Rozprawy doktorskie: „Pollution-health”

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Olar, О. І., O. Yu Mykytyuk i T. V. Biryukova. "Health hazards of noises pollution". Thesis, БДМУ, 2019. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/19233.

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Hazell, Christopher. "Air pollution and associated cardiovascular health". Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/5923.

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Aims: The project is designed to investigate the effects of exposure to airborne pollution on cardiovascular health. Many studies have identified an association between exposure to elevated levels of airborne pollution and increases in morbidity and mortality associated with acute myocardial infarction, heart failures and coronary heart disease. The project investigates the occurrence of these diseases in a low pollution scenario and investigates plausible biomedical causes of the observed increases. The study investigates the composition of airborne particles in the city, as one hypothesis is that particle composition may be as important as the total mass of respired particles. The project investigates the aetiology of myocardial infarction and heart failure in the city, associated with exposure to air pollution and variations in meteorological conditions. The study aimed to identify to what degree these diseases are affected by changes in environmental conditions. Variations in the composition of the blood were investigated as a possible mediator in the association between air pollution, meteorology and MI and HF. In one study an epidemiological approach was used to investigate changes in the concentrations of blood coagulation factors. The second study used blood obtained from healthy volunteers on high pollution days and low pollution days, accounting for meteorological changes. The samples were analysed for several non-blood coagulation factors, with the capability of adversely altering MI and HF aetiology. Primary results: The study identified that no significant association is observed between exposure to airborne pollution and morbidity and mortality associated with acute myocardial infarction of heart failure. The gaseous pollution levels in the city were identified as too low to have a significant effect on cardiovascular health, however decreases in outdoor temperature were seen to have a significant detrimental effect on myocardial infarction and heart failure. However air pollution levels were observed to be significantly associated with deaths arising from respiratory disease. The composition of the collected particulate matter was identified as the primary reason of the lack of any association between airborne particulate matter and acute myocardial infarction of heart failure. Daily variations in outdoor temperature are identified as the most significant environmental parameter affecting the occurrence of morbidity and mortality associated with acute myocardial infarction of heart failure. There was no significant association between exposure to elevated levels of air pollution or decreased temperature and variations in blood coagulation factors. There was also no significant association between changes in non-coagulation blood factors and changes in meteorological and air pollution factors. Two possible explanations exist to explain these results, either air pollution levels are too low to effect blood composition, or the association between air pollution and MI and HF is not mediated through the studied parameters. Several significant associations were identified between exposure to airborne pollution and changes in non-coagulation blood parameters. These changes, including a variety of changes in white blood cells, the haematocrit and plasma viscosity, all suggest mechanisms by which exposure to airborne pollution may exacerbate myocardial infarction and heart failures. These findings indicate that exposure to airborne pollution has more than a statistical association with MI and HF. Conclusions: In the city and county of Cardiff levels of primary airborne pollutants is at a much lower level than many other study areas. As a consequence of these differences in air pollution dynamics there is a significant difference in the disease aetiology, particularly associated with MI and FIF. However even in this low pollution environment adverse health effects are noted, including elevation in deaths associated with respiratory disease. The pollution levels identified in Cardiff were associated with changes in several blood parameters, which in other studies are associated with adverse health effects, including exacerbation of MI and HF.

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Liu, Liqun. "Health effects of air pollution and meteorology". Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-146119.

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Oliveira, Joana Cristina Castro. "Air pollution and health: tradução e terminologia". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12019.

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Mestrado em Tradução Especializada
No âmbito da Tradução Especializada, o presente projeto aborda os desafios de uma tradução técnica, tendo como texto de partida três capítulos de um livro científico relativo à poluição atmosférica e respetivos efeitos na saúde do ser humano. Este projeto é constituído pela análise e caracterização do texto de partida, metodologia de tradução, problemas terminológicos e elaboração de um glossário terminológico.
This project approaches the challenges of a technical translation having as a source text three chapters from a scientific book about air pollution and health effects on human beings. The project comprises the analysis and characterization of the source text, methodology of translation, terminology problems and elaboration of a terminological glossary.

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Achilleos, Souzana. "Particle Pollution: Trends, Sources, Components and Health". Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:27201753.

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Eastern Mediterranean (EM) region experience poor air quality because it is highly influenced by local and transported pollution. For this reason, we examined the particulate pollution in Cyprus, an EU-member country located in the EM region. First, we analyzed daily PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm) data collected in an urban and background site for sixteen years (1993-2008). We investigated long term trends using a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) after controlling for day of week, month, temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity. Annual PM10 (50.4-63.8 μg/m3) exceeded the 2005 EU annual standard (40 μg/m3) every year at the urban station, and dust storms were responsible for a small fraction of the daily exceedances. However, urban PM10 levels decreased from 59.4 μg/m3 in 1993 to 49.0 μg/m3 in 2008, probably in part as a result of traffic emission control policies. We then collected PM10 and PM2.5 samples (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) in the four main cities in Cyprus using Harvard Impactors, during the year of 2012. We analyzed them for mass concentration and chemical composition, and conducted a source apportionment analysis. For PM2.5, seven source types were identified including regional sulfur (>30%), traffic emissions, biomass, re-suspended soil, oil combustion, road dust, and sea salt. For PM10-2.5 (coarse particles with aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 and 10 μm) three sources were identified, which include road dust, soil, and sea salt. Last, since the mortality effect estimates for PM2.5 components and mortality vary across studies and locations, we performed a meta-regression analysis to estimate their association using city specific estimates from time-series and case-crossover studies. We found significant associations between mortality and elements from combustion sources such as traffic, biomass burning, and oil combustion. Furthermore, PM2.5 effect estimates varied across regions, and further research is needed to explore the possible factors that modify or confound their association.

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Yang, Trent, John M. Reilly i Sergey Paltsev. "Air Pollution Health Effects: Toward an Integrated Assessment". MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/5426.

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Scientists and policy makers have become increasingly aware of the need to jointly study climate change and air pollution because of the interactions among policy measures and in the atmospheric chemistry that creates the constituents of smog and affects the lifetimes of important greenhouse gases such as methane. Tropospheric ozone and aerosols, recognized constituents of air pollution, have important effects on the radiative balance of the atmosphere. Existing methods for estimating the economic implications of environmental damage do not provide an immediate approach to assess the economic and policy interactions. Towards that end, we develop a methodology for integrating the health effects from exposure to air pollution into the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model, a computable general equilibrium economic model of the economy that has been widely used to study climate change policy. The approach incorporates market and non-market effects of air pollution on human health, and is readily applicable to other environmental damages including those from climate change. The estimate of economic damages depends, of course, on the validity of the underlying epidemiological relationships and direct estimates of the consequences of health effects such as lost work and non-work time and increased medical expenses. We apply the model to the US for the historical period 1970 to 2000, and reevaluate estimates of the benefits of US air pollution regulations originally made by the US Environmental Protection Agency. We also estimate the economic burden of uncontrolled levels of air pollution over that period. Our estimated benefits of regulation are somewhat lower than the original EPA estimates, and we trace that result to our development of a stock model of pollutant exposure that predicts that the benefits from reduced chronic air pollution exposure will only be gradually realized. As modeled, only population cohorts born under lower air pollution levels fully realize the benefits. While other assumptions about the nature of health effects of chronic exposure are possible, some version of a stock model of this type is needed to accurately estimate the timing of benefits of reduced pollution.
Abstract in HTML and technical report in PDF available on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change website (http://mit.edu/globalchange/www/).
Funding for the work was from the Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, through a consortium of industrial sponsors, and through grants from the US DOE, EPA, NOAA, NSF, and NASA.

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Molter, Anna. "Air pollution exposure and respiratory health in childhood". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/air-pollution-exposure-and-respiratory-health-in-childhood(86388151-13d1-499d-be59-89d6d87e036f).html.

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Asthma is the most common chronic disease in children and the effects of air pollution exposure on asthma and respiratory health in children have been a growing concern over recent decades. Although a number of epidemiological studies have been carried out in this field, these have produced conflicting results. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of long term exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10) on asthma prevalence and lung function in children. To achieve this, a novel exposure model was developed and evaluated, which allowed retrospective exposure assessment of children participating in a population based birth cohort study – the Manchester Asthma and Allergy Study (MAAS). MAAS is a prospective birth cohort study comprising 1185 children specifically designed to study asthma and allergies. Clinical follow up took place at ages 3, 5, 8 and 11 years. At each follow up parents completed questionnaires on asthma diagnosis and symptoms and children underwent skin prick tests for common allergens. Children’s specific airways resistance (sRaw, at ages 3, 5, 8, 11) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1, at ages 5, 8, 11) were measured. At ages 5 and 11 years FEV1 was measured at baseline and after bronchodilator treatment. The exposure model developed during this study incorporated outdoor and indoor air pollution, spatio-temporal variation in air pollution and time-activity patterns of children. The model was based on the concept of microenvironmental exposure. It modelled personal exposure based on PM10 and NO2 concentrations in children’s home, school and journey microenvironments (MEs) and the length of time they spend in these MEs. Land use regression (LUR) models were used to model PM10 and NO2 concentrations in outdoor MEs. These LUR models were specifically developed for the Greater Manchester area. A novel method was used to develop the LUR models, which used the output from an air dispersion model as dependent variables in the regression analysis. Furthermore, a novel approach was used to obtain annual concentration of PM10 and NO2 from 1996 to 2010, which involved the recalibration of the LUR models for each year. A mass balance model and indoor to outdoor ratios were used to model concentrations in indoor MEs. The performance of the exposure model was evaluated through a personal monitoring study in schoolchildren attending a local secondary school. Children wore personal NO2 monitors for two consecutive days in four seasons. Parental questionnaires and time-activity diaries were used to obtain information for the exposure model and to model NO2 exposure for the same time period. The results showed good agreement between monitored and modelled NO2 concentrations (Normalised mean bias factor=-0.04). Multiple linear regression and generalised estimating equations (GEE) were used to assess the cross-sectional and longitudinal effect of modelled exposure on sRaw and FEV1 (as % predicted). Multiple logistic regression and GEE were used to assess the effect of modelled exposure on the prevalence of asthma and current wheeze.The longitudinal analyses showed significant associations between PM10 and NO2 exposure and % predicted FEV1 (PM10: B=-1.37, p=0.019; NO2: B=-0.83, p=0.003), but no association with sRaw (PM10: B=0.009, p=0.37; NO2: B=-0.007, p=0.16). The cross-sectional analyses showed no association between pollutant exposure during the summer or winter prior to age 11 and any of the lung function measures (p>0.05). Long term PM10 or NO2 exposure were not associated with asthma or current wheeze (p>0.05).This study developed and evaluated a novel air pollution exposure model for epidemiological research. The results of this study suggest a negative impact of long term exposure to NO2 and PM10 on growth in FEV1 during primary school age. However, no evidence of an association between long term exposure to NO2 and PM10 and childhood asthma was found.

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Li, Ying. "Improving Public Health through Reducing Fine Particulate Matter Pollution". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/19.

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Powell, Helen Louise. "Estimating air pollution and its relationship with human health". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3531/.

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The health impact of short-term exposure to air pollution has been the focus of much recent research, the majority of which is based on time-series studies. A time-series study uses health, pollution and meteorological data from an extended urban area. Aggregate level data is used to describe the health of the population living with the region, this is typically a daily count of the number of mortality or morbidity events. Air pollution data is obtained from a number of fixed site monitors located throughout the study region. These monitors measure background pollution levels at a number of time intervals throughout the day and a daily average is typically calculated for each site. A number of pollutants are measured including, carbon monoxide (CO); nitrogen dioxide (NO2); particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), and; sulphur dioxide (SO2). These fixed site monitors also measure a number of meteorological covariates such as temperature, humidity and solar radiation. In this thesis I have presented extensions to the current methods which are used to estimate the association between air pollution exposure and the risks to human health. The comparisons of the efficacy of my approaches to those which are adopted by the majority of researchers, highlights some of the deficiencies of the standard approaches to modelling such data. The work presented here is centered around three specific themes, all of which focus on the air pollution component of the model. The first and second theme relate to what is used as a spatially representative measure of air pollution and allowing for uncertainty in what is an inherently unknown quantity, when estimating the associated health risks, respectively. For example the majority of air pollution and health studies only consider the health effects of a single pollutant rather than that of overall air quality. In addition to this, the single pollutant estimate is taken as the average concentration level across the network of monitors. This is unlikely to be the average concentration across the study region due to the likely non random placement of the monitoring network. To address these issues I proposed two methods for estimating a spatially representative measure of pollution. Both methods are based on hierarchical Bayesian methods, as this allows for the correct propagation of uncertainty, the first of which uses geostatistical methods and the second is a simple regression model which includes a time-varying coefficient for covariates which are fixed in space. I compared the two approaches in terms of their predictive accuracy using cross validation. The third theme considers the shape of the estimated concentration-response function between air pollution and health. Currently used modelling techniques make no constraints on such a function and can therefore produce unrealistic results, such as decreasing risks to health at high concentrations. I therefore proposed a model which imposes three constraints on the concentration-response function in order to produce a more sensible shaped curve and therefore eliminate such misinterpretations. The efficacy of this approach was assessed via a simulation study. All of the methods presented in this thesis are illustrated using data from the Greater London area.

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Guidetti, Bruna Morais. "Air pollution consequences in São Paulo: evidence for health". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-14122018-152557/.

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Air pollution causes negative externalities on human health, especially on vulnerable groups such as children. We look at hospitalizations due to respiratory diseases for children in São Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA) between 2015 and 2017 as consequence of variation in particulate matter (PM 10) levels. We use wind speed as instrument for PM to deal with the endogeneity of air pollution exposure, considering that non-stationary sources of pollution are predominant in the region, which is among the ten largest metropolitan areas in the world. The results show that air pollution positively affects hospitalizations due to all respiratory, pneumonia and asthma in the short term for children between one and five years old. For infant, we only find impact on influenza admission. Additional results suggest the Brazilian public health system is absorbing the increase in hospitalization due to this health shock. Furthermore, delay to visit the hospital may be underestimating our results. We also run a multi-pollutant model, including ozone (O3) as pollutant and solar radiation as instrument. Our coefficients of PM 10 are robust to this specification and we find no impact of O3 on health.
A poluição do ar causa externalidade negativa na saúde humana, especialmente em grupos vulneráveis como crianças. Olhamos para internações por doenças respiratórias em crianças na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) entre 2015 e 2017, em consequência de variações nos níveis de material particulado (MP 10). Usamos a velocidade do vento como instrumento para MP, a fim de lidar com a endogeneidade da exposição à poluição, considerando que as fontes não estacionárias são predominantes na RMSP, que está entre as dez maiores regiões metropolitanas no mundo. Os resultados mostram que a poluição do ar afeta positivamente internações por todas as doenças respiratórias, pneumonia e asma no curto prazo para crianças entre um e cinco anos. Para bebês, apenas encontramos impacto nas internações por influenza. Resultados adicionais sugerem que o sistema público de saúde brasileiro está absorvendo o aumento de hospitalizações devido a esse choque de saúde. Também rodamos um modelo com múltiplos poluentes, adicionando ozônio (O3) como poluente e radiação solar como instrumento. Os coeficientes de MP 10 são robustos a essa especificação e não encontramos impacto de O3 na saúde.

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Beghelli, Silvia. "Health effects of noise and air pollution : empirical investigations". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2018. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/health-effects-of-noise-and-air-pollution(edfd9ba5-4378-49b3-8cd1-3d8b190c5faa).html.

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The assessment of the relationship between pollution emissions and health has direct economic implications. Health status is an important factor influencing worker productivity, and hence economic growth, as well as impacting on individual well- being. We implement various strategies to disentangle the relationship between short-term noise and air pollution exposure and health. In two studies we look at airports, which are sources of both environmental stressors. In the first study we use an administrative dataset on all hospitalisations in England, the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES). We compare hospital visits between people living within certain noise levels near airports to people living further away. In the second study we focus on prescription drugs in regions around London Heathrow airport. This study exploits a trial performed over five months at Heathrow airport that redirected approaching aircraft to reduce early morning noise in designated areas. A third study implements an instrumental variable approach, where the endogenous variable of daily levels of air pollution is instrumented with daily indicators of wind direction. In this case, the health outcomes investigated are again HES visits. Informed by the medical literature, this thesis focuses on three different health cat- egories: nervous, circulatory and respiratory. The results of the first study show statically significant increases in visits for nervous and respiratory outcomes for people living near airports. Furthermore, we observe a substitution of admissions from elective to emergency hospitalisations. The study that exploits the Heathrow airport trial shows that prescribed medication usage is significantly correlated with air traffic around that airport. Compared to the control regions, we observe a significant decrease in prescribed drugs for respiratory and nervous system conditions in the areas affected by a reduction in air traffic. The third study on daily variation of air pollution, finds a statistically significant increase in nervous emergency hospital visits. Across the three different approaches, nervous conditions are the mostly affected. These conditions include sleep disturbance, attention deficits and other stress-related diseases.

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Kim, Sang-Hoon. "Health effects of environmental pollution caused by electricity generation". Kyoto University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136088.

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Sako, Esther Bridget. "Public Health Implications of Oil Pollution in Koluama: Nigeria". ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3259.

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As the global demand for oil increases, human health implications related to its discovery and transport remain a serious concern. The Niger Delta has been the site of severe environmental degradation since the oil boom of the 1970s. While some researchers have examined the environmental effects of oil procurement, few have explored human health implications in this region. This phenomenological study investigated the human physical and mental health consequences of oil-related environmental degradation through the perceptions and lived experiences of villagers in Koluama, Nigeria. The conceptual framework for the study was based on research conducted by Morello-Frosch, Zuk, Jerrett, Shamasunder and Kyle (2011) on the public health consequences of environmental pollution to which marginalized populations are vulnerable. Participants included a random sample of 33 residents of Koluama. Data were collected via individual semistructured interviews and 3 focus groups and analyzed using: interpretative phenomenological analysis. Themes that emerged from analysis included children's health issues, including asthma and other breathing problems; and death rates among the elderly in the area. The villagers, aware of the increase in mortality and illness in the area, also suffered from anxiety and depression. The research findings demonstrated the perception of the participants that the oil companies appeared not to be concerned about the lack of health care in the area; although illness increased in the area of the oil fields. This study might be beneficial in eliciting positive social change at the individual and organizational levels by illuminating oil-related health problems and may lead to better health care access for the population.

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Huang, Kai Katie, i 黄恺. "The effects of walkability on air pollution and public health". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46937213.

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Sa, Ho Thi Chau. "Three essays on toxic chemical releases, house values, health and labor productivity". Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/07M%20Dissertations/HO_SA_40.pdf.

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Jacquemin, Leonard Bénédicte. "Traffic-related air pollution: exposure assesment and respiratory health effects". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7175.

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La contaminació atmosfèrica és un problema de salut pública, causa més de 380 000 morts a la Unió Europea. La present tesis té per objectius avaluar l'exposició i efectes sobre el tracte respiratori de la contaminació provinent del tràfic. Les concentracions exteriors y personals de sulfurs i de carbó són bons indicadors de exposició personal en una ciutat mediterrània; per a PM2.5 hi ha altres fonts a considerar. La molèstia deguda a la contaminació no és un bon indicador d'exposició, però reflecteix la percepció del subjecte. La contaminació que prové del tràfic augmenta els símptomes d'asma y probablement també causa asma en adults. El PM2.5 provinent de la combustió augmenta la permeabilitat de la barrera epitelial pulmonar. El tràfic és una font important de contaminació. Es requereixen eines adequades per a mesurar la seva exposició. La contaminació del tràfic es un factor de risc important per a la salut respiratòria.
La contaminación atmosférica es un problema de salud pública, causa 380 000 muertes anuales en la Unión Europea. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo evaluar la exposición a la contaminación debida al tráfico y sus efectos en la salud respiratoria. Los niveles diarios de carbón y sulfuro medidos centralmente son buenos indicadores de exposición personal en una ciudad mediterránea, para PM2.5 fuentes de emisión alternas se tienen que considerar. La molestia debida a la contaminación no es un marcador de exposición, pero es importante porque refleja las percepciones individuales. La contaminación proveniente del tráfico aumento los síntomas del asma, y probablemente también causa asma en adultos. El PM2.5 proveniente de la combustión aumenta la permeabilidad de la barrera epitelial pulmonar. El tráfico es una fuente importante de la contaminación. Herramientas adecuadas para medir su exposición son requeridas. La contaminación del tráfico es un factor de riesgo importante para la salud respiratoria.
Air pollution is a major public health concern causing annually 380 000 deaths in the European Union. This thesis aims to study traffic-related air pollution exposure assessment and its association with respiratory effects. Daily levels of carbon and sulphur of outdoor central measurements are good surrogates for personal exposure in a Mediterranean setting; for PM2.5 other sources have to be taken into account. Annoyance due to air pollution is not a valid maker of air pollution exposure but is valuable in its own right as it integrates individual perceptions. Traffic-related air pollution increases asthma symptoms in adults and an association with new asthma onset is suggested. Furthermore, PM2.5 from combustion might lead to an increase in the lung's epithelial barrier permeability. Traffic-related air pollution is a major source of pollution. Adequate tools to assess its exposure are still needed. Traffic-related air pollution is an important risk factor for respiratory morbidity.

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Cole, Christie. "Air pollution exposure and subclinical health impacts in commuter cyclists". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50243.

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Background: Cycling is a form of active transportation, resulting in health benefits via increased physical activity. Less is known of traffic-related air pollution exposures and the resulting physiological responses experienced by urban commuter cyclists. The aim of this study was to measure systemic inflammation and lung function changes amongst cyclists by comparing responses between high and low- air pollution routes. Methods: Male and female participants (n = 38) rode an instrumented bicycle for approximately 1- hour along a Residential and a Downtown designated bicycle route in a randomized crossover trial during the summer and fall of 2010 and 2011. Heart rate, power output, location and particulate matter air pollution (PM₁₀, ₂₅, and ₁ and particle number concentration [PNC]) were measured at 6- second intervals during trials. Endothelial function [RHI], lung function, and blood measurements of C-reactive protein [CRP], Interleukin-6 [IL-6], and 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG] were assessed within one hour pre- and post-trial. A subset of 23 participants each completed a post-ride cycle ergometer minute ventilation (V̇E) measurement to estimate air pollution intake, based on heart rate measurements. Results: Geometric mean (GM) PNC exposures and intakes were higher along the Downtown (GM exposure = 16 226 particles/cm³; intake = 4.54 x 10¹⁰ particles) compared to the Residential route (GM exposure = 10 011 particles/cm³; intake = 3.13 x 10¹⁰ particles). The mean V̇E cycling: rest ratio was 3.0. In linear mixed-effect regression models, post-cycling RHI was 22% lower following the Downtown route compared to the Residential route (RHI of -0.38, 95% CI of -0.75 to -0.02), but this was not associated with exposure or intake of measured air pollutants. IL-6 and 8-OHdG levels increased after cycling trials along the Downtown route, but no significant association was found with PNC exposure or intake in mixed effect models. Conclusions: Although air pollution exposures and intakes were higher along the Downtown route and RHI was significantly decreased following trials on this route, this decrease was not associated with air pollution exposure or intake. This suggests other drivers of systemic inflammation related to cycling on the Downtown route may have been responsible for the observed association.
Medicine, Faculty of
Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of
Graduate

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Miserendino, Rebecca Adler. "Tracing mercury pollution in aquatic ecosystems| Implications for public health". Thesis, The Johns Hopkins University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3571745.

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This dissertation addressed questions pertaining to mercury (Hg) fate and transport in aquatic ecosystems by applying stable Hg isotopes as a tracer. Mercury poses a public health burden worldwide. In parts of the developing world, Hg-use during artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is pointed at as the source of elevated Hg in the environment. However, Hg from other sources including soil erosion associated with land cover and land-use change (LCLUC) may also contribute to local Hg pollution.

Stable Hg isotope profiles of sediment cores, surface sediments, and soils from two aquatic ecosystems in Amapá, Brazil, one downstream artisanal gold mining (AGM) and one isolated from AGM were assessed. Although previous studies attributed elevated environmental Hg levels in this area to AGM, stable Hg isotopic evidence suggests elevated Hg downstream of AGM sites is dominantly from erosion of soils due to LCLUC.

In contrast, the impact of Hg-use during small-scale gold mining (SGM) in the Southern Andean Region of Portovelo-Zaruma, Ecuador on Hg in the trans-boundary Puyango-Tumbes River was also investigated. By comparing preliminary isotopic Hg signatures from river sediment along the Puyango-Tumbes to soil and sediment from upstream locations along the Puyango tributaries, we suggest Hg-use during SGM in this region is likely responsible for elevated Hg downstream and into Peru. Technical and policy challenges in measuring and responding to gold mining-related cumulative impacts were also reviewed in the context of Portovelo-Ecuador.

Together, the findings not only answer questions of critical importance to preventing Hg pollution in two of the world's most vulnerable ecosystems but also provide information that can be used to better target interventions to reduce environmental Hg levels and subsequent human exposures. Furthermore, the validation and application of the stable Hg isotope method to trace Hg pollution from ASGM in different aquatic ecosystems represents a critical step to the application of stable Hg isotopes to trace pollution in other complex natural environments and to address public health-related questions.

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Kingham, Simon Paul. "Air pollution and respiratory health in Preston : a GIS approach". Thesis, Lancaster University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334363.

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Arku, Raphael E. "Poverty, Energy Use, Air Pollution and Health in Ghana: A Spatial Analysis". Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:16121156.

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Some of the major themes that characterize the relationship between the environment and population health in the developing world today include poverty, household access to clean cooking fuel, air pollution, sanitation, and infant/child and maternal health. My dissertation research incorporates some of these themes at the interface of community and household energy in the context of economic development in Ghana. Specifically, my dissertation focuses on features of household energy and poverty in both rural and urban areas, as well as air pollution, and child and maternal health in growing urban areas in what is a data and resource-poor setting of Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). Child mortality is declining in most countries. Very few studies have measured child mortality at fine spatial resolutions, which is relevant for assessing community determinants and interventions. The first paper evaluates subnational inequalities in child mortality and its social and environmental determinants in Ghana by applying Bayesian spatial model to Ghana’s 2000 and 2010 National Population and Housing Censuses in 2000 and 2010. The census data were also used to estimate the distributions of households or persons in each of Ghana’s 110 districts for fuel used for cooking, sanitation facility, drinking water source, and maternal and paternal educations. Median district 5q0 declined from 99 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2000 to 70 in 2010. The decline ranged between <5% in some northern districts, where under-five mortality had been higher in 2000, to >40% in southern districts, where it had been lower in 2000, leading to higher inequalities. Primary education increased in men and women and more households had access to improved water and sanitation and cleaner cooking fuels over the same period. Higher use of liquefied petroleum gas for cooking was associated with lower 5q0 in multivariate analysis. Associations for the other social and environmental variables were not consistent or were weak in the different analyses although there were indications of beneficial effects from replacing wood with charcoal or kerosene, from improved sanitation (but not water), and from higher share of mothers and fathers with primary education. The second paper examines personal particulate matter exposures and locations of 56 students from eight schools in four neighborhoods in of varying socioeconomic status in Accra, Ghana, using gravimetric and continuous PM2.5 data, with time-matched global positioning system coordinates. Personal PM2.5 exposures ranged from less than 10 μg/m3 to more than 150 μg/m3 (mean 56 μg/m3). Girls had higher exposure than boys (67 vs. 44 μg/m3; p-value = 0.001). Exposure was inversely associated with distance of home or school to main roads, but the associations were not statistically significant in the multivariate model. Use of biomass fuels in the area where the school was located was also associated with higher exposure, as was household’s own biomass use. Paved schoolyard surface was associated with lower exposure. School locations in relation to major roads, materials of school ground surfaces, and biomass use in the area around schools may be important determinants of air pollution exposure. The third paper assesses the feasibility of using hospital administrative records for understanding air pollution health effects on pregnancy outcomes in Accra. This evaluation addresses whether: (i) the available health administrative data can be used to assess PM pollution-related adverse pregnancy outcomes, in particular birth weight; (ii) the health administrative structure and data can be used in the design of follow-up studies in such settings; (iii) the number of births that occur in the city would provide a large enough sample size; and (iv) birth weight distribution in such complex source-pollution environments varies substantially across neighhorhoods. There are six health districts in the Accra metropolis. In addition to other government and private facilities, each district is served by a Government polyclinic, where maternal and child health records in the district are collated. Neonatal and maternal health records, including anthropometric and demographic information are primarily kept by the individual women in cards provided by the Ghana Health Services. There are an estimated 10,000 births annually in each district. The average birth weight across selected facilities was 3,167±458 g, with individual birth weights ranging from 1,200 g to 6,000 g. Mean birth weight was similar across polyclinics. More than 95% of expectant mothers received at least 4 antenatal care visits at a health facility. Child immunization for the full range of vaccines covers over 80% of children born in the metropolis. A retrospective study of the association of air pollution exposure and birth weight in Accra through the use of hospital administrative records is feasible provided mothers are targeted through the public health units, which is responsible for child immunization.
Environmental Health

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Oglesby, Lucy. "Measures of exposure in air pollution epidemiology and health risk assessment /". Zürich, 2000. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=13744.

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Guo, Xiaoqi. "The economic value of air-pollution-related health risks in China". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1155652414.

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Cook, Sally A. S. "Air pollution and respiratory health in a small Northern Irish town". Thesis, University of Ulster, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242003.

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Mahmood, Marliyyah Abdullahi. "The interaction of pollution, meteorology and bioaerosols : implications on human health". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8101/.

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The global incidence of allergic reaction has been rising for years, especially within westernised urban areas. There is evidence that the interaction between pollen grains, environmental pollution and meteorological change is increasing the allergenicity of the pollen grain and consequently, increasing the misery of hay fever sufferers. Laboratory experiments have shown that the interaction of pollen with atmospheric oxidants such as ozone and nitrogen dioxide NO₂ can alter protein molecules that are present within the pollen grains via post-translational modification of the protein. Within the laboratory, birch pollen was exposed to atmospherically relevant exposures of gas phase NO₂ and ozone under a range of environmentally relevant conditions (temperature and relative humidity RH). The effects of the exposures on the biochemistry of the pollen grains were probed using proteomic approach. The morphological changes of unexposed and exposed pollen samples to RH, rainwater and NO₂, where observed under fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscope. The discoveries suggest that interaction between gas pollutants and pollen do exist and cause protein specific modifications; nitration. Detailed analysis of London Ambulance data compared to London temperature data is presented. The relationships established will allow for prediction of likely changes in ambulance demand (and illness types) that will be caused by seasonal temperature changes, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, due to climate change, in the future. The study applied statistical analyses to examine short-term associations between birch pollen count with allergic related illnesses recorded in the London Ambulance data, temperature and NO₂.

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Day, Rosemary Jane. "Perceptions of air pollution and health in social and geographical contexts". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446900/.

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Air quality management is currently receiving attention in the UK, with limit objectives for air pollutants to be met within the next few years. Local authorities must put strategies in place in order to meet these objectives, and this must be done with public consultation. At present, policy decisions rely heavily on scientific and medical information, which is uncertain. This thesis examines the public view of air quality and air pollution, and its impacts on their lives and health, in different neighbourhoods in the London Borough of Barnet. The study takes place in four areas, contrasting in terms of levels of ambient air pollution, and in terms of socio-economic characteristics. In choosing contrasting areas, the research aims to examine the role of context in terms of social and geographical factors, in shaping people's perceptions and experience of air pollution and its effects. In doing so, air pollution is conceptualised as an environmental risk, and tensions between naive realist and constructionist framings of risk and its significance become important. Concepts of environmental equity are also considered. As well as examining understandings of air pollution and its potential health effects, the research looks at how such lay knowledge is formed, through both personal experience and the use of expert-produced information and institutional information sources. The relationship between lay knowledge and expertise is discussed and the latent significance of epistemological divergence considered. The research employs a mixed methodology comprising qualitative and quantitative techniques. A first stage of depth interviews, analysed qualitatively, is followed by a questionnaire survey which is analysed using statistical techniques. The epistemological implications of using such a research design are debated, and the possible benefits of using such a strategy are reflected on in the light of the empirical study.

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Loxham, Matthew. "The potential health effects of transition metals in particulate air pollution". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/387176/.

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Lee, Mihye. "The Effect of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Public Health". Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:14117765.

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The effects of temperature and air pollution on public health are comprehensive and ubiquitous. Therefore, this dissertation deals with the comprehensive topic of climate change and air pollution and their effects on public health. The first chapter examines the effect of temperature on mortality in 148 cities in the U.S. from 1973 through 2006. We focused on the timing of exposure to unseasonal temperature and temporal and spatial acclimation. The second chapter incorporated AOD data from satellite imagery with other predictors such as meteorological variables, land use regression, and spatial smoothing to predict the daily concentration of PM2.5 at a 1 km2 resolution across the southeastern United States, covering the seven states of Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Florida for the years from 2003 through 2011. As the sequel of the result from the second chapter, the last chapter investigated the acute effect of PM2.5 on mortality in the entire population of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia between 2007 and 2011 using the predictions from the second topic as PM2.5 exposure.

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Dunsby, Joshua William. "Clarifying smog : expert knowledge, health, and the politics of air pollution /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3031941.

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Madaniyazi, Lina. "Evaluating and projecting the health risks of air pollution in China". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/98726/1/Lina_Madaniyazi_Thesis.pdf.

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Air pollution is one of the biggest environmental health threats in China. This project assessed and projected air pollution-related health risks in China. This research innovatively applied meta-regression models to improve health risk assessment in those regions without sufficient data. It also projected future trends of air pollution and related health risks in East China. The results show that the residents in East China would suffer more from air pollution in 2030 if no extra stringent control strategies are implemented. The findings of the research may provide valuable evidence for tackling health risks of air pollution in China.

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Kurmi, Om Prakash. "Health effects of indoor air pollution in both rural and urban Nepal". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=103117.

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The research reported in this thesis describes: the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, COPD and cardiovascular problems in rural and urban adults taking account of all major confounding factors; and estimates of exposures, both indoor and outdoor, and assessment of the relationships between measured exposure and health outcomes. A cross-sectional study was conducted in an adult population (16+ years) in Nepal to compare the respiratory and cardiovascular risk of indoor air pollution in a rural population exposed to biomass smoke compared to an urban population using liquefied petroleum gas using an investigator-delivered questionnaire, lung function and blood pressure measurements. Direct measures of indoor particular exposure (PM_2.5 and CO) and outdoor PM_2.5 were made with other relevant factors obtained by questionnaire. Direct measures of 24-hour indoor PM_2.5were carried out in 245 rural and equal numbers of urban homes. Health outcomes were assessed in 846 rural and 802 urban dwellers. The main risk factors studied were socio-economic status, smoking, fuel types, stove types, ventilation, BMI, income, ETS and cooking. The result suggests that cooking with biomass is associated with reduced lung function and thus a higher prevalence of COPD in the rural dwellers compared to the non-exposed urban dwellers. No clear relationship between biomass smoke exposure and cardiovascular endpoints was found although reported cooking with biomass fuel was associated with higher blood pressure and chest pain. Methodological issues including more invasive assessment of cardiovascular disease will in future studies be important in interpretation of this relationship.

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Pérez, Grau Laura. "The urban health effects and impact of anthropogenic and natural air pollution". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7195.

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The differential role that airborne particulate matter (PM) size fractions, sources, and components play in producing adverse health effects is not fully understood. Specific gaps include the role of PM generated by traffic and the effects of PMs generated by natural sources. Source specific air pollution epidemiological research still lacks integration in the risk assessment process, a fundamental tool to inform policy makers and the public about the current situation or the impact of future or past air pollution policies. This thesis addresses both these gaps. To explore the effects of PM from different sources, we investigated the association between different PM size fractions and mortality in Barcelona, Spain and used PM chemical composition data to help determine the different sources and components linked to toxicity. To illustrate that local air pollution risk assessments are useful tools in evidence-based public health, we estimated the health and economic benefits that would result from different scenario of improved air quality in the Barcelona metropolitan area and in two communities of Southern California. These case studies include new methods to integrate into the risk assessment process the recent epidemiological evidence related to the effects of traffic exposure.This thesis contributes to a better understanding of the link between particulate matter size fraction, sources, and components and health effects, and to improve air pollution health impact assessment methods. Both contributions have important implications for public health and air pollution public policy.
El papel diferencial en que las diferentes fracciones de partículas en suspensión en el aire (PMs), sus fuentes y componentes producen efectos adversos para la salud no está completamente entendido. Las lagunas actuales incluyen el papel de las PMs generadas por el tráfico y los efectos de las PMs generadas por fuentes naturales. La investigación epidemiológica relacionada con fuentes todavía falta ser integrada en el proceso de evaluación de impacto, una herramienta fundamental para informar a los tomadores de decisiones y el público sobre la situación actual o el impacto de futuras o pasadas políticas de contaminación atmosférica. Esta tesis trata estas áreas. Para explorar el papel de las PMs generadas por diferentes fuentes, se ha investigado la asociación entre diferentes fracciones de PMs y mortalidad en Barcelona (España) y se ha usado datos de composición química de PMs para identificar las fuentes y los componentes relacionados con la toxicidad. Para ilustrar que las evaluaciones de impacto a nivel local son herramientas útiles en salud pública, se ha estimado el beneficio en salud y económico que resultaría de diferentes escenarios de mejora de la calidad del aire en el área metropolitana de Barcelona y en dos comunidades de California del Sur. Estos estudios de casos incluyen nuevos métodos para integrar en las evaluaciones de impacto las nuevas evidencias epidemiológicas que relacionan la exposición al tráfico con los efectos en salud. Esta tesis contribuye a un mayor entendimiento del vínculo entre las fracciones de PM, sus fuentes y componentes y los efectos en salud así como a la mejora de los métodos de las evaluaciones de impacto. Estas contribuciones tienen importantes implicaciones para la salud pública y las políticas públicas de contaminación atmosférica.

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Shaddick, Gavin. "Statistical methodological aspects of modelling relationships between air pollution, temperature and health". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11388.

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Clifford, Martin John. "Environment, health and mercury pollution in the small-scale gold mining industry". Thesis, University of Reading, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.590120.

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The extensive use of mercury, a persistent contaminant, in the artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sector is a growing environmental issue. Mounting concern over findings which point to the widespread use of mercury to amalgamate gold in ASM having significant environmental and health-related impacts has fuelled the launch of numerous donor-funded and government backed projects aimed at minimising its use. Most have taken the form of educational and technical assistance, implemented specifically to stem emissions from the industry and introduce miners to safer practices. These interventions, however, have had minimal impact. In an attempt to understand why the 'mercury pollution agenda' has yielded so little in the way of improvement, two divergent viewpoints have emerged. The first of these explanations, a view prevalent in donor and regulatory circles, is that miners ignore messages about the dangers of mercury and are reluctant to adopt more environmentally-friendly practices. The second body of opinion contests that approaches taken to educate and provide training on mercury management to communities are flawed, failing to take stock of the successful aspects of previous work and sufficiently eng~e target communities. There is insufficient empirical evidence to support either view, however. A broadened understanding of operators' perceptions toward the environmental impacts of amaJgamation is a necessary first step towards improving the policy context for mercury management in the ASM sector. This thesis helps to bridge this gap, focllsing on the case of Ghana, the location of one of the largest ASM industries in sub-Saharan Africa. It determines levels of awareness and prevaJent attitudes towards mercury use amongst small-scale gold miners, capturing a level of detail not yet undertaken. It also identifies barriers that prevent miners from adopting improved mercury management practices. To address these issues, a mixture of qualitative and quantitative analyses were undertaken: interviews with key institutional stakeholders; individual interviews, group discussions and feedback sessions with miners; and an environmental assessment. This research provided a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of mercury use in Ghana's ASM industry.

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Elliott, Philip. "Living with pollution? : health, environment and quality in the mid-Mersey region". Thesis, Lancaster University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533088.

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Hyland, Jackie. "The health and socioeconomic impact of traffic-related air pollution in Scotland". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11734.

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Traffic-related air pollution harms health, so whilst it would be advantageous to improve air quality, the socioeconomic impact of air pollution mitigation in Scotland is not fully understood. Evidence from research literature, current regulatory and policy directives and a socioeconomic analysis are required to assess the true health impact. This thesis presents the first health and socioeconomic analysis of traffic-related air pollution and health for Scotland. A critique of the literature was undertaken to determine the evidence base and the strength of evidence in terms of association and causation, between air pollution and ill health. The evidence was subsequently applied in epidemiological studies of Scottish residents, to assess the actual impact on health in Scotland. The perception of barriers and incentives for change were investigated to understand behavioural influences. Recent policy development in Scotland was reviewed, and a socioeconomic analysis of a proposed air pollution strategy in Scotland, was undertaken. The evidence from 30 cohort studies and nine literature reviews demonstrated a link between poor air quality, mortality and respiratory ill health, but the results for other health conditions were inconsistent. The links were associative rather than causal and therefore might be attributable to other factors other than air pollution. Furthermore, epidemiological studies on Scottish populations did not show health effects from traffic-related air pollution. The socioeconomic analysis suggested that an initial investment of between £27m and £44m to introduce Low Emission Zones (LEZ), and an effective active travel programme, might result in a saving of £38m in terms of Years of Life Lost (YLL) and reduction in sickness absence. It is unlikely that the Clean Air For Scotland Strategy will deliver improved air quality and health without substantial investment, better alignment of planning, and a greater public engagement to support public and active transport options.

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Liu, Yi. "Incorporating high-dimensional exposure modelling into studies of air pollution and health". Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.646141.

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Air pollution is an important determinant of health. There is convincing, and growing, evidence linking the risk of disease, and premature death, with exposure to various pollutants including fine particulate matter and ozone. Knowledge about the health and environmental risks and their trends is important stimulus for developing environmental and public health policy. In order to perform studies into the risks of environmental hazards on human health study there is a requirement for accurate estimates of exposures that might be experienced by the populations at risk. In this thesis we develop spatio-temporal models within a Bayesian framework to obtain accurate estimates of such exposures. These models are set within a hierarchical framework in a Bayesian setting with different levels describing dependencies over space and time. Considering the complexity of hierarchical models and the large amounts of data that can arise from environmental networks mean that inference using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) may be computational challenging in this setting. We use both MCMC and Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations (INLA) to implement spatio-temporal exposure models when dealing with high–dimensional data. We also propose an approach for utilising the results from exposure models in health models which allows them to enhance studies of the health effects of air pollution. Moreover, we investigate the possible effects of preferential sampling, where monitoring sites in environmental networks are preferentially located by the designers in order to assess whether guideline and policies are being adhered to. This means the data arising from such networks may not accurately characterise the spatial-temporal field they intend to monitor and as such will not provide accurate estimates of the exposures that are potentially experienced by populations. This has the potential to introduce bias into estimates of risk associated with exposure to air pollution and subsequent health impact analyses. Throughout the thesis, the methods developed are assessed using simulation studies and applied to real–life case studies assessing the effects of particulate matter on health in Greater London and throughout the UK.

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Sriyaraj, Kanyawat. "Local air quality management and health impacts of air pollution in Thailand". Thesis, Middlesex University, 2006. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/13393/.

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Air quality in urban areas of Chiang Mai Province, Thailand has seriously deteriorated as a consequence of population growth and urbanization and due to a lack of effective air quality management (AQM). As a result, respiratory diseases among Chiang Mai residents have increased in these affected areas. The health status and experiences of air pollution of both children and adults in Chiang Mai was assessed and improvements recommended to the developing AQM scheme. Air quality modelling, using ADMS-Urban was used to identify probable air polluted and control sites for further study. The polluted sites were found to be located along major roads in the city. However, ADMS-Urban was unable to predict air pollutant concentrations accurately because it could not cope with the very low wind speeds and complex topography of Chiang Mai. As a result, the utility of other air pollution modelling programmes should be investigated. The results of a questionnaire survey conducted with adults showed that urban respondents had a higher percentage of respiratory diseases than suburban respondents. However, later investigations were unable to establish a statistical linkage between air pollution concentrations and respiratory diseases. An ISAAC study was conducted among children attending schools located in the selected sites to assess the potential impacts of air pollution on health. The results showed that the prevalence of asthma was similar in all of the schools (approximately 5%) but that the prevalence of rhinitis (24.3% vs. 15.7%) and atopic dermatitis (12.5% vs. 7.2%) was higher in the urban schools which were considered to be more polluted. Logistic regression analysis identified other factors which may be involved in addition to pollution, including some components of the diet and contact with animals. In order to investigate the adequacy of the AQM system in Thailand, a comparative study was conducted between Hong Kong and Thailand. Both countries were investigated with respect to conformance to Good Urban Governance. The comparison showed that there are significant differences between the two countries and the AQM system in Hong Kong was more highly developed. For example, in contrast to the system in Hong Kong, it was found that there was insufficient involvement of the population in the development and implementation of AQM systems in Thailand. In order to better understand the reasons why the AQM system in Thailand is poor at both the provincial and local levels in Chiang Mai, prioritisation of AQM was assessed for major national environmental policies and plans; at the provincial level, fund allocations to development projects were reviewed; and at the sub-district level; a questionnaire survey was conducted among local government officials. It was concluded that AQM was not given sufficiently high priority in national plans and was generally ineffective and that, due to the non-specific nature of guidelines and frameworks in these plans, it was difficult for government organizations at the lower levels to establish AQM action plans for effective implementation. A range of appropriate measures to improve air quality in Chiang Mai were recommended. These included a more effective management of air pollution, an identified need for training and major changes in the transport system in the city.

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Al-Kandari, Mariam Hussain Murad. "Evaluation of the effect of air pollution on human health in Kuwait". Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1994. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1620626/.

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Even before the 1990 war the populations of some areas of Kuwait was subject to severe atmospheric pollution. However, little was known about the effect of this pollution on health and on the use of health care. Three areas in Kuwait were chosen for study which were demographically similar and lay at a different distances to the north (i.e. usually downwind) of the industrial area. Plant in this area emits hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and carbon monoxide among other pollutants. A special survey was carried out to gather information on demographic, health and lifestyle factors including age, sex, place of residence, smoking, physical symptoms, psychological effects, life satisfaction, environmental problems, experience of air pollution and use of health care. A random sample of 136 households (1140 persons) was chosen from the three areas and studied over the period from lst February 1988 to 31st January 1989. Data on levels of pollution concentrations and meteorological conditions were also collected over the same period for each area studied. Data on use of health care were available from the health centres in the three areas studied and also from the population survey. The demographic similarity of the three areas studied was generally confirmed by the data from population survey. The relationships involved were examined for different age groups using cross tabulation, time series analysis and regression analysis. There were clear gradients with increased distance from the industrial area in levels of pollution, levels of selfreported physical and psychological symptoms and in the use of health care. Of the individual pollutants it appeared that carbon monoxide levels were most closely correlated with levels of symptoms. For those aged less than 18, the link to CO was closest for respiratory symptoms, while for those aged 18 to 64 the link was with headache. The use of primary care is more closely linked to H2S although this relationship is relatively weak. Consider the relationship between levels of pollution in the three areas studied and Kuwait City and the levels of pollution in Shuaiba area taking meteorological conditions into account. The purpose of this was to allow for estimates of the effect of pollution reduction in Shuaiba on the health of population elsewhere in the country. However, no way was and of making such estimates with sufficient prison. This analysis confirmed a number of recommendations that have been made by others.

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Ji, Liyuan. "Mechanistic Understanding of the Impact of Air Pollution on Human Skin Health". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1554213661055432.

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Leitte, Arne Marian. "Factors influencing short-term associations between respiratory health and particulate air pollution". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16483.

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Zahlreiche Studien belegen schädigende Assoziationen zwischen Atemwegserkrankungen und gasförmigen und partikulären Luftschadstoffen. Feinstaub erwies sich als besonders schädigend. Es ist jedoch noch nicht geklärt, welche Partikelfraktionen des Feinstaubes für die Zusammenhänge verantwortlich sind. In dieser Arbeit werden die Kurzzeit-Effekte von grobem Feinstaub (TSP) sowie den gasförmigen Schadstoffen Schwefeldioxid (SO2) und Stickstoffdioxid (NO2) auf Krankenhauseinweisungen aufgrund von Atemwegserkrankungen in Drobeta, Rumänien untersucht. Zudem wird der Zusammenhang von PM10 (Partikel mit einem Durchmesser < 10 µm), NO2, SO2 und größenabhängigen Partikelanzahlkonzentrationen (PNC) mit respiratorischen Notfallaufnahmen und Sterbefällen in Peking, China, analysiert. Für Peking wird zudem ein statistisches Modell entwickelt, um fehlende PNC zu modellieren. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, die relevanten Faktoren in den Beziehungen zwischen Atemwegserkrankungen und Luftverschmutzung, vor allem Feinstaub, zu untersuchen. In beiden Städten wurde ein schädigender Einfluss von Luftschadstoffen auf Atemwegserkrankungen festgestellt. In Drobeta waren TSP und SO2 mit Atemwegserkrankungen assoziiert, wobei der schädigende Einfluss von TSP durch trockene Luft verstärkt wurde. In Peking zeigten vor allem Akkumulationspartikel (Durchmesser 0.1 – 1 µm) eine schädigende Wirkung, welche für ultrafeine Partikel (UFP, < 100 nm) nicht festgestellt werden konnte. Dabei war der Einfluss von PNC unabhängig von PM10. Der Effekt von PNC war für stagnierende Luftmassen größer, was darauf hinweist, dass neben der Partikelanzahl und -oberfläche die Partikelchemie einen negativen Einfluss hat. Darüber hinaus wurde eine Assoziation von NO2 mit Notfallaufnahmen und von SO2 mit der Mortalität festgestellt. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen den schädigenden Einfluss von gasförmigen sowie partikulären Luftschadstoffen auf Atemwegserkrankungen und weisen auf größenabhängige Effekte von Feinstaub hin.
Numerous epidemiological studies have described adverse effects of particulate and gaseous air pollution on respiratory health. Especially particulate matter (PM) seems to be relevant for the observed associations. However, it is not yet clear which particle fractions are responsible for the observed health effects of PM. In the presented studies, we analyse the short-term associations of total suspended particles (TSP) as well as of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) with respiratory hospital admissions in Drobeta, Romania. Moreover, effects of PM10 (PM with a diameter < 10 µm), NO2, SO2, and size-segregated particle number concentrations (PNC) on respiratory mortality and emergency room visits (ERV) are investigated for Beijing, China. For Beijing, we also develop a statistical model to impute missing PNC. The aim of the studies is to investigate the factors influencing the short term associations between respiratory health and air pollution, especially PM. Air pollution was adversely associated with respiratory health in Drobeta and Beijing. In Drobeta, TSP and SO2 were adversely associated with hospital admissions for chronic bronchitis; thereby, dry air aggravated the adverse associations of TSP. In Beijing, mostly accumulation mode particles (0.1 – 1 µm) showed adverse associations with respiratory health, whereas, there was a lack thereof for ultrafine particles (UFP). The effects of PNC were found to be independent of PM10. Adverse health effects of PNC were stronger for stagnant air masses indicating that, besides particle number and surface area, also particle chemistry influences the observed associations, as stagnant air masses result in chemically diverse particles. Also, NO2 was adversely associated with respiratory ERV and SO2 with respiratory mortality. These findings underline the strong influence of gaseous and particulate air pollution on respiratory health and indicate size dependent effects of particulate matter.

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Li, Mingwei Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Impacts of emission policies in China on air pollution and human health". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122223.

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Thesis: Ph. D. in Atmospheric Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2019
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 85-93).
Precursor emissions of air pollution can be reduced at emitting sources by end-of-pipe control policies or as co-benefits of climate policies that limit fossil fuel. Identifying cost-effective control strategies requires understanding policy costs, chemical non-linearities in pollution formation, and the value of health benefits. China suffers from severe air pollution, and is implementing both policies, but relevant studies are limited. This thesis incorporates three studies that examine the air quality co-benefits of China's recent climate policy for China and transboundary countries, and the potential changes in the sensitivities of inorganic PM₂.₅ to precursor emissions in China. The first study quantifies co-benefits of China's climate policy from reducing PM₂.₅ using a modeling framework that couples an energy-economic model with sub-national detail for China (C-REM) and an atmospheric chemical transport model GEOS-Chem.
The effects of an illustrative climate policy, a price on CO₂ emissions, are simulated under three stringencies. In a policy scenario consistent with China's recent pledge to peak CO2 emissions by 2030 (the 4% Policy scenario), national health co-benefits from improved PM₂.₅ pollution can partially or fully offset policy costs depending on chosen health valuation. This study also suggests co-benefits would rise with increasing policy stringency. Using the same model simulations, the second study further compares co-benefits from PM₂.₅ and ozone in China and three downwind countries (South Korea, Japan and the United States). This study suggests that under the 4% Policy scenario, avoided premature deaths from reducing ozone are about half of those from PM₂.₅ in China, and the total avoided deaths in transboundary countries are about 4% of those in China.
The third study examines the potential changes in the sensitivities of inorganic PM₂.₅ to precursor emissions in China in response to the current and projected national reductions in SO₂ and NO[subscript x] emissions. Under scenarios that reduce SO₂ and NO[subscript x], emissions, sensitivities to SO₂ and NO[subscript x] emissions would increase, but sensitivity to NH₃ emissions would decrease in January and July. The largest absolute changes in sensitivities are found in January for NO[subscript x] and NH₃.
"Funding from the Whiteman Fellowship, the Jack C. Tang (1949) Fellowship, the MIT Environmental Solutions Initiative, and the National Institutes of Health Superfund Research Program"--Page 5
by Mingwei Li.
Ph. D. in Atmospheric Chemistry
Ph.D.inAtmosphericChemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences

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42

Ren, Cizao. "Evaluation of interactive effects between temperature and air pollution on health outcomes". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16384/1/Cizao_Ren_Thesis.pdf.

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A large number of studies have shown that both temperature and air pollution (eg, particulate matter and ozone) are associated with health outcomes. So far, it has received limited attention whether air pollution and temperature interact to affect health outcomes. A few studies have examined interactive effects between temperature and air pollution, but produced conflicting results. This thesis aimed to examine whether air pollution (including ozone and particulate matter) and temperature interacted to affect health outcomes in Brisbane, Australia and 95 large US communities. In order to examine the consistency across different cities and different countries, we used two datasets to examine interactive effects of temperature and air pollution. One dataset was collected in Brisbane City, Australia, during 1996-2000. The dataset included air pollution (PM10, ozone and nitrogen dioxide), weather conditions (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) and different health outcomes. Another dataset was collected from the 95 large US communities, which included air pollution (ozone was used in the thesis), weather conditions (maximum temperature and dew point temperature) and mortality (all non-external cause mortality and cardiorespiratory mortality). Firstly, we used three parallel time-series models to examine whether maximum temperature modified PM10 effects on cardiovascular hospital admissions (CHA), respiratory hospital admissions (RHA), cardiovascular emergency visits (CEV), respiratory emergency visits (REV), cardiovascular mortality (CM) and non-external cause mortality (NECM), at lags of 0-2 days in Brisbane. We used a Poisson generalized additive model (GAM) to fit a bivariate model to explore joint response surfaces of both maximum temperature and particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter (PM10) on individual health outcomes at each lag. Results show that temperature and PM10 interacted to affect different health outcomes at various lags. Then, we separately fitted non-stratification and stratification GAM models to quantify the interactive effects. In the non-stratification model, we examined the interactive effects by including a pointwise product for both temperature and the pollutant. In the stratification model, we categorized temperature into two levels using different cut-offs and then included an interactive term for both pollutant and temperature. Results show that maximum temperature significantly and positively modified the associations of PM10 with RHA, CEV, REV, CM and NECM at various lags, but not for CHA. Then, we used the above Poisson regression models to examine whether PM10 modified the associations of minimum temperature with CHA, RHA, CEV, REV, CM and NECM at lags of 0-2 days. In this part, we categorized PM10 into two levels using the mean as cut-off to fit the stratification model. The results show that PM10 significantly modified the effects of temperature on CHA, RHA, CM and NECM at various lags. The enhanced adverse temperature effects were found at higher levels of PM10, but there was no clear evidence for synergistic effects on CEV and REV at various lags. Three parallel models produced similar results, which strengthened the validity of these findings. Thirdly, we examined whether there were the interactive effects between maximum temperature and ozone on NECM in individual communities between April and October, 1987-2000, using the data of 60 eastern US communities from the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study (NMMAPS). We divided these communities into two regions (northeast and southeast) according to the NMMAPS study. We first used the bivariate model to examine the joint effects between temperature and ozone on NECM in each community, and then fit a stratification model in each community by categorizing temperature into three levels. After that, we used Bayesian meta-analysis to estimate overall effects across regions and temperature levels from the stratification model. The bivariate model shows that temperature obviously modified ozone effects in most of the northeast communities, but the trend was not obviously in the southeast region. Bayesian meta-analysis shows that in the northeast region, a 10-ppb increment in ozone was associated with 2.2% (95% posterior interval [PI]: 1.2%, 3.1 %), 3.1% (95% PI: 2.2%, 3.8 %) and 6.2 % (95% PI: 4.8%, 7.6 %) increase in mortality for low, moderate and high temperature levels, respectively, while in the southeast region, a 10-ppb increment in ozone was associated with 1.1% (95% PI: -1.1%, 3.2 %), 1.5% (95% PI: 0.2%, 2.8%) and 1.3% (95% PI: -0.3%, 3.0 %) increase in mortality. In addition, we examined whether temperature modified ozone effects on cardiovascular mortality in 95 large US communities between May and October, 1987-2000 using the same models as the above. We divided the communities into 7 regions according to the NMMAPS study (Northeast, Industrial Midwest, Upper Midwest, Northwest, Southeast, Southwest and Southern California). The bivariate model shows that temperature modified ozone effects in most of the communities in the northern regions (Northeast, Industrial Midwest, Upper Midwest, Northwest), but such modification was not obvious in the southern regions (Southeast, Southwest and Southern California). Bayesian meta-analysis shows that temperature significantly modified ozone effects in the Northeast, Industrial Midwest and Northwest regions, but not significant in Upper Midwest, Southeast, Southwest and Southern California. Nationally, temperature marginally positively modified ozone effects on cardiovascular mortality. A 10-ppb increment in ozone was associated with 0.4% (95% posterior interval [PI]: -0.2, 0.9 %), 0.3% (95% PI: -0.3%, 1.0%) and 1.6% (95% PI: 4.8%, 7.6%) increase in mortality for low, moderate and high temperature levels, respectively. The difference of overall effects between high and low temperature levels was 1.3% (95% PI: - 0.4%, 2.9%) in the 95 communities. Finally, we examined whether ozone modified the association between maximum temperature and cardiovascular mortality in 60 large eastern US communities during the warmer days, 1987-2000. The communities were divided into the northeast and southeast regions. We restricted the analyses to the warmer days when temperature was equal to or higher than the median in each community throughout the study period. We fitted a bivariate model to explore the joint effects between temperature and ozone on cardiovascular mortality in individual communities and results show that in general, ozone positively modified the association between temperature and mortality in the northeast region, but such modification was not obvious in the southeast region. Because temperature effects on mortality might partly intermediate by ozone, we divided the dataset into four equal subsets using quartiles as cut-offs. Then, we fitted a parametric model to examine the associations between temperature and mortality across different levels of ozone using the subsets. Results show that the higher the ozone concentrations, the stronger the temperature-mortality associations in the northeast region. However, such a trend was not obvious in the southeast region. Overall, this study found strong evidence that temperature and air pollution interacted to affect health outcomes. PM10 and temperature interacted to affect different health outcomes at various lags in Brisbane, Australia. Temperature and ozone also interacted to affect NECM and CM in US communities and such modification varied considerably across different regions. The symmetric modification between temperature and air pollution was observed in the study. This implies that it is considerably important to evaluate the interactive effect while estimating temperature or air pollution effects and further investigate reasons behind the regional variability.

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43

Ren, Cizao. "Evaluation of interactive effects between temperature and air pollution on health outcomes". Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16384/.

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A large number of studies have shown that both temperature and air pollution (eg, particulate matter and ozone) are associated with health outcomes. So far, it has received limited attention whether air pollution and temperature interact to affect health outcomes. A few studies have examined interactive effects between temperature and air pollution, but produced conflicting results. This thesis aimed to examine whether air pollution (including ozone and particulate matter) and temperature interacted to affect health outcomes in Brisbane, Australia and 95 large US communities. In order to examine the consistency across different cities and different countries, we used two datasets to examine interactive effects of temperature and air pollution. One dataset was collected in Brisbane City, Australia, during 1996-2000. The dataset included air pollution (PM10, ozone and nitrogen dioxide), weather conditions (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) and different health outcomes. Another dataset was collected from the 95 large US communities, which included air pollution (ozone was used in the thesis), weather conditions (maximum temperature and dew point temperature) and mortality (all non-external cause mortality and cardiorespiratory mortality). Firstly, we used three parallel time-series models to examine whether maximum temperature modified PM10 effects on cardiovascular hospital admissions (CHA), respiratory hospital admissions (RHA), cardiovascular emergency visits (CEV), respiratory emergency visits (REV), cardiovascular mortality (CM) and non-external cause mortality (NECM), at lags of 0-2 days in Brisbane. We used a Poisson generalized additive model (GAM) to fit a bivariate model to explore joint response surfaces of both maximum temperature and particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter (PM10) on individual health outcomes at each lag. Results show that temperature and PM10 interacted to affect different health outcomes at various lags. Then, we separately fitted non-stratification and stratification GAM models to quantify the interactive effects. In the non-stratification model, we examined the interactive effects by including a pointwise product for both temperature and the pollutant. In the stratification model, we categorized temperature into two levels using different cut-offs and then included an interactive term for both pollutant and temperature. Results show that maximum temperature significantly and positively modified the associations of PM10 with RHA, CEV, REV, CM and NECM at various lags, but not for CHA. Then, we used the above Poisson regression models to examine whether PM10 modified the associations of minimum temperature with CHA, RHA, CEV, REV, CM and NECM at lags of 0-2 days. In this part, we categorized PM10 into two levels using the mean as cut-off to fit the stratification model. The results show that PM10 significantly modified the effects of temperature on CHA, RHA, CM and NECM at various lags. The enhanced adverse temperature effects were found at higher levels of PM10, but there was no clear evidence for synergistic effects on CEV and REV at various lags. Three parallel models produced similar results, which strengthened the validity of these findings. Thirdly, we examined whether there were the interactive effects between maximum temperature and ozone on NECM in individual communities between April and October, 1987-2000, using the data of 60 eastern US communities from the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study (NMMAPS). We divided these communities into two regions (northeast and southeast) according to the NMMAPS study. We first used the bivariate model to examine the joint effects between temperature and ozone on NECM in each community, and then fit a stratification model in each community by categorizing temperature into three levels. After that, we used Bayesian meta-analysis to estimate overall effects across regions and temperature levels from the stratification model. The bivariate model shows that temperature obviously modified ozone effects in most of the northeast communities, but the trend was not obviously in the southeast region. Bayesian meta-analysis shows that in the northeast region, a 10-ppb increment in ozone was associated with 2.2% (95% posterior interval [PI]: 1.2%, 3.1 %), 3.1% (95% PI: 2.2%, 3.8 %) and 6.2 % (95% PI: 4.8%, 7.6 %) increase in mortality for low, moderate and high temperature levels, respectively, while in the southeast region, a 10-ppb increment in ozone was associated with 1.1% (95% PI: -1.1%, 3.2 %), 1.5% (95% PI: 0.2%, 2.8%) and 1.3% (95% PI: -0.3%, 3.0 %) increase in mortality. In addition, we examined whether temperature modified ozone effects on cardiovascular mortality in 95 large US communities between May and October, 1987-2000 using the same models as the above. We divided the communities into 7 regions according to the NMMAPS study (Northeast, Industrial Midwest, Upper Midwest, Northwest, Southeast, Southwest and Southern California). The bivariate model shows that temperature modified ozone effects in most of the communities in the northern regions (Northeast, Industrial Midwest, Upper Midwest, Northwest), but such modification was not obvious in the southern regions (Southeast, Southwest and Southern California). Bayesian meta-analysis shows that temperature significantly modified ozone effects in the Northeast, Industrial Midwest and Northwest regions, but not significant in Upper Midwest, Southeast, Southwest and Southern California. Nationally, temperature marginally positively modified ozone effects on cardiovascular mortality. A 10-ppb increment in ozone was associated with 0.4% (95% posterior interval [PI]: -0.2, 0.9 %), 0.3% (95% PI: -0.3%, 1.0%) and 1.6% (95% PI: 4.8%, 7.6%) increase in mortality for low, moderate and high temperature levels, respectively. The difference of overall effects between high and low temperature levels was 1.3% (95% PI: - 0.4%, 2.9%) in the 95 communities. Finally, we examined whether ozone modified the association between maximum temperature and cardiovascular mortality in 60 large eastern US communities during the warmer days, 1987-2000. The communities were divided into the northeast and southeast regions. We restricted the analyses to the warmer days when temperature was equal to or higher than the median in each community throughout the study period. We fitted a bivariate model to explore the joint effects between temperature and ozone on cardiovascular mortality in individual communities and results show that in general, ozone positively modified the association between temperature and mortality in the northeast region, but such modification was not obvious in the southeast region. Because temperature effects on mortality might partly intermediate by ozone, we divided the dataset into four equal subsets using quartiles as cut-offs. Then, we fitted a parametric model to examine the associations between temperature and mortality across different levels of ozone using the subsets. Results show that the higher the ozone concentrations, the stronger the temperature-mortality associations in the northeast region. However, such a trend was not obvious in the southeast region. Overall, this study found strong evidence that temperature and air pollution interacted to affect health outcomes. PM10 and temperature interacted to affect different health outcomes at various lags in Brisbane, Australia. Temperature and ozone also interacted to affect NECM and CM in US communities and such modification varied considerably across different regions. The symmetric modification between temperature and air pollution was observed in the study. This implies that it is considerably important to evaluate the interactive effect while estimating temperature or air pollution effects and further investigate reasons behind the regional variability.

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44

Au, Ka-lun Adrian, i 區嘉麟. "Light pollution". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45170253.

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45

Brown, Michael James. "The health effects of PM₁₀ air pollution in Reefton, South Island New Zealand". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2607.

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The aim of this thesis is to assess the health effects of PM₁₀ air pollution in Reefton which is located on the West Coast of the South Island, New Zealand. Two principle objectives were investigated to achieve the overall aim. Firstly, whether there is a link between PM₁₀ exposure and increased respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions in Reefton. Secondly, the evaluation of whether PM₁₀ pollution exacerbates selected health symptoms associated with PM₁₀ exposure among study participants during a short term cohort study within Reefton. To address the first research objective, data for respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions were collected and comparisons were made with past-till-present PM₁₀ levels monitored in Reefton. The second research objective was carried out during a four week period in July 2008 in Reefton. A total of 78 people from the general population participated whereby they recorded their daily health status in a symptoms diary. Symptoms monitored included phlegm build-up, coughing, breathing problems, wheezing, throat discomfort, and eye irritation. Associations between PM₁₀ exposure and exacerbation of health symptoms among participants were examined through statistical analysis. Results showed no clear link between PM₁₀ exposure and increased respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions. The lack of association could be attributed to the limited amount of PM₁₀ data available for comparison, along with the low number of hospital admissions in Reefton due to the towns’ small population. Conversely, several associations were observed between PM₁₀ exposure and specific health symptoms among study participants. Associations were frequently small and positive while several reached statistical significance. In conclusion, PM₁₀ air pollution in Reefton could not be linked with an increase in respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions, however it was associated with the exacerbation of several health symptoms known to be aggravated by exposure to PM₁₀.

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46

Sow, Mamadou Laity. "The Effects of Air Pollution on Infant Health: An Empirical Evaluation of Georgia". unrestricted, 2006. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07242006-120455/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2006.
Title from title screen. Mary Beth Walker, committee chair; Laura O. Taylor, M. Melinda Pitts, Sally Wallace, committee members. Electronic text (89 p. : ill. (some col.)) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed May 21, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-88).

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47

Neupane, Maniraj. "Cardio-respiratory health of women exposed to household air pollution in rural Nepal". Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-180975.

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48

Kolundzija-Rainbird, Olivera Posarac. "Influences on child respiratory health in Belgrade, with particular reference to air pollution". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338304.

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49

Gouveia, Nelson Da Cruz. "Air pollution and health effects in Sao Paulo, Brazil : a time series analysis". Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1998. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1620625/.

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A time series study was conducted to investigate the association between variations in daily levels of air pollution and health effects in the city of sao Paulo, Brazil. This study was prompted by positive associations reported in other time series studies, principally in North AmeriE:a and Europe, and preliminary results from some limited analyses reported for sao Paulo. Its aims were to examine specific causes of mortality and hospital admissions, to identify more vulnerable subgroups defined in terms of age, to assess the role of socio-economic conditions in modifying the association and to detail the impact of other potential risk factors, especially meteorological. Daily measurements of air pollutants (PM10, S02, N02, 0 3 and CO) for 12 monitoring stations across the city and several meteorological variables, along with daily counts of mortality for all ages during 3 years and hospitalisations for children during 23 months were available. The time series models used Poisson regression analysis and were adjusted for effects of trend, cyclical patterns (including season), weekday, holidays, meteorological factors, and autocorrelation. Increases in PM10 and S02 were associated with a 3-4% increase in daily deaths for all causes in the elderly (results are presented for an increase from the 10th to the 90th centile of pollution measurements). Cardiovascular deaths were additionally associated with CO (4% increase). Respiratory deaths in the elderly showed higher increases (6%) associated with PM10• No significant effects for children's mortality were observed. Nevertheless, respiratory or pneumonia hospital admissions for children showed significant increases associated with 0 3 (5-8%), N02 (9%), and to a lesser extent with PM10 (9%). There was a significant trend of increasing risk of death according to age with effects only evident for older subjects. However, this age effect was more evident for all cause mortality. There was a weak suggestion of larger effects on mortality for areas economically more affluent. Some indication was found of a harvesting effect occurring in the mortality and hospital admission series in sao Paulo. Results are broadly consistent with those previously reported but somewhat smaller in magnitude. In contrast with an earlier preliminary analysis in Sao Paulo, there were no effects on mortality for children. However, new analyses for hospital admissions indicated that children are at an increased risk of non-fatal illness in relation to air pollution.

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Кубатко, Олександр Васильович, Александр Васильевич Кубатко, Oleksandr Vasylovych Kubatko, Олександрa Вікторівна Кубатко, Александра Викторовна Кубатко i Oleksandra Viktorivna Kubatko. "The influence of outdoor air pollution on human health: estimations of economic damages". Thesis, Sumy State University, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/36170.

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Human health depends on the state of the environment. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 1994): “Environmental health comprises those aspects of human health, including quality of life, that are determined by physical, biological, social and psychological factors in the environment”. It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. It is targeted towards preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments. This definition excludes behaviour not related to environment, as well as behaviour related to the social and cultural environment, and genetics. In general environmental health is related to the theory and practice of adverse factors influence minimization. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/36170

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