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Shamsuri, Ahmad Adlie, i Siti Nurul Ain Md Jamil. "Application of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds as Compatibilizers for Polymer Blends and Polymer Composites—A Concise Review". Applied Sciences 11, nr 7 (2.04.2021): 3167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073167.
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A wide variety of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have escalated the attraction of researchers to explore the application of QACs. The compounds have frequently been synthesized through alkylation or quaternization of tertiary amines with alkyl halides. Recently, QACs have been applied to compatibilize polymer blends and polymer composites in improving their thermo-mechanical properties. This concise review concentrates on the application of two types of QACs as compatibilizers for polymer blends and polymer composites. The types of QACs that were effectively applied in the blends and composites are quaternary ammonium surfactants (QASs) and quaternary ammonium ionic liquids (QAILs). They have been chosen for the discussion because of their unique chemical structure which can interact with the polymer blend and composite components. The influence of QASs and QAILs on the thermo-mechanical properties of the polymer blends and polymer composites is also described. This review could be helpful for the polymer blend and polymer composite researchers and induce more novel ideas in this research area.
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Mihu, Georgel, Sebastian-Marian Draghici, Vasile Bria, Adrian Circiumaru i Iulian-Gabriel Birsan. "Mechanical Properties of Some Epoxy-PMMA Blends". Materiale Plastice 58, nr 2 (5.07.2021): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.21.2.5494.
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The thermoset polymers and the thermoplastic polymers matrix composites require different forming techniques due to the different properties of two classes of polymers. While the forming technique for thermoset polymer matrix composites does not require the use of special equipment, the thermoplastic polymer matrix composites imposes the rigorous control of temperature and pressure values. Each type of polymer transfers to the composite a set of properties that may be required for a certain application. It is difficult to design a composite with commonly brittle thermoset polymer matrix showing properties of a viscoelastic thermoplastic polymer matrix composite. One solution may consist in mixing a thermoset and a thermoplastic polymer getting a polymer blend that can be used as matrix to form a composite. This study is about using PMMA solutions to obtain thermoset-thermoplastic blends and to mechanically characterize the obtained materials. Three well known organic solvents were used to obtain the PMMA solutions, based on a previous study concerning with the effect of solvents presence into the epoxy structure.
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Heino, Markku T., Tommi P. Vainio i Jukka V. Seppälä. "Blends and Composites Based on Polypropylene and a Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymer". Engineering Plastics 1, nr 6 (styczeń 1993): 147823919300100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919300100605.
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Blends of polypropylene (PP) and liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) processed without melting the LCP were compared with conventional melt processed blends. In a first stage, PP was blended with 20 wt.% of LCP in a twin-screw extruder with the take-up speed varied to achieve blends with different LCP fibre dimensions. In the second stage these blends were processed both below and above the T m of the LCP by extrusion and injection moulding. At lower temperatures (180–200°C), where the material was processed without melting the LCP, a real composite structure was formed with solid LCP fibres in the PP matrix. When processed above the T m of the LCP (280°C) all the material was molten during processing and a composite-like blend morphology was created in-situ during cooling of the oriented melt phase. These blends exhibited a skin/core morphology, whereas the composites contained fibres throughout the sample. Due to this difference the impact strength of the composites was significantly higher than that of the blends. The blends exhibited higher modulus than the composites. Moreover, additional drawing can greatly improve the strength and stiffness of the blends. In composites the solid LCP fibres slightly increased the viscosity of PP, while in blends the molten LCP reduced the matrix viscosity and acted as a processing aid.
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Heino, Markku T., Tommi P. Vainio i Jukka V. Seppälä. "Blends and Composites Based on Polypropylene and a Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymer". Polymers and Polymer Composites 1, nr 6 (styczeń 1993): 439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119300100605.
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Blends of polypropylene (PP) and liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) processed without melting the LCP were compared with conventional melt processed blends. In a first stage, PP was blended with 20 wt.% of LCP in a twin-screw extruder with the take-up speed varied to achieve blends with different LCP fibre dimensions. In the second stage these blends were processed both below and above the T m of the LCP by extrusion and injection moulding. At lower temperatures (180–200°C), where the material was processed without melting the LCP, a real composite structure was formed with solid LCP fibres in the PP matrix. When processed above the T m of the LCP (280°C) all the material was molten during processing and a composite-like blend morphology was created in-situ during cooling of the oriented melt phase. These blends exhibited a skin/core morphology, whereas the composites contained fibres throughout the sample. Due to this difference the impact strength of the composites was significantly higher than that of the blends. The blends exhibited higher modulus than the composites. Moreover, additional drawing can greatly improve the strength and stiffness of the blends. In composites the solid LCP fibres slightly increased the viscosity of PP, while in blends the molten LCP reduced the matrix viscosity and acted as a processing aid.
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Shamsuri, Ahmad Adlie, Rusli Daik i Siti Nurul Ain Md. Jamil. "A Succinct Review on the PVDF/Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid Blends and Composites: Preparations, Properties, and Applications". Processes 9, nr 5 (27.04.2021): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9050761.
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Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is a versatile thermoplastic fluoropolymer with intriguing characteristics, which is receiving considerable attention from researchers in many areas. Recently, PVDF and its copolymer, such as poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) have been blended with ionic liquids to produce blend and composite materials for target applications. In this succinct review, two types of ionic liquids that are utilized for the preparation of PVDF and PVDF-HFP blends and composites, namely, hydrophilic and hydrophobic imidazolium-based ionic liquids, are reviewed. In addition, the effect of the ionic liquids on the physicochemical properties of the PVDF and PVDF-HFP blends and composites, is described as well. On top of that, a multitude of applications of the blends and composites are also succinctly reviewed. This review may give inspirations to the polymer blend and composite researchers in diversifying the applications of thermoplastic fluoropolymers through the utilization of ionic liquids.
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Gunawardene, Oneesha H. P., Chamila Gunathilake, Sumedha M. Amaraweera, Nimasha M. L. Fernando, Darshana B. Wanninayaka, Asanga Manamperi, Asela K. Kulatunga i in. "Compatibilization of Starch/Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Blends for Packaging Applications: A Review". Journal of Composites Science 5, nr 11 (16.11.2021): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5110300.
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The health and environmental concerns of the usage of non-biodegradable plastics have driven efforts to explore replacing them with renewable polymers. Although starch is a vital renewable polymer, poor water resistivity and thermo-mechanical properties have limited its applications. Recently, starch/synthetic biodegradable polymer blends have captured greater attention to replace inert plastic materials; the question of ‘immiscibility’ arises during the blend preparation due to the mixing of hydrophilic starch with hydrophobic polymers. The immiscibility issue between starch and synthetic polymers impacts the water absorption, thermo-mechanical properties, and chemical stability demanded by various engineering applications. Numerous studies have been carried out to eliminate the immiscibility issues of the different components in the polymer blends while enhancing the thermo-mechanical properties. Incorporating compatibilizers into the blend mixtures has significantly reduced the particle sizes of the dispersed phase while improving the interfacial adhesion between the starch and synthetic biodegradable polymer, leading to fine and homogeneous structures. Thus, Significant improvements in thermo-mechanical and barrier properties and water resistance can be observed in the compatibilized blends. This review provides an extensive discussion on the compatibilization processes of starch and petroleum-based polymer blends.
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ZIELINSKI, JANUSZ. "Polymer blends and composites". Polimery 47, nr 05 (maj 2002): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2002.303.
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Quitadamo, Alessia, Valerie Massardier i Marco Valente. "Eco-Friendly Approach and Potential Biodegradable Polymer Matrix for WPC Composite Materials in Outdoor Application". International Journal of Polymer Science 2019 (27.01.2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3894370.
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Blends based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and poly(lactic) acid (PLA) with different ratios of both polymers were produced: a blend with equal amounts of HDPE and PLA, hence 50 wt.% each, proved to be a useful compromise, allowing a high amount of bioderived charge without this being too detrimental for mechanical properties and considering its possibility to biodegradation behaviour in outdoor application. In this way, an optimal blend suitable for producing a composite with cellulosic fillers is proposed. In the selected polymer blend, wood flour (WF) was added as a natural filler in the proportion of 20, 30, and 40 wt.%, considering as 100 the weight of the polymer blend matrix. There are two compatibilizers to modify both HDPE-PLA blend and wood-flour/polymer interfaces, i.e., polyethylene-grafted maleic anhydride and a random copolymer of ethylene and glycidyl methacrylate. The most suitable percentage of compatibilizer for HDPE-PLA blends appears to be 3 wt.%, which was selected also for use with wood flour. In order to evaluate properties of blends and composites tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyses, and infrared spectroscopy have been performed. Wood flour seems to affect heavy blend behaviour in process production of material suggesting that future studies are needed to reduce defectiveness.
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Alo, Oluwaseun Ayotunde, i Iyiola Olatunji Otunniyi. "Highly Conductive Polymer Composite Based on Graphite-Filled Immiscible Polyolefin/Epoxy Blends". Key Engineering Materials 917 (13.04.2022): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-ytr30y.
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Conductive polymer composites (CPCs) based on polypropylene (PP)/epoxy (EP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/EP blends filled with synthetic graphite (SG) were produced and characterized to explore their potential for high electrical conductivity applications. The polymer blends were chosen as matrices due to their immiscibility and potential to enable co-continuous morphology formation and preferential distribution of filler, which allows formation of maximized conducting networks. In-plane and through-plane resistivities of PP/EP/SG composites decreased from 0.083 Ω.cm to 0.015 Ω.cm and 10.16 Ω.cm to 0.31 Ω.cm, respectively, while for HDPE/EP/SG composites, in-plane and through-plane resistivities decreased from 0.086 Ω.cm to 0.014 Ω.cm and 5.02 Ω.cm to 0.24 Ω.cm, respectively, when SG content was increased from 30 to 80 wt%. The immiscible blend-based composites produced in this study have the potential to achieve significantly higher conductivity than filled single polymers due to concentration of filler in one of the polymer phases and the co-continuous structure of the blends. Also, resistivity anisotropy of the PP/EP/SG and HDPE/EP/SG composites generally decreased with increase in SG content, with HDPE/EP/SG composites showing lower resistivity anisotropy than PP/EP/SG composites at the same SG content.
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Xu, Huagen, Muchao Qu, Qiancheng Yang i Dirk W. Schubert. "Investigating the electrical percolation threshold of ternary composite films with different compatibility between polymer blends". Journal of Polymer Engineering 41, nr 6 (22.04.2021): 450–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2021-0018.
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Abstract Electrical conductive of polystyrene (PS)/poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA)/carbon black (CB) and PS/poly (cyclohexyl methacrylate) (PChMA)/CB ternary composite films with different polymer blend ratios are prepared through solution casting. The percolation thresholds (ϕ c ) of all the composite films before and after thermal annealing have been determined through the McLachlan GEM equation. Moreover, the PS/poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/CB and PS/poly (ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)/CB films obtained from the same method while only considering conductivity after thermal annealing as well in this work for comparison. Though the CB particles are revealed to be located at only one polymer phase of all four different polymer blends, with compatibility between polymer blends increasing, the ternary composite films show different ϕ c behaviors by changing polymer blend ratios. In PS/PChMA/CB case, the phase separation between PChMA and PS cannot be observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). After thermal annealing, all the ϕ c of PS/PChMA/CB films with different PS/PChMA ratios almost show a linear behavior instead of the double percolation behavior with PChMA content increasing. Suppose both ϕ c of binary systems (polymer A/filler and polymer B/filler) is determined. In that case, a linear behavior relationship between the ϕ c of the ternary composites (A + B + fillers) with the ratio of two polymers can be revealed when polymer A and B are miscible.
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Dikobe, DG, i AS Luyt. "Investigation of the morphology and properties of the polypropylene/low-density polyethylene/wood powder and the maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene/low-density polyethylene/wood powder polymer blend composites". Journal of Composite Materials 51, nr 14 (14.09.2016): 2045–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316668399.
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The properties of polypropylene/low-density polyethylene and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene/low-density polyethylene blends, and their wood powder composites are compared in this study. The blends contained equal amounts of polymers, and the wood powder was added into the blends to form polypropylene/low-density polyethylene/wood powder and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene/low-density polyethylene/wood powder ternary systems. The Fourier-transform infrared analysis of the blends and composites did not provide any evidence of significant interactions between the different components, although the rest of the results clearly showed that maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene and wood powder significantly interacted, and that there was some interaction between maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene and low-density polyethylene. The differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis results confirmed the immiscibility of polypropylene and low-density polyethylene, and polypropylene and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene, and indicated that wood powder was distributed in both the low-density polyethylene and polypropylene phases in the polypropylene/low-density polyethylene blend, but most probably only in the maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene phase in the maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene/low-density polyethylene blend. The polypropylene/low-density polyethylene and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene/low-density polyethylene blends were found to be more thermally stable than the neat polymers, while the presence of wood powder in both polymer blends further increased the thermal stability of the polymers. The blends and composites with maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene showed higher tensile modulus values and lower elongation at break values than the composites with polypropylene, while the stress at break values of the two sets of samples were comparable.
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Kudaikulova, Saule, Zulfiya Musapirova, Natalya Sobarina, Maira Umerzakova, Rinat Iskakov, Bulat Zhubanov i Marc J. M. Abadie. "Novel Polymer Composites on the Basis of Arylalicyclic Polyimide Blends. I. Polyimide/Polycarbonate & Polyimide/Polysulphone Blends". Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 6, nr 1 (7.04.2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj326.
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The new composite materials based on dianhydride of tricyclodecentetracarbon acid and oxydianiline with two other thermally stable polymers, such as polycarbonate and polysulphone, are being reported. The synthesis of the polyimide blends was done through two ways: mechanical mixing of two homopolymer ingredients; and the so-called chemical mixing of polyimide comonomers with the above-mentioned polymers. The physico-chemical and physico-mechanical properties have been manifested in a broadening of their performance characteristics. It was not found any physical-chemical interactions between the two ingredients of the blend, which indicates the formation of a typical compatible polymer blend with an appropriate miscibility. Such new polyimide composite could be an ideal candidate for the preparation of reflective and conductive metallized polyimide blend films with wide mechanical performances.
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Lloyd, P., R. Omlor, D. Vezie, S. J. Krause, S. Kumar i W. W. Adams. "Electron microscopy of a rigid-rod/nylon thermoplastic molecular composite physical blend". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 748–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100105801.
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“Molecular composites” are a new class of structural polymers which are high-strength, high-modulus, thermally stable, and environmentally resistant. A rigid-rod, extended chain polymer component is used to reinforce a matrix of a ductile polymer with the intent of achieving a composite on the molecular level. The critical factor in processing a “molecular composites” is that the rigid-rod reinforcing component be well dispersed and not phase separate from the matrix component at any stage of processing. For the greatest versatility, a “molecular composites” system should be amenable to fabrication with traditional thermoplastic processing techniques. We previously reported on the morphology of “molecular composites” formed by coagulation spinning from a solution of rigid-rod/stiff-coil polymer blend and from a solution of a rigid-rod/stiff-coil triblock copolymer. Although these polymer systems formed “molecular composites”, they did not have a glass transition temperature below the degradation temperature and could not be consolidated by thermal processing techniques. In this paper we are reporting on the morphology of rigid-rod and flexible-coil thermoplastic blends which are processable by precipitation and thermal consolidation.
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Deeba, Farah, Kriti Shrivastava, Minal Bafna i Ankur Jain. "Tuning of Dielectric Properties of Polymers by Composite Formation: The Effect of Inorganic Fillers Addition". Journal of Composites Science 6, nr 12 (22.11.2022): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6120355.
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Polymer blend or composite, which is a combination of two or more polymers and fillers such as semiconductors, metals, metal oxides, salts and ceramics, are a synthesized product facilitating improved, augmented or customized properties, and have widespread applications for the achievement of functional materials. Polymer materials with embedded inorganic fillers are significantly appealing for challenging and outstanding electric, dielectric, optical and mechanical applications involving magnetic features. In particular, a polymer matrix exhibiting large values of dielectric constant (ε′) with suitable thermal stability and low dielectric constant values of polymer blend, having lesser thermal stability, together offer significant advantages in electronic packaging and other such applications in different fields. In this review paper, we focused on the key factors affecting the dielectric properties and its strength in thin film of inorganic materials loaded poly methyl meth acrylate (PMMA) based polymer blend (single phase) or composites (multiple phase), and its consequences at low and high frequencies are explored. A wide range of different types of PMMA based polymer blends or composites, which are doped with different fillers, have been synthesized with specific tailoring of their dielectric behavior and properties. A few of them are discussed in this manuscript, with their different preparation techniques, and exploring new ideas for modified materials.
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Jayarathna, Shishanthi, Mariette Andersson i Roger Andersson. "Recent Advances in Starch-Based Blends and Composites for Bioplastics Applications". Polymers 14, nr 21 (27.10.2022): 4557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214557.
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Environmental pollution by synthetic polymers is a global problem and investigating substitutes for synthetic polymers is a major research area. Starch can be used in formulating bioplastic materials, mainly as blends or composites with other polymers. The major drawbacks of using starch in such applications are water sensitivity and poor mechanical properties. Attempts have been made to improve the mechanical properties of starch-based blends and composites, by e.g., starch modification or plasticization, matrix reinforcement, and polymer blending. Polymer blending can bring synergetic benefits to blends and composites, but necessary precautions must be taken to ensure the compatibility of hydrophobic polymers and hydrophilic starch. Genetic engineering offers new possibilities to modify starch inplanta in a manner favorable for bioplastics applications, while the incorporation of antibacterial and/or antioxidant agents into starch-based food packaging materials brings additional advantages. In conclusion, starch is a promising material for bioplastic production, with great potential for further improvements. This review summarizes the recent advances in starch-based blends and composites and highlights the potential strategies for overcoming the major drawbacks of using starch in bioplastics applications.
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Grigalovica, Agnese, Remo Merijs Meri i Janis Zicans. "Elastic Properties and Phase Transition of Polyoxymethylene and Ethylene-Octene Copolymer Composites". Key Engineering Materials 604 (marzec 2014): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.604.114.
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Multifunctional heterogeneous blends offer great possibilities of tailoring properties of materials. In this work polyoxymethylene (POM) co-polymer is blended with ethylene- octene co-polymers with various alpha-octene contents (EOC38 and EOC17) in a complete volumetric content range to fabricate specific multifunctional materials with tailored stress-strain properties. Elastic properties of POM/EOC38 and POM/EOC17 binary blends are evaluated by consideringVoigt,ReussandKernermodels. It is shown thatKernerapproach is more suitable for prediction of the modulus of the investigated blends in comparison toVoigtandReussmodels. It is shown that in both blends POM has a tendency to form continuous phase up to EOC contents of 0.61 and 0.78 vol. p. for POM/EOC38 and POM/EOC17 respectively. The tendency of EOC to form a matrix is not so expressed.
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Devadas, Suchitha, Saja M. Nabat Al-Ajrash, Donald A. Klosterman, Kenya M. Crosson, Garry S. Crosson i Erick S. Vasquez. "Fabrication and Characterization of Electrospun Poly(acrylonitrile-co-Methyl Acrylate)/Lignin Nanofibers: Effects of Lignin Type and Total Polymer Concentration". Polymers 13, nr 7 (24.03.2021): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13070992.
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Lignin macromolecules are potential precursor materials for producing electrospun nanofibers for composite applications. However, little is known about the effect of lignin type and blend ratios with synthetic polymers. This study analyzed blends of poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate) (PAN-MA) with two types of commercially available lignin, low sulfonate (LSL) and alkali, kraft lignin (AL), in DMF solvent. The electrospinning and polymer blend solution conditions were optimized to produce thermally stable, smooth lignin-based nanofibers with total polymer content of up to 20 wt % in solution and a 50/50 blend weight ratio. Microscopy studies revealed that AL blends possess good solubility, miscibility, and dispersibility compared to LSL blends. Despite the lignin content or type, rheological studies demonstrated that PAN-MA concentration in solution dictated the blend’s viscosity. Smooth electrospun nanofibers were fabricated using AL depending upon the total polymer content and blend ratio. AL’s addition to PAN-MA did not affect the glass transition or degradation temperatures of the nanofibers compared to neat PAN-MA. We confirmed the presence of each lignin type within PAN-MA nanofibers through infrared spectroscopy. PAN-MA/AL nanofibers possessed similar morphological and thermal properties as PAN-MA; thus, these lignin-based nanofibers can replace PAN in future applications, including production of carbon fibers and supercapacitors.
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Suksanit, Sirikunya, Prasit Pattananuwat i Pranut Potiyaraj. "Improvement of Electrical Conductivity of Polyamide 6/Polyaniline Blends by Graphene". Key Engineering Materials 831 (luty 2020): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.831.117.
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Polymer composites of polyaniline (PANI)/polyamide 6 (PA6) blends and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were prepared via the in situ synthesis method in order to improve formability and electrical properties. Polymer blends and composites were characterized by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. It was found that the composites prepared by the in situ synthesis method have better compatibility between polymer blends and matrix than that prepared by the conventional dry-mix method as investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrograms indicate the presence of covalent bonds between functional groups between polyaniline and reduced graphene oxide. The PA6/PANI-rGO films show the electrical conductivity of 2.970×10-6 S/cm while PA6/PANI-GtO show electrical conductivity of 4.082×10-7 S/cm. Thermal stability of polymer blend was characterized by the thermogravimetric analysis. The thermal stability of polyamide 6 after blending is not changed significantly.
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Al-Hussam, Abdullah M., i Naef G. S. Al-Tayar. "Development of Thermal and Electrical Properties of Poly(vinyl alcohol)/ Poly(ethylene glycol) Based on solid Electrolyte and Nanocomposite". Thamar University Journal of Natural & Applied Sciences 6, nr 6 (28.01.2023): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.59167/tujnas.v6i6.1331.
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Polymer Nano composites and lithium polymer electrolytes are always scientifically speaking. It is formed by dissolving Multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWNT) and lithium salt in poly(ethylene glycol), poly(vinyl alcohol) blends with the aim of developing new types of polymer composite characterized by enhanced thermal stability, as well as by improved electrical properties. The interaction of the MWNT and LiNO3 with the polymer blend were confirmed by a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy study. The thermal properties of the polymer blend with the MWNT were carried out by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It is evident from DSC that the polymer/MWNT had a decreased of Tm and heat crystalline fusion(∆Hc) with of increased MWNT. Scanning electron microscopy is used to study the dispersion of the MWNT and LiNO3 in the polymer blend. Electrical conductivity was observed for PVA/PEG/MWNT containing 0.40 wt % MWNT was 7.98 X10-7S/cm where the PVA/PEG was 8.31 X10-8S/cm also electrical conductivity of PVA/PEG/LiNO3 containing 40wt % was 1.02 X10-7S/cm. Relative changes in the conductivity of blends with different concentrations and temperatures are analyzed.
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Kardan, Mahmoud. "Adhesive and Cohesive Strength in Polyisoprene/Polychloroprene Blends". Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, nr 4 (1.09.2001): 614–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3544961.
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Abstract This study concerns the use of polymer blends to produce advanced high performance adhesive systems based on material economics as well as to gain knowledge about the thermodynamics of multi-component adhesive systems. In the adhesive industry, blends of natural rubber (polyisoprene) and polychloroprene are used not only to lower cost, but also to provide certain properties, which are not obtainable with either elastomer alone. This paper investigates the contribution of each elastomer in the blend to the cohesive and adhesive strength and durability of the system. Composites of synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene with different types of polychloroprene with modified structures have been prepared by mill compounding. Infrared spectra obtained for these composites when coated on metallic surface have been extremely useful in the elucidation of the molecular orientation and conformational changes associated with these polymers. Each sample has been laminated between metallic substrates and for each lamination; the lap shear has been measured. The measured lap shears have been correlated with the structural changes associated with polymer—polymer interactions, detected by reflection infrared spectroscopy. These results could have a significant bearing on the mechanism of the strength development in rubber blends for use in adhesive and sealant systems.
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Susilawati i Aris Doyan. "Effects of Gamma Radiation on Electrical Conductivity of PVA-CH Composites". Materials Science Forum 827 (sierpień 2015): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.827.180.
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Keywords: Gamma radiation, electrical conductivity, PVA-CH compositesAbstract.The effects of radiation on polymer composite PVA-based organic blends containing chlorine have been studied for their potential applications in electrochemical devices. The polymer composite PVA-Chloral Hydrate (CH) were blended separately with 23, 34, 45 and 57% CH. The composite films were prepared by solvent-casting method and each film has been irradiated with g-rays at different doses up to 12 kGy. The electrical properties have been studied using an impedance analyzer of LCR meter in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 1 MHz. The conductivity-dose relation study revealed that increase in conductivity of the irradiated PVA-CH blends with increasing dose up to 12 kGy. The increase in the conductivity with dose is attributed to the increase of ionic carriers in the composites induced by radiation scission of CH molecules and also due to hydrolysis of water.
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Jong, Lei. "Mechanical properties of heterophase polymer blends of cryogenically fractured soy flour composite filler and poly (styrene–butadiene)". Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 44, nr 3 (5.01.2012): 273–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244311428894.
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Reinforcement effect of cryogenically fractured soy flour composite filler in soft polymer was investigated in this study. Polymer composites were prepared by melt-mixing polymer and soy flour composite fillers in an internal mixer. Soy flour composite fillers were prepared by blending aqueous soy flour dispersion and styrene–butadiene rubber latex to form a mixture, which was then dried and cryogenically ground into powders. Upon cross-linking, the heterophase composite filler was integrated into rubber polymer and exhibited enhanced mechanical properties. Tensile strength, elongation, Young’s modulus, toughness, and tear resistance of the heterophase polymer composites were better than those of the polymer matrix. The composites reinforced by the composite fillers prepared with different polymer matrices showed that the composite filler prepared with styrene–butadiene instead of carboxylated styrene–butadiene matrix produced composites with greater elongation ratio and toughness but smaller Young’s modulus. The study of elongation rate showed that the soy flour composite fillers produced the composites with useful tensile strength, elongation ratio, and toughness at 500 mm/min strain rate. The study also showed that the effect of soy flour/polymer ratio of the composite fillers on the composite mechanical properties was small.
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Hammani, Salim, Ahmed Barhoum, Sakthivel Nagarajan i Mikhael Bechelany. "Toner Waste Powder (TWP) as a Filler for Polymer Blends (LDPE/HIPS) for Enhanced Electrical Conductivity". Materials 12, nr 19 (20.09.2019): 3062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193062.
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Rapid urbanization proportionally increases the waste products which force humankind to find a suitable waste management system. This study aims at identifying the possibility of using toner waste powder (TWP) as a filler for fabricating polymer composites for enhanced electrical conductivity of polymer blends. TWP was successfully incorporated into a polymer blend of low-density polyethylene/high impact polystyrene (LDPE/HIPS) at a high loading percentage of up to 20 wt %. Elemental analysis (SEM-EDS and XRF) showed that the main constituents of TWP are carbon and iron with traces of other metals such as Ca, Cs, Ti, Mn, Si. The electrical conductivity of LDPE/HIPS is significantly enhanced by loading the TWP into the polymer blend. The addition of TWP to LDPE/HIPS blend decreases the electrical resistivity of the LDPE/HIPS/TWP composite to ~2.9 × 107 Ohm.cm at 10 wt % of TWP, which is several orders of magnitude lower than that of the neat blend with maintaining the thermal stability of the polymer composite. The prepared polymer composite is lightweight and shows electrical conductivity, thus it can have potential applications in electronic materials and automotive industries.
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Düsenberg, Björn, Julian D. Esper, Felix Maußner, Magdalena Mayerhofer, Jochen Schmidt, Wolfgang Peukert i Andreas Bück. "Control of Crystallization of PBT-PC Blends by Anisotropic SiO2 and GeO2 Glass Flakes". Polymers 14, nr 21 (27.10.2022): 4555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214555.
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Polymer composites and blend systems are of increasing importance, due to the combination of unique and different material properties. Blending polybutylene terephatalte (PBT) with polycarbonate (PC) has been the focus of attention for some time in order to combine thermo-chemical with mechanical resistance. The right compounding of the two polymers is a particular challenge, since phase boundaries between PBT and PC lead to coalescence during melting, and thus to unwanted segregation within the composite material. Amorphization of the semi-crystalline PBT would significantly improve the blending of the two polymers, which is why specific miscibility aids are needed for this purpose. Recent research has focused on the functionalization of polymers with shape-anisotropic glass particles. The advantage of those results from their two-dimensional shape, which not only improves the mechanical properties but are also suspected to act as miscibility aids, as they could catalyze transesterification or act as crystallization modifier. This work presents a process route for the production of PBT-PC blends via co-comminution and an in-situ additivation of the polymer blend particles with anisotropic glass flakes to adjust the crystallinity and therefore enhance the miscibility of the polymers.
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Li, Zhen Hua. "Effect of PA6 Addition on the Mechanical Properties of PMMA Blends". Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (lipiec 2011): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.509.
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This article studies the mechanical properties of PA6 reinforced polymer blends comprised of a soft PMMA matrix. These composites are designed as a model system to investigate the impact of the content of the two phases on the composite mechanical properties. The addition of the PA6 phase to the matrix PMMA increases the strength of the blend, but lowers its toughness as it decreases the elongation at break. When PA6 particles are added the blends become relatively brittle. The composites containing moderate content of PA6 particles show enhanced tensile modulus and strength. This enhancement is associated with the formation of a network within the polymeric matrix comprised of PA6 particles welded together by the minor component.
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Tonelli. "Nanoscale Restructuring of Polymer Materials to Produce Single Polymer Composites and Miscible Blends". Biomolecules 9, nr 6 (19.06.2019): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9060240.
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I summarize work conducted in our laboratories over the past 30 years using small host molecules to restructure polymer materials at the nanometer level. Certain small molecules, such as the cyclic starches cyclodextrins (CDs) and urea (U) can form non-covalent crystalline inclusion compounds (ICs) with a range of guest molecules, including many polymers. In polymer-CD- and -U-ICs, guest polymer chains reside in narrow channels created by the host molecule crystals, where they are separated and highly extended. When the host crystalline lattice is carefully removed, the guest polymer chains coalesce into a bulk sample with an organization that is distinct from that normally produced from its melt or from solution. Amorphous regions of such coalesced polymer samples have a greater density, likely with less chain entanglement and more chain alignment. As a consequence, after cooling from their melts, coalesced amorphous polymers show glass-transition temperatures (Tgs) that are elevated above those of samples prepared from their solutions or melts. Upon cooling from their melts, coalesced samples of crystallizable polymers show dramatically-increased abilities to crystallize more rapidly and much closer to their melting temperatures (Tms). These unique behaviors of polymers coalesced from their CD- and U-ICs are unexpectedly resistant to extended annealing above their Tgs and Tms. Taking advantage of this behavior permits us to create polymer materials with unique and improved properties. Among these are amorphous polymers with elevated Tgs and semi-crystalline polymers with finer more uniform morphologies. Improved mechanical properties can be achieved through self-nucleation with small amounts of the same polymer made rapidly crystallizable through coalescence from its CD- or U-IC. This can lead to single polymer composites with as-received polymer matrices and self-nucleated reinforcements. Through simultaneous formation and subsequent coalescence from their common CD–ICs, stable well-mixed blends can be achieved between any two or more polymers, despite their inherent immiscibilities. Such coalesced and well-mixed blends are also resistant to phase segregation when heated for extensive periods well above their Tgs and Tms.
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Krooß, Tim, Martin Gurka, Lien Van der Schueren, Luc Ruys, Stefan Fenske i Christopher Lenz. "Cost-Effective Microfibrillar Reinforced Composites for Lightweight Applications". Materials Science Forum 825-826 (lipiec 2015): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.825-826.44.
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Microfibrillar reinforced composites (MFC) are self-reinforced polymer-polymer composites, consisting of a cold drawn (fibrillized) phase in an isotropic matrix. They are manufactured via melt blending of two immiscible polymers with different melting temperatures, followed by a subsequent cold drawing and thermal annealing step. The present study examines the manufacturing of composite material out of melt-spun microfibrillar reinforced filaments. Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were chosen as the low-melting matrix and the high-melting reinforcement phase, respectively.The filaments were woven to flat textile structures and processed to composites via hot pressing. They represent a bidirectional reinforced composite, comparable to other fiber reinforced polymers. To ensure optimized processing the influence of relevant parameters has been investigated with respect to mechanical properties of the MFC‑filaments and the derived composites. In addition, the morphology was visualized by SEM imaging after all manufacturing steps. An important observation was that the reinforcing fibrils are still intact after thermal processing, leading to a significant increase in mechanical properties of the resulting composites. Quasistatic tensile tests show more than 100 % higher modulus and more than 50 % higher strength of the only 20 wt-% reinforced PET‑PP composites compared to neat PP. The influence of the amount of PET reinforcement, the variation in processing conditions and composite layup were investigated. Additionally, an outlook on the melt-spinning of blends with Polyamide (PA) is given. In future work it is meant to show that a broad spectrum of tailored properties can easily be achieved by such polymer blends and composites outperforming existing homopolymers as well as thermoplastic composites like short glass‑fiber‑reinforced Polypropylene.The material cost reduction thanks to adding cheaper mass‑production polymers and the transfer onto conventional manufacturing lines is meant to ensure the feasibility of industrial production. The low density and excellent recycling options of these composites underline their potential for automotive and aircraft applications.
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Toh, Han Wei, Daniel Wee Yee Toong, Jaryl Chen Koon Ng, Valerie Ow, Shengjie Lu, Lay Poh Tan, Philip En Hou Wong, Subbu Venkatraman, Yingying Huang i Hui Ying Ang. "Polymer blends and polymer composites for cardiovascular implants". European Polymer Journal 146 (marzec 2021): 110249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110249.
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Mosnáčková, Katarína, Alena Opálková Šišková, Angela Kleinová, Martin Danko i Jaroslav Mosnáček. "Properties and Degradation of Novel Fully Biodegradable PLA/PHB Blends Filled with Keratin". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, nr 24 (18.12.2020): 9678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249678.
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The utilization of keratin waste in new materials formulations can prevent its environmental disposal problem. Here, novel composites based on biodegradable blends consisting of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), and filled with hydrolyzed keratin with loading from 1 to 20 wt % were prepared and their properties were investigated. Mechanical and viscoelastic properties were characterized by tensile test, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and rheology measurements. The addition of acetyltributyl citrate (ATBC) significantly affected the mechanical properties of the materials. It was found that the filled PLA/PHB/ATBC composite at the highest keratin loading exhibited similar shear moduli compared to the un-plasticized blend as a result of the much stronger interactions between the keratin and polymer matrix compared to composites with lower keratin content. The differences in dynamic moduli for PLA/PHB/ATBC blend filled with keratin depended extensively on the keratin content while loss the factor values progressively decreased with keratin loading. Softening interactions between the keratin and polymer matrix resulted in lower glass transitions temperature and reduced polymer chain mobility. The addition of keratin did not affect the extent of degradation of the PLA/PHB blend during melt blending. Fast hydrolysis at 60 °C was observed for composites with all keratin loadings. The developed keratin-based composites possess properties comparable to commonly used thermoplastics applicable for example as packaging materials.
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Andrzejewski, Jacek. "The Use of Recycled Polymers for the Preparation of Self-Reinforced Composites by the Overmolding Technique: Materials Performance Evaluation". Sustainability 15, nr 14 (20.07.2023): 11318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151411318.
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The presented research focused on the evaluation of the novel concept of the overmolding technique using self-reinforced composite prepregs and recycled polymer blends. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed manufacturing technique, several series of materials based on polycarbonate/polyethylene terephthalate (PC/PET) and polycarbonate/polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PC/PETG) blends were prepared. The reinforcing component in the form of overmolded prepreg was made from polyester-based self-reinforced composite (srPET). The prepared materials were compared in terms of mechanical properties and heat resistance; the study was supplemented by thermal analysis measurements. Considering the mechanical characteristics, the overmolding technique turns out to be an effective method of improving the properties of composites, and the increase in impact strength turns out to be particularly beneficial. The increase of the impact strength for the overmolded PC/PET blend reached 430% for PC/PETG sample 330%, while for the PC-based composite, only 100%. The expected improvement in thermomechanical properties turned out to be difficult to achieve due to the rapid softening of the srPET prepreg at around 70 °C. However, technological tests and properties analysis indicated that the use of PC-based blends makes it possible to create a permanent connection with reinforcement based on srPET prepregs, which can significantly expand the potential of applications of this type of material. The presented research confirmed that the self-reinforced composites can be successfully used as reinforcement for recycled polymer blends.
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Shivakumar, E., i C. K. Das. "Self-Reinforcing Composites of Polyacrylic Elastomers and Liquid Crystalline Polymer: Mechanical, Thermal, and Dynamic Mechanical Properties". Polymers and Polymer Composites 13, nr 7 (październik 2005): 687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110501300705.
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In order to study the effect of liquid crystalline polymers (LCP) as reinforcing agents for polyacrylic elastomer (ACM), blends of ACM and a liquid crystalline polymer were prepared. These blends were cured with ammonium benzoate and Diak-4, 4,4'-methylen ebis(cyclohexylamine) carbamate in order to understand the curing behaviour of ACM in presence of LCP. A rheometric study of the blends indicated an improved state of cure in presence of Diak-4, but a deteriorated state of cure in presence of ammonium benzoate. All the blends showed substantial improvement in modulus and tear strength with the increasing amounts of LCP however; this improvement was predominant when Diak-4 was used as a curing agent. The tensile strength of the blends decreased with increasing LCP content, attributed to lack of interfacial adhesion between ACM and LCP, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found from the X-rd measurements that LCP acts as a nucleating agent by increasing the crystallinity of the blend. The degradation temperatures and heats of degradation deduced from the thermal analysis suggested that ACM had reduced thermal stability when in presence of LCP. A dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) study revealed the improved storage modulus of the blends with increasing LCP content.
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Walton, Jeffrey H. "A Review of 129Xe NMR as a Probe of Polymer Morphology". Polymers and Polymer Composites 2, nr 1 (styczeń 1994): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119400200105.
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129 Xe NMR is a new tool for probing the morphology of polymers and polymer blends. Recent developments of the NMR of 129 Xe gas dissolved in polymers are reviewed. This technique yields information on polymer morphology via the NMR lineshape and the isotropic chemical shift and their temperature dependencies. Polymer glass transition temperatures are plainly evident. The miscibility of polymer blends is easily determined and thus phase diagrams may be mapped out. Of particular use is the potential ability to measure domain sizes in immiscible polymer blends by 2-D NMR techniques. Domain sizes from 0.1 micrometers to 25 micrometers should easily be measurable.
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Fakirov, S., D. Bhattacharyya i R. J. Shields. "Nanofibril reinforced composites from polymer blends". Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 313-314 (luty 2008): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.05.038.
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Lee, Biing-Lin. "Electrically conductive polymer composites and blends". Polymer Engineering and Science 32, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760320107.
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Kontogianni, Georgia-Ioanna, Amedeo Franco Bonatti, Carmelo De Maria, Raasti Naseem, Priscila Melo, Catarina Coelho, Giovanni Vozzi i in. "Promotion of In Vitro Osteogenic Activity by Melt Extrusion-Based PLLA/PCL/PHBV Scaffolds Enriched with Nano-Hydroxyapatite and Strontium Substituted Nano-Hydroxyapatite". Polymers 15, nr 4 (20.02.2023): 1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15041052.
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Bone tissue engineering has emerged as a promising strategy to overcome the limitations of current treatments for bone-related disorders, but the trade-off between mechanical properties and bioactivity remains a concern for many polymeric materials. To address this need, novel polymeric blends of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) have been explored. Blend filaments comprising PLLA/PCL/PHBV at a ratio of 90/5/5 wt% have been prepared using twin-screw extrusion. The PLLA/PCL/PHBV blends were enriched with nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) and strontium-substituted nano-HA (Sr-nano-HA) to produce composite filaments. Three-dimensional scaffolds were printed by fused deposition modelling from PLLA/PCL/PHBV blend and composite filaments and evaluated mechanically and biologically for their capacity to support bone formation in vitro. The composite scaffolds had a mean porosity of 40%, mean pores of 800 µm, and an average compressive modulus of 32 MPa. Polymer blend and enriched scaffolds supported cell attachment and proliferation. The alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium production were significantly higher in composite scaffolds compared to the blends. These findings demonstrate that thermoplastic polyesters (PLLA and PCL) can be combined with polymers produced via a bacterial route (PHBV) to produce polymer blends with excellent biocompatibility, providing additional options for polymer blend optimization. The enrichment of the blend with nano-HA and Sr-nano-HA powders enhanced the osteogenic potential in vitro.
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Nivrtirao, Eknath, i Basavaraja Sannakki. "Preparation and Characterization of Polymer Blends of Ethyl Cellulose and its Composites". Advanced Materials Research 665 (luty 2013): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.665.336.
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The polymer blend of Ethyl Cellulose (EC) with Poly (vinyl) pyrrolidone (PVP) of various weight percentages at different thickness are used for measurement of dielectric permittivity, electrical conductivity and optical properties. The activation energies of the EC and its blend with PVP are obtained through measurement of dc conductivity. The samples are characterized by using X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The blends of EC with PVP in the ratio of 50:50 weight percent using FTIR over the range of wavenumber 4000-500 cm-1. Key words: Polymer Blend, XRD, SEM, FTIR, dielectric permittivity, activation energy.
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Roy, S. K. Singha, i C. K. Das. "Speciality Polymer Blends of Carboxylated Nitrile Rubber and Polyurethane Elastomers". Polymers and Polymer Composites 3, nr 6 (wrzesień 1995): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119500300602.
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Blends of polyurethane elastomers and carboxylated nitrile rubber, prepared by three different techniques in different blend ratios, have been studied. The properties of the blends were improved by blending with polyurethanes in a sulphur cured blend system. In the peroxide cure system the improvements occurred when the preblends were heated before incorporating curatives into it. Blend properties largely depend on the blend ratio and on the blending technique. IR spectra reveal that interchain crosslinking occurred between polyurethane and carboxylated nitrile rubber on heating, in the absence of curatives. The preheating of the blends before adding curatives improved the properties of the blends; the degradation process and weight loss were retarded. The extraction of the carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) phase in the solvents was also restricted on preheating, due to interchain crosslinking.
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Major, Andrea Ádámné, i Károly Belina. "Properties of Carbon Nanotube - Polymer Composites". Materials Science Forum 589 (czerwiec 2008): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.589.117.
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In the last ten years carbon nanotube composites are in the focus of the researchers of polymer blends. Different composition of carbon nanotubes and polymers were produced by a special mixing unit called Infinitely Variable Dynamic Shear Mixer (IDMX). In the experiments polypropylene and polycarbonate polymers were used as matrix materials. Nanotube masterbatches were used to prepare different compositions. Concentration series were manufactured by the dynamic mixer. The prepared materials were characterised by scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical, electrical and burning properties of the materials were also determined. Thermal properties were examined by DSC.
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Pan, Dan, Houkang He, He Ren, Hao Xu, Shuai Wang, Long Chen i Zongyi Qin. "Study on the interfacial tension of immiscible polystyrene/polypropylene blend with deformed drop retraction method". Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 32, nr 2 (16.01.2018): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705717751018.
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To quantify the relation between process condition, raw materials’ properties, and the interfacial tension of polystyrene (PS)/polypropylene (PP) blend, we evaluated the effect of temperature and molecular weight on the interfacial tension of PS/PP blend with deformed drop retraction method. The accuracy of measurement was improved by eliminating the residual stress in polymers and selecting retraction scale of imbedded PS fiber. Results show that the interfacial tension of PS/PP blends decreases lineally with increasing temperature. The temperature coefficient of PS/PP blends is of the same order of magnitude as reported in the PS/PP systems in the case of similar weight distribution of PS. A primary quantitative relation between interfacial tension, temperature, and molecular weight was established, which could be utilized to guide the design of novel polymer blends.
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Mohamed, Haider S., Mudhaffar Y. Hussein, Sumayah M. Abbas i Sabah A. Kassid. "STUDYING THE EFFECT OF GLASS ADDITION ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PVC AND PVC/PMMA BLENDS." Kufa Journal of Engineering 3, nr 1 (6.05.2014): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/311268.
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Thermal analysis techniques were conducted for testing and evaluation of different polymeric samples. Pure samples (such as PVC and PMMA) and composites (with soda-lime glass; powder as filler ) were examined and tested for Tg, thermal expansion and Young modulus (E). Two updating instruments where used for this purpose. Differential scanning calometry (DSC) for pure polymers and thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) for composites. Differential scanning calometry (DSC) testing for sample of polyvinyle chloride (PVC) explain decrease of glass temperature (Tg) from (80.6°C) to (31°C) for the same polymer solved by (THF) solvent and dry it at (100°C). Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) for (PVC/glass) composites appears increase of glass temperature (Tg) with high decrease of Young modulus (E) and transform its mechanical properties from elastic to plastic. Adding the polymer poly mathylemethacrylate to composites (PVC/glass) was lightly effect to glass transition (Tg) and elastic modulus at low ratio of (PMMA) in composite, while the composite (PVC/PMMA/glass) appears elastomer properties when the (PMMA) ratio was 37% in in composite.
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Hoang, Thai, i Do Van Cong. "STUDY ON SOME PROPERTIES AND MORPHOLOGY OF COMPOSITES BASED ON POLYETHYLENE GRAFTED ACRYLIC ACID/ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER/CALCIUM CARBONATE". ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 25, nr 2 (22.11.2017): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.266.
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Composites based on polyethylene grafted acrylic acid (PE-g-AAc)/ethylene-co-vinylacetate copolymer (EVA)/calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were prepared by melt mixing. Relative melt viscosity, morphology, mechanical properties and thermostability of the composites were studied. The experimental results show that the presence of (CaCO3) activated by stearic acid (10-20 wt.%) changes lightly stable torque of polymer blend of PE-g-AAc/EVA. Use of modified PE improves compatibility of PE and EVA as well as makes the components disperse into each other better than in blends using unmodified PE. Tensile strength and elongation at break of both polymer blends decrease with presence of CaCO3. However, tensile strength of the composites of PE-g-AAc/EVA/CaCO3 is higher than that of composites of PE/EVA/CaCO3. Beside that, the composites of PE-g-AAc/EVA/CaCO3 have thermostability higher than the composites of PE/EVA/CaCO3.
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Marischal, Cayla, Lemort, Campagne i Devaux. "Selection of Immiscible Polymer Blends Filled with Carbon Nanotubes for Heating Applications". Polymers 11, nr 11 (6.11.2019): 1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111827.
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In many application fields, such as medicine or sports, heating textiles use electrically conductive multifilaments. This multifilament can be developed from conductive polymer composites (CPC), which are blends of an insulating polymer filled with electrically conductive particles. However, this multifilament must have filler content above the percolation threshold, which leads to an increase of the viscosity and problems during the melt spinning process. Immiscible blends between two polymers (one being a CPC) can be used to allow the reduction of the global filler content if each polymer is co-continuous with a selective localization of the fillers in only one polymer. In this study, three immiscible blends were developed between polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, or polyamide 6 and a filled polycaprolactone with carbon nanotubes. The morphology of each blend at different ratios was studied using models of co-continuity and prediction of fillers localization according to viscosity, interfacial energy, elastic modulus, and loss factor of each polymer. This theoretical approach was compared to experimental values to find out differences between methods. The electrical properties (electrical conductivity and Joule effect) were also studied. The co-continuity, the selective localization in the polycaprolactone, and the Joule effect were only exhibited by the polypropylene/filled polycaprolactone 50/50 wt.%.
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Malysheva, T. L., i A. L. Tolstov. "Miscibility of poly(urethane-urea) elastomers with chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride)". Polymer journal 43, nr 1 (9.03.2021): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.43.01.019.
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Effect of a chemical structure of poly(ether-urethane-urea) (PUU) elastomers on a miscibility of their blends with chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (cPVC) has been studied by FTIR and DSC. The segmented PUU were synthesized by prepolymer approach in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution. PUU-1 was synthesized using poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) of Mn = 1000, mixture of 2,4- and 2,6-isomers of tolylenediisocyanate (TDI) in a ratio of 65:35 (by weight) and 4,4´-methylenedianiline as a chain extender at a molar ratio of 1:2:1. PUU-2 was prepared based on poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG) of Mn = 1000, TDI and cyanoethylated ethylene diamine at a molar ratio of 2:3:1. The polymer-polymer blends were obtained via solution casting technique using DMF as a solvent. It was found a miscibility of the polymers enhances due to a formation of hydrogen or donor-acceptor bonding between polar NH urethane-urea or nitrile groups of hard PUU segments and chlorine of cPVC. According to DSC results the polymer-polymer systems stabilized by stronger donor-acceptor bonding are characterized by single glass transition temperature, Tg, a position of which is higher than that of the theoretical one, TFg, calculated in full composition range via Fox’s equation. When stabilization of polymer-polymer blend with 30 % (by weight) of cPVC performs by weaker hydrogen bonding we observed a formation of mixed phase and the composite is characterized by appearance of three relaxation transitions. Increasing cPVC content reduces a miscibility of the components and biphasic structure of the composites forms. Comparative analysis of experimental and theoretical (additive) tensile strength vs composition dependencies demonstrates an impact of donor-acceptor interface interactions on strength of the polymer composites obtained.
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Hosseinnezhad, Ramin, Iurii Vozniak i Fahmi Zaïri. "In Situ Generation of Green Hybrid Nanofibrillar Polymer-Polymer Composites—A Novel Approach to the Triple Shape Memory Polymer Formation". Polymers 13, nr 12 (8.06.2021): 1900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13121900.
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The paper discusses the possibility of using in situ generated hybrid polymer-polymer nanocomposites as polymeric materials with triple shape memory, which, unlike conventional polymer blends with triple shape memory, are characterized by fully separated phase transition temperatures and strongest bonding between the polymer blends phase interfaces which are critical to the shape fixing and recovery. This was demonstrated using the three-component system polylactide/polybutylene adipateterephthalate/cellulose nanofibers (PLA/PBAT/CNFs). The role of in situ generated PBAT nanofibers and CNFs in the formation of efficient physical crosslinks at PLA-PBAT, PLA-CNF and PBAT-CNF interfaces and the effect of CNFs on the PBAT fibrillation and crystallization processes were elucidated. The in situ generated composites showed drastically higher values of strain recovery ratios, strain fixity ratios, faster recovery rate and better mechanical properties compared to the blend.
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TAKAYAMA, Tetsuo. "Processing and Properties of Polymer Blends and Polymer Composites". Journal of the Japan Society for Technology of Plasticity 57, nr 671 (2016): 1134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.9773/sosei.57.1134.
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Wang, Suwei, Ping Xue, Mingyin Jia, Jing Tian i Run Zhang. "Effect of Polymer Blends on the Properties of Foamed Wood-Polymer Composites". Materials 12, nr 12 (19.06.2019): 1971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12121971.
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The polypropylene (PP)/wood flour (WF) composites were prepared using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder followed by a single-screw extruder foaming system in this paper. Polymers, such as polyolefin elastomer (POE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or microcrystalline wax, were blended with PP in the preparation of composites to improve the melt strength. And a cavity transfer mixer was introduced to increase the distribution uniformity of components in composites. Meanwhile, the effect of the polymer blends on the microstructure and mechanical properties of samples was investigated. The experimental results show that the addition of POE and HDPE resulted in the second melting peak in the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) curves and a great decrease in the cell size was caused by the added POE. However, due to the velocity difference of composites in the die, the shape of bubbles gradually became irregular. Moreover, the impact strength of samples significantly increased by 85% for the added POE and the apparent density decreased by 6.7%. And the minimum Vicat softening temperature of 133.7 °C was obtained when the mass ratio of HDPE to PP was 4/6.
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Ma, Chuan Guo, i Ming Liu. "Carbon Black Selective Dispersion and Electrical Properties of Epoxy Resin/Polystyrene/Carbon Black Ternary Composites". Advanced Materials Research 548 (lipiec 2012): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.548.94.
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Carbon black (CB) selective dispersion and conductive properties of immiscible thermoplastic/thermosetting polymer blends consisting of polystyrene (PS) and epoxy resin (EP) were investigated in this paper. The results showed that CB particles are preferentially localized in EP phase in PS/EP blends. The blend with 10 pbw (parts by weight) PS presented an EP continuous phase structure, and both blends with 20 pbw and 30 pbw developed into a bi-continuous phase structure. The selective dispersion of CB particles was explained by thermodynamic parameters. The phase structures of blends have important influences on both conductive and dielectric properties. The blends with 10 pbw PS has a very low percolation threshold nearly 0.25wt%.
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Ali, Muhammad Faizan, Muzzamal Hussain, Asra Tariq, Hassan Iftekhar Ahmed, Salma Shahid, Abdelghani Saouab i Yasir Nawab. "Damage‐Tolerant Woven Glass Fiber Composites Developed Using Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) Unsaturated Polyester (UP) Blends". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (8.08.2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9077788.
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The thermoset matrix is brittle and shows low damage characteristics, and their impact and damage performance can be improved significantly by blending with the thermoplastic matrix. In this way, the properties of both the matrices can be gathered in one composite. This study is focused on the development and optimization of novel blends of unsaturated polyester (UP) resin with polyvinyl butyral (PVB), a thermoplastic polymer, to improve the mechanical properties, especially delamination and impact behavior of associated glass fiber composites. The five blends of UP and PVB were prepared in different concentrations by the solution mixing method. Composite samples of woven glass fabric were fabricated using prepared blends and pure resins as matrices on compression molding. Tensile, flexural, T-peel tests, and the instrumented Charpy impact tests were conducted on the developed samples. A significant improvement in the impact energy absorption (102%) and delamination resistance (110%) was observed for a blend ratio of 40 : 60 and 50 : 50 of PVB : UP, respectively, as compared to pure UP composite samples.
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Buys, Yose Fachmi, i Nor Afiza Syafina Lokman. "Conductive Polymer Composites from Polylactic Acid/Natural Rubber Filled with Carbon Black". Advanced Materials Research 1115 (lipiec 2015): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1115.253.
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In order to develop environmentally friendly conductive polymer composites, polylactic acid (PLA) was melt blended with natural rubber (NR), with addition of carbon black (CB) as the conductive filler. It was found that the PLA/NR blends were immiscible, and the sea-island and co-continuous morphological structures were observed at PLA/NR with ratio of 80/20 vol% and 60/40 vol% respectively. Addition of CB to 60/40 PLA/NR matrix, brought the composites to become electrically conductive at CB content of 2 phr. It was also found that the impact strength of PLA/NR/CB composite is better than that of the neat PLA.
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Cordin, Michael, i Thomas Bechtold. "Physical properties of lyocell-reinforced polypropylene composites from intermingled fibre with varying fibre volume fractions". Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 31, nr 8 (19.10.2017): 1029–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705717734594.
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Polypropylene (PP)-cellulose fibre blends exhibit substantial potential for the production of high-performance textile fibre–reinforced composites. The production of reinforced parts from PP-cellulose composites through thermal shaping of intermingled fibre blends is a strategy to form parts which exhibit superior mechanical properties. In this study, the use of intermingled fibre slivers with different ratios of lyocell fibres (CLY) and PP fibres as raw materials for thermally formed composites was investigated. Such a concept will maximize the interface between the reinforcement fibres and polymer matrix. The cellulose fibres remain oriented along the direction in which the drawing process was performed, which forms the basis for tailored fibre placement in technical production. Because of good surface contact between the cellulose fibre surface and PP matrix, no special coupling agents were required to improve the interfacial adhesion between the two different polymers. The share of CLY and PP fibres in the composite varied from 50% w/w CLY content, up to 70% w/w CLY. Besides analysis of the mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and E-modulus, attention was directed towards moisture sorption of the composites. The rate of sorption and amount of water bound in the composite were found to be dependent on the cellulose fibre content. Composites with a higher CLY content exhibited a more rapid and higher moisture uptake. In water saturated state, the ultimate tensile strength of composites reduced from 160 MPa to 90 MPa, which is an indicator for a reduced adhesion between the CLY surface and PP matrix. The results indicate the potential of the intermingled fibre concept blend for the efficient manufacturing of composite parts.