isolator pada tower dan gantry menjadi terpapar polutan dan dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya flashover dan breakdown. Oleh karena itu diperlukan analisis efektifitas isolator polimer dengan cara melakukan pengujian tahanan isolasi terhadap isolator porselin bersih, porselin berpolutan, polimer bersih, dan polimer berpolutan. Untuk mendapatkan kondisi isolator berpolutan air garam, dilakukan metode penghujanan ke arah isolator. Hasil pengujian porselin bersih tercatat 2970 GOhm. pada percobaan isolator porselin berpolutan didapat hasil sebagai berikut: percobaan 50ml, terukur nilai tahanan sebesar 2950 GOhm, yaitu berkurang 1% dan percobaan 500ml terukur nilai tahanan sebesar 390,3 GOhm, yaitu berkurang 87%. Untuk hasil pengujian isolator polimer bersih sebesar 3222,8 GOhm. 50ml terukur nilai tahanan sebesar 2982 GOhm, yaitu berkurang 7%, 500ml yaitu sebesar 2382,8 GOhm, berkurang 26% dari yang bersih. Dari hasil percobaan tersebut dapat dilihat pada percobaan isolator porselin berpolutan air garam adalah nilai tahanan isolasi yang menurun pada tiap percobaan hingga percobaan paling banyak yaitu 500ml yang diperoleh nilai tahanan 390,3 GOhm. Hasil pengujian isolator polimer bersih sebesar 3222,8 GOhm, sementara percobaan isolator polimer berpolutan tercatat nilai yang tidak begitu turun dengan nilai paling rendah pada percobaan 500ml sebesar 2382,8 GOhm. Jika dibandingkan dengan Standar minimal tahanan isolasi untuk sistem 500 kV yang digunakan PLN adalah 500 MOhm. Isolator porselin yang mengalami paparan polutan secara terus menerus berpotensi mengalami flashover dan breakdown lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan isolator polimer jika dilihat dari trend penurunan tahanan isolasinya. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa Isolator polimer lebih efektif untuk digunakan pada lingkungan yang memiliki tingkat paparan polusi udara yang tinggi seperti di GISTET Adipala. Kata Kunci: Isolator porselin, Isolator Polimer, Polutan, Flashover, Breakdown
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Aziz, Esraa, Fatiha Aouabed, Hossam Abdellah i Adrienn Dineva. "Case Study: Optimizing Grading Ring Design for High Voltage Polymeric Insulators in Power Transmission Systems for Enhanced Electric Field and Voltage Distribution by Using a Finite Element Method". Energies 16, nr 13 (7.07.2023): 5235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16135235.

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This research paper aims to investigate the optimal design of grading rings for high-voltage polymeric insulators in an actual power transmission system, with a focus on improving the electrical representation of the insulator strings. One such subsidiary accessory commonly used with porcelain and polymer insulator strings is the grading ring, which is employed to improve the electric field and voltage distribution surrounding the insulator string. The efficiency of insulator strings can be enhanced by grading rings, as they facilitate a more linear potential division along the strings. The design parameters of grading rings significantly influence their performance on insulator strings. In this study, we examine the optimal design of the grading rings of high-voltage polymer insulators, since no uniform design methodology has been developed for high-voltage polymer insulators, and their optimization is currently the subject of many research studies. The electric field on an outdoor polymeric insulator is examined using finite element method (FEM) software and COMSOL Multi-Physics program. A 2D model is utilized to simulate a 220 kV polymeric insulator. The effectiveness of high-voltage polymeric insulators greatly depends on the dimensions and locations of the grading rings. Therefore, the impacts of the radius of the grading ring and that of its tube and the tube’s vertical position are thoroughly investigated, under dry and humid conditions. To achieve this objective, a search algorithm is employed to adjust the dimensions and locations of the grading ring. The optimization approach in this study is based on determining the maximum electric field across the insulator surface, while ensuring that it remains below the corona initiation level.
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Nesenyuk, Tatyana Anatolyevna, i Ekaterina Evgenyevna Poluyanova. "RFID-indicators for polymer stick insulators". Transport of the Urals, nr 3 (2020): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/1815-9400-2020-3-82-88.

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The paper is devoted to the use of RFID-technology in electrical power engineering, in particular, for controlling the condition of high-voltage equipment of feeding transmission lines. It also describes studies on development of RFID-tag designed to indicate dielectric condition of line polymer insulator. The authors present results of tests of pilot samples of LKi-70/110-4-GP-UKhL1 polymer stick insulators with built-in RFID-indicators. The tests have been executed in accordance with the GOST R 55189-2012 requirements. As a result, the authors have made a conclusion on the possibility of using RFID-technologies for technical control of insulators on overhead transmission lines, high-voltage equipment of traction and transformer substations.
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Dimitropoulou, M., D. Pylarinos, K. Siderakis, E. Thalassinakis i M. Danikas. "Comparative Investigation of Pollution Accumulation and Natural Cleaning for Different HV Insulators". Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 5, nr 2 (20.04.2015): 764–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.545.

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High Voltage insulators are scattered throughout any HV network and a single insulator fault may cause an excessive outage. Reliability is a key issue for electric power systems and fault-free performance of insulators greatly reflects on the reliability of the system. Environmental influence is rather important for the optimum selection of outdoor insulators and, therefore, field measurements provide valuable information. Utilities perform such measurements in order to decide upon the location/route of new HV installations (substations, lines etc) and also to optimize the selection, maintenance and replacement of already installed insulators. A rather interesting case in Greek territory is the island of Crete, due to the coastal development of the network and the local weather conditions. The Greek utility has employed a variety of remedies to cope with the pollution problem. Following the positive feedback after the installation on certain tower in the past, a large project to replace all ceramic insulators with new polymer ones of hydrophobic surface is now in progress. Polymer coatings have also been extensively applied on substations and also on certain areas/towers of the transmission network in the past. In order to investigate the pollution accumulation and the impact of natural washing on different insulator types, a series of periodical ESDD and NSDD pollution measurements were conducted in HEDNO’s TALOS High Voltage Test Station for a 3-months period. Multiple measurements were performed on each insulator every month in order to collect additional data. Five different insulators were selected based on the types historically used in the Cretan Network. Along with the standard glass disc profile, two strings of glass fog profile (the one coated with RTV) and two long-rod composite insulators of different shed profile and material were used. Results are presented and discussed in this paper.
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Hawal, Abdallah O., Suliman A. Ben Rahma i Moayed M. Abdul Samed. "Electrical Performance Study of 11kV Coated Porcelain, Coated Glass, and Polymer Outdoor High Voltage Insulators". مجلة الجامعة الأسمرية: العلوم التطبيقية 8, nr 2 (5.06.2023): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.59743/jauas.8.2.1.

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The study in this paper investigates how contaminations and different types of pollutants affect the electrical performance of outdoor coated porcelain, coated glass, and composite insulators when subjected to an 11 kV AC voltage. The ceramic insulators (porcelain and glass) coating layer is assumed to be RTV silicon rubber material with a 0.5 mm thickness. The effect of these three pollution cases on the electrical performance were investigated using a commercial software called COMSOL Multiphysics based on the finite element method (FEM). The three pollution cases were uniform, non-uniform pollution, and water droplets. In the uniform pollution condition, the pollution layer over the surface of the insulators was assumed to be 0.5 mm; however, in non-uniform pollution condition, water patches with a thickness varying from 0.5 to 1.5 mm was used. In water droplets condition, hemispherical shapes were used to model water droplets with a diameter of 1 mm. Voltage, electrical field distributions, and dissipated power were computed along the creepage distance of the three insulators models. The simulation results indicated that for the uniform case, the lowest electrical field appeared on the silicon rubber insulator. For the non-uniform case, the electrical field distribution became more non-uniform for the three models. In the water droplets case, more fluctuations appeared in the metal end fittings where the water droplets were located. The analysis indicated that the maximum dissipated power was found to be for the coated glass. The obtained results showed that the silicon rubber insulator offered better performance compared with coated porcelain and glass. Coated porcelain offered better performance compared with the coated glass insulator.
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Nesenyuk, Tatiana A., Viktor N. Sokolov, Inna N. Maksimova i Evgenia P. Nikitina. "Investigation of radio frequency characteristics of RFID indicators for linear polymer insulators of various voltage levels". Innotrans, nr 2 (2023): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/2311-164x-2023-2-51-56.

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The article describes the possibilities of using the digital method of non-destructive testing of polymer linear insulators using RFID technologies. The possibility of installing RFID indicators is being considered not only on specially designed insulators with built-in electrodes, but also on standard insulators currently produced by Russian manufacturers. The location of RFID indicators for installation on polymer linear insulators of the LC type is shown. A comparison of the radiation patterns of RFID indicators installed on polymer insulators with the voltage of 110 and 35 kV is provided, the results obtained are analyzed. Conclusions are drawn about the possibility of using RFID-indication for insulators at different voltage levels for both overhead power lines and contact network insulators.
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Andreenkov, Evgeniy S., Vaclav E. Skorubskiy i Sergey A. Shunaev. "On the issue of modeling a high-voltage insulator in the COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6 soft package". Journal Of Applied Informatics 16, nr 95 (29.10.2021): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37791/2687-0649-2021-16-5-126-135.

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The article discusses the main aspects of modeling suspended polymer high-voltage insulation of overhead power lines (PTL) in the COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6 software package. Analytical expressions of the mathematical model of the electromagnetic field around the insulator are given, on the basis of which a numerical solution is formed within the software package that allows you to build a model of the electric field in two-dimensional and three-dimensional space. There are three main stages of working with the program interface. At the first stage, the task of the geometric dimensions of the model and the surrounding area is considered, attention is paid to the formation of the design features of polymer insulators. In the second stage, the physical properties of the structural materials of the insulator, as well as the surrounding space, are described. The third stage is reduced to the determination of boundary conditions for solving the Poisson differential equation. Recommendations for finite element mesh density are given. A gradient picture of the distribution of the electric potential near the surface of the insulator is presented. The graphs of the distribution of the normal component of the electric field strength along the surface of the insulator are also plotted. On the basis of the obtained results, the influence of external factors on the properties of the polymer insulator is studied. A possible variant of modeling influencing factors, such as pollution and moisture, by making changes in the description of the physical properties of the insulator surface, namely by including a uniform and continuous layer with a given conductivity, is described. The distribution of the normal component of the electric field strength along the surface of the insulator with contamination is obtained. The results of modeling the electric field distribution with the presence of contamination on the surface of the insulator and its absence are summarized in the table where the electric field strength is indicated depending on the distance to the traverse. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, an assumption is made about the overestimated level of the maximum electric field on the insulators recommended by the manufacturers. The convergence of the considered models with the experimental data obtained in the course of long-term observation of the dynamics of the degradation and aging processes of the surface of polymer suspended insulators of overhead transmission lines is discussed.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Polymer insulators"

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Elbuzedi, Mohamed. "Material study and properties of polymers used in composite high voltage insulators". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17749.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Silicone rubber, particularly poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), has been increasingly used in the manufacture of outdoor high voltage insulators in the recent years. PDMS offers several advantages that make it suitable for outdoor use, such as low weight, a hydrophobic surface, stability, and excellent performance in heavily polluted environments. PDMS surfaces can, however, become progressively hydrophilic due to surface oxidation caused by corona discharge, UV radiation and acid rain. In this study, PDMS samples of controlled formulations as well as six commercial insulator materials four PDMS based and two ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) based were exposed to various accelerated weathering conditions for various periods of time in order to track changes in the material over time. The ageing regimes developed and used to simulate the potential surface degradation that may occur during in-service usage included needle corona and French corona ageing, thermal ageing, UV-B irradiation (up to 8000 hours) and acid rain (up to 200 days). Both the chemical and physical changes in the materials were monitored using a wide range of analytical techniques, including: static contact angle measurements (SCA), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), Fourier-transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) and slow positron beam techniques (PAS). A low molecular weight (LMW) uncrosslinked PDMS model compound was used to further study the chemical effects of corona exposure on PDMS materials. PDMS showed far better performance than EPDM, in terms of resistance to the various ageing regimes and “hydrophobicity recovery”.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Silikoonrubber, spesifiek polidimetielsiloksaan (PDMS), is gedurende die afgelope paar jaar toenemend gebruik in die vervaardiging van buitelughoogspanningisolators. PDMS het baie voordele vir gebruik in elektriese isolators soos ‘n laer massa, ʼn hidrofobiese oppervlak, stabiliteit en uitstekende werking in hoogsbesoedelde omgewings. Die hidrofobiese oppervlakte kan egter gelydelik hidrofilies word weens oppervlakoksidasie as gevolg van korona-ontlading, UV-bestraling en suurreën. In hierdie studie is PDMS monsters van verskillende samestellings sowel as ses kommersiële isolators (vier PDMS en twee etileenpropileenrubber (EPDM)) blootgestel aan verskillende versnelde weersomstandighede vir verskillende periodes om die veranderinge in die materiale te monitor. Die verskillende materiale is gerangskik volgens hulle werking oor ‘n periode van tyd. Dit het ook ‘n geleentheid gebied om die eienskappe van die verskillende samestellings te bestudeer. Die tegnieke wat ontwikkel is om die moontlike oppervlakdegradasie te simuleer, het naald-korona, “French” korona, UVB-bestraling (tot 8000 uur) en suurreën (tot 200 dae) ingesluit. Beide die chemiese en die fisiese veranderinge in die materiale is gemonitor met behulp van verskeie tegnieke soos statiese kontakhoekbepaling, optiese mikroskopie, skandeerelektronmikroskopie, energieverspreidingsspektroskopie, gaschromatografie, grootte-uitsluitingschromatografie, foto-akoestiese Fouriertransforminfrarooi (PASFTIR) en stadige-positronspektroskopie (PAS). ʼn Lae molekulêre massa PDMS modelverbinding is gebruik om die chemiese effek van korona te bestudeer. Die PDMS materiale het baie beter vertoon teenoor die EPDM materiale in terme van hulle herstel van hidrofobisiteit.
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Casale, Edgar Paul. "Experimental evaluation of the long term performance of hybrid polymer insulators /". The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486399160104068.

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Que, Weiguo. "Electric Field and Voltage Distributions along Non-ceramic Insulators". The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1037387155.

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Abraham, Berhane Teclesenbet. "Degradation and recovery of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based composites used as high voltage insulators". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49902.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) compounds are utilized in outdoor high voltage insulation due to their low weight, vandalism resistance, better anti-contamination performance and their superior hydrophobic nature. Under severe environmental conditions and over prolonged service time, however, the hydrophobic surface can gradually become hydrophilic and then recover with adequate resting period. In this study, room temperature vulcanized (RTV) PDMS samples were prepared with different formulations and then exposed to corona discharge to evaluate its effect. The influence of different additives, such as different types and amount of fillers and additionally added low molar mass silicone oils, on the hydrophobicity recovery of the material was investigated. The effects of two types of corona treatment were also evaluated. Hydrophobicity recovery of corona and UV-C aged PDMS samples was evaluated by means of static contact angle measurements. Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) gave important information on the micro structural change after corona treatment of RTV PDMS as well as naturally aged high temperature vulcanized (HTV) PDMS samples. The different formulations of the RTV PDMS samples and the effect of the additives were studied with this technique. The formation of a thin, highly crosslinked inorganic silica-like (SiOx) layer was confirmed even at the early stage of degradation. It was also possible to estimate the thickness of the silica-like layer formed during corona exposure that is responsible for the loss and recovery of hydrophobicity. The surface hardness and hydrophilicity change of PDMS samples due to corona treatment were studied simultaneously with force distance measurements by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The adhesive force calculated from the pull-off force-distance curves showed that the adhesive force between the probe and the sample decreased with increasing corona treatment time, indicating hydrophobicity recovery. In addition to this, the increase in hardness after corona exposure provides indirect evidence of the formation of a silica-like layer. In all cases the hydrophilicity and the surface hardness of the PDMS samples increased directly after corona treatment and recovered with time. Two types of FTIR spectroscopy were used to analyse the surface of the polymer.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMINGS: Polidimetielsiloksaan (PDMS) word in buitelug hoogspanninginsulasie gebruik as gevolg van sy lae massa, weerstand teen vandalisme, verbeterde anti-kontaminasie werkverrigting en superieure hidrofobiese karakter. Die hidrofobiese oppervlakte kan egter gelydelik hidrofillies word onder uiterste omgewingsomstandighede en oor langdurige dienstyd. PDMS materiaal herstel egter nadat dit genoeg rustyd toegelaat is. Kamertemperatuur-gevulkaniseerde (KTV) PDMS met verskillende formulasies is in hierdie studie voorberei, aan korona ontlading blootgestel, geëvalueer en vergelyk. Die invloed van bymiddels soos verskillende tipes en hoeveelhede vuiler, asook addisionele lae molekulêre massa silikoonolie, op die herstel van hidrofobisiteit van die materiaal is ondersoek. Twee verskillende metodes van korona behandeling is ook geëvalueer. Die herstel van hidrofobisiteit van korona en UV-C verouderde PDMS monsters is met statiese kontakhoekmeting geëvalueer. Positronvernietigingspektroskopie (PVS) is 'n kragtige tegniek wat belangrike inligting oor die mikrostrukturele verandering van korona behandelde van KTV PDMS sowel as natuurlik-verouderde hoë temperatuur gevulkaniseerde (HTV) PDMS monsters gee. Die verskillende formulasies van die KTV PDMS monsters, sowel as die effek van die vullers, is met behulp van hierdie tegniek ondersoek. Die vorming van 'n dun, hoogskruisgebinde, anorganiese silika-agtige (SiOx) laag op die PDMS oppervlak, selfs tydens die vroeë stadium van degradasie, is bevestig. Dit was ook moontlik om die dikte van die silika-agtige laag wat gedurende die korona blootstelling gevorm het, en wat verantwoordelik is vir die verlies aan hidrofobisiteit, te bepaal. Die oppervlakhardheid en hidrofilisiteit verandering van PDMS monsters as gevolg van korona behandeling, was gelyktydig met krag-afstand metings deur middel van atoomkragmikroskopie (AKM) bestudeer. Die kleefkrag, soos bereken van aftrek kragafstandkurwes, dui daarop dat kleefkragte tussen die taster en die monster afneem met toenemende korona behandelingstyd, wat beduidend is op die herstel van hidrofobisiteit. Daarbenewens is die toename van oppervlakhardheid na korona blootstelling "n indirekte bewys van die formasie van 'n silika-agtige laag. In alle gevalle het die hidrofilisiteit en die oppervlakhardheid van die PDMS monsters toegeneem direk na afloop van korona behandeling en gevolglik herstel met tyd. Twee tipes IR spektroskopie metodes is gebruik vir die chemiese-oppervlak analises
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Tripathi, Rahul. "Electrical degradation of 15 kV polymer insulators under accelerated tracking and erosion test conditions". Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1543384.

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Polymer insulators have been increasingly accepted by industry and utilities to replace porcelain insulators because of well-known advantages that polymer insulators have, such as light weight, ease of handling, reduced installation and maintenance cost. Significant improvement in the quality and performance of polymer insulators has been made in the three decades since their introduction for use in high voltage transmission and distribution systems. However, the industry in general still has questions about the service life of such polymer material used as electrical insulation for various transmission and distribution line equipments.

This thesis investigates the performance and reliability of 15 kV distribution class polymer insulators under accelerated aging test conditions for its onsite use in overhead distribution lines based on the experimental test results.

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Harron, Hamish Robert. "The scanning probe microscopy study of thin polymer films". Thesis, De Montfort University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4167.

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Abd, Rahman Rahisham. "Investigations of ZnO microvaristor for stress control on polymeric outdoor insulators". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/38993/.

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This thesis is concerned with the investigation of the efficacy of Zinc Oxide microvaristor compound for stress control on polymeric outdoor insulators. The preliminary work has involved a comprehensive literature survey, followed by extensive computational modelling and simulation studies as well as laboratory works covering experimental investigations and fabrication of insulator prototypes. The literature survey reviewed stress-induced degradations as the cause of ageing and insulation failures, the determination of electric field distributions, considerations for outdoor insulator modelling, and field-optimisation techniques for achieving stress relief. An 11 kV polymeric insulator has been modelled and simulated under dry-clean and wet-polluted surface conditions in order to obtain electric field distribution along the insulator creepage path. The critical high field regions on polymeric surfaces were identified. In addition, clean fog solid layer tests were carried out to experimentally examine dry band formation and electric discharges. Experimental investigations confirmed the results previously achieved from theoretical simulations. A non-linear pollution model has been developed for simulating polluted outdoor insulators. The field-dependent conductivity was derived from layer conductance measurements in a non-standard low voltage test. The proposed model was used to simulate insulators under fog and light rain conditions which respectively represent a uniform and non-uniform wetting action in practice. It was demonstrated that the nonlinear pollution model yields a more detailed and realistic field distribution compared with results obtained with models using constant/linear conductivity. Short-length microvaristor coating, having a cone-shaped structure, was introduced at both insulator ends for controlling high field, particularly near the high voltage and ground terminals. The performance of field grading was evaluated through a number of simulation scenarios. The introduction of microvaristor material with an appropriate switching characteristic has led to a substantial improvement in the electric field and heat distributions along the insulator profile. The prototype of an 11kV insulator with microvaristor grading material was fabricated in-house for preliminary tests. Lightning impulse (1.2/50 μs) flashover tests were carried out using the ‘up and down’ method, and the flashover voltage was estimated by the 50% probability breakdown, U50. The results of the lightning impulse test have indicated a considerable increase in the flashover voltage up to 21% when using microvaristor-graded insulator. Favourable field distributions obtained in the simulation study have indicated a strong correlation with the experimental results.
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Lunt, Patrick Joseph Brian. "XPS studies of surface ageing and discharge processes in polymeric insulators". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/xps-studies-of-surface-ageing-and-discharge-processes-in-polymeric-insulators(2329d184-6677-4981-988e-e17b95bae229).html.

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The ageing of polymer insulation occurs under long-term exposure to high electric fields and has attracted research due its relevance to high voltage insulation. In this work, polymers that have been electrically aged via a number of methods have been investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Despite some use in the investigation of outdoor insulation surfaces, XPS has not been used for investigations of polymer bulk electrical ageing before now. The first XPS measurements, using both small spot analysis and XPS imaging, are presented from the exposed inner surfaces of electrically aged artificial voids and electrical breakdown channels, as well as corona discharge aged surfaces and spark discharge by-products. XPS is shown to be a valuable technique for the investigation of polymer electrical ageing. Investigations into breakdown channels are supported by data acquired using X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (XPEEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Results show that the chemistry present at these surfaces takes the form of significant oxidation over a wide area with localised production of graphitic carbon. C-O-, C=O, and O-C=O species are detected in all cases. It is found that similar ageing products are present regardless of the ageing process or material investigated. However, the level of oxidation and relative ratio of the species seen with XPS is shown to be highly dependant on oxygen availability. Greater intensity of carbon oxides, and a shift towards highly oxidised species, is observed when there is more oxygen in the system. XPS imaging of breakdown channels reveals that high concentrations of oxidised components form on the outer edges of the channel, with graphitic carbon forming in the central regions. In addition, evidence for degradation is seen to extend at least 300 μm from channels in XPS imaging and at least ~650 μm in XPS line scans. Variation with the applied discharge energy was investigated for breakdown channels and spark discharge ageing. Evidence is seen for an energy dependence on the breakdown products, with higher energies producing relatively higher graphitic carbon and reduced oxidation products. Further, the relationship between the applied voltage and graphitic carbon concentration suggests an activated process with an energy barrier before graphitic carbon formation starts. XPS observations are supported by confocal Raman microprobe spectroscopy (CRMS) results from artificial voids and electrical breakdown channels, which identify graphitic carbon on a fluorescent background as the main features. XPS data indicate oxidised species are the origin of the fluorescence seen and provides quantitative information on the levels, chemical states and spatial distribution of these species and of graphitic carbon.
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Goss, Ben. "Degradation and life time prediction of high voltage insulation materials". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001.

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Grove, Nicole R. "Characterization of functionalized polynorbornenes as interlevel dielectrics". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11204.

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Książki na temat "Polymer insulators"

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Nelson, J. Keith. Dielectric polymer nanocomposites. New York: Springer, 2010.

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Głuchowski, Stefan. Niektóre aspekty przebicia i starzenia elektrycznego izolacji polietylenowej. Wrocław: Wydawn. Politechniki Wrocławskiej, 1989.

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Pietsch, Ralf-Dieter. Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung der Elektrolumineszenz für die dielektrische Alterung von Polyethylen. Aachen: Shaker, 1992.

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Kunakorn, Anantawat. Influences of earth screening electrodes on the tracking performance of polymeric insulations by D.C. high voltage. Manchester: UMIST, 1996.

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Florkowska, Barbara. Analiza mechanizmów wyładowań niezupełnych w układach elektroizolacyjnych wysokiego napięcia. Kraków: Wydawnictwa AGH, 1995.

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Saleh, A. F. Influence of voltage type and insulator geometric shape on the tracking performance of two different polymeric materials by using liquid pollution. Manchester: UMIST, 1998.

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Nelson, J. Keith. Dielectric Polymer Nanocomposites. Springer, 2010.

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Nelson, J. Keith. Dielectric Polymer Nanocomposites. Springer, 2014.

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Du, Boxue. Accelerating the Discovery of New Dielectric Properties in Polymer Insulation. IGI Global, 2017.

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Mittal, Vikas. Polymers for Energy Storage and Conversion. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2013.

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Części książek na temat "Polymer insulators"

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Reddy, G. Nithin, B. Subba Reddy, M. Ramez Halloum, Jangamreddy Rajasekhar Reddy, Febin Francis i B. Kiran Kumar Reddy. "Performance Evaluation of Field Aged Polymer Insulators". W Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 237–47. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1742-4_20.

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Reddy, G. Nithin, B. Subba Reddy, M. Ramez Halloum, Jangamreddy Rajasekhar Reddy, Febin Francis i B. Kiran Kumar Reddy. "Performance Evaluation of Field Aged Polymer Insulators". W Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 237–47. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1742-4_20.

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Zhao, Yushun, Kerong Yang, Song Zhang, Bin Du, Xuepei Wang i Yuanhan He. "Epoxy Resin Insulating Composites for Vacuum Cast Electrical Insulators of GIS". W Polymer Insulation Applied for HVDC Transmission, 311–46. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9731-2_13.

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Miranmousavi, Haniyeh, Gholamhossien Zohuri i Mohammad Nourmohammadi. "Effect of Polymers on the Damping Capacity of Automotive Bitumen Anti-vibration Insulators". W Eco-friendly and Smart Polymer Systems, 457–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45085-4_111.

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Zhang, Boya, i Guixin Zhang. "Surface Charge Accumulation on Insulators in HVDC Gas-Insulated Systems: Measurement, Characteristics, and Suppression". W Polymer Insulation Applied for HVDC Transmission, 365–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9731-2_15.

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Nandi, Sounak, i B. Subba Reddy. "Multi-stress Accelerated Ageing Studies on Polymer Insulators Used for HVDC Transmission". W Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 1440–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31680-8_137.

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Kim, Jung Min, Hyun Jung Her, J. H. Yoon, Jae Wan Kim, Y. J. Choi, C. J. Kang, D. Jeon i Yong Sang Kim. "Characteristics of Pentacene with Different Polymer Gate Insulators for Organic Thin-Film Transistors". W Solid State Phenomena, 451–54. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-31-0.451.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Dielectrics or Insulators or Non-conductors". W Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 213–14. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_3588.

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Saboktakin, Mohammadreza, i Amin Saboktakin. "Natural Aerogels as Thermal Insulators". W Bio Monomers for Green Polymeric Composite Materials, 201–25. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119301714.ch10.

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Bessede, Jean-Luc. "Polymeric Insulators in the Electrical Engineering Industry". W Dielectric Materials for Electrical Engineering, 559–72. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118557419.ch24.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Polymer insulators"

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Tanahashi, Taeko, Syoichi Ishikawa, Masahito Imai, Tomoyasu Sasaki, Hiroyuki Shinokubo, Ryosuke Matsuoka, Masayoshi Suzuki i Masanori Isozaki. "Effect of insulator configuration on ageing deterioration of polymer insulators". W 2011 Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC) (Formerly EIC/EME). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eic.2011.5996125.

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Gunasekaran, Muthian. "Polymer-Impregnated Concrete Insulators/Insulating Structures". W 2019 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eic43217.2019.9046588.

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Krivda, A. "Condition monitoring of EPDM polymer insulators". W 11th International Symposium on High-Voltage Engineering (ISH 99). IEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19990808.

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Deisenroth, David C., Martinus Adrian Arie, Serguei Dessiatoun, Amir Shooshtari, Michael Ohadi i Avram Bar-Cohen. "Review of Most Recent Progress on Development of Polymer Heat Exchangers for Thermal Management Applications". W ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2015-48637.

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Polymeric materials have several favorable properties for heat transfer systems, including low weight, low manufacturing cost, antifouling, and anticorrosion. Additionally, polymers are typically electrical insulators, making them favorable for applications in which electrical conductivity is a concern. Examples of utilizing these favorable properties are discussed. The drawbacks to raw polymer materials include low thermal conductivity, low structural strength, and poor stability at elevated temperatures. Methods of mitigating these unfavorable properties, including loading the polymer with other materials and developing new polymers, are discussed. Enhanced geometric designs enabled by additive manufacturing can also improve thermal performance of polymer heat exchangers. Results of a research study utilizing additive manufacturing toward developing high-performance and cost-effective polymer heat exchangers for an air-to-liquid application are reviewed and discussed. Finally, needs for further research on enhancing polymer thermal performance are discussed.
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Okano, Yuta, Eiji Kaneko i Takehiro Hayashida. "Study on polymer insulators in air discharge". W 2013 2nd International Conference on Electric Power Equipment - Switching Technology (ICEPE-ST). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icepe-st.2013.6804388.

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Pitel, Michael. "Silicone Polymer Insulators in Distribution Cutout Applications". W 2018 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc.2018.8440286.

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Phillips, Duane L. "Selection Considerations: Hardened Glass vs. Polymer Insulators". W 2018 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc.2018.8440399.

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Varner, J. "Temperature influences on Polymer Horizontal Line Post insulators". W Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2010.5589266.

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Rao, M. Nageswara, N. Sumathi i V. S. N. K. Chaitanya. "Pollutions contamination effects and microvaristor applications on polymer insulators". W 2017 4th International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciiecs.2017.8275967.

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Imae, Tatsuhiko, Yusuke Kuroki, Kohei Gaja, Eiji Kaneko, Takehiro Hayashida i Takafumi Nishi. "Ablation characteristics of the different kinds of polymer insulators". W 2011 1st International Conference on Electric Power Equipment - Switching Technology (ICEPE-ST). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icepe-st.2011.6123062.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Polymer insulators"

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Kohlman, R. S., i A. J. Epstein. Insulator-Metal Transition and Inhomogeneous Metallic State in Conducting Polymers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, wrzesień 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada330213.

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Griffith, B. T., i D. Arasteh. Advanced insulations for refrigerator/freezers: The potential for new shell designs incorporating polymer barrier construction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), listopad 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10140189.

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Griffith, B. T., i D. Arasteh. Advanced insulations for refrigerator/freezers: The potential for new shell designs incorporating polymer barrier construction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), listopad 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6682046.

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Mosleh, Ali, Mohamad Al-Sheikhly, Yuan Shang Chang i Richard Reister. Physics-Based Probabilistic Model of the Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Polymeric Insulators of Electric Cables used in Nuclear Power Plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luty 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1497835.

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Eager, G. S. Jr, G. W. Seman i B. Fryszczyn. Determination of threshold and maximum operating electric stresses for selected high voltage insulations: Investigation of aged polymeric dielectric cable. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), listopad 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/212744.

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