Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Politique énergétique – Environnement”
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Zhang, Ding. "L'évolution de la politique énergétique du Royaume-Uni de 1945 à 2007 : enjeux politiques, économiques et écologiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030145.
Pełny tekst źródłaOver a decade, world economy has been characterised by three intense tendencies in the field of energy: (1) the energy consumption, which had been slowed down following the two oil crises, has tremendously increased, essentially due to the fast development of China; (2) the constantly-Aggravating greenhouse effect and the global warming are threatening the survival of our planet; (3) the energy supply security has been less and less guaranteed as a result of the exacerbation of the nationalism in many oil-Producing countries. When New Labour came to power in 1997, the UK was independent in its hydrocarbon production. Seven years later in 2004, it became a net gas importer, and in 2006, a net oil importer. Most of its energy infrastructures are nowadays obsolete. The UK is thus facing a triple challenge: environment, energy supply security and energy infrastructures modernisation, which all engulf great investments. These challenges are common to all European countries. In June 2007, the government published an important Energy White Paper on the challenges that the British energy policy was facing.The doctoral thesis studies the evolution of the UK energy policy since the end of the Second World War. Two questions are essential to this study. What are the great evolutions of the UK energy policy? What are the convergences and divergences between the UK energy policy and the European energy policy, of which the creation of the Common Market is only one of the aspects?
Migazzi, Caroline. "Le droit international face aux défis énergétiques contemporains". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3017.
Pełny tekst źródłaCurrent energy challenges are multidimentional in nature as they blend together the economic, social, and environmental fields. They are also global, interconnected and transversal. Energy challenges are apprehended globally by international law, despite some shortcomings. Those shortcomings stem from the strategic nature of energy challenges and their simultaneous dependance on sovereignty. They also come to light in the context of environmental risks and risks of harm to humans. Yet, those shortcomings do not deprive international law of its capacity to adapt to energy challenges. It shows adaptation by taking into account their transversal character and the correlated necessity for solidarity. The inclusive and new finality of pursuing universal access to sustainable energy and the efforts shown toward energy democracy yet reinforce this adaptability. Thus, international law exibits all the tools necessary to help, and also be an engine for the energy transition
Grammatico-Vidal, Laetitia. "Les moyens juridiques du développement énergétique dans le respect de l'environnement en droit français : recherches sur le droit du développement durable". Montpellier 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON10031.
Pełny tekst źródłaDessus, Benjamin. "Systèmes énergétiques pour un développement durable". Grenoble 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE21007.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe work is an attempt to answer the following question : is it possible to design a world energy system able to fulfill the needs of a developed humanity of 11 billion inhabitants in 2100, without taking the risk to destroy our planet or to place our reliance on science or technology ruptures that we are unable to predict? this question can be split in three questions : are they technical possibilities and sufficient energy resources? if the techical feasability is demonstrated what about the economic aspect? if the technical and economic credibility are demonstrated, what are the barriers to the implementation of strategies and how to overpassthem? the technical feasability is demonstrated through the description of the scenario noe (new options for energy) which shows that it is possible to satisfy the energy needs of 11 billion people in 2100 without big global environment problems. This scenario relies on energy efficiency and diversification ef energy resources. The economical credibility is deminstrated through the analysis of comaprative expenses of this scenario and of one of the scenarios of the world energy council. This calulation shows that the noe scenario is less expensive for discount rates up to ten per cent. The noe scenario appears indeed as a win-win scenario. Social and policy barriers are analysed and some policy proposal are made to overpass the barriers
Bécot, Renaud. "Syndicalisme et environnement en France de 1944 aux années quatre-vingts". Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0130.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis explore the making of environmental concerns within labor unions in France, articulating social history of work and environmental history. By crossing national and local sources, labor union and public archives, this thesis identifies interactions of labor activists with a large set of actors and emphasizes the particularity of labor concerns on environmental issues. Postwar years were marked by speeches about the use of natural resources, spatial planning and land use, or the use of pathogens affecting employees inside and outside workplaces. The study of the sixties and seventies are then a time of affirmation of a specific working-class environmentalism. Three main conclusions arise from this study. First, union intervention is often conditioned by the change of the energy system, which is a central concern for unionists. Moreover, laws regulating industrialization are fragmented (between labor laws and environmental laws) and this reinforces the difficulty faced by these organizations to deal with industrial diseases and pollution. Second, during the seventies, labor unions structures lead an effort to define their environmental concerns and stand out from the government approach. Finally, the proposals made by employees to develop public policies incorporate a constant attention to environmental inequalities
Moulim, El Bachir. "L'énergie et la protection de l'environnement dans la Communauté européenne". Tours, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOUR1020.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe thesis tries to give an essential glimpse of the unfold efforts in the harmonized wrest le with the reaches from the energy to the environment. It applies to show the efforts of the european community to inform, to harmonize, to regulate as far as possible in fields as varied as the quality of air, products, the "clean car", the pollution of sea by the hydrocarbons, the radioactivity, the radioactive waste. . . The recall of different texts carried or simply proposed by the communal authorities, goes with development of the coal, the gas, the oil, the nuclear energy. These technical explanations are often indispensable to understand the stakes of the communal intervention
Fabre, Christopher. "La dimension environnementale des politiques énergétiques française et allemande de 1973 à 2000 : de l’antagonisme à la convergence des modèles ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040102.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis studies the integration of environmental issues into French and German energy policies between 1973 and 2000. While the two countries are generally analyzed in terms of their divergences, the question here is whether the development of protection of the environment has not contributed to the phenomena of convergence. To do this, the energy systems of the two countries are studied in their entirety and through a long historical perspective. Beyond the nuclear question, it is indeed the entire energy mix and the evolution of consumption that are questioned here, from the first oil shock and the launch of nuclear programs, until the early 2000s, Which mark the beginning of a new cycle for the energy sector. Over the period as a whole, environmental protection has become a key and structuring issue, particularly through the development of standards and commitments at international and community levels. While the nuclear issue remains a definite element of differentiation, it appears that it responds to different initial constraints between the two countries and is gradually being resolved. In the end, there is a certain degree of convergence of all French and German indicators between 1973 and 2000, to which the protection of the environment contributed with certainty
Nguyen, Anh Tuan. "Trajectoires de développement et le choix des instruments des politiques énergie-environnement pour les pays d'Asie en développement rapide". Grenoble 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE21042.
Pełny tekst źródłaFabre, Christopher. "La dimension environnementale des politiques énergétiques française et allemande de 1973 à 2000 : de l’antagonisme à la convergence des modèles ?" Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040102.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis studies the integration of environmental issues into French and German energy policies between 1973 and 2000. While the two countries are generally analyzed in terms of their divergences, the question here is whether the development of protection of the environment has not contributed to the phenomena of convergence. To do this, the energy systems of the two countries are studied in their entirety and through a long historical perspective. Beyond the nuclear question, it is indeed the entire energy mix and the evolution of consumption that are questioned here, from the first oil shock and the launch of nuclear programs, until the early 2000s, Which mark the beginning of a new cycle for the energy sector. Over the period as a whole, environmental protection has become a key and structuring issue, particularly through the development of standards and commitments at international and community levels. While the nuclear issue remains a definite element of differentiation, it appears that it responds to different initial constraints between the two countries and is gradually being resolved. In the end, there is a certain degree of convergence of all French and German indicators between 1973 and 2000, to which the protection of the environment contributed with certainty
Risch, Anna. "Environment and energy : analysis and evaluation of public policies". Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENA027/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the context of growing concerns for climate change, the objective of this dissertation is to bring some insights on two environmental issues. The first one deals with the question of whether environmental policies are efficient enough to significantly decrease greenhouse gases emissions and energy consumption and the second one concerns the way households’ well-being is affected by environmental changes. France committed to reduce greenhouse gases emissions and energy consumption in residential sector. In a first time, we study the determinants of residential energyconsumption in France. An in-depth understanding of energy consumption is needed to design adequate energy policies and achieve a low-carbon society. We show that to improve buildings' energy efficiency, the challenge is to induce households to undertake renovations and to adopt energy-saving equipments. This is the objective of public policies, such as tax credit or subsidies. We evaluate in a second time the impact of these measures, using a simulation model. The results show that while current policies are effective, they are not sufficient to reach the objectives. Finally, we focus on the impact of the tax credit on households’ behavior. The impact of the measure on renovation rate is very low compared to its cost and this is partially due to free riding. Emerging countries are more exposed to climate disasters than developed ones. Therefore, the most important concern in emerging countries is to find a way to limit the consequences of climate change. In this context, our objective is to understand how deforestation, that increases fuel scarcity, affects population. We focus on women, living in rural India. We show that fuel scarcity increases the probability for women to be involved in natural resource collection. Through this, it has a negative effect on the labor force participation, especially on family business and wage activities
Al, Kabbani Fahad. "Consommation d'énergie dans le secteur résidentiel et la politique énergétique en Arabie saoudite : le cas de la ville de Riyad". Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040057.
Pełny tekst źródłaNowadays, it is essential to take into account the impacts of the environment, both in terms of energy use and the protection of populations. We need to enforce new practices in favor of a sustainable approach to land-use planning. On the other hand, these are spaces conducive to the experimentation of new urban forms in the fields of housing, transport, agricultural land. On the long term, the development to be adopted depends on the current development since it depends on the long-term availability of reliable and non-polluting sources of energy. Saudi Arabia faces several challenges: economic, linked to the export of hydrocarbons which are exhaustible resources and whose prices are unstable; energy, since Saudi Arabia needs to diversify its economy; residential sector, as there is an increase in demography and hence housing needs, industrial production, and freight transport. The housing environment, as it is reflects a big part of consumption of the energy in the Kingdom. So, it is needed to operate new methods for better ways of consuming the energy in buildings to reduce the quantity of lost energy
Waciega, Kamila Olga. "Regional policies of decarbonisation in Europe : case of Silesia in Poland and Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0012.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe object of the study is a comparative examination of two regions' adaptation to the new political, legal and financial context that results from the development and extension of the EU integration in the field of energy and climate change – or decarbonisation agenda. The ‘usages’ refer to stakeholders’ ability and willingness to take advantage of the European opportunities and constraints provided to them to shape national (and in this case regional) policies. In addition to the intentional dimensions ‘usages’ also cover the actual practices observed in each region. We search to determine to what extent the ability of the regional executives to mobilise EU resources for the purpose of pursuing their strategies in the field of decarbonisation depends on whether they are situated in an ‘old’ or a ‘new’ member state of the EU. We attempt to assess to what extent their ability to innovate and to organise a territorial resilience is related to the East/West divide.The analysis is conduced on two case studies: two European regions that are today major CO2 emitters, because they are still industrialized, densely populated, they host energy production sites, and their housing requires deep and extensive thermal renovation. Two regions in Europe appeared particularly fitting that description, and cumulate all disadvantages (as regards the importance of CO2 emissions). Upper Silesia in Poland and Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France can still be considered as industrialized territories that can be compared in a “new/old” member state of the EU perspective. The present research looks at differences in usages in the two case studies. We search for pertinent explanatory variables for those divergences to be found in each region’s past, deconstructed in institutional, interest-related and ideational components. We place our model in a path-dependence perspective and we look at how it is relevant in a regional setting
Nivault, Sébastien. "L'évolution du statut des entreprises locales de distribution d'́électricité et de gaz dans un environnement concurrentiel". Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT3004.
Pełny tekst źródłaDjemaa, Ahcène. "Modélisation bottom-up, un outil d'aide à la décision long terme pour les mesures politiques en matière d'énergie et d'environnement : le modèle TIMES appliqué aux industries grandes consommatrices d'énergie". Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005303.
Pełny tekst źródła- tracer l'image de l'industrie (profil de production technologique),
- calculer les consommations énergétiques et les potentiels d'économies d'énergies réalisables,
- estimer les émissions de dioxyde de carbone résultantes. Ce travail indique qu'il existe encore un important potentiel d'économies d'énergie et de réductions des émissions de dioxyde de carbone dans l'ensemble des secteurs industriels.
Bourcet, Clémence. "Déploiement des énergies renouvelables : déterminants globaux et financement participatif en france". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 13, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA131032.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the context of mitigation actions in the energy sector to reduce greenhouse gasemissions, renewable energy (RE) sources appear as relevant solutions. They canbe used for electricity production, in the heating and cooling, and the transportsectors. However, these low-carbon sources have only developed slowly andsignificant differences exist between countries.In this thesis, I first explore the empirical determinants of RE sources deploymentby systematically reviewing the existing quantitative country-level literatureon this topic. I find that this strand of literature is quite fragmented andanalyze the authors’ results based on the framework considered to investigatethe existence of a consensus on possible determinants of RE development at acountry level.To complement this multi-country approach, I focus on two significant barriersthat have been found to hinder a wide spread use of RE sources: financingand acceptance. More specifically, I look at the RE crowdfunding sector. Indeed,crowdfunding is an innovative financing tool that enables the participation ofcitizens in the funding of RE projects, thus involving them in the energy transitionprocess towards low-carbon sources. In particular, I focus on the FrenchRE crowdfunding sector because it has experienced a strong growth in the contextof a favorable regulatory environment. I conduct a case study of a Frenchcrowdfunding platform specialized in RE projects to better understand its businessmodel and the risks associated with it. Then, to shed some light on thecharacteristics of the sector, I give an overview of the different actors that are involvedin the French RE crowdfunding sector: platforms, project promoters, andcontributors. Finally, I carry out an empirical analysis of survey data regardingthe decision-making process of French citizens that have invested in RE crowdfundingprojects
Kpoviessi, Josias Mahouna. "Facteurs incitant les agents économiques à changer ou lisser leur consommation énergétique". Thesis, Lille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUA002.
Pełny tekst źródłaUnderstanding energy behaviour is necessary for the success of the energy transition. This is the object of this thesis.The first chapter describes the characteristics, challenges and the effects and effectiveness of different instruments to manage the demand side.The second chapter focuses on financial incentives to encourage the reduction of energy consumption. Based on a laboratory experiment, our results show that financial incentives (presented as a bonus in this thesis) serve as benchmarks to guide energy consumption. They encourage the least sober individuals to tend towards energy sobriety but, on the contrary, they partially crowd out the intrinsic motivations of the most sober.The final chapter investigates how to communicate. Indeed, attention can be drawn to the negative externalities and also to the positive externalities generated by consumption. We study the effect of this framing with a single shot linear public good experiment with simultaneous decisions, with and without risk. The participants cooperate more in a stochastic environment than in a deterministic one, and even more so when the emphasis is on losses.This can be explained by the fact that uncertainty favourably shifts extreme behaviours. Women in particular are the ones for whom the changes in behaviour are most marked
Bourdier, Laure. "Socio-anthropologie des énergies marines renouvelables en Basse-Normandie : gouverner (par) l'alternative". Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC029.
Pełny tekst źródłaFollowing the European Union climate and energy package and le Grenelle de l’Environment, the French State launched, from 2011, a series of calls for tender and for expressions of interest for the construction of infrastructures of Marine Renewable Energy (MRE). The planned infrastructures are located along the French coast, particularly in Lower Normandy, a region characterized by the production of civilian and military nuclear power. Stakeholders in the development of MREs anticipated problems of "social acceptability". This thesis, based on a study of the actors who participated in the development of MREs in Basse-Normandie and of the acceptability mechanisms they have put in place, focuses on maintaining a centralized energy system based on nuclear energy, that has integrated the renewable alternative. Based on a combination of survey techniques (direct observation, interviews, questionnaires, collection of documentary productions, regulatory texts and biographical documents) analysed mainly through qualitative methods, this thesis reveals that the maintaining of the energy system operates through the government of critique. Local actors, including those who oppose the project, are mobilized by companies, the state, regional public authorities, and scientists through mechanisms aiming to build social acceptance. Thus acceptability, as an instrument of governing, does not mean a transformation of technical projects towards a better integration of social dimensions, but rather a translation of social questions into technical terms
Martin, David. "Electricité et développement durable". Montpellier 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON10033.
Pełny tekst źródłaCaron, Hélène. "Succès et difficultés de la mise en œuvre des plans d'action de lutte contre les changements climatiques du gouvernement québécois 2006-2012 et 2013-2020". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36236.
Pełny tekst źródłaClimate change represents what science says and what politics is increasingly taking into account (Ouranos, 2015). The purpose of this thesis aims to document the implementation of the two last action plans against global warming, prepared by the Governement of Québec, namely Le Québec et les changements climatiques : un défi pour l’avenir. Plan d’action 2006-2012, and Le Québec en action. Vert 2020. Plan d’action 2013-2020 sur les changements climatiques. At the junction between the analysis of public action (Matland, 1995 ; Kübler et Maillard, 2009) and the theoretical framework of the ecological modernization and its tradition of the public policies sociology (Béal, 2016), this thesis tries to answer two questions : how is the implementation carried out and why are there successes and difficulties to this adoption? Québec gets its foot in a low-carbon society, through the wind and hydroelectric energy tandem. However, fighting against climate change represents a major challenge, which Québec has accepted with an ambitious target. The PACC 2006-2012 got some basis implemented, but there remains a lot to do and outcomes remain unknown : will the PACC 2013-2020 achieve its greenhouse gas emissions reduction target of 20 % below the line of 1990 (Gouvernement du Québec, 2012a, p. I) ? At march 31, 2016, one notes the under-implementation of the PACC 2013-2020, since 22 % only of the planned budget had already been spent (MDDELCC, 2017a, p. 46). Greenhouse gas emissions reduction and climate change adaptation are lagging behind projections. The thesis fits into the theoretical framework of the ecological modernization (Huber, 1982 ; Spaargaren et Mol, 1992 ; Hajer, 1995 ; Jänicke, 1995 ; Mol, 2003 ; Christoff, 2009 ; Spaargaren et al., 2009 ; Toke, 2011), which many people present as the sociological version of the sustainable development project, focused on state and industrial actors, then the civil society (Buttel, 2003). Moreover, source of analytical and comprehensive wealth, which escapes from quantitative studies, the preferred method is semi-directive interviews (Fortin, 2013) with the supervisors of the two PACC, public authorities for the greater part, as well as content analysis (Leray, 2008) for data treatment. But the obvious limitations of the indicators and the qualitative method involve a partial validation of the hypotheses. Otherwise, the ecological modernization thesis takes place in a long-term perspective and requires time for an empirical testing (Guay, 2018)...
Zhang, Ding. "L'évolution de la politique énergétique du Royaume-Uni de 1945 à 2007 : enjeux politiques, économiques et écologiques". Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030145.
Pełny tekst źródłaOver a decade, world economy has been characterised by three intense tendencies in the field of energy: (1) the energy consumption, which had been slowed down following the two oil crises, has tremendously increased, essentially due to the fast development of China; (2) the constantly-Aggravating greenhouse effect and the global warming are threatening the survival of our planet; (3) the energy supply security has been less and less guaranteed as a result of the exacerbation of the nationalism in many oil-Producing countries. When New Labour came to power in 1997, the UK was independent in its hydrocarbon production. Seven years later in 2004, it became a net gas importer, and in 2006, a net oil importer. Most of its energy infrastructures are nowadays obsolete. The UK is thus facing a triple challenge: environment, energy supply security and energy infrastructures modernisation, which all engulf great investments. These challenges are common to all European countries. In June 2007, the government published an important Energy White Paper on the challenges that the British energy policy was facing.The doctoral thesis studies the evolution of the UK energy policy since the end of the Second World War. Two questions are essential to this study. What are the great evolutions of the UK energy policy? What are the convergences and divergences between the UK energy policy and the European energy policy, of which the creation of the Common Market is only one of the aspects?
Masudi, Opese. "BelMod: a multi-sector, inter-regional general equilibrium model for Belgium". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209692.
Pełny tekst źródłaBelMod is intended to act as an analytical and quantitative support for decision-making in the energy/environment field and fiscal policies. The tool would be in evaluating ex-ante the cost and benefit of different policies to be implemented. The winners and the losers may easily be identified. BelMod also aims at filling the gaps left by the other models currently used in Belgium, in particular by explicit bottom-up modelling of the three Belgian regions (Brussels, Flanders, Wallonia) in the full integrated framework, by further disaggregating the production and consumption blocks, by distinguishing different types of households to study the distributional effects of environmental and fiscal policies.
The effect of let’s say, carbon tax, may affect branches of activities, markets and institutions differently over time and space. Under the “Burden Sharing Agreement”, Belgium committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 7.5 % by 2008-2012 from the 1990 level. Therefore the efficient way of dealing with this issue requires an analytical tool which can take into account the interactions between institutional agents (regional governments, community’s governments, central government, households, firms and rest of the world), their behaviour and the time horizon. The most adequate tool to do so is the general equilibrium model.
A CGE model such as BelMod requires a consistent, detailed and well structured database in the form of a social accounting matrix (SAM). A SAM is a square matrix which takes into account the production, consumption, revenues, expenditures and transactions of institutions at a given period of time. The reference year for our SAM is 2003. The SAM we built contains sixty two (62) branches of activity, sixty nine (69) commodities, three (3) regional governments, the French Community, the Central Government, the capital accounts and the Rest of the World.
Finally, to illustrate the capabilities of the model we provide two scenario analyses. In the first policy scenario, we simulate the introduction of a carbon tax at 20 euro per ton of CO2 emissions in 2013-2020 and 30 euro per ton of CO2 emissions in 2021-2050. In the second policy scenario, we simulate a linear and gradual increase of the crude oil price to 150 US dollars per barrel in 2050. The increase starts in 2008 and the target (150 US dollars) is reached in 2050.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Migazzi, Caroline. "Le droit international face aux défis énergétiques contemporains". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3017.
Pełny tekst źródłaCurrent energy challenges are multidimentional in nature as they blend together the economic, social, and environmental fields. They are also global, interconnected and transversal. Energy challenges are apprehended globally by international law, despite some shortcomings. Those shortcomings stem from the strategic nature of energy challenges and their simultaneous dependance on sovereignty. They also come to light in the context of environmental risks and risks of harm to humans. Yet, those shortcomings do not deprive international law of its capacity to adapt to energy challenges. It shows adaptation by taking into account their transversal character and the correlated necessity for solidarity. The inclusive and new finality of pursuing universal access to sustainable energy and the efforts shown toward energy democracy yet reinforce this adaptability. Thus, international law exibits all the tools necessary to help, and also be an engine for the energy transition
Russo, Eleonora. "L'Union européenne et le changement climatique : aspects juridiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020032.
Pełny tekst źródłaOver the last fifty years, climate change has acquired a political and a legal dimension. In 2009, the Lisbon Treaty included combating climate change among the objectives of the European Union’s international environmental policy, demonstrating the will of the EU to play a leading global role in this domain. This thesis studies the development of the fight against climate change in EU law. In Part I we analyse European ambitions within the framework of international negotiations, where climate governance originally emerged. Then, we examine the European system of competence in order to better understand whether or not it actually serves as the most effective approach to tackling climate change issues. Part II concerns the implementation of the EU climate change policy. Here, we present its main instruments, i.e. the climate and energy package, and examine the mechanisms that the EU uses to give coherence to this cross-cutting policy and influence global climate action by way of internal measures taken. Our analysis furthers the understanding of European contributions, both past and present, to the construction of effective international climate governance. Moreover, the subject of climate change, a major global challenge with an array of specific characteristics, provides us with a privileged point of view to examine several dynamics of the construction of European integration
Diedhiou, Saliou. "Evaluation des bénéfices énergétiques et environnementaux des politiques de soutien à la R&D". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UBFCG012.
Pełny tekst źródłaEnvironmental innovations can play a central role in the fight against climate change. Also, the commitment of the international community in favor of the climate is reflected in particular by the implementation of policies for these innovations. This thesis studies the process in which these innovations appear in France, in particular the effects of environmental regulations, as well as their consequences on company performance.The challenges of this thesis are threefold: (i) contribute to a better understanding of the concept of environmental innovation; (ii) determine the strategic behavior of companies in terms of the dissemination of environmental innovations; (iii) develop an empirical methodology for evaluating the effects of public policy instruments on R&D expenditure and then on environmental and energy innovations, as well as their consequences on the efficiency of production systems. The empirical methodology will be based on the CDM model (for Crepon, Duguet, Mairesse, 1998), which is a structural model in three stages, seeking to analyze the relationships between R&D expenditure, innovation and productivity.The literature offers different definitions of the concept of environmental innovation. The objective of chapter 1 is to contribute to this debate by making the link between traditional innovation, sustainable development and environmental innovation, in order to better understand the latter and retain a single definition for the rest of the thesis. This review of the literature shows that environmental innovations do not spread in the same way as traditional innovations. Indeed, an imbalance exists between R&D expenditure related to the environment and R&D expenditure for other innovation activities. This imbalance raises the question of the difficulties of certain types of companies in implementing environmental innovations.The objective of Chapter 2 is to shed light on this debate by providing an overview of R&D and innovation activities of companies in France. Our main results show that the implementation of environmental innovations varies according to the type of company and according to the environmental regulation policy.The objective of Chapter 3 is to integrate environmental innovations within the CDM model. Our econometric results show that R&D intensity promotes environmental innovations, which themselves tend to increase business productivity. We nevertheless notice some different results of the R&D intensity effect, when firms adopt two types of environmental technologies in isolation
Curien, Rémi. "Services essentiels en réseaux et fabrique urbaine en Chine : la quête d’une environnementalisation dans le cadre d’un développement accéléré : enquêtes à Shanghai, Suzhou et Tianjin". Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1191.
Pełny tekst źródłaEnvironmentalising the country's development without significantly changing the pace of economic and urban growth: such is the difficult challenge set since 2006 by the Chinese authorities to deal with the increasing pressure bearing on natural environment and major environmental damage caused by accelerated development. China is probably the only country in the world where a goal of energy and environmental sobriety in the provision of urban utilities (water, waste-water, electricity, gas, heating, waste management) is so vigorously sought in circular economy policies, more specifically in eco-industrial parks and eco-cities projects, in the context of a strong and extended economic and urban development. Based on an investigation conducted in Shanghai, Suzhou and Tianjin, three cities at the forefront of transformations in China, and combined with a study of the national framework and the overall situation in the country, the thesis aims to analyze the substance and the forms of the urban utilities' environmentlisation implemented in China. Our research shows that the ambitious Chinese policies of urban utilities' environmentalisation leads in the cities to a partial improvement in the environmental quality of their provision, while the horizon of sobriety and circular economy remains distant. The prevalence of the developmentalist urban fabric stands structurally in the way of the emergence of resources reuse-oriented alternative technical systems to conventional networks. The urban utilities' environmentalisation path taken in the Chinese cities is too technocentric and too exogenous to urban planning for the environmentalisation and especially the quest for sobriety to be more substantial. Operationally, these findings encourage a greater integration of utilities' provision issues in the planning and development of cities, both in China and beyond the Chinese context
Ouerfelli, Nidhal. "La prospective énergétique participative pour une énergie durable en Méditerranée". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007VERS011S.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe thesis we defend can be summarized as follows: the success of an energy development based on sustainable energy is strongly linked with a real will and implication of the socioeconomic actors in the decision making processes. Indeed, the decision making concerning energy for a sustainable development, especially in the South shore of the Mediterranean region, must be sought-after while articulating the technical expertise and the involvement of representative actors of the social demand. As a consequence, this leads to a new shape and more efficient governance, the so-called "participative governance", of which one of the essential ingredients is an increased involvement of all actors to the decision making processes. The "participative governance" can be, then, considered as a management way of complexity and uncertainties, feature of the present energy system, which would allow many actors to meet and to think together about energy problems and their resolutions, while justifying and adjusting their positions according to their experiences and know-how. It encourages the transparency of information, the setting in debate of the data, the setting in light of the uncertainties and a pluralistic expertise. Indeed, only a social dialogue and cooperation between the different actors can allow the circulation of information and the transmission of know how and therefore efficiency in the decision making. Our thesis also demonstrated that the scenarios approach often represents the method of "participative energy forecasting", often the most interesting according to the point of view of the three criteria that we considered in our research, since it can integrate the expertise the creativeness and the involvement simultaneously of the various implied actors. They are not "finished" products but appear as powerful instruments of involvement. The scenarios allow indeed stimulating the discussion before the decision making while encouraging the action. This represents the objective of our empiric approach applied in the Southern Mediterranean shore
Aykut, Stefan Cihan. "Comment gouverner un 'nouveau risque mondial' ? : la construction du changement climatique comme problème public à l'échelle globale, européenne, en France et en Allemagne". Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00757106.
Pełny tekst źródłaBégué, Marie-Cécile. "La politique française de l'électricité à l'épreuve de l'intégration communautaire et du droit de l'environnement". Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANT4003.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe French electricity policy is traditionally defined by public authorities. The preference for nuclear power implies great risk and severe damage to the environment. These features of French electricity policy are however questioned by the increasing influence of European law and the (relatively) recent recognition of the environmental issues of such policy. This thesis intends to study the consequences of two 'new' tendencies that seen-1 to be inevitable in the field of electricity policy : the decreasing role of national public authorities and the diffusion of the concept of sustainable development. The theorical model which underlies the organization of commercial exchanges is replacing the traditional intervention of the State regarding of this basic good. The adoption of legal rules to organize the electricity market has involved the development of many economic instruments. Those instruments aim at modifying the electricity policy in accordance with the principle of integration of environmental dimension in sectoral policies. The main object of our work is to analyse the consequences of these changes in the concept of public utility as well as in the importance given to environmental protection in the new forms of electricity policies
Huitelec, Richard. "Le développement durable et la gestion locale des ressources énergétiques". Bordeaux 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR40011.
Pełny tekst źródłaYan, Huijie. "Challenges of China’s sustainability : integrating energy, environment and health policies". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1092.
Pełny tekst źródłaWith the purpose of coping with the intertwined challenges of energy depletion, environmental degradation and public health concerns in the Chinese-specific context in response to sustainable development, we focus on investigating China’s energy, environment and health policies. In chapter 1, we provide an overview of China’s energy, environment and health policies over the past 20 years in order to know about the future policy directions to which the government has not given a sufficient attention. In the following three chapters, we provide a series of empirical studies so as to derive some useful policy implications. In chapter 2, we investigate the impact of urbanization, industrial structure adjustment, energy price and export on provincial aggregate and disaggregate energy intensities. In chapter 3, we study the factors explaining the switches from dirty to clean fuel sources in rural households. In chapter 4, we examine the joint effects of environmental hazards, individual income and health policies on the health status of Chinese adults. Our empirical findings particularly suggest integrating urban development into the strategy of energy saving; considering the complex substitutions/complementarities among energy sources and between energy and food for rural households; aligning the environment, energy and food policies with health policies
Pech, Sophath. "Les aspects énergétiques de l'économie du Cambodge : bilan et perspectives : Thèse de Doctorat en Sciences économiques". Nice, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NICE0031.
Pełny tekst źródłaElessa, Etuman Dipita Arthur. "Analyse des impacts des politiques énergétiques et de déplacements urbains sur la pollution de l’air : modélisation intégrée pour un espace urbain soutenable". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1248/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaAir pollution is a major environmental and social problem and, at the same time, it is a complex problem that poses multiple challenges in terms of management and mitigation of air pollutants. Air pollutants are emitted by anthropogenic and natural sources. They can be either emitted directly (primary pollutants) or formed in the atmosphere (secondary pollutants). Their impacts on health, ecosystems, the urban texture and the climate are proven. Effective action to reduce the impacts of air pollution requires a good understanding of its causes, how pollutants are transported and transformed in the atmosphere and their impact on humans, ecosystems, climate, society, the economy and buildings. Today, policies and development plans aim to make cities sustainable which involves taking into account the internal interactions that make the city a complex system. It is necessary to consider the determinants of air quality. Modeling is one of the most important tools for decision support. There is currently little modeling work integrating several disciplinary fields in terms of air quality. This research aims to develop an innovative approach to the modeling of air quality by integrating social, economic and transportation logistics
Russo, Eleonora. "L'Union européenne et le changement climatique : aspects juridiques". Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020032/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaOver the last fifty years, climate change has acquired a political and a legal dimension. In 2009, the Lisbon Treaty included combating climate change among the objectives of the European Union’s international environmental policy, demonstrating the will of the EU to play a leading global role in this domain. This thesis studies the development of the fight against climate change in EU law. In Part I we analyse European ambitions within the framework of international negotiations, where climate governance originally emerged. Then, we examine the European system of competence in order to better understand whether or not it actually serves as the most effective approach to tackling climate change issues. Part II concerns the implementation of the EU climate change policy. Here, we present its main instruments, i.e. the climate and energy package, and examine the mechanisms that the EU uses to give coherence to this cross-cutting policy and influence global climate action by way of internal measures taken. Our analysis furthers the understanding of European contributions, both past and present, to the construction of effective international climate governance. Moreover, the subject of climate change, a major global challenge with an array of specific characteristics, provides us with a privileged point of view to examine several dynamics of the construction of European integration
Desvallées, Lise. "Problématisation, politisation et mesures de résorption des vulnérabilités énergétiques : entre droit à l’énergie et contrôle des pratiques des pauvres à Porto et à Barcelone". Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC1010.
Pełny tekst źródła50 million Europeans face financial difficulties to heat, cook or light their homes. Households in energy vulnerability either limit the use of these services because they do not have sufficient income, or devote a disproportionately large part of their overall budget to paying energy bills. European legislation requires Member States to establish policies for measuring and resolving the problem. This objective is complex because energy vulnerability is at the intersection of a set of factors covered by different sectoral policies: the pricing of energy, the energy efficiency of housing, and social assistance.This thesis studies the emergence of energy vulnerability in national and local public agendas with an urban political ecology framework. I conducted a comparative survey in two cities (Porto and Barcelona), where the issue is important and treated in different ways. I analyze the factors that combine to create situations of energy vulnerability in these cities and which turn them into public problems, through media, legislation and local innovations. Policy analysis is complemented by study of the concrete conditions of energy vulnerability as they are experienced by households which are in touch with social assistance agencies and charities.The main result of the thesis is that situations of energy vulnerability are politicized by both new actors and traditional players in energy governance. I show how civil society activism gives rise to a right to energy, which is not enshrined in national legislation and which, under the pressure of new social movements, becomes an imperative for local communities. I then analyze the diffusion of programs targeting vulnerable households, based on a model that aims at reducing consumption and therefore limiting the number of unpaid energy bills. This experimental and inexpensive model meets the interests of organizations from civil society, local communities, energy suppliers and the households themselves who were already reducing their expenses
Waciega, Kamila Olga. "Regional policies of decarbonisation in Europe : case of Silesia in Poland and Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0012.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe object of the study is a comparative examination of two regions' adaptation to the new political, legal and financial context that results from the development and extension of the EU integration in the field of energy and climate change – or decarbonisation agenda. The ‘usages’ refer to stakeholders’ ability and willingness to take advantage of the European opportunities and constraints provided to them to shape national (and in this case regional) policies. In addition to the intentional dimensions ‘usages’ also cover the actual practices observed in each region. We search to determine to what extent the ability of the regional executives to mobilise EU resources for the purpose of pursuing their strategies in the field of decarbonisation depends on whether they are situated in an ‘old’ or a ‘new’ member state of the EU. We attempt to assess to what extent their ability to innovate and to organise a territorial resilience is related to the East/West divide.The analysis is conduced on two case studies: two European regions that are today major CO2 emitters, because they are still industrialized, densely populated, they host energy production sites, and their housing requires deep and extensive thermal renovation. Two regions in Europe appeared particularly fitting that description, and cumulate all disadvantages (as regards the importance of CO2 emissions). Upper Silesia in Poland and Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France can still be considered as industrialized territories that can be compared in a “new/old” member state of the EU perspective. The present research looks at differences in usages in the two case studies. We search for pertinent explanatory variables for those divergences to be found in each region’s past, deconstructed in institutional, interest-related and ideational components. We place our model in a path-dependence perspective and we look at how it is relevant in a regional setting
Le, Minh Thong. "Le rôle des gaz conventionnels et non-conventionnels dans la transition énergétique en Asie". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAE007/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaEnergy and environmental issues are one of the main challenges for humanity in the 21st century. Global growth in energy demand links to environmental concerns including pollution, global warming and reduction of CO2 emissions. In particular, it is an urgent request in rapidly growing developing regions such as Asian countries. Using cleaner energy sources, renewable energy instead of traditional energy sources like coal and oil is an inevitable option in the future. In the current context, natural gas is seen as a clean energy source which plays a major role in the energy transition process towards a low-carbon economy. The consequences for natural gas markets are significant and the condition of this change is an abundant supply of natural gas. The development of unconventional gas, particularly shale gas, provides an opportunity to expand the global gas supply. This is illustrated by the “shale gas revolution” in US which has profoundly changed the regional gas markets. However, this "revolution" is hardly reproducible in other regions of the world. This thesis demonstrates particularly that apart from geological, institutional conditions (taxation, property rights), economic (prices, technologies) and organizational (free markets) are necessary for a large scale development of unconventional resources. This research also shows that most of these conditions are not met in Europe or Asia (especially in China). Therefore, an energy transition by natural gas to meet climate challenges in Asia will be solved through imports, rather than through regional production. From three scenarios of the POLES model based on assumptions about climate policy, shale gas development and rapid increase of demand for gas in the energy mix (particularly in Asia), two main conclusions emerge. The developments of shale gas with low cost in the USA make the global gas supply abundant and more competitive than other energies, particularly coal. Therefore, even without climate policy, the conditions are ripe for the increaseof natural gas proportion in the energy mix. Secondly, a strong climate policy has contradictory effects on the relative share of natural gas in the Asian energy mix. On the one hand, it allows natural gas larger penetration into the energy mix of Asia. But at the same time, with limitation of energy demand, requested natural gas volumes are only slightly higher than in scenarios without climate policy
Chanard, Camille. "Territoire et énergie : politiques locales, échelles d'intervention et instruments de mobilisation, de connaissance et d'action". Thesis, Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA1041/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe thesis is about French local authorities' energy policies, and more particularly about regional policies. In a context of reassessment of fossil fuel-based energy systems, local authorities have a key role to play. Indeed, energy systems are complex and require to act locally, in order to keep fair access for consumers and to adapt supply to needs and uses. In the same way, environmental constraints and sustainable exploitation of local resources involve to have a good knowledge of territory and of local energy potential. But, local authorities do not know much about boundaries and about components of territorial energy systems. The main purpose of the thesis is to determine structure and behaviour of these energy systems in order to identify public policy incentive levers at local scale.The first part of the thesis deals with the links between land uses, actors' behaviours, political choices and energy consumptions. Here, we point out the specific interest of geography and territorial approach to treat energy issue, both for land planning and for actors' mobilization. In the second part, we identify policy instruments which local authorities should dispose and actions they should implement in order to develop energy saving and renewables. Then, the third part is more specific to regional level. The analysis of two French planning instruments (Regional Plans for Climate, Air and Energy and Regional Energy Observatories), shows the interest of this scale which could, with its position between national and local levels, contribute to improve knowledge of territories, to coordinate local actions and to develop energy policies adapted to local specificities
Fléty, Yann. "Vers une mise en observation des systèmes énergétiques territoriaux : une approche géographique pour territorialiser l'énergie". Thesis, Besançon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BESA1001/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaHaving an effect on a system calls for a thorough knowledge of it. The main goal of this research is toprovide a general framework for the interpretation of geographic information, as well as a methodologicalframework to understand the interrelations between territory and energy in the context of a territorialobservatory. A literature review of energy planning on the one hand and spatial planning on the other revealssimilar developments in the two fields, in particular in terms of decentralisation and environmental concerns.The change of geographical scale chosen for the analysis brings new possibilities for public intervention. Inthis context, therefore, local authorities have a key role to play in implementing energy policy goals in theirplanning practices. They need analysis and prospective studies, as well as basic knowledge to carry outterritorial energy planning. Indeed, the socio-spatial functions (living, travelling, working, etc.) arethemselves at the root of spatial layout, urban forms and settlement structures. Those functions cannot bedisassociated from questions of land use and energy. So, to understand energy which is vital, ubiquitous, andresponsible for the organisation of territory, a systemic approach is proposed: the Territorial Energy System.It illustrates the importance of the interactions between a territory and its energy system, and more precisely,the interdependence between energy processes and territorial ones. We propose a design approach in thecontext of an observatory, and more precisely conceptual models, to analyse the territory-energyinterrelations, especially with a focus on semantic dimensions. This approach combines three elements: ameta-model, a light and pre-consensus domain ontology, and individual conceptual data models for eachindicator. An original indicator is then used for a first ontology population: the territorial energy label.Characterising the interrelations between territory and energy is non-trivial, dealing with the variety ofprocesses, scales or data constraints and the numerous meanings of those two concepts. The maincontributions of this research is firstly to demonstrate the relevance of a territorial perspective on energy, aswell as presenting a geographical design approach to conceptualising the observation of territorial energysystems in a territorial observatory
Hoarau, Quentin. "Out with the Pipes, in with the Plugs : On the Economics of the Energy Transition in the Automobile Sector Interactions between electric mobility and photovoltaic generation Network tariff design with prosumers and electromobility: Who wins, who loses Stranded to be? Diesel ban and used car markets. Coordination of abatements and policies with sector coupling technologies". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASI006.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe development of electric mobility is the main technological compromise that will allow the automobile sector to drastically reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. From the ban of thermal vehicles to the integration of electric vehicles in the power sector, this dissertation investigates several economic aspects of this transition.First, it empirically studies the impacts of urban policies that limit the access of most polluting vehicles by analyzing the behavior of car sellers on second-hand markets. Then, it theoretically precises the optimal conditions of the electrification of the automobile fleet how governments may plan support policies for electric vehicles that take into account their interaction with the power system.Third, it investigates the interaction between electric mobility and photovoltaic energy. It develops a systematic framework that enlightens technical and economic conditions of synergy.Fourth, it discusses the distributional effects from tariff design of power network with both distributed energy resources and electric mobility
Nguyen, Thành Nhân. "Programmer le développement soutenable dans un pays en voie de développement : une optimisation sociale du secteur électrique au Vietnam". Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0118.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe kernel of this dissertation aims to exploit by optimisation methods and empirical studies the issues of sustainable development in the Vietnamese power sector for the next thirty years. It then examines the ways to implement sustainable energy options for the power sector in practice. There are two parts: (i) In the fust part, using a comparative analysis and a vulnerability analysis that is based on the Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) simulation, I analyze energy-development-related vulnerabilities that the sector could face, in terms of economic and socio-environmental dimensions. I further develop the IRP model, in such a way representing realistically marginal abatement costs of carbon reduction by considering non-zero carbon values and carbon emission constraints, in order to simulate sustainable energy supply options for the power sector. (ii) In the second part, I study the major barriers against the wider adoption of sustainable energy development options in practice by using analytical hierarchy process-based formaI surveys among national experts. Then, I use an empirical analysis approach to examine different appropriate policy means including incentive instruments/schemes and sector reform for such sustainability of the power sector. To the end, I analyze the access to feasible financing sources for sustainable development in the Vietnamese power sector
Wang, Xin. "An economic and political assessment of carbon pricing policies in China". Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL12003/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaChina’s approach to tackle climate change has been marked by a rapid shift toward market-based instruments; particularly the carbon pricing policy since its twelfth Five Year Plan (FYP) (2011-2015) was launched. Carbon prices were indirectly generated by the massive use of export VAT refund rebate and export tax on energy-intensive products since 2007. It will be explicitly complemented by an emission trading scheme (ETS) tested at provincial level by 2013 and implemented at national level by 2015. While one could expect such initiatives to grant China a status as a “climate-champion”, doubts have been cast on the rationale for taxing energy-intensive exports on the one hand, and the value given to CO2 either at the border or domestically on the other. By using both quantitative and qualitative assessments, the thesis contributes to unpacking China’s domestic and border carbon pricing policies by analyzing their incentives and domestic and global consequences. It proposes first to accelerate domestic carbon price stringency; and second to implement an explicit and comparable (20$/tCO2) export carbon price, particularly on energy-intensive products, as a short-term transitional measure before a domestic comparable carbon price is introduced
Delfy, Aladin. "paramètres et dispositifs dans la construction de l'habitat durable : le cas de l'écoquartier de Bonne à Grenoble". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG042.
Pełny tekst źródłaOur research addresses the general issue of urban development and how to design sustainable cities through architecture and town planning. Our analysis focused on a study of caserne de Bonne, an ecodistrict located in Grenoble, which is an emblematic city from an ecological viewpoint. Our task was to significantly reduce CO2 gas emissions, limit the greenhouse effect, and preserve biodiversity. We developed our hypothesis to devise satisfactory solutions to fight pollution, reduce the use of fossil fuels, and create innovative ways to employ renewable energy. Our program will start locally, then expand on a regional and national level. We observed that in residential districts, remedies such as reducing transportation generated pollution, conserving energy, treating household waste, and other parameters,can be scaled up and implemented regionally and nationally. As architect and urban planner, we wanted to contribute to this field by providing an analysis of Bonne ecodistrict
Delfy, Aladin. "paramètres et dispositifs dans la construction de l'habitat durable : le cas de l'écoquartier de Bonne à Grenoble". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG042.
Pełny tekst źródłaOur research addresses the general issue of urban development and how to design sustainable cities through architecture and town planning. Our analysis focused on a study of caserne de Bonne, an ecodistrict located in Grenoble, which is an emblematic city from an ecological viewpoint. Our task was to significantly reduce CO2 gas emissions, limit the greenhouse effect, and preserve biodiversity. We developed our hypothesis to devise satisfactory solutions to fight pollution, reduce the use of fossil fuels, and create innovative ways to employ renewable energy. Our program will start locally, then expand on a regional and national level. We observed that in residential districts, remedies such as reducing transportation generated pollution, conserving energy, treating household waste, and other parameters,can be scaled up and implemented regionally and nationally. As architect and urban planner, we wanted to contribute to this field by providing an analysis of Bonne ecodistrict
Symonides, Michał. "L'Arctique comme enjeu de coopération internationale". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAH023/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe interest in the Arctic has grown through the environmental issues and climate change that deeply altered the region, especially with the impact of the global warming. These changes bring many threats but also important opportunities, and require a deeper cooperation to respond to them. The protection of the environment, the management of Arctic resources (natural, fishery, etc.), the use of sea routes, the delimitation of maritime boundaries, the respect of human rights and of indigenous peoples rights, the strategic and military aspects are all examples of the issues that coexist in the Arctic. They highlight the challenges that the cooperation in the Arctic is facing. None of these issues could solely be managed by the cooperation between the Arctic States, as their consequences and the interests at stake are global. In addition to the multitude of areas of cooperation, there is a congruence of actors: Arctic and extra-Arctic ones such as international organizations, non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, but also regions, inter-parliamentary organizations, indigenous peoples or scientific associations. The complexity of the situation is perceptible in the way the Arctic cooperation is established. Tensions exist both among the Arctic actors and between Arctic and extra-Arctic actors. Two contradictory processes seem to structure the cooperation with the regionalization on the one hand, and the internationalization on the other hand. Thus, cooperation between Arctic stakeholders is built around many international institutions, which structures and roles will certainly evolve. The central structure of the Arctic cooperation is the Arctic Council – a regional institution. At the same time, the cooperation in the Arctic region is based on global international cooperations, with essential instruments as the Convention on the law of the sea of 1982. Arctic cooperation seems to be an interesting model based on flexibility that should enable adaptation, which is especially important in a region so deeply exposed to fast changes. It is based on a unique structure emphasizing multi-level and multi-stakeholder actions, keeping a balance between hard and soft law. If the Arctic cooperation builds a real Arctic region with a growing importance in the international arena, the ties between the world and the region remains uncertain. The inclusion of extra-Arctic actors is necessary but it is facing resistance from a part of the Arctic actors. Arctic arises as a new object of international relations and may even become a new actor, but it must respond to the dangers that may exist for cooperation in this region, dangers that seem to come especially from exogenous causes. Therefore, Arctic cooperation requires a thorough analysis of the issues it is faced with as well as its contradictions and paradoxes. This thesis aims to study the Arctic cooperation highlighting its mechanisms and particularities as well as to analyze relationships that it can develop with extra-Arctic actors and how it incorporates into international relations
Purcel, Alexandra-Anca. "Economic Development and Environmental Quality Nexus in Developing and Transition Economies". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAD013.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis tackles one of the most debatable and in vogue topics in economics, namely the economic development and environmental quality nexus. Notably, it studies the economic development's effects—in terms of its economic, social, and political dimensions—on the environmental quality for developing and transition economies. Chapter I, which is divided into three key phases, namely theoretical review, empirical exercise, and empirical review, contributes to the literature by giving various insights regarding the link between economic growth and environmental pollution in developing and transition economies. Overall, it reveals that the recent empirical studies, indeed, succeeding to curtail some of the deficiencies suggested by theoretical contributions, might indicate a certain consensus regarding pollution-growth nexus and Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis validity. Chapter II examines the pollution-growth nexus in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, adding to the related empirical literature using the extended EKC hypothesis as a theoretical background. On the one hand, it unveils an increasing nonlinear link between GDP and CO2 at the aggregate level, which is powerfully robust to different estimators and control variables. On the other hand, the country-level analysis reveals that the relationship between GDP and CO2 is characterized by much diversity among CEE countries. Thus, despite an aggregated upward trend, some CEE countries managed to secure both higher GDP and lower CO2 emissions. From a policy perspective, EU policymakers could pay more attention to these countries and amend the current unique environmental policy to account for country-heterogeneities to support economic growth without damaging the environment. Chapter III investigates the aggregated and sector-specific CO2 emissions' responsiveness following exogenous shocks to growth and urbanization, considering a transmission scheme that incorporates two of the widely used instruments in mitigating environmental degradation—renewables and energy efficiency. First, robust to several alternative specifications, the results indicate that output, urbanization, and energy intensity increase the aggregated CO2 emissions, while renewable energy exhibits an opposite effect. Moreover, regarding the CO2 responsiveness in the aftermath of output and urbanization shocks, the pattern may suggest that these countries are likely to attain the threshold that would trigger a decline in CO2 emissions. However, the findings are sensitive to both countries' economic development and Kyoto Protocol ratification/ascension status. Second, the sector-specific analysis unveils that the transportation, buildings, and non-combustion sector exhibits a higher propensity to increase the future CO2 levels. Generally, this chapter may provide useful insights concerning environmental sustainability prospects in developing states. Chapter IV explores the effects of political stability on environmental degradation, giving a renewed perspective on this topic in developing states. It shows that a nonlinear, bell-shaped pattern characterizes the relationship between variables at the aggregate level. Moreover, while this result is robust to a broad set of alternative specifications, significant heterogeneities are found regarding countries' distinct characteristics and alternative pollution measures. Besides, the country-specific estimates unveil contrasting patterns regarding the relationship between CO2 and political stability. Broadly speaking, the findings suggest that both the formal and informal sides of political stability play a vital role in mitigating CO2 pollution in developing countries, and may provide meaningful insights for policymakers. (...)
Saint-Jacques, Hélène. "La dichotomie citoyen/consommateur du discours environnemental d'Hydro-Québec : analyse de la rhétorique publicitaire liée à l'efficacité énergétique". Mémoire, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4813/1/M12380.pdf.
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