Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Pollination by insects

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Pollination by insects”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 3 marca 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Pollination by insects"

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NUGROHO, ARI, TRI ATMOWIDI i SIH KAHONO. "Diversitas Serangga Penyerbuk dan Pembentukkan Buah Tanaman Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.)". Jurnal Sumberdaya Hayati 5, nr 1 (24.06.2019): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jsdh.5.1.11-17.

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Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is an entomophilous plant which is need insects for pollination. Pollinator insects increase cocoa’s fruit set. The aim of this research were to study diversity of pollinator insects, visiting activity of fly, Forcipomyia (Diptera), and fruit set of cocoa. Observation of pollinator insects was conducted by scan sampling method. Visiting activity of Forcipomyia were observed based on duration visit per flower, number of flowers visited per minute, and duration of activity on flowers. Pollen load on body of Forcipomyia were measured. Pollination effectiveness of insect were measured from the number and size of the cocoa fruit. Result showed that 19 species of insects visitors on cocoa flowers were observed. Nine species are pollinator of cocoa’s plants i.e. Forcipomyia, Cecidomyia, Stilobezzia, Drosophila, Orimarga, Dolichoderus, Pheidole, Megachile, and Nomia. Cocoa pollination by insects produced 3% fruit higher than flowers without insect pollination. Pollination by insects produced size and weight of fruit, and number of seed per fruit were higher than pollination without insects.
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Kusuma, Ramadhani Mahendra, i Wiwin Windriyanti. "Effective Behavior of Insects Pollinators of Flowers in Gadung Mango Clone 21 Variety". Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 27, nr 4 (25.10.2022): 596–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.18343/jipi.27.4.596.

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Pollinating insects are referred as support services, namely services by the processes in the ecosystems that support human well-being by maintaining or enhancing ecosystem services. The availability of flowers, diversity, and behavior of visiting pollinator insects affect the effectiveness of pollination to increase the formation of fruit sets of mango plants. The purpose of this study is to observe the behavior of pollinator insects visiting the mango gadung clone 21 varieties and their effectiveness in increasing the formation of fruit sets. Research has been carried out on two flower seasons: March-May (Off season) and July-September (On season) 2020. Visiting behaviors observed were the number of visits per minute (foraging rate) and the length of visit per flower (flower handling time). Pollination effectiveness was measured from the number of fruit sets formed from the open flower panicles and confined with a tangerine gauze. The results of the study obtained seven species including Apis sp., Trigona sp., Xylocopa sp., Polistes sp. 1, Polistes sp. 2, Chrysomya sp., and Eristalis sp. Visits of pollinating insects on the highest number of mango panicle flowers were (31.69 ± 7.69) flowers / 60 seconds by Trigona sp insects, and the lowest numbers were (2.70 ± 0.67) flowers / 60 seconds by Eristalis sp. insects. The longest visits of pollinator insects on mango flowers were obtained by Eristalis sp for (25.3 ± 8.50) sec/individual/flower and the shortest visits were by Trigona sp for (1.8 ± 0.63) seconds/individual/flower. Insect pollination increases fruit formation by 267.5%. Keywords: insect visits, pollinating insects, fruit formation, gadung 21 varieties mango
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Alfawwaz, Muhammad Dzaky, Agus Dana Permana i Ramadhani Eka Putra. "Diversity and Abundance of Insects Pollinator of Chayote (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz". Jurnal Biodjati 7, nr 1 (30.05.2022): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/biodjati.v7i1.13881.

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Chayote plants (Sechium edule) with monoecious characters require a pollination process. The pollination process requires pollinating agents to increase its productivity, one of which is insects. This research aimed to determine the diversity and abundance of insects pollinator on chayote plants. Observation of diversity and abundance used a scan sampling method. Pollinator insects observations were carried out in 3 time periods, morning, afternoon, and evening on male and female flowers. We measured environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and light intensity. Eight species of wild insects pollinated chayote flowers, Apis cerana, Apis dorsata, Lasioglossum leucozonium, Polistes sagittarius, Phimenes flavopictus, Campsomeriella annulata, Lucilia sericata, and Musca domestica. The insect pollinators community had moderate diversity (1.23), a relatively dynamic community (0.59), and moderate dominance (0.62), with A. cerana, which had been the dominant insect pollinator with a relative abundance of 61.63%. Musca domestica and L. sericata were (0,58%) the least dominant insect pollinator with a relative abundance of 0.58%. This research concludes that the insects pollinator of chayote has a moderate level of diversity, relatively dynamic community, and average dominance.
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Wayo, Kanuengnit, Chama Phankaew, Alyssa B. Stewart i Sara Bumrungsri. "Bees are supplementary pollinators of self-compatible chiropterophilous durian". Journal of Tropical Ecology 34, nr 1 (styczeń 2018): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467418000019.

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Abstract:Nocturnally foraging insects may be supplementary pollinators to chiropterophilous plant species when bats are scarce. Given that insects are much smaller than bats, they may be more effective at transferring pollen for plant species with similar stamen and pistil lengths, such as the ‘Monthong’ durian cultivar. The present study clarifies the role of insects in pollinating the ‘Monthong’ cultivar by examining the floral biology, conducting pollination treatments on 19 trees and observing floral visitors in southern Thailand. Stigmas were receptive by 17h00, and over 50% of ‘Monthong’ anthers had dehisced by 17h30. Several bee species began foraging on flowers during the late afternoon, and the giant honey bee (Apis dorsata) continued to visit throughout the night. Our results show that at 4 wk after pollination, the highest fruit set occurred from hand-crossed pollination (13.5%), followed by open pollination (5.5%), insect pollination (3.3%) and automatic autogamy (2.0%), indicating that this cultivar is highly self-incompatible. Moreover, insects appear to be important pollinators of ‘Monthong’ durian in areas where nectar bats visit infrequently. One bee species in particular,Apis dorsata, commonly foraged on flowers at dusk and appears to be the most effective insect pollinator of durian. Our findings highlight that nocturnally foraging bees are capable of securing pollination for night-blooming plant taxa, even those typically considered to be bat-pollinated.
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Allifah AF, Asyik Nur, Farida Bahalwan i Nur Alim Natsir. "Keanekaragaman Dan Kelimpahan Serangga Polinator Pada Perkebunan Mentimun (Cucumis sativus L) Desa Waiheru Ambon". Biosel: Biology Science and Education 9, nr 1 (31.05.2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33477/bs.v9i1.1314.

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Pollinator insects are insects that play a role in pollination, namely intermediaries pollinating plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the abundance and diversity of insects pollinators in the Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) Plantation of Waiheru Village, Baguala District, Ambon City. Sampling was done by purposive sampling using a yellow glue trap (Yellow sticky trap). The customer observations are made in visual control. Observation starts at 07.00 WIT until 18.00 WIT which is divided into 3 time periods, namely: 07.00-10.00 WIT, 11.00-14.00 WIT and 15.00-18.00 WIT. The data obtained were analyzed using the diversity index (H ') according to Shannon and Wiener. The results showed that the total abundance of pollinator insects in vegetable plantations was 1220 individuals, consisting of 3 orders and 5 families. Insect families that play a role in the process of pollination are Family Apidae, Formicidae, Syrpidae, Muscidae and Papilionidae. The highest abundance of insects is dominated by the Formicidae Family while the lowest abundance is the Papilionidae Family. Value insect pollinator diversity found among the sites that H '= 1.21 which indicates that the level of diversity of insect pollinators on plantations Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) in the Waiheru Village, Baguala District, Ambon City in the medium category.
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Vaz, Carlos G., Domingos de Oliveira i Orlando S. Ohashi. "Pollinator Contribution to the Production of Cowpea in the Amazon". HortScience 33, nr 7 (grudzień 1998): 1157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.7.1157.

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Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., is a very important legume in the diet of the population of the Amazon. Although it is autogamous, this species has a cross-pollination rate of ≈10%. Over several years, the mean productivity of cowpea has declined. We suggest that this is linked to a decrease in or an absence of pollinating insects in the fields. The objective of this study is to ascertain the pollinator contribution to cowpea production, as well as to determine the pollination type of the `BR3-Tracuateua' cultivar. In an experimental design, four treatments were compared: no pollination, with flowers in cages to prevent insect visits; open-pollination, with flowers exposed to all visiting insects; self-pollination, with flowers pollinated with their own pollen; and cross-pollination, with emasculated flowers being pollinated manually with pollen from another plant. We observed higher fruit set in the presence of pollinators (83%) than in their absence (77%, caged flowers). However, cross-pollination reduced both the number of seeds per pod and fruit set relative to self-pollination. This result suggests that pollinators have a complementary role in the yield of cowpea, by creating a mixed pollination system where self-pollination dominates.
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SITOMPUL, AIDA FITRIANI, ELIDA HAFNI SIREGAR, DEWI IMELDA ROESMA, DAHELMI DAHELMI i EKO PRASETYA. "Molecular identification of coffee (Coffea arabica) pollinator insects in North Sumatra, Indonesia based on designed COI primers". Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, nr 5 (21.09.2018): 1876–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190540.

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Sitompul F, Siregar EH, Roesma DI, Dahelmi, Prasetya E. 2018. Molecular identification of coffee (Coffea arabica) pollinator insects in North Sumatra, Indonesia based on designed COI primers. Biodiversitas 19: 1877-1883. Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is one of the most important economic commodities in the province of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Insects associated with pollination of C. arabica are one of the key factors for successful cultivation of C. arabica, but, the research regarding of these was still limited. The population of coffee plant is scattered across the highlands of Indonesia and the pollination of C. arabica is strongly believed linked to a diverse group of pollinating insects. However, lack of taxonomic identification of insects pollinating these plants has become one of constraints to succeed the cultivation of C. Arabica. This study aimed to analyze types and variations of pollinating insects of C. arabica in the province of North Sumatra, Indonesia, using DNA barcoding. DNA barcoding is now considered an alternative method of molecular identification. Sixteen of C. arabica flower visitors were captured in different planting location in North Sumatra province. Using mtDNA markers, the cytochrome oxidase subunit sequence I (COI), about 12 pollinator insect species were identified based on the COI sequence i.e Amegilla cingulata, Apis dorsata, Apis cerana, Trigona chanchamayoensis, Idiella divisa, Dolichopodidae sp., Allactoneura sp., Stomorhina discolor, Phytomia erratica, Rhiniidae sp., Melipona bicolor, and Hymenoptera sp.
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Li, Nannan, Yizhao Huang, Wei Li i Shufa Xu. "Virome Analysis Reveals Diverse and Divergent RNA Viruses in Wild Insect Pollinators in Beijing, China". Viruses 14, nr 2 (24.01.2022): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020227.

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Insect pollinators provide major pollination services for wild plants and crops. Honeybee viruses can cause serious damage to honeybee colonies. However, viruses of other wild pollinating insects have yet to be fully explored. In the present study, we used RNA sequencing to investigate the viral diversity of 50 species of wild pollinating insects. A total of 3 pathogenic honeybee viruses, 8 previously reported viruses, and 26 novel viruses were identified in sequenced samples. Among these, 7 novel viruses were shown to be closely related to honeybee pathogenic viruses, and 4 were determined to have potential pathogenicity for their hosts. The viruses detected in wild insect pollinators were mainly from the order Picornavirales and the families Orthomyxoviridae, Sinhaliviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Flaviviridae. Our study expanded the species range of known insect pollinator viruses, contributing to future efforts to protect economic honeybees and wild pollinating insects.
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Labandeira, Conrad C. "The Paleobiology of Pollination and its Precursors". Paleontological Society Papers 6 (listopad 2000): 233–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600000784.

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Perhaps the most conspicuous of associations between insects and plants is pollination. Pollinating insects are typically the first and most obvious of interactions between insects and plants when one encounters a montane meadow or a tropical woodland. The complex ecological structure of insect pollinators and their host plants is a central focus within the ever-expanding discipline of plant-insect interactions. The relationships between plants and insects have provided the empirical documentation of many case-studies that have resulted in the formulation of biological principles and construction of theoretical models, such as the role of foraging strategy on optimal plant-resource use, the advantages of specialized versus generalized host preferences as viable feeding strategies, and whether “pollination syndromes” are meaningful descriptions that relate flower type to insect mouthpart structure and behavior (Roubik, 1989; Ollerton, 1996; Waser et al., 1996; Johnson and Steiner, 2000). Much of the recent extensive discussion of plant-insect associations has centered on understanding the origin, maintenance, and evolutionary change in plant/pollinator associations at ecological time scales and increasingly at longer-term macroevolutionary time intervals (Armbruster, 1992; Pellmyr and Leebens-Mack, 1999). Such classical plant-insect association studies—cycads and cycad weevils, figs and fig wasps, and yuccas and yucca moths—were explored at modern time scales and currently are being examined through a long-term geologic component that involves colonization models based on cladogenetic events of plant and insect associates, buttressed by the fossil record (Farrell, 1998; Pellmyr and Leebens-Mack, 1999; A. Herre,pers. comm.). In addition to tracing modern pollination to the earlier Cenozoic and later Mesozoic, there is a resurgence in understanding the evolutionary history of earlier palynivore taxa (spore, prepollen and pollen consumers), which led toward pollination as a mutualism (Scott et al., 1992).
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Eeraerts, Maxime, Lieve Borremans, Guy Smagghe i Ivan Meeus. "A Growers’ Perspective on Crop Pollination and Measures to Manage the Pollination Service of Wild Pollinators in Sweet Cherry Cultivation". Insects 11, nr 6 (15.06.2020): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11060372.

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Recent declines in insect pollinators and the increasing dependence on insect pollination in agriculture present major challenges to ensuring future food production. As part of the effort to deal with this challenge, there is a pressing need to understand growers’ perceptions with regard to pollinator diversity and crop pollination management. At present, many growers are dependent on domesticated honey bees (Apis mellifera), however, targeted management strategies involving naturally occurring pollinator species might be necessary to ensure future crop pollination. In this study we used semi-structured interviews to explore growers’ knowledge about crop pollination and current practices to manage insect pollination in sweet cherry cultivation. Our findings suggest that growers have a clear understanding of the importance of pollination and its determining factors. However, with respect to their current pollination management, growers depend mainly on honey bees and only apply measures to enhance wild pollinator communities to a limited extent. Our study highlights the gap between the growers’ perception of the contribution of wild pollinators to crop pollination, and their efforts to manage these species. We conclude that this is due to a lack of communication of recent scientific findings on the contribution of pollinating insects to crop pollination through the information channels that are being used by growers today. It is therefore crucial that scientists, government and other stakeholders work together with growers and communicate scientific evidence as well as practical guidelines to growers.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Pollination by insects"

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Cunnold, Helen Elizabeth. "Distinguishing pollination from visitation : the value of a pollinator effectiveness and pollinator importance network". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/16121.

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For over twenty years, flower-visitation networks have been used to assess the effects of pollinator decline, linked to habitat loss, climate change and invasive species, on entire communities. However, most rely on flower visit frequency as a proxy for pollination; very few sample pollen from flower visitor's bodies or from stigmas and so do not include a quantitative measure of pollination success. Here, I add pollinator effectiveness (as single visit pollen deposition) into a traditional flower visitation network, creating a pollinator importance network that better evaluates the flower visitor community from the plant's perspective. Given recent interest in pollination in urban areas, I use an urban garden habitat, and compare visitation, pollen transport and pollinator importance networks, giving several novel conclusions. Firstly, although there are similarities in the structure of my networks, interactions were most specialised in the pollinator importance network, with pollen transport proving to be a better proxy for pollinator importance than visitation alone. Secondly, the specialisation of individual plants and the role of individual flower visitors varied between the networks, suggesting that community-level patterns in simple visitation networks can mask important individual differences. Thirdly, the correlation between flower visit frequency and pollinator importance largely depends on bees, and may not hold in plant-pollinator communities that are not bee-dominated. Fourthly, heterospecific pollen deposition was relatively low, despite the unusually diverse plant community of a garden. Finally, bees (particularly Bombus and non-eusocial halictids) carried the largest pollen loads and were the most effective at depositing pollen on to the stigma during a single visit in this garden habitat. The implications of this thesis highlight the strengths and limitations of each network for future studies, and raise important questions for the future of urban pollination studies.
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Gryj-Rubenstein, Ellen Orli. "Conflicting forces shaping reproductive strategies of plants : florivory and pollination /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5126.

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Vezvaei, Ali. "Pollination studies in almond". Title page, contents and summary only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phv597.pdf.

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Hagler, James Robert. "Basic aspects of onion pollination". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184512.

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Difficulties in pollen transfer have adversely affected seed production of hybrid onion (Allium cepa L.) in the United States. Six onion cultivars were examined for differential attractiveness to the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). Honey bees clearly discriminated between the onion cultivars in both open plots and caged plots. Nectar secretion, nectar sugar concentration, nectar sugar composition, mectar potassium content, and flower phenology were correlated with honey bee visitation. Nectar secretion rates ranged from 0.54 to 0.84 ul per floret per day. Onion cultivars also demonstrated differential flowering potential. The cultivars produced from 176 to 359 flowers per umbel with 32 to 74 umbels per 30 onions. All onion cultivars examinaed contained viscous nectar with sugar concentrations ranging from 51 to 65% of total dissolved solids. Onion nectar was analyzed by gas chromatography to determine qualitative sugar differences among onion cultivars. All cultivars were hexose dominant with an approximately 1:1 fructose:glucose ratio. However, fructose was slightly more abundant than glucose. Sucrose was much less abundant than the hexose sugars. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry revealed little difference in potassium content among the A. cepa cultivars. Nectar potassium levels ranged from 5,300 ppm to 6,900 ppm. Cultivars with higher nectar potassium levels had fewer honey bee visits. Two honey bee bioassays were conducted. The first bioassay simulated the sugar and potassium composition of each onion cultivar. The honey bees selectively foraged on simulated nectars with low potassium and high sugar concentrations. The second bioassay was designed to test honey bee response to "phenolic-rich" solutions. The natural compounds tested were dilutions of salt cedar (Tamarix pentandra Pall.) honey, almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) honey, and aloe (Aloe littoralis L.) nectar. The pure synthetic compounds tested were caffeic acid and genestic acid. Generally, honey bees foraged preferentially on the lower phenolic concentrations, indicating that compounds high in phenolic composition inhibit honey bee foraging. Finally, seed yields of each of the cultivars were compared. Wide variations in yields were correlated with honey bee visitation, sugar composition, potassium levels, and flower phenology.
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Wilson, Trevor Craig. "Evolution of pollination in prostanthera labill. (lamiaceae)". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28905.

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Prostanthera Labill. (Lamiaceae) is traditionally divided into section Klanderia (F. Muell.) Benth. and section Prostanthera based on floral characteristics that correspond to putatively ornithophilous or entomophilous pollination syndromes. To better understand these pollination syndromes and how they evolved, the phylogenetic relationships, floral morphology, and pollination of Prostanthera were investigated. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian phylogenies for 66 (~75%) species of Prostanthera were constructed using chloroplast (trnT-F, nth-rpl32) and nuclear (ETS) genomes. In all cases Prostam‘hera was found to be paraphyletic with respect to Wrixonia. Prostanthera section Prostanthera was revealed to be paraphyletic relative to section Klanderia. A multivariate morphometric analysis of floral characteristics was also congruent with the molecular phylogenies and identified a single putatively ornithophilous group and two putatively entomophilous groups. Quantitative analyses of pollinator visitation further supported hypotheses derived from the analysis of nucleotide data and multivariate morphometrics and identified functional pollinator groups for each clade. Ancestral state reconstruction using squared-change parsimony of geometric morphometric landmark data provided insights into the ancestral pollination syndrome and evolutionary changes necessary to optimise corolla morphology for each clade. It is concluded that ancestral Prostanthera was likely pollinated by a diverse range of insects and possibly even birds. The evolution of an ornithophilous clade and a generalist entomophilous clade correspond with separate modifications to the lobes and tube of the corolla. The combination of phylogenetic and morphological data from this study provides a robust understanding of relationships and an insight to the structural changes in the evolution of pollination.
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Hill, Stuart John. "Pollination of almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb)". Title page, contents and summary only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09A/09ah648.pdf.

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Carvalho, Carolina Maria Coelho de Almeida. "Evaluation of an ecosystem service in restored quarry areas: pollination". Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/27832.

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Ecological restoration allows for accelerated recovery of a degraded ecosystem’s biodiversity, function, and ability to provide ecosystem services. However, the issues of when active restoration is necessary and how restoration effectiveness should be measured are still subject to considerable debate. Here we evaluate plant-pollinator networks in actively and passively restored quarries, comparing structure and composition to a natural area representing the reference ecosystem, to determine which restoration approach holds higher effectiveness on the rehabilitation of this ecological process. We found that while both approaches allowed for the restoration of pollination function, active restoration allowed for faster recovery. Nevertheless, the distinct strategies generated key structural vegetation differences, which influenced distinct pollinator communities providing the service in different areas. These results support the idea that restoration might be attained by distinct biological communities, and that both composition and function should be taken into account when evaluating restoration outcomes; RESUMO: O restauro ecológico permite acelerar a recuperação da biodiversidade, função e serviços de um ecossistema degradado. No entanto, existe bastante debate sobre as situações em que é realmente necessário o restauro ativo e como deve ser avaliado. Neste estudo, avaliamos redes plantapolinizador em pedreiras restauradas ativamente e passivamente, comparando a sua estrutura e composição com uma área natural que representa o ecossistema de referência, para determinar a abordagem mais eficiente na reabilitação da polinização. Verificámos que, apesar de ambas permitirem o restauro desta função, o restauro ativo permite uma recuperação mais rápida. No entanto, estratégias distintas geraram diferenças estruturais na vegetação, o que influenciou o estabelecimento de comunidades de polinizadores distintas a polinizar as diferentes áreas. Estes resultados apoiam a ideia de que o restauro pode ser atingido com comunidades biológicas distintas, e que a composição e a função devem ambas ser tidas em conta na avaliação do restauro ecológico.
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Cerqueira, Nicole. "Pollinator visitation preference on native and non-native congeneric plants". Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 2.91 Mb., 84 p, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1428175.

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Bensemann, Lauretta Lynley. "Patterns in flower visitation of flying insects in urban Christchurch". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9429.

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In this project I studied the importance of pollinators in the reproduction of Gastrodia ‘long column’ and the preferences of New Zealand’s native and exotic insect pollinators. This was done in order to determine the specialisation of insect pollination in urban Christchurch. This knowledge can contribute to crop pollination, conservation efforts, and an understanding of the main drivers of the common floral traits (small, white flowers) in New Zealand. The strength of the relationship between the common traits of the New Zealand flora and the preferences of the native invertebrate fauna is not known. Traditionally it had been thought that New Zealand’s insects lack strong preferences, however recent work has not supported this. Changing landscapes worldwide have led to declines in pollinator numbers. Additionally, in New Zealand Apis mellifera numbers have declined as a result of the arrival of the varroa mite and it is important that alternative pollinating species for wild and agricultural pollination are identified. To address these needs I examined the abundance and preferences of insect pollinators in modified landscapes in and around Christchurch testing: the reliance upon pollinators by the undescribed native orchid Gastrodia ‘long column’, the preferences of New Zealand’s native and introduced insect pollinators in an extensive observational study, the results of which I further tested using a subsequent manipulative experiment of petal colour (according to human vision) at the Christchurch Botanical Gardens Sampling at the Christchurch Botanical Gardens, University of Canterbury, and Port Hills across a four month observation period (January – April 2012), revealed that native pollinators preferred white native flowers and exotic pollinators preferred not-white exotic flowers when data were grouped according to insect provenance. A more detailed visit-level analysis found that two native bees, Hylaeus and Leioproctus, showed a significant preference for native flowers; the exotic bees, Apis mellifera and Bombus species, preferred purple over white flowers; and Melangyna novaezelandiae (a native hoverfly) preferred white over yellow. However, a series of experimental arrays to present controlled choices between pairs of flower types at the Christchurch Botanical Gardens (14 December 2012 – 22 January 2013) did not find significant preferences by native or exotic insect pollinators between white and yellow flowers. This may have been a result of the plant species chosen, as a correlation between pollinator preference and plant species has been shown elsewhere. Visitation to experimental arrays was both low and highly skewed, with over half of all visits made by Lasioglossum bees and 615 of the 669 visits made by native species. This may have meant that lack of significant results were representing the choices of native insects generally and Lasioglossum bees specifically. A bagging experiment from 30 January 2012 – 16 February 2012 demonstrated the dependence of the undescribed native orchid species, Gastrodia ‘long column’, upon pollinating animals. Fruit set of most plants worldwide depends upon pollination (by wind or animal-transfer of pollen). In this case study final fruit sets were significantly reduced on bagged inflorescences, while open flowers had surprisingly high natural fruit sets (>75%). A week of observations (29 January 2012 – 6 February 2012) revealed that Gastrodia ‘long column’ was predominantly visited by Lasioglossum bees, and remarkably bee numbers were high enough in a residential property in the middle of Christchurch city for high fruit set on unmanipulated plants. The results of my thesis indicate that pollinators are important in the reproductive system of Gastrodia ‘long column’, suggesting that other previously overlooked plant species may also rely upon insect pollinators. Furthermore, the relative importance of native pollinating insects is high for native plants even when examined in an urban setting. New Zealand pollinators have preferences for certain floral traits which show trends when grouped broadly, but vary when considered at the insect species level. This contrasts with traditional views of unspecialised insect pollinators which lack preferences in regards to the plants they visit. Further work which serves to increase current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of pollination specialisation in New Zealand may wish to focus on single insect species. By identifying particular preferences of pollinators and the underlying ‘native’ traits selected for, alternative options to crop pollination may be found, targeted management strategies implemented, and the strength of the relationship between pollinator preferences and the traits of the plants they visit determined.
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D'Avila, Márcia. "Insetos visitantes florais em áreas de cerradão e cerrado sensu stricto no estado de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-24012007-155752/.

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Com o objetivo de conhecer a composição dos insetos e das plantas visitadas nas áreas de cerradão e cerrado sensu stricto, da Estação Experimental de Itirapina, SP, foram realizadas amostragens sistemáticas dos insetos nas plantas, no período de março de 2003 a fevereiro de 2004. Do total de insetos coletados nas flores, 63,3% e 63,8% são da ordem Hymenoptera, 17,1% e 2,5% da ordem Lepidoptera, 16% e 19,5% da ordem Coleoptera e 3,6% e 12,8% da ordem Diptera, respectivamente, para as áreas de cerradão e cerrado sensu stricto, e 1,4% para Hemiptera-Heteroptera no cerrado sensu stricto. A maioria dos insetos coletados, visitando e/ou forrageando, nas duas áreas, foi no período da manhã, exceto os dípteros que preferiram o período da tarde. Na área de cerradão as espécies dominantes de Hymenoptera foram: Exomalopsis (Exomalopsis) sp. e Trigona spinipes; de Lepidoptera foram: Aeria olena e Ithomia agnosia; de Coleoptera foram: Nycterodina sp. e Spintherophyta sp.. Já na área de cerrado sensu stricto os hymenópteros dominantes foram: Apis mellifera, Exomalopsis cf. analis, Tetrapedia rugulosa, Trigona spinipes e Pepsis sp., para Coleoptera foram: Spintherophyta sp., Compsus sp. e Epitragus similis; para Diptera foram: Eristalis sp. e Ornidia obesa. A família Apidae foi a mais rica em espécies e abundância, nas duas áreas de cerrado, seguindo o padrão geral encontrado em outras áreas neotropicais até o momento estudadas, apresentando muitas espécies com poucos indivíduos e poucas espécies com muitos indivíduos. Quanto a composição da flora, em ordem decrescente, as famílias Asteraceae, Melastomataceae, Apocynaceae, Malpighiaceae e Rubiaceae foram as mais representativas na área de cerradão. Na área de cerrado sensu stricto as famílias com maior número de espécies foram Fabaceae, Malpighiaceae, Asteraceae, Bignoniaceae e Myrtaceae. As espécies vegetais com maior percentual de insetos visitantes na área de cerradão foram Diplosodon virgatus (Lythraceae), Daphnopsis racemosa (Thymelaeaceae) e Borreria verticillata (Rubiaceae), e no cerrado sensu stricto foram Ocotea pulchella (Lauraceae) e Miconia rubiginosa (Melastomataceae). A família Apidae foi a que visitou maior número de espécies botânicas, seguida por Nymphalidae, Chrysomelidae, Halictidae e Vespidae, na área de cerradão. No cerrado sensu stricto foram Apidae, Syrphidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Halictidae, Vespidae e Pompilidae. Dos insetos dominantes, Apis mellifera foi a que visitou o maior número de espécies de plantas, seguida de Exomalopsis (Exomalopsis) sp., Aeria olena e Trigona spinipes, no cerradão; e no cerrado sensu stricto foram Apis mellifera, Trigona spinipes, Exomalopsis cf. analis e Tetrapedia rugulosa.
Systematic samplings of insects on plants were carried out with the aim of studying the insect composition and visited plants in cerradao and cerrado areas stricto sensus at the Experimental Station of Itirapina ? SP between March 2003 and February 2004. Considering all insects collected on flowers in the cerradao and cerrado areas stricto sensus , 63.3% and 63.8% were Hymenoptera, 17.1% and 2.5% were Lepidoptera, 16.0% and 19.5% were Coleoptera and 3.6% and 12.8% were Diptera, respectively, while in the cerrado stricto sensus 1.4% were Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Most insects collected were visiting and/or foraging in the areas during the morning, except for diptera, which preferred the afternoon period. The dominant species within each order in the cerradao area were: Hymenoptera - Apis mellifera, Exomalopsis (Exomalopsis) sp. and Trigona spinipes; Lepidoptera - Aeria olena and Ithomia agnosia; Coleoptera - Nycterodina sp. and Spintherophyta sp.. In the cerrado area stricto sensus the dominant species were: Hymenoptera - Apis mellifera, Exomalopsis cf. analis, Tetrapedia rugulosa, Trigona spinipes and Pepsis sp.; Coleoptera - Spintherophyta sp., Compsus sp. and Epitragus similis; Diptera - Eristalis sp. and Ornidia obesa. The Apidae Family was the richest in species and most abundant in both cerrado areas, following the general pattern of other Neotropical areas already studied, with many species with few individuals and few species with many individuals. Regarding the floristic composition, the most representative families in the cerradao area were, in order, Asteraceae, Melastomataceae, Apocynaceae, Malpighiaceae and Rubiaceae. Families with most species in the cerrado area stricto sensus were Fabaceae, Malpighiaceae, Asteraceae, Bignoniaceae and Myrtaceae. The plant species in the cerradao area with the greatest percentage of visiting insects were Diplosodon virgatus (Lythraceae), Daphnopsis racemosa (Thymelaeaceae) and Borreria verticillata (Rubiaceae), while in the cerrado stricto sensus they were Ocotea pulchella (Lauraceae) and Miconia rubiginosa (Melastomataceae). The Apidae family was the one visiting most plant species in the cerradao area, followed by Nymphalidae, Chrysomelidae, Halictidae and Vespidae families, while in the cerrado stricto sensus the families visiting most plant species were Apidae, Syrphidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Halictidae, Vespidae and Pompilidae. Apis mellifera was the species among the dominant insects of the cerradao area which visited the greatest number of plant species, followed by Exomalopsis (Exomalopsis) sp., Aeria olena and Trigona spinipes. In the cerrado stricto sensus the insect species that visited the greatest number of plants were Apis mellifera, Trigona spinipes, Exomalopsis cf. analis and Tetrapedia rugulosa.
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Książki na temat "Pollination by insects"

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P, Kapil R., red. Pollination biology: An analysis. New Delhi: Inter-India Publications, 1986.

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Free, John Brand. Insect pollination of crops. Wyd. 2. London: Academic Press, 1993.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Status of Pollinators in North America. Status of pollinators in North America. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2007.

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(Firm), Nanao Kikaku, red. Insects and flowers. Milwaukee: Raintree Publishers, 1986.

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Mayer, D. F. Bee pollination of tree fruits. [Corvallis, Or.]: Washington State University Cooperative Extension, Oregon State University Extension Service, University of Idaho Cooperative Extension Service, and the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1986.

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International Symposium on Pollination (8th 2000 Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary). Proceedings of the Eighth International Pollination Symposium: Pollination : integrator of crops and native plant systems. Redaktorzy Benedek Pál Dr, Richards K. W, International Commission of Plant Bee Relationships. i International Society for Horticultural Science. Working Group on Pollination. Leuven, Belgium: ISHS, 2001.

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India) International Symposium on Pollination in Tropics (1993 Bangalore. Pollination in tropics: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Pollination in Tropics, August 8-13, 1993, Bangalore, India. Redaktorzy Veeresh G. K, Shaanker R. Uma, Ganeshaiah K. N i International Union for the Study of Social Insects. Indian Chapter. Bangalore: International Union for the Study of Social Insects, Indian Chapter, 1993.

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International Symposium on Pollination (8th 2000 Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary). Proceedings of the Eighth International Pollination Symposium: Pollination : integrator of crops and native plant systems. Redaktorzy Benedek Pál Dr, Richards K. W, International Commission of Plant Bee Relationships. i International Society for Horticultural Science. Working Group on Pollination. Leuven, Belgium: ISHS, 2001.

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Insects and flowers: The biology of a partnership. London: Allen & Unwin, 1985.

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1951-, Roubik David W., i Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., red. Pollination of cultivated plants in the tropics. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1995.

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Części książek na temat "Pollination by insects"

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Kevan, Peter, i Patricia Nunes-Silva. "Pollination and Agriculture". W Encyclopedia of Social Insects, 736–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28102-1_176.

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Kevan, Peter, i Patrícia N. Silva. "Pollination and Agriculture". W Encyclopedia of Social Insects, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90306-4_176-1.

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New, Tim R. "Classic Themes: Pollination Mutualisms of Insects and Plants". W Mutualisms and Insect Conservation, 37–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58292-4_3.

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Matsuki, Yu, Motoshi Tomita i Yuji Isagi. "Pollination Efficiencies of Insects Visiting Magnolia obovata, as Determined by Single-Pollen Genotyping". W Ecological Research Monographs, 17–32. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-53901-8_3.

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Adelabu, Dolapo Bola, i Angelinus C. Franke. "Beneficial Role of Pollination and Soil Fertility for Soybean Production in Mountainous Farming Conditions". W Sustainable Development Goals Series, 53–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15773-8_5.

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AbstractThe synergetic potentials of essential ecosystem services have not been well explored under mountainous farming conditions in southern Africa. Cropping practices that maximize beneficial pollinators and reduce dependency on chemical inputs through efficient crop management in the mountainous environment are needed. The synergetic potentials of insect pollination on soybeans under varying soil fertility during two seasons in Phuthaditjhaba, the Free State, South Africa was examined. We manipulated soil fertility with fertilizer treatments and used exclusion bags to manipulate pollination intensity. High intensity of pollination services increased the seed yield by approximately 0.5 tons per hectare on optimally fertilized soil and 0.3 tons per hectare on minimally fertilized soil. This study found complementary benefits of using appropriate fertilizer rates on crop pollination. It is an efficient way to minimize losses in crop production and improve yields. However, minimal fertilizer application that is common among smallholder farmers still gave substantial yield in insect pollinator-rich environments such as Phuthaditjhaba. This finding gives an immense advantage to farmers in Phuthaditjhaba who tend to minimize the use of fertilizer due to financial issues. Harnessing the prospects from these ecosystem service benefits would help local communities to attain sustainable food production (SDGs 2 and 15).
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Ramírez, Fernando, i Jose Kallarackal. "Plant-Insect Phenology and Pollination". W SpringerBriefs in Agriculture, 27–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73969-4_5.

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Reddy, P. Venkata Rami, V. Varun Rajan, M. Mani, S. J. Kavitha i K. Sreedevi. "Insect Pollination in Horticultural Crops". W Trends in Horticultural Entomology, 491–516. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0343-4_15.

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Aizen, M. A., i P. Feinsinger. "Bees Not to Be? Responses of Insect Pollinator Faunas and Flower Pollination to Habitat Fragmentation". W How Landscapes Change, 111–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05238-9_7.

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Bloom, Elias H., i David W. Crowder. "Biological Control and Pollination Services on Organic Farms". W Advances in Insect Control and Resistance Management, 27–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31800-4_3.

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Benfield, Richard W. "Future directions." W New directions in garden tourism, 156–68. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241761.0156.

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Abstract In this chapter the future of garden tourism is examined. Botanic gardens have multiple roles but principally education, environmental, and recreation, and it is under these three roles that garden tourism's future is evaluated. Case studies are presented of (1) the National Botanic Garden of Wales as a floral resource for pollinating insects; and (2) the high school botany teaching program of the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden in Coral Gables, Florida, USA.
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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Pollination by insects"

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Stavert, Jamie. "Consequences of land-use intensification on insect pollinator diversity and pollination services". W 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.110855.

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Kendall, Liam, Ignasi Bartomeus, Daniel Cariveau, Vesna Gagic, Katherine Baldock, Andrea Holzschuh, Juanita Rodriguez, Laura Russo i Romina Rader. "“Pollinator size and its consequences” - Predictive allometry for pollinating insects: An R package". W 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107966.

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Timuş, Asea, i Elena Baban. "Entomofauna speciei Rosa canina l. din zona de centru a Republicii Moldova". W International symposium ”Actual problems of zoology and parasitology: achievements and prospects” dedicated to the 100th anniversary from the birth of academician Alexei Spassky. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975665902.79.

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In the work are exposed investigations in 2007-2017 of entomofauna with development on the species Rosa canina L. from various urban and rural biotopes in the center of the Republic of Moldova. In total, were recorded 52 species of insects in 9 orders (Orthoptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera) and 1 mite (Trombidiformes). Of these, 17 species of insects have developed large populations and impact on the rose, 12 insect species developed annual faunistic populations, 12 solitary and rare individuals, 2 species one individual. At the same time, 4 species have been recorded recently: Harmonia axiridis (predators afidophagus), Polygonia c-album (nectar consumer and pollinator), Blenocampa phyllocopa (phytophagus in the larval stage) and Dasineura rosae (gallicol in the larval stage). The species Epicometis hirta was affected by the calamity of 21-23 April 2017, after which it was not recorded in the center of the republic, including the usual host plants, thus being considered an ecological indicator.
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Qu, Hongchun, Jingiing Wu i Zonglan Li. "A New Clustering Algorithm Inspired by Insect Pollination". W 2019 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cac48633.2019.8997410.

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Zirkle, Colton R. "Insect vs. wind pollination of the Ozark chinquapin,Castanea ozarkensis". W 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.111581.

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Lowe, Abigail, Laura Jones, Col Ford, Matthew Hegarty, Simon Creer i Natasha de Vere. "Investigating the value of gardens for providing floral resources to pollinating insects". W 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107582.

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Bommarco, Riccardo. "Fruits of the insects — managing pollinator and predator communities for sustainable agriculture". W 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.90844.

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Ramadhoni, Febrina, Syarifuddin Syarifuddin i Mufti Sudibyo. "Diversity of Pollinator Insects in The Vegetable Plantation in Kecamatan Dolat Rayat". W Proceedings of the 7th Annual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership, AISTEEL 2022, 20 September 2022, Medan, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.20-9-2022.2324515.

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Miguel Marques, Fernando. "“ALImentáRIO” - Holder for the Supplementary Feeding of Wild Birds". W 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001397.

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This is an animal design project (design thinking to meet the needs of animals) which aims to bring birds into contact with humans and - through this solution - to bring the sound and movement produced by them into our lives (whether in the countryside, whether in the urban landscape), which can be translated into joy and peace achieved by the harmony of natural wildlife in our domestic environment.Starting question Knowing that birds are elusive and fearful animals, but also can bring joy and movement to our daily lives, how can we attract them to our coexistence? Supplementary feeding can be a good solution, and there are already some versions available on the international market, especially in countries where winter is more extreme. In southern Europe, feeding birds is still not a very common practice. Depending on the type of food the birds eat in their natural habitat and, depending on the endogenous birds, there are variations in the diet, and only a test of placing food available to the birds will determine the type of food to be placed in the supplementary feeder.The "AlimentáRIO" (feeder) is a ceramic supplementary feeding stand/holder that can contain various types of food, in order to test if birds can be attracted close to your home.There are several types of bird food: nectar, seeds, worms, fruit, tallow/lard... And, for each of these types of food, there is a specific type of feeder. The "AlimentáRIO" is a versatile feeder intended to cover all types. Nectar is more suitable for birds that can pollinate during late winter and early spring, when insects are less active. For these reasons, nectar should only be placed in feeders as a food supplement in the winter and autumn.In Portugal, there are some birds that drink nectar, according to Luís Pascoal da Silva , a researcher at CIBIO-inBIO. The scientist states that there are several pollinating birds in Portugal, but the study of the contribution of these birds to pollination is scarce. Seeds - besides the traditional canary seed - can contain sunflower seeds or nuts, such as walnuts and peanuts, depending on the endogenous birds. Fruit is also sought after by some species of birds, namely apples and pears, in addition to other exotic fruits. However, in general, birds can be drawn to any type of fruit. Fat balls are usually tallow/lard balls with seeds and fruits to reinforce supplementary feeding during cold seasons. The "AlimentáRIO" is a suspended wild bird feeder that can be hung in more or less sheltered places, made with materials resistant to the elements, without the need for maintenance. However, its cleaning must be done according to the recommendations referred to in the full article. As already mentioned, the construction materials are low maintenance, and the food container and the deflecting bell jar are made with stoneware - the type of ceramics more resistant to both bumps and thermal variations. The junction of the two parts is made with a nickel-plated threaded rod, covered with an aluminium tube, and all components are joined by manual screw threads, which allows to assemble and disassemble it without the use of any tools, thus facilitating an in-depth cleaning at the end of the supplementary feeding season.The "AlimentáRIO" has a lower part with four concavities for placing food, which allows the possible placement of different types of food at the same time, thus drawing different species. As it is a feeder consisting of a protective and deflecting bell jar, the birds are protected from possible direct attacks from predators and from falling leaves in the autumn. The fact that it is a supplementary feeder that can be hung with a rope makes it difficult for rats and squirrels to get close to the food, given that, if by chance these animals manage to descend on the rope, they must also overcome the challenge of getting through the bell jar (which is a spherical cap) to get to the place where the food is. The results of the placement tests of this supplementary feeder have been reassuring, which show that the feeders foster the approximation of wild birds in relatively short periods of time - between 3 weeks and one month.
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Rubanova, O. A. "NECTAR PRODUCTIVITY OF SUNFLOWER LINES AND HYBRIDS". W 11-я Всероссийская конференция молодых учёных и специалистов «Актуальные вопросы биологии, селекции, технологии возделывания и переработки сельскохозяйственных культур». V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/conf11-2021-89-93.

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Common sunflower is an entomophilous crop; therefore, the presence of pollinating insects is necessary for the realization of the potential productivity of plants. Nectar is the main attractant of sunflower. In this work we determined the nectar bearing capacity and sugar content (dry matter content) of nectar in tubular flowers of various sunflower genotypes using microcapillary tubes with an inner diameter of 0.25 mm and an outside diameter of 0.50 mm. We noted the maximum amount of nectar in a line of genetic collection MVG-8 – 0.32 mg/flower. We observed the maximum value of sugar content in hybrids NK Brio and Factor – 61 and 57 %, respectively. The Oksi hybrid had the minimum values in the amount of 0.11 mg/flower and 21 % of the nectar sugar content.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Pollination by insects"

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Law, Edward, Samuel Gan-Mor, Hazel Wetzstein i Dan Eisikowitch. Electrostatic Processes Underlying Natural and Mechanized Transfer of Pollen. United States Department of Agriculture, maj 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7613035.bard.

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The project objective was to more fully understand how the motion of pollen grains may be controlled by electrostatic forces, and to develop a reliable mechanized pollination system based upon sound electrostatic and aerodynamic principles. Theoretical and experimental analyses and computer simulation methods which investigated electrostatic aspects of natural pollen transfer by insects found that: a) actively flying honeybees accumulate ~ 23 pC average charge (93 pC max.) which elevates their bodies to ~ 47 V likely by triboelectrification, inducing ~ 10 fC of opposite charge onto nearby pollen grains, and overcoming their typically 0.3-3.9 nN detachment force resulting in non-contact electrostatic pollen transfer across a 5 mm or greater air gap from anther-to-bee, thus providing a theoretical basis for earlier experimental observations and "buzz pollination" events; b) charge-relaxation characteristics measured for flower structural components (viz., 3 ns and 25 ns time constants, respectively, for the stigma-style vs. waxy petal surfaces) ensure them to be electrically appropriate targets for electrodeposition of charged pollen grains but not differing sufficiently to facilitate electrodynamic focusing onto the stigma; c) conventional electrostatic focusing beneficially concentrates pollen-deposition electric fields onto the pistill tip by 3-fold as compared to that onto underlying flower structures; and d) pollen viability is adequately maintained following exposure to particulate charging/management fields exceeding 2 MV/m. Laboratory- and field-scale processes/prototype machines for electrostatic application of pollen were successfully developed to dispense pollen in both a dry-powder phase and in a liquid-carried phase utilizing corona, triboelectric, and induction particulate-charging methods; pollen-charge levels attained (~ 1-10 mC/kg) provide pollen-deposition forces 10-, 77-, and 100-fold greater than gravity, respectively, for such charged pollen grains subjected to a 1 kV/cm electric field. Lab and field evaluations have documented charged vs. ukncharged pollen deposition to be significantly (a = 0.01-0.05) increased by 3.9-5.6 times. Orchard trials showed initial fruit set on branches individually treated with electrostatically applied pollen to typically increase up to ~ 2-fold vs. uncharged pollen applications; however, whole-tree applications have not significantly shown similar levels of benefit and corrective measures continue. Project results thus contribute important basic knowledge and applied electrostatics technology which will provide agriculture with alternative/supplemental mechanized pollination systems as tranditional pollen-transfer vectors are further endangered by natural and man-fade factors.
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Strickler, Karen, i J. Mark Schriber. ELF Communications System Ecological Monitoring Program: Pollinating Insect Studies. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, listopad 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada297183.

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MacAllister, Irene E., Jinelle H. Sperry i Pamela Bailey. Identification of Insect-Plant Pollination Networks for a Midwest Installation: Fort McCoy, WI. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, kwiecień 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1007540.

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Adelberg, Jeff, Halina Skorupska, Bill Rhodes, Yigal Cohen i Rafael Perl-Treves. Interploid Hybridization of Cucumis melo and C. metuliferus. United States Department of Agriculture, grudzień 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7580673.bard.

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The long-term motivation for this research is to transfer useful traits from a broad based gene pool of wild species into the narrow base of a cultivated crop in Cucumis. Our primary focus was to use polyploid prior to fertilization as a tool to overcome fertility barriers in the cross between C. melo and C. metuliferus. In conducting this research, we explored all combinations of tetraploid and diploid parents, in reciprocal combinations. Pollinations were made in both the field and greenhouse, using emasculated flowers, moneocious females, and open pollination by insect vectors, with morphological selection criteria. After observations of thousands of ovaries, we still have no definitive proof that this hybridization yielded viable embryos. The most promising results came from using tetraploid C. metuliferus, as the maternal parent in the interspecific hybridization, that set fruit were seeds contained small embryos that did not germinate. To obtain fruit set, it was important to rear plants in a cooler sunny greenhouse, as would be found in late winter/early spring. A second interspecific hybrid between wild and cultivated Cucumis, C. hystrix x C. sativus, yielded fertile progeny for the first time, while concomitantly working toward our primary goal. Two distinct treatments were necessary; 1) special plant husbandry was necessary to have the wild species produce fruit in cultivation, and 2) embryo rescue followed by chromosome doubling in vitro was required for fertility restoration. Backcrosses to crop species and resistance to nematodes are compelling areas for further work.
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Bloch, Guy, Gene E. Robinson i Mark Band. Functional genomics of reproduction and division of labor in a key non-Apis pollinator. United States Department of Agriculture, styczeń 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7699867.bard.

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i. List the original objectives, as defined in the approved proposal, and any revisions made at the beginning or during the course of project. Our objectives were: 1) develop state-of-the-art functional genomics tools for B. terrestris. These resources will be then used to: 2) characterize genes and molecular pathways that are associated with reproduction, 3) characterize genes and molecular pathways associated with specialization in foraging or nursing activities, and 4) determine the extent to which juvenile hormone (JH) is involved in the regulation of reproduction and division of labor. 5) Use RNA interference to down regulate genes associated with reproductive physiology, division of labor, or both. A decrease in the cost of RNA sequencing enabled us to further use the BARD support to extend our research to three additional related projects: A) The regulation of body size which is crucial for understanding both reproduction (castedetermination) and (size based) division of labor in bumblebees. B) Analyze RNA editing in our RNA sequencing data which improves the molecular understanding of the systems we study. C) The influence of JH on the fat body in addition to the brain on which we focused in our proposal. The fat body is a key tissue regulating insect reproduction and health. ii. Background to the topic. Bees are by far the most important pollinators in agricultural and natural ecosystems. The recent collapse of honey bee populations, together with declines in wild bee (including bumble bee) populations, puts their vital pollination services under severe threat. A promising strategy for circumventing this risk is the domestication and mass-rearing of non-Apis bees. This approach has been successfully implemented for several bumble bees including Bombusterrestris in Israel, and B. impatiens in the US, which are mass-reared in captivity. In spite of their critical economic and environmental value, little is known about the physiology and molecular biology of bumble bees. In this collaborative project we developed functional genomics tools for the bumble bee B. terrestris and use these tools for a first thorough study on the physiology and molecular biology of reproduction, dominance, and division of labor in a bumble bee. iii. Major conclusions, solutions. The valuable molecular data of this project together with the functional tools and molecular information generated in this BARD funded project significantly advanced the understanding of bumblebee biology which is essential for maintaining their vital pollination services for US and Israel agriculture.
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