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Berglund, David. "Analysis of Swedish pollutants". Thesis, KTH, Matematik (Inst.), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-99175.
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Abstract Today’s environmental reports contain flaws in the acquired data. This master thesis has the mission to alleviate the estimations of those flaws. The data in question, originates from Swedish industrial facilities. The thesis involves data-treatment by statistical analysis, which is done through fitting a model by the means of analysis of variance and multilevel modeling. The thesis also involves gathering and work with data from databases, as well as systematic treatment, sorting, categorization and evaluation of the data material. Calculations are made through the SAS statistical analysis program, which rendered estimates of fixed, linear and random effects. The results are presented through graphs and numerical estimates in the later part of the report. Calculations for estimations of the grand pollutant totals are conducted. These are compared to the observed data for relevance. Alternative ways on working on the problem at hand is discussed, as well as problems that have appeared during the work on the master thesis. The relevant code and calculations are attached towards the end.Sammanfattning Dagens miljörapportering har brister i den rapporterade datan. Examensarbetet har som avsikt att underlätta skattningen av den saknade datan i rapporteringen, vars data härstammar från svenska företagsutsläpp. Arbetet innebär en databehandling via statistisk analys, vilken utförs genom modellanpassning via variansanalys och flernivåmodellering. Arbetet omfattar även hämtning och bearbetning av datamaterial ifrån databaser, så väl som systematisk behandling, sortering, indelning och tolkning av dataobservationer. Beräkningar är utförda i SAS statistiska analysprogram, vilket renderat skattningar och representationer av termer till fasta, linjära och slumpartade effekter. Dessa presenteras med siffror och grafer i senare delen av rapporten. Skattning av totaler beräknas och jämförs med observerad data. Problem och alternativa angreppssätt diskuteras, samt kod och beräkningar bifogas.
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Al-Mousa, Fawaz Ali F. "Neurotoxicity of environmental pollutants". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1461/.
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Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and alkylphenols (APs) are pollutants commonly found within the environment and have human health concerns due to their endocrine disrupting and cytotoxic effects. BFRs are used to reduce the flammability of a variety of consumer products such as foam furnishings, whereas APs are found in plastic products used by the food industry. This study investigated the neurotoxicity of the most commonly used groups of BFRs and APs on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. The results presented in this thesis showed (using cell viability assays) that these pollutants are toxic at low concentrations. Some compounds such as hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) induce cell death (apoptosis) by caspases activation (Casp-8, Casp-9 and Casp-3) and cytochrome c release at low micromolar concentrations (IC50 ~ 4μM and 6μM, respectively). Consequently this study also showed that these compounds increased intracellular [Ca2+] levels and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within SH-SY5Y cells by causing Ca2+-dependent depolarization of the mitochondria. In support of a Ca2+-mediated mechanism, the data presented here shows that some BFRs and APs inhibit Sarcoplasmic/ Endoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) and to corroborate this over-expressing SERCA1 improved cell viability especially in cells exposed to certain cytotoxic chemicals such as HBCD; this study is the first experiment of this type to be performed. This study also showed that some of these chemicals, at low concentrations had amyloidgenic effects causing the cleavage amyloid precursor protein (APP) into Beta-amyloid (Aβ) and could therefore be implicated in Alzheimer‟s disease (AD).
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Kharnoob, H. H. "Trace metals as pollutants". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/4bf15cd4-d321-4b19-8b18-fb30c51e6786.
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Agboola, Bolade Oyeyinka. "Catalytic activities of Metallophthalocyanines towards detection and transformation of pollutants /". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/873/.
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Tong, Yun-on, i 唐潤安. "Statistical analysis of air pollutants and numerical modeling of reactive pollutant dispersion within street canyon". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46607031.
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GRECO, GIUSEPPE. "Mycoremediation for degrading hydrocarbon pollutants". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/944952.
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Nowadays waste products derived from human life and industrial activities represent a serious problem in the world, due to their difficulty of disposal and recovery. Although in the past little importance has been given to environmental quality, the last two decades have been characterized by an increasing awareness on the topic; nevertheless, pollution from many organic substances such as hydrocarbons, remains a mostly unsolved issue, because these compounds are often recalcitrant and show high levels of toxicity.
In recent years, the scientific interest for hydrocarbons is mainly related to their recognized carcinogenic action resulting from the metabolic transformations of these compounds into diol-epoxides, molecules able to bind to DNA and to induce genetic mutations (Man et al.2013).
These recalcitrant substances are known to enter the environment frequently and in large scale via several routes (Singh, 2006). One of the major routes is the spill on the ground, often due to neglected maintenance of structures dedicated to production, storage and distribution; as concerns terrestrial environments, these phenomena may determine some harmful effects such as surface water pollution through runoff, groundwater pollution by leachate, evaporative atmospheric pollution, sublimation or wind drift, thus resulting in decreases in crop yields, poisoning through the food chain and impact on the landscape. Another route includes production, storage and transportation which represent a hazard due to accidental releases of petroleum compounds, mostly in marine environments, especially involving bottom sediments.
Currently, restoring areas polluted by hydrocarbon products usually requires some chemical, physical, and biological treatments. Among these, biological treatments are more suitable for sustainable and economic applications because traditional remediation techniques for the treatment of hydrocarbon compounds are often limited by application costs and low efficiency.
Hence, the present study proposes a sustainable and economic biotechnology aimed at allowing the recovery and disposal of soils and marine sediments contaminated by hydrocarbons. The project represents a response to the need for providing a biotechnological protocol devoted to safeguard the environment andterritory and to allow the reclamation of sites contaminated by substances which have been deemed harmful to human health. As it is known, some fungal species are extremophiles, able to adapt to adverse environmental conditions (both for abiotic factors and for nutrient deficiency) which would be limiting for most living organisms (Gadd, 2007); this feature makes some fungi an important tool to biodegrade pollutant compounds
(Kumar et al. 2011). For these reasons, as concerns the hydrocarbon pollution of soils and marine sediments, the present study proposes an alternative solution to the traditional technologies of rehabilitation and environmental remediation, through the study, isolation, identification, and exploitation of those fungi able to degrade these toxic compounds. Several experiments reported in the literature demonstrate that fungi have an ability to metabolize and degrade many hydrocarbon compounds, such as oils, petroleum derivatives, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cerniglia et al. 2010; Harms et al. 2011; Al-Jawhari et al. 2014; Reyes-César et al. 2014; Marco-Urrea et al. 2015).
The studies conducted so far provide a general overview about fungal remediation activity, contributing to support the hypothesis of the possible large-scale application of some fungi in the degradation processes of organic pollutants. The research is aimed at assessing the sustainability of these innovative biotechnologies and at deepening the knowledge of the factors that may affect the activity of some fungal species or strains within different matrices contaminated by different types of hydrocarbons. The study is the result of a multidisciplinary approach involving mycologists, geologists, chemists, and oceanographers.
The thesis is organized as follows. Chapter 1 presents the hydrocarbons focusing on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); it describes the traditional remediation techniques which are currently used and defines the role of fungi in the degradation of recalcitrant organic compounds and in the remediation of contaminated soils and waters (mycoremediation). Chapter 2 details the aims of the thesis, while in Chapter 3 the materials and methods are listed and described.
Chapter 4 deals with the mycological characterization of a marine area polluted by hydrocarbon compounds in relation to different substrates (biotic and abiotic), depths and marine currents, to identify and select a pool of fungal species adaptable to extreme polluted environments, which could be used for bioremediation purposes.
Chapter 5 shows the results of the investigations on 15 fungal species isolated from a real oily slime and screened to assess their ability to degrade a PAH mixture. The most suitable fungal strains were employed in the in vitro degradation tests.
Chapter 6 investigates, through pilot-scale experiments, the role that fungi can play as tools for the remediation of real polluted matrices contaminated by petroleum derivatives.
Finally, Chapter 7 outlines the conclusions, showing the significant importance of the fungal exploitation for recovering marine and terrestrial areas contaminated by hydrocarbons. Furthermore, some hints for future works and applications are provided.
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Nanayakkara, Mummullage Sandya Wasanthi. "Source characterisation of urban road surface pollutants for enhanced water quality predictions". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/82065/1/Sandya%20Wasanthi_Nanayakkara%20Mummullage_Thesis.pdf.
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This study developed a comprehensive research methodology for identification and quantification of sources responsible for pollutant build-up and wash-off from urban road surfaces. The study identified soil and asphalt wear, and non-combusted diesel fuel as the most influential sources for metal and hydrocarbon pollution respectively. The study also developed mathematical models to relate contributions from identified sources to underlying site specific factors such as land use and traffic. Developed mathematical model will play a key role in urban planning practices, enabling the implementation of effective water pollution control strategies.
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Finnilä, M. A. (Mikko A. J. ). "Bone toxicity of persistent organic pollutants". Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2014. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526205090.
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Abstract Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), especially dioxin-like chemicals, have been shown to have adverse effects on skeleton and these effects are likely to be mediated via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). In spite of the extensive research, the characteristics of developmental effects of POPs are poorly known and the role of AHR in POP bone toxicity and skeletal development in general. In this project changes in bone morphology and strength as well as tissue matrix mechanics are studied by applying state of the art biomedical engineering methods. This allows understanding of the effects of dioxins exposure and AHR activity on the development and maturation of extracellular matrix in musculoskeletal tissues from a completely new perspective, and thereby improving the health risk assessment of POPs. In the present study skeletal properties of rats exposed maternally to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), Northern Contaminant Mixture (NCM) and Aroclor1254 (A1254) were studied for cross-sectional morphometric and biomechanical properties, and data were analysed with benchmark dose modelling. In addition, extracellular matrix properties were analysed using nanoindentation. Similar measurements were performed for adult wild-type and AHR-null mice after TCDD exposure. The same animals were also analysed for microstructural changes using micro-computed tomography and their bone cell activity was estimated from serum markers and gene expression. Analyses show decreased bone length and cross-sectional properties with consequently decreased bone strength. On the other hand, an increased trabecular BMD in response to NCM and A1254 was observed. In addition, bone matrix properties indicated delayed maturation or early senescence after maternal or adult exposure, respectively. The AHR is mainly responsible for bone toxicity of dioxin-like compounds and plays a role in bone development. This is likely due to disturbed bone remodeling as indicated by altered serum markers and gene expression. Overall these results indicate that POPs decrease bone strength, but the interpretation is difficult as there is more trabecular bone within cortical bone with compromised quality and increased porosityTiivistelmä Altistumisen pysyville orgaanisille ympäristökemikaaleille on todettu heikentävän luustoa. Dioksiinien ja dioksiininkaltaisten yhdisteiden vaikutusten on havaittu välittyvän aryylihiilivetyreseptorin (AHR) välityksellä. Huolimatta pitkään kestäneestä tutkimuksesta POP-yhdisteiden sikiönkehityksen aikaisen altistuksen vaikutukset ja etenkin niiden mekanismit ovat edelleen huonosti tunnettuja, samoin kuin AHR:n osuus POP-yhdisteiden luutoksisuudessa ja luuston kehityksessä ylipäätään. Tässä työssä tutkittiin luuston rakenteellisia ja mekaanisia ominaisuuksia niin perinteisillä kuin uusimmilla biolääketieteen tekniikan menetelmillä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on saada uutta tietoa POP-altistuksen ja AHR-aktiivisuuden vaikutuksista luuston kehitykseen ja luukudoksen ikääntymisprosesseihin, mikä edesauttaa kyseisten yhdisteiden riskinarviointia. Tutkimuksissa altistettiin kantavia rottaemoja 2,3,7,8-tetraklooridibenzo-p-dioksiinille (TCDD), pohjoiselle saasteseokselle ja kaupalliselle Arokloori 1254 PCB-seokselle. Sikiönkehityksen aikana altistuneiden jälkeläisten luuston poikkileikkausen morfologia ja biomekaaniset ominaisuudet mitattiin ja tulokset mallinnettiin vertailuannoksen määrittämiseksi. Lisäksi TCDD-altistettujen rottien luustomatriisin ominaisuuksia selvitettiin nanoindentaatiomenetelmällä. Samaa menetelmää käytettiin myös aikuisiässä TCDD:lle altistettujen villityypin hiirten ja AHR-poistogeenisiten hiirten tutkimiseen. Näiden hiirten luuston hienorakennetta mitattiin myös korkean resoluution mikro-tietokonetomografialla ja niiden luusolujen aktiivisuutta tutkittiin seerumin biomarkkerien ja luun muodostumiseen osallistuvien geenien ekspressiotasojen avulla. Sikiönkehityksen aikainen altistuminen pohjoiselle saasteseokselle ja Arokloori 1254:lle hidasti luiden pituuskasvua. Lisäksi luiden poikkileikkauspinta-alat olivat pienentyneet ja mekaaniset ominaisuudet heikentyneet. Toisaalta hohkaluun määrä oli lisääntynyt altistumisen seurauksena. Myös sikiönkehityksen aikainen altistuminen TCDD:lle hidasti luukudoksen kypsymistä ja johti aikuisiällä luukudoksen ennenaikaiseen vanhenemiseen. AHR:llä oli päärooli ainakin aikuisiän vaikutusten ilmenemiselle ja reseptorilla vaikutti olevan rooli luuston kehityksessä ylipäätään. Seerumin biomarkkereiden ja geeniekspression muutosten perusteella nämä vaikutukset johtuvat todennäköisesti luuston uusiutumisen häiriöistä. Yhteenvetona voidaan todeta, että POP-yhdisteet heikentävät luustoa, mutta tämän ilmiön diagnosoiminen on hankalaa, koska huonolaatuisen kuoriluun sisällä hohkaluun määrä on lisääntynyt
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Karlsson, Kristin. "Pathways of pollutants in stormwater systems /". Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2006. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2006/05/LTU-LIC-0605-SE.pdf.
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McCrae, I. S. "The dispersion of traffic-related pollutants". Thesis, Middlesex University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280622.
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Taylor, A. E. B. "The quantitative assessment of air pollutants". Thesis, Cranfield University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309658.
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Taiwo, Adewale Matthew. "Receptor modelling of industrial air pollutants". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4662/.
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The presence of particulate and gaseous pollutants at elevated concentrations in the atmospheric environment is detrimental to public health. The present study has investigated the impacts of a steelworks complex on the air quality in Port Talbot, South Wales, United Kingdom. Different offline and online air monitoring instruments were deployed to four sites around the perimeter of the steelworks (at one coastal site (Little Warren LW) and 3 inland sites placed along the length of the steelworks (Fire Station FS, Prince Street PS and Dyffryn School DS) in the study area for a four-week campaign (April 16 to May 16, 2012). Prior to Port Talbot campaign, a separate two week sampling (March 30 to April 12, 2012) was conducted at Elms Road Observatory Site (EROS) for a representation of an urban background. Gaseous and meteorological data logged during the period of sampling were also collected from the Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN) site at Port Talbot Margam (FS site). Hourly and daily data collected were prepared for receptor modelling using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and with the use of Open Air and Lakes Environmental WRPLOT View software, windrose and polar plots were produced to show the directional emissions of particulate and gaseous pollutants. The online sampling instrument of Aerosol Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS) as well as PMF solutions for Streaker and Partisol were able to identify different processing units of the steelworks responsible for pollutant emissions. The polar plots for most air pollutants revealed the steel industry as the major contributor to air pollution in the study area.
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Yang, Congqiao. "Persistent organic pollutants in lacustrine environments". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5030/.
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Water samples taken from nine English freshwater lakes from a mix of urban, rural, and remote locations on 13 occasions between April 2008 and February 2012 were analysed for selected non-dioxin like-PCBs, tri- through hexa-PBDEs, and the three main HBCD diastereomers (\(\alpha\)-, \(\beta\)-, and \(\gamma\)-HBCD). Concentrations of PCBs and HBCDs declined over the sampling period with half-lives of 3.8 and 5.1 years, respectively. In addition, concentrations of PCBs, HBCDs, tri- through deca-BDEs, and 32 selected NBFRs were measured in radiometrically-dated sediment core slices taken in summer 2011/2 from seven of the same English lakes. Temporal trends in contamination with “legacy” POPs generally accord with historical trends in UK manufacture and use, with PCB contamination at all lakes increasing from ~1950, peaking generally between the late-1960s and mid-1980s, before declining steadily thereafter. In contrast, at most sites, BDE-209 displayed generally smooth increases following its initial emergence, and showed no obvious levelling off trend. Contamination with some NBFRs displayed significantly increasing trends. Spatial variation in POPs contamination of the lakes studied was evident; with regression analysis suggesting concentrations are higher in lakes with surface areas that are small relative to their catchment area, and that are closer to areas of high population density. The estimated PCB burden in the British environment is 521 tons, with TBPH (281 tons) and BDE-209 (147 tons) following not far behind. Estimated UK burdens of the remaining target compounds were significantly lower.
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Mudge, Angela. "Mass spectrometric characterisation of priority pollutants". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15448.
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The majority of the work described in this thesis has involved the development and application of two-step mass spectrometry for the in situ analysis of priority pollutants. With this approach - laser desorption laser photoionisation mass spectrometry, abbreviated here as L2MS - a pulsed (infrared, visible or UV) laser is used to desorb neutral molecules which are then positioned using a second pulsed (UV) laser. The resulting product photoions are then analysed using time-of-flight mass spectrometer. A detailed comparison of L2MS versus other mass spectrometric techniques for the analysis of environmental samples has been carried out. The underlying physical principles behind L2MS are described, together with the instrumentation used and the experimental procedures and protocols that were developed. The majority of the work presented has focused on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and related compounds directly from their host matrices, photoionisation at a wavelength of 193 nm or 266 nm. The matrices investigated included soils, sediments, extracts and aerosol particulates. Although, these samples were part of a complex system the selectivity inherent in L2MS enabled simple mass spectra to be obtained, showing each PAH as a molecular ion. A number of experiments have been carried out using certified reference materials to investigate the reproducibility of the spectra generated and the feasibility of using L2MS for quantitative as well as semi-quantitative studies on "real-world" samples. In parallel with this work, the same reference materials have been interrogated using a variety of other analytical techniques, such as gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC MS), field desorption mass spectrometry (FD MS), laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (LD1 MS), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These techniques, together with L2MS, were applied to analyse both the intact samples ("in situ" studies) and Soxhlet extracts. Using GCMS and HPLC enabled the identification of most of the PAHs present in the extracts. Whereas, FD was found to produce a complex spectra which was difficult to interpret. Finally LDI MS could prove to be useful for screening, as sample preparation and production of a spectra is simple. However, under the ionisation wavelength employed, 337 nm, during this work spectra were difficult to produce.
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Fång, Johan. "Persistent halogenated pollutants in mothers´ milk". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för material- och miljökemi (MMK), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-103050.
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Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are substances that degrade slowly, are distributed wotldwide, bioaccumulate and are harmful to both animals and humans. The release of POPs to the environment was the preamble to human background contamination. In the mid-20th century it became clear to scientists and policy makers that even the mothers´ milk was contaminated by POPs. This led to national and global monitoring programs to assess the extent of contamination and subsequently to ban several POPs via the Stockholm Convention. The concentrations of dioxin, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD), -furans (PCDF) and dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCB) is analysed in a retrospektive time trend study. The findings show a faster decrease of dioxin concentrations 2002-2011, compared to the whole series, 1972-2011. The transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from mother to child via the milk is investigated and a relationship between both the PBDE molecule’s size and time post partum of the sampling and the ability to transfer to the milk is found. A literature review concerning the POPs in human milk finds, in addition to accounting for POP concentrations; that some substances are investigated more thoroughly than others; DDT and PCB compared to Aldrine and Toxaphene and that certain geographical areas are more well-studied than others, e.g. Europe compared to Africa. The study also shows a strong over all need for better reporting protocols. To understand the current and emerging POPs present in mothers´ milk screening of a larger than normal sample of mothers´ milk can give new insights. The development of a method designed to tackle the problems of large fat rich sample and still to be as benign as possible to the analytes was undertaken. The method is subsequently applied to a both Swedish and Chinese pooled sample to show the differences in POP exposure between countries.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.
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Al-Attar, A. F. "Selenium and trace metals as pollutants". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/1858b91b-362e-422f-b91c-84aa44e23e90.
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Jamaludin, Jeenath Banu. "Genetic susceptibility to traffic related pollutants". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/genetic-susceptibility-to-traffic-related-pollutants(797ff6a3-cc33-4553-b7da-99e14ea9de4e).html.
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A strong correlation exists between acute and chronic exposure to traffic derived pollutants and poor respiratory health. Specifically, diesel exhaust (DE) components such as NO2 and fine particles (PM2.5) have been related to impaired lung growth and increased respiratory and allergic symptoms in children and adults living near busy roads. On this basis, implementation of strategies to reduce diesel emissions and improve air quality should provide a measureable improvement in the respiratory health of populations resident in high traffic areas. The introduction of the London Low Emission Zone (LEZ), the largest of its kind in the world, covering an area of 2,644 km2 and a resident population of more than 8 million, provided a unique opportunity to examine this, as well to quantify the impact of DE emissions on the respiratory health of London's population. London’s Low Emission Zone was introduced as part of the Mayor of London’s Air Quality Strategy, with the aim of improving public health through targeted reductions in tail pipe emissions from the most polluting vehicles entering the city. The objective of decreasing PM10 concentrations was to be achieved by restricting the entry of the oldest and most polluting diesel vehicles (heavy goods vehicles (HGVs), buses and coaches, larger vans and minibuses) into Greater London by providing incentives to operators to upgrade their fleets to lower emission vehicles. The Low Emission Zone was enacted as a phased tightening of emission standards for each vehicle class, with the first phase coming into force at the beginning of February 2008. This applied to HGVs greater than 12 tonnes and restricted entry to the zone for those vehicles not meeting the Euro III emissions standard for PM10. Phase 2 followed in July 2008 widening restrictions to include HGVs between 3.5 and 12 tonnes, buses and coaches. Vehicles failing to meet these emissions standards within the zone were initially charged £200 (£100 for vans an minibuses) per day, with enforcement achieve using cameras to identify the registration numbers of vehicles and the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) database to identify a vehicle’s emissions standard. In its initial configuration phase 3, restricting access to heavier LGVs and mini-buses not meeting Euro III PM standard was planned for October 2008. In our initial four year study design we planned to examine the respiratory health of cross sectional panels of 8-9 year old school children living within the zone from November 2008; encompassing the first two years post phases 1 and 2, and two years post phase 3 (see Figure s1). As the subject recruitment and health assessments began in November 2008, this afforded us the opportunity of addressing the impact of the third phase of the LEZ, by comparing lung function and respiratory symptoms in the two years before and after phase 3. We also planned to examine year-on-year changes related to projected reductions in vehicle emissions as newer cleaner vehicles entered the fleet, independent of the LEZ, and the increased period the children had lived within the zone, from 11-15 months (11.5-13.9% of lifetime) in year 1, to 44-60 months (45.8-55.6%) in year 4. During annual school visits, children were asked to perform spirometry and provide a urine sample for the assessment of exposure (metals, reflective of defined traffic sources) and response biomarkers (oxidative damage). In addition, the parents/guardians of the children completed a questionnaire on respiratory / allergic symptoms and the children provided DNA samples to investigate genetic susceptibility to the detrimental effects of air pollution, focusing on a panel of antioxidant and xenobiotic genes, as well as a genetic marker associated with the onset of childhood asthma. In May 2008 Boris Johnson was elected the new Mayor of London, with a manifesto commitment to review ongoing traffic management schemes within the city, including the LEZ, and on the 2nd February 2009 he announced intention to cancel the third phase of the LEZ, subject to the outcome of a public consultation later in the year. This political decision therefore robbed us of the original intervention we were planning to address in our original design. Following a further consultation, the scheme was finally fully implemented and expanded on the 3rd of January 2012 (LEZ phase 3 and 4), with Euro III emission standards for minibuses and vans and a further tightening of emission standards (Euro IV) on Lorries over 12 tonnes, between 3.5-12 tonnes, as well as buses and coaches. In light of this development we obtained additional funding to examine furthers panels of school children in Nov 2012 - March 2013 and Nov 2013 - March 2014, extending our study to six years, allowing a formal assessment of the three years pre and two years post LEZ phase 3 and 4, with year 4 straddling the periods of phase 3 and 4 implementation (Figure s2). Children at the conclusion of the study in March 2014, who have been resident within the LEZ since birth will have lived within the zone for 68.8-83.3% of their lives. The data presented in this thesis is therefore based upon the first three years of the study and therefore constitutes a baseline analysis of the relationship between air pollution in London and our key respiratory endpoints prior to the formal evaluation of Phase 3 and 4 in 2014/15. In the first experimental chapter (Chapter 3) I evaluated the associations between traffic-related air pollutants and respiratory/allergic symptoms within our cross-sectional children's cohort. Information on respiratory/allergic symptoms was obtained using a parent-completed questionnaire and linked to modelled annual air pollutant concentrations based on the residential address of each child, using a multivariable mixed effects logistic regression analysis. Exposure to traffic-related air pollutants was associated with current rhinitis (NOx [OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.02], NO2 [1.03, 1.00-1.06], PM10 [1.16, 1.04-1.28] and PM2.5 [1.38, 1.08-1.78], all per g/m3), but not with other respiratory/allergic symptoms. Furthermore, over the first three years of the operation of London's LEZ I did not observe evidence of reduced ambient air pollution levels, or year-on-year changes in the prevalence of respiratory/allergic symptoms. I found no evidence that these associations were modified by polymorphisms in gasdermin B, located at the chromosome 17q12, associated with the risk of childhood asthma. These data confirm previously reported associations between traffic-related air pollutant exposures and symptoms of current rhinitis. Importantly, whilst the data is largely confirmatory, this remains one of the few studies that has addressed respiratory symptoms in urban children over the period of rapid dieselization within Europe. In Chapter 4 I report evidence of reduced lung volumes (FVC - Forced Vital Capacity) in children living within the study area. This negative association was small and most strongly associated with modeled annual NOx concentrations, at the residential address level. A straightforward method to discriminate between acute versus chronic pollutant effects was developed for the study. Acute exposures were assessed by scaling annual mean concentrations according to a ‘Nowcast’ factor calculated for each pollutant for the period immediately prior to the health assessment. This factor was defined as the ratio between concentrations measured by a local subset of London Air Quality Network monitoring sites in the prior period, and the annual mean measured by the same sites. Using this approach I was able to dissect out whether basal lung function was related to short or long term exposures. In the absence of relationships between FEV1 and FVC with 24 hour and 7 day average exposures, the association between FVC and annual pollutant exposures was interpreted as reflecting evidence of impaired lung growth. In this initial analysis I found no evidence that polymorphisms in the commonly studied glutathione S transferases (GSTM1 and GSTP1) and NADPH quinone oxidoreducatse (NQO1) genes modified the association between lung function and pollutant exposure. In a secondary analysis I examined whether polymorphisms in Cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP1A1) and the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) might modify the association between pollutant exposures and lung function, based on their role in the xenobiotic metabolism of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This is the first time polymorphisms in these genes have been investigated in the context of air pollution – lung function interactions.
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Smith, Scott. "Comparative extraction techniques for environmental pollutants". Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10022008-063220/.
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Mardegan, Andrea <1984>. "Advanced materials for inorganic pollutants electroanalysis". Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3971.
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Obiettivo di questo lavoro è lo sviluppo di nuovi materiali elettrodici per l’analisi di inquinanti inorganici. Sono presentati ensemble di nanoelettrodi d’oro (NEE) ed elettrodi di carbonio prodotti attraverso la pirolisi di un fotoresist (PPCE).
NEE sono stati applicati ad analisi di stripping anodico (ASV) di Arsenico inorganico e, dopo modifica con bismuto, alla ASV di Pb(II).
Si è poi passati allo studio di un’altra tecnica analitica ovvero la voltammetria di adsorbimento e ridissoluzione catodica (AdCSV). È stata definita una metodica per la determinazione simultanea di Ni(II) e Co(II) su elettrodi convenzionali d’oro.
L’ultima parte della tesi è stata focalizzata sullo sviluppo di elettrodi di carbonio prodotti per pirolisi di un fotoresist negativo ottenendo elettrodi denominati PPCE. Sono stati ottimizzati i parametri coinvolti nella pirolisi e analizzate tracce di Cd(II) e Pb(II), di Ni(II) e Co(II). Infine sono state eseguite delle promettenti prove preliminari volte a verificare la possibilità di modificare i PPCE con nanoparticelle d’oro e di applicarli per l’analisi di As(III).The aim of this work is the development and application of new electrodic materials, such as gold Nanoelectrode Ensembles (NEEs) and Pyrolyzed Photoresist Carbon Electrodes (PPCE), for the electroanalysis of some inorganic pollutants. NEE were applied to the anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) of Inorganic Arsenic and, after modification with Bismuth, to the ASV of Pb(II). Moreover, we report the simultaneous in-situ adsorptive cathodic stripping determination of Nickel and Cobalt at bismuth modified gold electrodes. This technique is useful and complementary to ASV. The last part of the thesis is devoted to the study and electroanalytical application of a new kind of electrode material named Pyrolyzed Photoresist Carbon. In this chapter, we optimize the pyrolysis conditions and demonstrate the applicability of these electrodes for the analysis of heavy metals ions, such as Cd(II) and Pb(II) via ASV and Ni(II) and Co(II) by AdCSV. PPCE modified with gold nanoparticles are finally developed for performing preliminary tests on the possible ASV determination of trace As(III).
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Booijink, Aileen. "Understanding the impact of pollutants: the effect of air, water and waste pollutants on international firm performance". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-316498.
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This study investigates how different type of pollutants influence international firm performance. The dataset covers 1804 firms from 43 countries and 20 industries. Five different types of pollutants are used as well as five different financial performance measures. The paper uses industry-specific fixed effects as estimation method and finds that the type of pollutant influences the relationship between environmental performance and firm performance. In general, the relationship between pollutants and firm performance is negative, however water pollutants are an exception. Moreover, pollutants appear to be more negatively correlated with accounting performance measures than with market performance measures. Additionally, two country level factors show that the country of origin matters.
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Kuzmanović, Maja. "Ecotoxicological risk of pollutants in Iberian rivers". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/456083.
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More than one-third of Earths available freshwater is used for anthropogenic purposes, which has led to its contamination by numerous chemical compounds. Their presence in the environment might have negative consequences for the environment and human health. In order to identify the compounds that might cause adverse effects in the ecosystems, ecotoxicological risk assessment is performed by comparing measured or predicted concentration of the compound in the environment with the threshold concentration of a certain effect. Due to the growing awareness of chemical risk in the environment, there is an increase of scientific literature on the subject. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the growing scientific knowledge on the ecotoxicological risk of chemical compounds in the freshwater environment. Four rivers of Iberian Peninsula were used as case studies in this thesis; namely Llobregat, Ebro, Júcar, and Guadalquivir. The main drivers of risk for ecosystems in those rivers were identified and the evidence of effects caused by chemical compounds was provided. Prioritization schemes for freshwater organic pollutants were reviewed. Occurrence and risk of selected important pollutants in Europe and North America were compared. Pesticides and pyrene were identified as main risk driving compounds. Ranking index (RI), a new method for prioritization of pollutants is introduced. RI classifies the pollutants into three categories of concern on the basis of their ecotoxicological potential and distribution in the study area. By applying the RI to the dataset of more than 200 pollutants measured in the surface water of studied rivers, we identified that pesticides (e.g. organophosphate insecticides) and industrial organic compounds (i.e. alkylphenols) were of highest concern in the area, based on their toxicity to freshwater invertebrates and to a lesser extent to fish and algae. Emerging contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals (e.g. sertraline or losartan) or biocides (triclosan) were among the compounds classified in the second category of concern, due to their chronic risk. The site-specific risk of organic chemicals mixtures and metals was performed using concentration addition model (CA). It was found that mixtures of organic compounds and metals, posed an acute risk at 42% and 45% of total 77 sampling sites, respectively. The chronic risk was present at all sampling sites. The major drivers of acute and chronic risk were pesticides and metals. Pharmaceuticals, industrial compounds, and personal care were additional contributors to the chronic risk. The risk posed by the Water Framework Directive (WFD) priority pollutants (PP) was significant and those compounds were among the highest contributors to the risk. Banned pesticides and emerging contaminants significantly contributed to the risk. We used different macroinvertebrate based indicators to find the link between chemical pollution and ecosystems changes. A significant relationship between pesticides toxicity gradient and a decrease of SPEARindex, stressor-specific indicator for pesticide pollution was found. In We used the functional traits of macroinvertebrates to find the evidence of pesticides toxicity and urban-related multiple stressors in studied rivers. It was identified that multiple stressors were present at 50% of the sampling sites, mostly in urban areas. At urban sites, communities¿dominant traits were multivoltine indicating dominance of resilient taxa and deposit feeding, which could be associated with the taxa resistant to hydrological disturbances or presence of nutrients. In contrast, at pesticide impacted sites taxa with high levels of egg protection was dominant, indicating a higher risk for egg mortality at those sites, potentially due to pesticides. The functional diversity of assemblages at urban sites was low, suggesting the functional homogenization of assemblages in urban areas, which might increase the sensitivity of ecosystems.Más de un tercio del agua dulce disponible se utiliza con fines antropogénicos que conducen a su contaminación por numerosos productos químicos. Su presencia en el medio ambiente podría tener consecuencias negativas para el medio ambiente y la salud humana. Debido a la conciencia del riesgo de compuestos químicos en el medio ambiente, hay un aumento de la literatura científica sobre el tema. Sin embargo, todavía estamos reuniendo pruebas de los efectos en los ecosistemas causados por los productos químicos y la identificación de los principales impulsores de esos cambios. El objetivo de esta tesis es contribuir al conocimiento científico sobre el riesgo ecotoxicológico de los compuestos químicos en el medio acuático. Cuatro ríos de la Península Ibérica fueron utilizados como casos de estudio; El Llobregat, el Ebro, el Júcar y el Guadalquivir. Se identificaron los principales factores de riesgo para los ecosistemas en esos ríos y se proporcionó la evidencia de los efectos causados por los compuestos químicos. Índice de clasificación (RI), se introduce un nuevo método para la priorización de contaminantes. RI clasifica los contaminantes en tres categorías de preocupación en base a su potencial ecotoxicológico y distribución en el área de estudio. Al aplicar el RI al conjunto de datos de más de 200 contaminantes medidos en el agua de superficie de los ríos estudiados, identificamos que los pesticidas (por ejemplo, los insecticidas organofosforados) y los compuestos orgánicos industriales (es decir, los alquilfenoles) eran los más preocupantes en la zona. Los contaminantes emergentes, como los productos farmacéuticos (por ejemplo, sertralina o losartán) o biocidas (triclosán) se encuentran entre los compuestos clasificados en la segunda categoría de preocupación, debido a su riesgo crónico. Se encontró que las mezclas de compuestos orgánicos y metales, plantearon un riesgo agudo en el 42% y el 45% de los 77 sitios de muestreo, respectivamente. El riesgo crónico estuvo presente en todos los sitios de muestreo. Los principales factores de riesgo agudo y crónico fueron los plaguicidas y los metales. Sin embargo, los productos farmacéuticos, los compuestos industriales y el cuidado personal contribuyeron adicionalmente al riesgo crónico. Desde el punto de vista de la legislación, demostramos que el riesgo planteado por los contaminantes prioritarios de la “Water Framework Directive” era significativo y que esos compuestos estaban entre los que más contribuyeron al riesgo. Sin embargo, encontramos que los plaguicidas prohibidos y los contaminantes emergentes contribuyeron significativamente al riesgo de los ecosistemas de los ríos estudiados. Utilizamos diferentes indicadores basados en macroinvertebrados para encontrar el vínculo entre la contaminación química y los cambios en los ecosistemas. Sin embargo, pudimos encontrar una relación significativa entre el gradiente de toxicidad de los pesticidas y una disminución de SPEARindex el indicador específico de estresor para la contaminación por plaguicidas. La composición de rasgos (traits) de las comunidades de macroinvertebrados se utilizó para identificar los efectos de los plaguicidas y los múltiples factores de estrés asociados al uso urbano del territorio en diferentes lugares. Múltiples factores estresantes influyen en las asociaciones de macroinvertebrados acuáticos en el 50% de los puntos estudiados, principalmente en los situados en áreas urbanas. Los factores de estrés relacionados con la actividad urbana favorecen la selección de taxones principalmente univoltinos y que se alimentan de depósitos. Por el contrario, los sitios afectados por plaguicidas dan lugar a la selección de taxones con altos niveles de protección de los huevos (mejor supervivencia del huevo), lo que indica un riesgo potencialmente mayor de mortalidad de los mismos. Por otra parte, la diversidad de rasgos de los conjuntos de macroinvertebrados en los puntos situados en áreas urbanas fue baja.
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Subramani, Arun. "ADSORPTION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS ONTO NATURAL ADSORBENTS". MSSTATE, 2002. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-08102002-210619/.
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In this research, the adsorptive capacities of kenaf, peat moss, hay, and peanut hulls were evaluated for the removal of TNT and 2,4-DCP from aqueous solutions. Adsorbent loading capacities determined by batch studies were verified by continuous column experiments. It was found that the adsorption capacity of the candidate adsorbents were significantly lower than granular activated carbon (GAC). The impact of surface modification techniques, such as surface oxidation, were evaluated to study the effect on adsorption capacity. At lower equilibrium concentrations of the adsorbate (less than 10 ppb), surface oxidation by ozone showed an increase in the adsorption capacity. The same trend was not observed with peroxone and ultrasound pretreatment. The adsorbent requirement for treating water contaminated with TNT and 2,4-DCP were calculated based on the adsorptive capacity of the adsorbents. Though the adsorbent requirements for the candidate adsorbents were considerably higher than granular activated carbon, the adsorbent requirement costs for most of the candidate adsorbents tested were competitive when compared to GAC costs.
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Paul, Jessica Marie. "Behavior of organic pollutants in Arctic sediments /". Click here for download, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1436385051&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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清家, 伸康, i 新太 片山. "Monitoring and Remediation of Persistent Organic Pollutants". 日本農薬学会, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/10923.
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Keay, Russell Warren. "Electrochemical sensors for measurement of water pollutants". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263016.
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Saxton, Carl Graham. "Microporous adsorbents for trapping of gaseous pollutants". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446326.
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Adsorption studies (xenon and iodine) in microporous materials have been carried out on various materials such as zeolites (FAU, MFI, SAV and CHA) and metal-organic frameworks (MOF-5, HKUST-1 and JUC-32). The as-synthesised and commercial zeolites containing Na+, Li+ or K+ cations and then subsequently ion-exchanged for other extra framework cations. The xenon adsorption in zeolites was interpreted using isosteric heats of adsorption (CHA) and also 129Xe NMR (FAU). CHA type zeolites show a high affinity and capacity for xenon at low xenon pressures <10kPa. This affinity changes depending upon the extra framework cation present due to the positioning and size of the cation. The electric field gradient was a primary factor in the xenon adsorption since a neutral framework (ALPO-CHA) was found to have a lower affinity for xenon but having the same framework type. This was further highlighted by the introduction of Si into the framework and a comparison was made between the three structures CHA, ALPO-CHA and SAPO-34 with the latter being a silicon substituted aluminophosphate carrying a slightly negatively charged framework. Another framework studied was that of STA-7 (SAV) and it was found that varying the silicon within the framework had an effect upon the xenon adsorption. Xenon interaction with the MOFs was minimal when compared to the zeolites. MOF materials adsorbed more iodine per gram of material than any of the zeolites studied. In some materials, two different species of iodine exist. These species, I2 (isolated) and (I2)n (wires) have different Raman frequencies and the (I2)n species have been observed in MOFs for the first time.
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Rulangaranga, Z. K. "The ecology of phenolic pollutants in grasslands". Thesis, University of Essex, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374728.
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Jones, Jonathan Bramwell. "Behavioural responses of pigs to aerial pollutants". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388113.
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Brister, Matthew Michael. "PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF NUCLEIC ACIDS AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1523021339182475.
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Bellarby, Jessica. "Assessment of remediation strategies for recalcitrant pollutants". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2005. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU200404.
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Chlorinated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons are major pollutants resulting from their widespread use. In this project, one contaminant from each major group, namely trichloroethene and benzene, were studied in a shallow and deep aquifer, respectively. The shallow aquifer contaminated with trichloroethene and other chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons was too toxic for microbial processes. Several remediation technologies were investigated in laboratory studies, which were sparging, charcoal adsorption and the injection of chemical oxidants (Fenton's reagent and potassium permanganate). Each of these technologies on its own was found not to be suitable for the present site. The deep anaerobic aquifer contaminated with benzene was considered for enhanced natural attenuation. Despite the lack of constraints for anaerobic benzene degraders, no clear evidence for their presence was found. This was partly explained by a small biomass and aquifer variation as benzene was degraded under field conditions at low rates. The low degradation rates could not be observed in laboratory experiments so that an aerobic enhancement option in the form of hydrogen peroxide and/or nitrate injection was further investigated. Only the addition of hydrogen peroxide was demonstrated to be successful in reducing benzene concentrations. A direct transfer of the treatment to the field was considered unlikely due to the highly reducing in situ conditions. It was concluded that (enhanced) natural attenuation was unviable for both sites. Alternative remediation technologies considered at the respective sites were also found unsuitable based on laboratory results and aquifer properties. The luminescence-based bacterial biosensors provided a valuable tool for the evaluation of contaminant toxicity/bioavailability and the suitability of possible remediation strategies.
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Rybitski, Mary J. "Distribution of Organochlorine Pollutants in Sea Turtles". W&M ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617662.
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Vu, Quoc Hung. "Modelling pollutants leaching from recycled construction materials". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/130795/1/Quoc%20Hung_Vu_Thesis.pdf.
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This research developed new models to replicate metal leaching characteristics from recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). Model development was supported by a comprehensive experimental and analytical program with multiple influential factors. New models were developed so that they are readily applicable in commercial models to replicate pollutant leaching and solute transport in soil environments. Outcomes of this study will enhance the sustainable use of waste products such as RCA and RAP in the construction industry and relieve the stresses on natural quarry products.
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NASSI, Marianna. "Reactive transport of pollutants in porous media". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2389259.
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Accidental or deliberate crude oil spills have been, and still continue to be, a significant source of environmental pollution, and pose a serious environmental problem, due to the possibility of air, water and soil contamination. Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as 1,1-dichloroethylene (DCE) and aromatic hydrocarbons, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene) constitute a significant fraction of hazardous air and water pollution. Human beings are exposed to elevated levels of a wide spectrum of VOCs, many of which have been found to be toxic and potentially carcinogenic. Removal of these organic contaminants from water and wastewater has been achieved using several treatment technologies, such as advanced oxidation processes, air stripping, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration and adsorption.
Adsorption processes can be successfully used when contaminants are not amenable to fast biological degradation. Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRB) are one of the most promising passive treatment technologies, due to their effectiveness regarding various contaminants, and their low cost compared to other in situ technologies. Typical PRB configuration consists in a permeable treatment zone placed vertically to the flow path of groundwater, which contains reactive material that immobilises or decomposes the contaminants by adsorption as the groundwater flows through it.
PRBs are installed as permanent, semi-permanent, or replaceable units. A wide variety of pollutants are degraded, precipitated, sorbed or exchanged in the reactive zone, including chlorinated solvents, heavy metals, radionuclides and other organic and inorganic species.
Conventional permeable reactive barriers for the decontamination of water are based on systems which most widely use Granular Activated Carbon (GAC).
GAC has been shown to be only slightly effective in treating water containing very soluble compounds, such as oxygenated organics, or low molecular weight compounds, such as DCE and vinyl chloride (VC). However, their use for the removal of organic contaminants in water and wastewater applications can be complicated by the presence of dissolved natural organic matter in the water stream being treated, which can decrease the removal efficiency of GAC. When activated carbon is saturated, it has to be regenerated or renewed, which is rather an expensive operation. The adsorbed molecules are then released and still have to be destroyed by thermal treatments. Moreover, this additional treatment also degrades the activated carbon adsorption properties in the long term [1]. Zero-valent iron (ZVI), which directly degrades several contaminants, appears to be ineffective too, both on irreducible compounds such as DCE and chlorobenzenes as well as on hydrocarbons. Furthermore, when ZVI is used, it causes a reduction in the permeability of the barrier due to encrustations or precipitation of minerals which derive from the reactions between the ions of the oxidised metal and the substances contained in the groundwater [1-2]. Therefore, when operating with a barrier based on metallic iron alone, the chemical reduction reaction of the reducible compounds can require from 1 to 2 days. In this case, it is only the thickness of the iron which can ensure the time necessary for completing the reactions and large quantities are required to guarantee the complete decontamination of the groundwater.
Recently, high-silica zeolites were shown to be more effective than activated carbon or ZVI in removing certain organics from water [3-4].
The selection of zeolites from among the large variety of adsorbent materials is based on their stability and efficiency properties.
To date, the adsorption mechanisms of zeolites in gas phase systems have been widely investigated. On the contrary, studies and applications on organic pollutants adsorption in microporous zeolitic materials from aqueous media have been relatively scarce. Adsorption from gas phase systems can significantly differ from that observed from the corresponding aqueous solutions, due to the highly polar nature of water molecules. In literature, it has been reported that water plays a very important role in the diffusion of hydrocarbons in the zeolite pore system. In particular, large amounts of co-adsorbed water molecules block the migration of host molecules such as alkanes and olefins, thus reducing the adsorption capacity of zeolites, especially at low adsorbate concentrations. As a consequence, water acts as a screen between the cationic sites of the zeolite and the hydrocarbon molecules (screening effect) and reduces both the sorption volume (steric effect) and the aperture of the zeolite windows (blocking effect). On the contrary, small amounts of co-adsorbed water lower the extent of specific adsorption without significant blocking effects. However, as mentioned above, this research on hydrocarbon adsorption has also mainly been focused on single components from air matrices, whereas there are few studies involving aqueous dilute solutions. Nonetheless, in most environmental applications, these pollutants are present as very dilute aqueous solution mixtures.
The work developed in the present thesis is part of a wider project whose purpose is to study the interaction and mobility of groundwater pollutants adsorbed in zeolite pores, in order to improve the efficiency of permeable reactive barriers. This project involves Ferrara and Bologna Universities with the financial support of the ENI and the scientific support of Dr. Roberto Bagatin of the research centre of Novara. Several techniques were employed such as X ray diffraction, gas chromatography, IR spectroscopy, thermal analyses, as well as computational studies.
In this thesis, combined diffractometric, thermogravimetric and gas chromatographic techniques were employed to study the adsorption process in order to: 1) investigate the adsorptive properties of these hydrophobic synthetic zeolites; 2) characterise their structure after the adsorption of selected contaminants (1-2 dichloroethane, tert-butyl methyl ether and toluene); 3) localise the organic species in the zeolite channel system; 4) probe the interactions between organic molecules and framework oxygen atoms; 5) compare the adsorption data for a mixture of these contaminants with concentrations in the ppb and ppm range; 6) characterise the kinetic of the adsorption processes.
In particular, the thermodynamic and kinetic of the adsorption processes of contaminants on hydrophobic zeolites were obtained by using complementary, batch, linear and non-linear chromatography and thermogravimetry techniques. Batch and non-linear chromatography were mainly used to measure the adsorption isotherms for the compounds of interest. The adsorption isotherm is useful in representing the capacity of a zeolite to adsorb organics from waste, and in providing description of the functional dependence of capacity on the concentration of pollutants. Experimental determination of the isotherm allows to evaluate the feasibility of adsorption for treatment, to select a zeolite, and to estimate adsorbent dosage requirements. Moreover, it is possible to evaluate the adsorption energy distribution of the process from isotherm parameters. Batch and linear chromatography, instead, were employed to investigate the kinetic of the adsorption. Kinetics deals with changes in chemical properties in time and is especially concerned with the rate of changes and plays a fundamental role in determining the proper time contact for the removal of pollutant components from wastewater. In addition, an original theoretical model able to give information regarding the kinetic and the thermodynamic constants of systems in which both reactions and adsorption processes occur simultaneously was developed. To investigate the adsorption mechanism, diffraction techniques were employed to localize the organics adsorbed into the zeolite structure. The information gathered by this latter investigation – in cooperation with the Earth Science Department UNIFE - allows to define the interactions between organic molecules and zeolite framework. Finally, adsorption on mesoporous materials was investigated. It is well known that water is contaminated by different classes of substances, and zeolites are mainly suitable for molecules with dimensions comparable to that of their pores. However, many compounds belonging to the class of emergent contaminants have large molecular dimensions, and in such cases mesoporous materials can be more efficient than zeolites. To accomplish this task MCM-41 and HMS were synthesized and characterised – this work was carried out at the ‘Institut Charles Gerhardt (ICG), Matériaux Avancés pour la Catalyse et la Santé (MACS)’ at Montpellier (France) with the supervision of Prof. Francesco di Renzo and Dr. Anne Galarneau – and then the adsorption of acid perfluorooctanoic onto these mesoporous materials was performed.
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MELZI, GLORIA. "IN VITRO GENOTOXIC EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2434/945908.
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Il particolato atmosferico (Particulate matter – PM) è costituito da un complesso mix di particelle molto eterogenee tra loro. È riconosciuto dalla comunità scientifica come pericoloso per l’uomo. La sua pericolosità dipende non soltanto dalla dimensione delle particelle, ma anche, e soprattutto, dalla loro composizione chimica. La deposizione del PM all’interno del polmone induce stress ossidativo e la produzione di mediatori dell’infiammazione, come risposta acuta. In seguito, l’induzione di danno al DNA e l’alterata capacità di riparare questi danni, può portare all’accumulo di mutazioni.
Questo lavoro è parte del progetto PRIN 2017 RHAPS (Redox-activity and Health-effects of Atmospheric Primary and Secondary aerosol) e del progetto Horizon2020 RAPTOR (Research of Aviation PM Technologies, mOdelling and Regulation) e ha lo scopo di valutare l’effetto del PM derivante da differenti sorgenti su cellule epiteliali bronchiali (BEAS-2B) e su cellule di tessuto polmonare (Calu-3), prendendo in considerazione l’induzione di stress ossidativo, di genotossicità e infiammazione.
Con la campagna RHAPS sono stati raccolti e analizzati differenti tipi di polveri e di filtri provenienti dall’area urbana (Bologna) e dall’area rurale (San Pietro Capofiume) e raccolti durante la stagione invernale ed estiva. Le polveri sono state risospese in acqua e i trattamenti sono stati effettuati a diverse concentrazioni, mentre il PM1 raccolto su filtri è stato estratto in acqua tramite agitazione meccanica e diluito in terreno per il trattamento (diluizione 1:10). Il progetto RAPTOR invece si è focalizzato sullo studio di campioni di emissioni di differenti tipi di carburanti provenienti da motori di aerei. Questi campioni sono stati testati in condizioni definite “Air-Liquid Interface” con il sistema di esposizione Cloud. Questo sistema permette la nebulizzazione del campione di particolato raccolto e la deposizione dello stesso a diretto contatto con le cellule, senza la presenza del terreno di coltura.
Tutti i trattamenti sono stati effettuai per 24 ore ad eccezione del test per la valutazione della formazione di specie reattive dell’ossigeno (ROS) che ha previsto un trattamento più breve (30 minuti e 1 ora). La vitalità cellulare è stata valutata (con MTT test o test del LDH) al fine di utilizzare concentrazioni non citotossiche per i test di genotossicità. La formazione di ROS è stata valutata con il test DCFH-DA. Inoltre, il danno al DNA è stato valutato con diversi tipi di test: il comet test, il test per la fosforilazione dell’istone H2AX e il test dei micronuclei. Per verificare la presenza di danno ossidativo a livello delle basi del DNA sono state utilizzate le endonucleasi ENDOIII e FPG. La valutazione dell’infiammazione è stata effettuata tramite lo studio della citochina IL-8 sia a livello genico sia a livello di rilascio proteico. L’analisi dell’espressione genica è stata condotta anche per i geni coinvolti nel riparo del danno al DNA (ATM e GADD45α), nello stress ossidativo (HMOX e NQO1) e in altri meccanismi (ACE-2 e MUC5AC).
I parametri sopra citati sono stati alterati dai campioni presi in esame. Alcuni campioni hanno portato all’incremento della formazione di ROS e basi ossidate sul DNA. La linea cellulare BEAS-2B è risultata molto sensibile alla formazione di danno al DNA, come evidenziato dal test dei micronuclei e dell’istone H2AX fosforilato. Per quanto riguarda la modulazione di IL-8, non sono state riscontrate variazioni a livello genico, tuttavia la secrezione della proteina risulta alterata. Infine, lo studio dei geni coinvolti nel riparo del DNA e stress ossidativo ha rivelato l’influenza significativa sulla loro espressione delle particelle analizzate.
In conclusione, i risultati ottenuti rispecchiano le differenti caratteristiche chimiche dei campioni analizzati. In particolare, non si evidenzia una correlazione tra l’effetto tossico e la concentrazione in massa del particolato raccolto. La composizione chimica invece potrebbe meglio spiegare i risultati ottenuti.Particulate matter (PM) is a complex and heterogeneous mixture of particles and has been recognized as a threat for human health. Hazardousness of PM is not only dependent on its dimensions, but also and in particular on its chemical composition. Initially, PM deposition in human alveoli induces oxidative stress and production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Later, the onset of DNA damages and their possible misrepair can lead to mutations. This project is part of the PRIN 2017 project RHAPS (Redox-activity and Health-effects of Atmospheric Primary and Secondary aerosol) and of the Horizon2020 project RAPTOR (Research of Aviation PM Technologies, mOdelling and Regulation). The aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of PM coming from different sources on a bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) and lung epithelial cell line (Calu-3) considering oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and inflammation as main endpoints. RHAPS campaign allowed the collection and analysis of different dusts and filters collected in winter and in summer 2021. Winter PM was collected in Bologna (urban site) and San Pietro Capofiume (BO, rural site), while summer only in the site of Bologna. Dusts were diluted in water and used at different concentration to treat the cells, while PM1 was extracted in water with mechanic agitation and cells were treated with the extract diluted 1:10 in complete medium. RAPTOR allowed the collection of the emission of different types of aircraft engines, that were testes in air-liquid interface condition with an innovative method of exposure, the Cloud system, which allow the nebulization of the PM samples and the consequent deposition on the cells. All the analysis were performed at 24 hours, with the only exception of reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection that was analysed at 30 minutes and 1 hours. Cell viability was assessed with the MTT assay (RHAPS) and LDH assay (RAPTOR) and results were considered in order to avoid the use of cytotoxic concentration of further tests. ROS were detected with DCFH-DA assay. Moreover, comet assay modified with endonucleases ENDOIII and FPG allowed the detection of oxidative damage on the DNA bases. The alkaline version of the comet assay, the immunofluorescence for the phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX), and the micronuclei test were used to highlight DNA damage at single and double strands as well as at chromosomal level. Inflammation was evaluated through the analysis of the release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and CXCL-8 mRNA expression. Gene expression analysis was performed also for other genes involved in the DNA repair pathway (ATM and GADD45α), oxidative stress (HMOX and NQO1), and other mechanisms (ACE-2 and MUC5AC). Differences were detected in all the assays’ results among the samples analysed. Some samples showed increase level of ROS and oxidised DNA bases. Moreover, BEAS-2B cells resulted to be very sensitive to DNA damage as analysed by the presence of micronuclei and γ-H2AX. IL-8 secretion is stimulated in particular in some of the samples analysed, and its gene expression does not differ much from control level. Also, the other genes analysed showed different pattern of activation, depending on the samples with which they were treated. Interestingly, these results could be explained at the light of the chemical composition of the PM more than with the only analysis of PM mass concentration parameter; chemical composition seems to really drive the toxicological effect highlighted in this research.
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Rammohan, Pavitra. "Performance of vegetated roadsides in removing stormwater pollutants". Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3774.
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Stormwater runoff from highways can contain pollutants such as suspended solids, nitrogen and phosphorus, organic material, and heavy metals. Growing awareness leading to regulatory requirements reflects the need to protect the environment from highway runoff effects. The management practice discussed in this study is the use of vegetated roadsides. The primary objective of this research is to document the potential treatment values from vegetated roadsides typical of common rural highway cross sections in two Texas cities: Austin and College Station. Three sites in each city were examined in this study over a 14-month monitoring period. No significant difference between the edges of pavement pollutant concentrations were observed at any of the research sites in the two study areas. This allowed for direct comparisons of the vegetated roadsides and their associated site characteristics such as annual daily traffic (ADT), dry period, and rainfall intensity. The scatter plots of College Station data show that concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS), total Pb, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in runoff are dependent on the antecedent dry period and decrease with longer dry periods. The results show that pollutant concentrations are not highly dependent on ADT. However, the results show that the number of vehicles during the storm (VDS) was evaluated and accepted as a satisfactory independent variable for estimating the loads of total Pb and TSS. The results of correlation analysis show that the concentrations of total Pb and chemical oxygen demand are significantly correlated with TSS levels. The findings indicate that nitrate concentrations in runoff is most dependent on the average daily traffic using the highway during the preceding dry period as well as the duration of that dry period. Sites 2 and 3 in College Station are steeper but outperformed Site 1 which has much flatter slopes. This could be accounted for by the poor vegetative cover (brown patches) at Site 1. In the Austin sites, the permeable friction course appeared to have a significant impact on the quality of runoff leaving the road surface. On the whole, the results of this study indicate that vegetated roadsides could be used as a management practice for controlling and treating stormwater runoff from Texas highways.
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Kolář, Michal. "Degradation of organic pollutants employing various photocatalytic systems". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00731166.
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La dégradation photoinduite du Monuron (herbicide) a été étudiée dans trois systèmes différents produisant des radicaux hydroxyle : en présence du complexe Fe(III)Cit, dans une suspension de TiO2 et dans un système combiné Fe(III)Cit / TiO2. Le but principal était d'améliorer l'efficacité photocatalytique. La spéciation et la photoactivité du complexe ont été déterminées en fonction du pH. La cinétique de dégradation du Monuron photoinduite par le complexe se fait en deux étapes avec deux sources successives de radicaux °OH : 1) photolyse du complexe ; 2) cycle photoredox du fer. La présence de TiO2 améliore l'efficacité du système Fe(III)Cit à pH acide alors qu'à pH neutre l'efficacité du système est complètement inhibée. La concentration en oxygène et le pH sont les facteurs clés en présence du complexe Fe(III)Cit. De plus, dans un système pilote utilisant du TiO2, l'influence d'un solvant organique lors de la dégradation du 4-chlorophénol en milieu aquatique a été examinée.
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Akinyeye, Richard Odunayo. "Nanostructured polypyrrole impedimetric sensors for anthropogenic organic pollutants". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5301_1248150815.
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The main aim of this study was to develop a novel strategy for harnessing the properties of electroconductive polymers in sensor technology by using polymeric nanostructured blends in the preparation of high performance sensor devices.
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Koskela, A. (Antti). "Bone as a target for persistent organic pollutants". Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2016. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526214306.
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Abstract Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are ubiquitous and bioaccumulative man-made chemicals, resistant to chemical, biological and photolytic degradation and widely distributed to sediments, wildlife, and human. Many of these chemicals have adverse effects on a variety of targets, including the endocrine system, organogenesis and reproduction. Due to these effects and wide distribution, many of them are either banned or strictly controlled. However, because of persistency, they continue to interact with organisms globally. Despite the existing knowledge of the adverse effects of POPs, the effects of many chemicals on bone tissue are still poorly known. In the present study, we investigated the adverse effects of three common POPs, including tributyltin (TBT), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on the skeletal system. In vitro models were used to study the effects of PFOA in mouse and in human, and the co-effects of TBT and TCDD on differentiating osteoblasts and osteoclasts of mice. An in vivo model for mice was used to study the developmental effects of maternal PFOA-exposure on pups among with morphometrical and biomechanical property analyses. Mass-spectrometry was used to study the presence of PFOA in bones both in mice and in human, the latter acquired from the bone bank held in the Oulu University Hospital, Finland. The bones were also analyzed with cone beam computer tomography and microcomputer tomography. The results show that PFOA exposure in utero and during lactation leads to the accumulation of PFOA in bone, traceable even 17 months after exposure. PFOA exposure decreased the mineral density of the tibias and increased the medullary area. Nearly all of the human samples contained PFAS, including PFOA. PFOA also disturbed the differentiation of osteoblasts and with lower doses, increased bone resorption of osteoclasts both in mouse and human, the phenomenon being slightly stronger in mice. Co-exposure to TBT and TCDD led to decreased differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclast, and the co-effect was partially synergistic in osteoblasts. These results show disruption of bone development, bone cell differentiation, and PFAS accumulation in bone. Further studies are recommended to evaluate the co-effects of different POPs and the possible effects of long-term accumulation of POPs in bone and other tissuesTiivistelmä Pysyvät orgaaniset ympäristömyrkyt (POP-yhdisteet) ovat kemikaaleja, jotka ovat levinneet ihmisen toiminnan seurauksena laajalle ympäristöön, sen eliöihin ja ihmisiin. Monilla POP-yhdisteillä on haitallisia vaikutuksia esimerkiksi hormonaaliseen toimintaan, elinten muodostukseen ja hedelmällisyyteen. Toksisten vaikutusten ja niiden yleisyyden vuoksi monien POP-yhdisteiden käyttö on joko rajattua tai kielletty kokonaan. Laajan levinneisyytensä ja hitaan puoliintumisaikansa takia POP-yhdisteet ovat kuitenkin edelleen vuorovaikutuksessa ympäristön ja sen eliöiden kanssa. POP-yhdisteiden luustovaikutuksista tiedetään edelleen vähän. Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkittiin kolmen yleisen POP-yhdisteen, tributyylitinan (TBT), 2,3,7,8-tetraklooridibentso-p-dioksiinin (TCDD) ja perfluoro-oktaanihapon (PFOA), vaikutuksia luustoon. PFOA:n vaikutuksia hiiren ja ihmisen luustoon sekä TBT:n ja TCDD:n yhteisvaikutuksia hiiren erilaistuvien osteoblastien ja osteoklastien suhteen selvitettiin in vitro -malleilla. In vivo -mallilla tutkittiin hiiriemon PFOA-altistuksen vaikutusta syntyvien poikasten luuston kehitykseen ja remodelaatioon analysoimalla poikkileikekuvia sekä luiden biomekaanisia ominaisuuksia. Lisäksi luiden PFOA-pitoisuudet mitattiin massaspektrometrilla. Tutkimusta laajennettiin ihmiseen analysoimalla Oulun yliopistollisen sairaalan luupankkinäytteitä. Ihmisnäytteet analysoitiin myös kartiokeila-TT:n ja mikro-TT:n avulla. Tulosten mukaan PFOA kertyy luuhun; hiiriltä voitiin mitata PFOA-pitoisuuksia jopa 17 kuukautta altistumisen jälkeen. Lisäksi PFOA-altistus pienensi luun mineraalitiheyttä ja kasvatti luuydinontelon tilavuutta. Lähes kaikki ihmisluunäytteet sisälsivät PFOA:ta ja muita PFAS-yhdisteitä. Solukokeiden perusteella PFOA-altistus häiritsee osteoblastien erilaistumista ja pienillä pitoisuuksilla lisää osteoklastien luunhajotusta sekä hiirellä että ihmisellä. TBT:n ja TCDD:n yhteisaltistus vaikuttaa puolestaan vähentävän sekä osteoblastien että osteoklastien erilaistumista ja toimintaa; osteoblastien osalta yhteisvaikutus oli osaksi synergistinen. Väitöskirja antaa lisätietoa POP-yhdisteiden vaikutuksista luun kehitykseen ja luusolujen erilaistumiseen sekä PFAS-yhdisteiden kertymisestä luuhun. Väitöksessä myös suositellaan lisätutkimuksia yhdisteiden yhteisvaikutuksista sekä pitkän aikavälin ympäristökemikaalikertymän vaikutuksista luussa ja muissa kudoksissa
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Boshoff, Aileen. "The biotransformation of phenolic pollutants using polyphenol oxidase". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004035.
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The potential of using mushroom polyphenol oxidase (EC 1.14.18.1) as a biocatalyst for the biotransformation of phenols to produce catechols in an aqueous medium was investigated. Polyphenol oxidase is characterised by two distinct reactions i.e., the ortho-hydroxylation of phenols to catechols (cresolase activity) and the subsequent oxidation of catechols to orthoquinones (catecholase activity). In order to facilitate the development of a process to produce catechols, the accumulation of catechol as a true intermediate product released in the reaction system needed to be investigated, as its release had been disputed due to the oxidation of catechols to o-quinones. Using LC-MS, catechol products were successfully identified as true intermediate products formed during biocatalytic reactions in water.
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Nasser, Zeina. "Outdoor air pollutants and cardiovascular diseases in Lebanon". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/221755.
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Outdoor air pollution is increasingly considered as a serious risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). High levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) constitute the greatest international air pollution threat. The purpose of this thesis is to broaden our knowledge regarding the relationship between outdoor air pollution and cardiovascular diseases in the Middle Eastern countries, specifically in Lebanon. Moreover, we aimed to develop a scale as CVD screening tool among the Lebanese population. To achieve these goals, we conducted three studies. The first was a systematic review of the literature aiming to assess levels and sources of PM across the Middle East area and to search for an evidence of relationship between PM exposure and CVD (Paper I).The second manuscript was a multicenter case-control study investigating the association between outdoor pollutants and cardiovascular diseases among Lebanese adults (Paper II) while the third study was conducted to develop a score that can be used as a screening tool in clinical and epidemiological settings among the Lebanese adults (Paper III).The annual average values of PM pollutants in the Middle East region are considered to be much higher than the WHO 2006 tolerated levels (PM2.5 = 10 µg/m3, PM10 = 20 µg/m3). We uncovered evidence of an association between PM and CVD in 4 Middle East countries: Iran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. Ambient PM pollution is considered a potential risk factor for platelet activation and atherosclerosis. Moreover, it was associated with CVD and found to be linked with an increased risk for mortality and hospital admissions (Paper I). Increased risk of CVD with an odds ratio OR of 5.04, 95% CI (4.44-12.85) for living near busy highway and 4.76, 95% CI (2.07-10.91) for living close to local diesel generator was noticed among population exposed to outdoor air pollution (Paper II). In addition, our results highlight the importance of scale generation, which includes air pollution as predictive factor, as screening tool for patients at risk of CVD. This scale can foresee the cardiovascular disease outcomes better than the established score which use the traditional CVD risk factors (Paper III).In conclusion this study brings new evidence regarding the effects of particulate matter on cardiac diseases, points out the harmful role of diesel exhaust on health and suggest a an important role of traffic exhaust particles in exacerbating heart diseases in the Middle East Region. The developed scale could detect persons at high risk for CVD in the clinical and epidemiological settings. In addition, it serves as an essential public health screening tool for the primary prevention of CVD.Doctorat en Santé Publique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Raff, Jonathan Daniel. "Transport of organic pollutants and their atmospheric fates". [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3292440.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, 2007.Title from dissertation home page (viewed May 28, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-11, Section: B, page: 7189. Adviser: Ronald A. Hites.
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Allen, Deborah. "The removal of gaseous pollutants during coal combustion". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335690.
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Cousins, Ian T. "Air-soil exchange of persistent organic pollutants (POPs)". Thesis, Lancaster University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310506.
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Bharali, Bhagawan. "Ecophysiological effects of atmospheric pollutants on terricolous mosses". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322300.
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Manley, Catherine Jane. "Environmental variables, including pollutants, affecting living benthonic Foraminiferida". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1706.
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Studies of living benthonic foraminiferal assemblages carried out by marine biologists are comparatively rare. This study of the changes in foraminiferal assemblages from three subtidal sites near Plymouth, U.K., has been carried out with the intention of determining the importance of various abiotic and biotic variables to the foraminiferal communities studied using statistical correlation. Temperature and salinity at depth and particle size characteristics together with organic content, bacterial abundance and type, and other meiofauna present were assessed monthly with samples taken for foraminiferal content, and for seasonal diatom analysis. Deformed specimens were very rare in the examined samples of natural assemblages. Three different systems were used in an attempt to culture Elphidium crispiim (Linne) for ecotoxicological studies, which failed. Ecotoxicological studies were carried out upon Roialieila elaticam Pawlowski & Lee and adult Ammonia batavits (Hofker). The types of deformation produced by laboratory-maintained Foraminiferida were found not to be specific to the stressor used and, therefore, the use of this group of Protozoa as indicators of specific pollution is not possible. The methods which Elphidium crispiim utilises to remain epifaunal were investigated and found to be primarily controlled by phototaxis, together with geotaxis.
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Cha, Jimin. "Analysis of model environmental pollutants : preliminary microcalorimetric studies". Thesis, University of Kent, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308821.
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Robbins, H. J. "Effects of roadside pollutants on insect/plant interactions". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354405.
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Zaballa, Vicente. "Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants with TiOâ‚‚ electrodes". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248657.
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Pullen, Jon. "The effects of acidic air pollutants on concrete". Thesis, Open University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357226.
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Smith, Jaydee Howard. "Studies of aerial pollutants in an experimental piggery". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337693.
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