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Moulim, El Bachir. "L'énergie et la protection de l'environnement dans la Communauté européenne". Tours, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOUR1020.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe thesis tries to give an essential glimpse of the unfold efforts in the harmonized wrest le with the reaches from the energy to the environment. It applies to show the efforts of the european community to inform, to harmonize, to regulate as far as possible in fields as varied as the quality of air, products, the "clean car", the pollution of sea by the hydrocarbons, the radioactivity, the radioactive waste. . . The recall of different texts carried or simply proposed by the communal authorities, goes with development of the coal, the gas, the oil, the nuclear energy. These technical explanations are often indispensable to understand the stakes of the communal intervention
Russo, Eleonora. "L'Union européenne et le changement climatique : aspects juridiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020032.
Pełny tekst źródłaOver the last fifty years, climate change has acquired a political and a legal dimension. In 2009, the Lisbon Treaty included combating climate change among the objectives of the European Union’s international environmental policy, demonstrating the will of the EU to play a leading global role in this domain. This thesis studies the development of the fight against climate change in EU law. In Part I we analyse European ambitions within the framework of international negotiations, where climate governance originally emerged. Then, we examine the European system of competence in order to better understand whether or not it actually serves as the most effective approach to tackling climate change issues. Part II concerns the implementation of the EU climate change policy. Here, we present its main instruments, i.e. the climate and energy package, and examine the mechanisms that the EU uses to give coherence to this cross-cutting policy and influence global climate action by way of internal measures taken. Our analysis furthers the understanding of European contributions, both past and present, to the construction of effective international climate governance. Moreover, the subject of climate change, a major global challenge with an array of specific characteristics, provides us with a privileged point of view to examine several dynamics of the construction of European integration
Waciega, Kamila Olga. "Regional policies of decarbonisation in Europe : case of Silesia in Poland and Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0012.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe object of the study is a comparative examination of two regions' adaptation to the new political, legal and financial context that results from the development and extension of the EU integration in the field of energy and climate change – or decarbonisation agenda. The ‘usages’ refer to stakeholders’ ability and willingness to take advantage of the European opportunities and constraints provided to them to shape national (and in this case regional) policies. In addition to the intentional dimensions ‘usages’ also cover the actual practices observed in each region. We search to determine to what extent the ability of the regional executives to mobilise EU resources for the purpose of pursuing their strategies in the field of decarbonisation depends on whether they are situated in an ‘old’ or a ‘new’ member state of the EU. We attempt to assess to what extent their ability to innovate and to organise a territorial resilience is related to the East/West divide.The analysis is conduced on two case studies: two European regions that are today major CO2 emitters, because they are still industrialized, densely populated, they host energy production sites, and their housing requires deep and extensive thermal renovation. Two regions in Europe appeared particularly fitting that description, and cumulate all disadvantages (as regards the importance of CO2 emissions). Upper Silesia in Poland and Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France can still be considered as industrialized territories that can be compared in a “new/old” member state of the EU perspective. The present research looks at differences in usages in the two case studies. We search for pertinent explanatory variables for those divergences to be found in each region’s past, deconstructed in institutional, interest-related and ideational components. We place our model in a path-dependence perspective and we look at how it is relevant in a regional setting
Russo, Eleonora. "L'Union européenne et le changement climatique : aspects juridiques". Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020032/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaOver the last fifty years, climate change has acquired a political and a legal dimension. In 2009, the Lisbon Treaty included combating climate change among the objectives of the European Union’s international environmental policy, demonstrating the will of the EU to play a leading global role in this domain. This thesis studies the development of the fight against climate change in EU law. In Part I we analyse European ambitions within the framework of international negotiations, where climate governance originally emerged. Then, we examine the European system of competence in order to better understand whether or not it actually serves as the most effective approach to tackling climate change issues. Part II concerns the implementation of the EU climate change policy. Here, we present its main instruments, i.e. the climate and energy package, and examine the mechanisms that the EU uses to give coherence to this cross-cutting policy and influence global climate action by way of internal measures taken. Our analysis furthers the understanding of European contributions, both past and present, to the construction of effective international climate governance. Moreover, the subject of climate change, a major global challenge with an array of specific characteristics, provides us with a privileged point of view to examine several dynamics of the construction of European integration
Waciega, Kamila Olga. "Regional policies of decarbonisation in Europe : case of Silesia in Poland and Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0012.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe object of the study is a comparative examination of two regions' adaptation to the new political, legal and financial context that results from the development and extension of the EU integration in the field of energy and climate change – or decarbonisation agenda. The ‘usages’ refer to stakeholders’ ability and willingness to take advantage of the European opportunities and constraints provided to them to shape national (and in this case regional) policies. In addition to the intentional dimensions ‘usages’ also cover the actual practices observed in each region. We search to determine to what extent the ability of the regional executives to mobilise EU resources for the purpose of pursuing their strategies in the field of decarbonisation depends on whether they are situated in an ‘old’ or a ‘new’ member state of the EU. We attempt to assess to what extent their ability to innovate and to organise a territorial resilience is related to the East/West divide.The analysis is conduced on two case studies: two European regions that are today major CO2 emitters, because they are still industrialized, densely populated, they host energy production sites, and their housing requires deep and extensive thermal renovation. Two regions in Europe appeared particularly fitting that description, and cumulate all disadvantages (as regards the importance of CO2 emissions). Upper Silesia in Poland and Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France can still be considered as industrialized territories that can be compared in a “new/old” member state of the EU perspective. The present research looks at differences in usages in the two case studies. We search for pertinent explanatory variables for those divergences to be found in each region’s past, deconstructed in institutional, interest-related and ideational components. We place our model in a path-dependence perspective and we look at how it is relevant in a regional setting
Aykut, Stefan Cihan. "Comment gouverner un 'nouveau risque mondial' ? : la construction du changement climatique comme problème public à l'échelle globale, européenne, en France et en Allemagne". Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00757106.
Pełny tekst źródłaLombardo, Marco. "Les Principes généraux de la politique énergétique européenne". Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2010/LOMBARDO_Marco_2010.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe thesis analyzes the link between the internai and the external dimension of EU energy law with the alm to evaluate the efficacy and the coherence of the EU energy policies in a global and integrated approach. To this extent, the research deals with the evolution of the EU competence on the ground of energy matters and try to define the main principle of the EU energy policv and the limits of the national regulatlOn In the energy field. Despite the role of energy goods for the workable competition, for the envlronmental protectIOn goals and for secunty of supplies, this work underlines the absence in the doctnnal debate of a sufficlent elaboration of energy matters in an systematic and organic context
Campaner, Nadia. "Les fondements de l'interdépendance énergétique entre l'Union européenne et la Fédération de Russie". Paris 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA030068.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis explores the origin and development of the EU-Russia energy trade and cooperation. The comprehensive analysis of international relations in the field of energy necessitates an interdisciplinary approach where both political and economic factors are taken into account. Firstly, we review the background and historical development of trade in oil and gas between the largest founding states (West Germany, France and Italy) and the Soviet Union in the context of the Cold War. A brief outlook at the spectacular development of the Soviet oil and gas industry between the sixties and the eighties is presented as well. The impact of the break-up of the USSR on the production of hydrocarbons and exports to the EU has been assessed. The privatisation and liberalisation of the Russian oil sector have not brought about much needed investments and modernisation, but contributed to the formation of an oligarchy. The evolution and the perspectives of the Russian oil and gas industry since the presidential elections of 2000 are analysed. Secondly, we examine the energy strategies of the EU and post-Soviet Russia. While the EU and Russia share common interests in developing a strategic partnership in the energy sector, their priorities and policies are diverging. One major issue addressed in this work is the analysis of the EU-Russia energy dialog launched in 2000. It is concluded that mutually beneficial and non-politicised areas of cooperation such as energy efficiency and technologies can substantially contribute to the security of energy supplies of the EU in the long term
Pradel, Nicolas. "La politique énergétique extérieure de l'Union Européenne et le droit". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1074.
Pełny tekst źródłaSince 2006, the European Union’s external energy policy has been strengthening significantly. This ambitious EU policy is aimed at ensuring the security of energy supply in the EU and to contribute to more sustainable use of energy around the world. If political dialogue and economic aid are essential, the EU resorts principally to the law in order to liberalise energy markets of the third States in its periphery and to spread its vision of sustainable energy on the international stage. For which reasons does the EU use primarily the law in this policy? Is this instrument efficient? It is these two majors questions that this study addresses
Lécou, Sébastien. "Missions de service public et régulation en environnement concurrentiel : application au secteur postal". Paris 1, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00187041.
Pełny tekst źródłaBelyi, Andrei. "La dimension énergétique de la Sécurité pan-européenne et son impact sur la politique extérieure de l'Union européenne". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211092.
Pełny tekst źródłaSentein, Daniel. "L’adaptation du système médico-social français au modèle européen : gouvernance d’entreprise sociale, organisation, environnement, activités". Lille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LIL20019.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe first part of this research investigates the parallel paths of economic and social developments throughout history, and then describes the current issues relevant to the internal and external social and medico-social partners. The study especially tries to explain the resistance to change and the breaking lines caused by law N° 2002-2 of January 2nd, 2002. Our research shows how this sector, producer of social bonds, paradoxically marginalised itself. The second part is an attempt at predicting in which way European contribution in company management, as well as those of economic science, can help this sector to renovate itself and recover its legitimacy. Through the analysis of the major uncertainties in this sector, the research identifies five key variables which condition the restructuring and the longg-term future of the institutions and services. The study opens on the design of a reference document and assessments tools for prospective management
Gouin, Anne-Paule. "Transport maritime à courte distance et droit communautaire". Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE0035.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis identifies the legal concepts relating to short sea shipping and concludes this transport activity is regulated within the legal framework of the European Community. The nature of short sea shipping justifies this legal arrangement. It contributes not only to the fulfilling of the Community objectives on the environment but also to the emerging concept of territorial cohesion. The legal framework is based on the Common Transport Policy and its emphasis on the liberalisation of the European shipping industry, but with specific adjustments made to take into account the special nature of short sea shipping. The promotion of this activity leads to the creation of accompanying regulation which conflict with Community objectives on free and undistorted competition. Moreover, the activity of short sea shipping extends outside of Community territory. This thesis analyses the respective distribution of Member States and Commmunity competences, both in the respect of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality, as well as external responsibilities. The Community law applicable to short sea shipping has therefore been written specifically to integrate into the legal framework of the Community
Vial, Claire. "Protection de l'environnement et libre circulation des marchandises". Montpellier 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON10032.
Pełny tekst źródłaPaulic, Gaëlle. "Entre production et consommation durables, quelle politique écologique des produits pour l'Union européenne ?" Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT4009.
Pełny tekst źródłaConspicuous consumption has become the hallmark of the individualist model of society in the 21th century and the impacts of this consumption on the environment mean that the necessity to develop sustainable consumption patterns has become a central policy focus. Extended producer responsibility has already begun to focus on the product and its environmental impact. A new approach has now been canvassed bu the European Community which proposes a radical revision in the way in which impacts should evaluated and controlled. Integrated Product Policy is a proposal which reflects the problems of a society driven by consumerism. This evolutionary development in environmental politics results from a growing awareness that the increasing consumerism and globalisation of western society is linked to environmental degradation. Products are developed in accordance with their marketability. But their marketability is not automatically influenced by their environmental impact. IPP represents an innovative way of controlling environmental pollution by looking by the impacts which individual products will have on the environment along their full supply chain throughout their lifetime. It is a policy which is designed to function within a market economy where it is essential that consumption and production patterns are sustained in an economic sense. It is not aimed of achieving a reduction of consumption of products. But the viability of the new paradigm faces many difficulties in the refinement of a life-cycle approach within the current European legislation and within the context of a multilateral trade
Haddad, Raymond. "La problématique de la gestion des déchets dans le droit communautaire de l'environnement". Thesis, Artois, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ARTO0301.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe mass of waste that remained negligible during the early millennia of human experience, dangerously increased with the industrial revolution and the advent of the consumer society. Wastes can henceforth destroy the laws of nature. They cause serious and irreversible degradation of the environment and major technological risks.Given this reality, the community law of the waste and the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice had implemented three immune systems. They can be designated by the terms of metaphysics immunity, representing a system of values, legal immunity, corresponding to coercion, solidarity, information and participation, and biological immunity ensuring the maintenance of corporeality.This environmental advance has been partially undermined by the merchandising of waste. Indeed, the dominant feature of the merchandise is the abstraction, which extends to everything surrounding the merchandise form. Thus, the abstract merchandise value is only capable of quantitative differentiation as opposed to the qualitative of the environmental advocates. This abstraction allowed exceeding legal and metaphysical thought that disdains the residues, but it imposed a spatiotemporal process that determines the forms of thought harmful to the balance of the natural environment
Benhassine, Wassim. "Le processus de libéralisation des industries électriques et gazières européennes à travers les stratégies de fusion acquisition et d'investissement des firmes : propositions pour une sécurité énergétique renforcée". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00408083.
Pełny tekst źródłaMonpion, Anne. "Le principe pollueur payeur et l'activité agricole dans l'Union européenne". Limoges, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LIMO1005.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe agricultural activity, as it done in Europe, is a source of pollutions. Indeed, the common agricultural policy (CAP), which is based upon productivity, has played a great part in the realisation of important environmental damages caused to natural resources. The polluter pays principle, one of the foundations of the common environmental policy, seems to be resolutely put aside ways enforced to struggle against agricultural pollutions. The both pillars of the common agricultural policy have in some way set up that enmity. The first pillar, which has disconnected the prices of agricultural products from market signals, doesn't allow producers to internalise external costs. Regarding to the second pillar, it tries to struggle against agricultural pollutions by financial supports whereas the polluter pays principle is a no subvention principle. The common environmental policy, in accordance with the integration principle, represents another way to fight against those pollutions. Unfortunately their diffuse nature is an obstable to the enforcement of the polluter pays principle by environmental regulation. The diffuse nature of the pollutions makes the identification of the polluter impossible. So the enforcement of the preventive and curative functions of the polluter pays principle is very difficult. However, improvements have been carried out thanks to the continuous reform process of the CAP which indirectly promotes the enforcement of the principle. It doesn't mean that it leads the common policy of fight against agricultural pollutions. It seems to be definitively banished from that sector which means that the society bears the load of environmental damages costs
Eyl-Mazzega, Marc-Antoine. "L'Ukraine, entre la Russie et l'Union européenne : acteurs, règles et organisation des échanges gaziers". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010IEPP0069.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe subject matter of this dissertation is Ukraine's gas policies between 1998 and 2009. It assesses the nature and the scope of challenges the country has been facing in this sector. A key issue is about determining why, since its independence, this country has not been able to overcome the vulnerabilities which come from its very high gas consumption and dependence from Russian imports. The methodological approach is based on the sociology of organizations, the political economy and the concept of Europeanization. The analysis concentrates on actors (identities, interests and constraints), their power and negotiations, and their outcomes in terms of conflicts and agreements. It examines the system in which these policies take places, that is the underlying rules which shape actors' decisions, such as neo-patrimonialism, for example. The concept of Europeanization helps to assess the influence of path dependency, the role of domestic factors as well as of the European Union (EU) as a driver of transformation. Various case studies form the empirical background and support for the analysis, based on the available literature, press articles or the author's interviews with experts and actors of the gas sector. This analysis highlights the extent to which the country's leaders and their close associates set the gas market's rules. The national interests are neglected while corruption and patrimonialism determine actors' decisions. This leads to a high energy insecurity and the stalling of reforms, while Russia's role is predominant. The Europeanization process has failed due to the domestic obstacles to changes as well as EU's lacking credibility, determinacy and power
Alves, Carlos-Manuel. "La protection intégrée de l'environnement en droit communautaire". Bordeaux 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR40006.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the face of increasingly significant ecological imbalances, the question of the relationship between the environment and economic development has become international. The integration or the integrated protection of the environment seeks to es ablish equilibrium between these two essential needs. Its consist of placing environmental considerations in development policies. Taking account of its call, the European Community, regional organisation for. . . Economic integration, could not stay in the background of such a movement. Integration has taken the form of a legal duty in the treatry. .
Crisan, Adina. "Le système énergétique européen : européanisation, préférences nationales et contraintes institutionnelles". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0048.
Pełny tekst źródłaConfidential PhD thesis. Our research focused on the Europeanisation of the European energy system. By European energy system, we understand a set of 28 national policies, built in a European normative framework governed by the principle of primacy of EU law. In this energy system, we focused on the issue of energy security. Our research has shown that normative Europeanisation works
Sgro, Aurélie. "Les déplacés de l'environnement à l'épreuve de la catégorisation en droit de l'Union européenne". Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE0056/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Lisbon Treaty has put in place a new legal framework which allows environmental displacement, an issue of growing concern for the EU, to be better addressed. However, even though several external policies already support them, to date there is no specific EU framework for the protection of this new kind of migrant. The categorisation of such persons is necessary for determining the legal consequences. The present research demonstrates that, from a legal point of view, environmentally-displaced persons do not meet the requirements to constitute a new category of “persons in need of protection” within EU asylum policy, on the basis of the criterion of environmental prejudice. The lack of conceptual autonomy and the heterogeneity of environmentally-displaced persons create identification and qualification problems, and thus oppose a unitary approach. Furthermore, a complementary system of protection cannot be created given the presumed continuation of internal protection and the lack of a human right to environment. Additionally, the existence of multiple relevant EU competences attenuates the need for international protection. Therefore, the integration of these persons into existing categories, such as the beneficiaries of temporary or subsidiary protection, and the future category of seasonal migrant workers, is suggested. As a result, the category definition of third country nationals in EU law is brought to the fore.Finally, this research includes an examination of the relevance of consular protection for EU citizens affected by natural catastrophes outside EU territory
Baziadoly, Sophie. "Le droit communautaire de l'environnement depuis l'Acte unique européen jusqu'à la Conférence intergouvernementale". Paris 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA020052.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe pressure of the facts, apart from any legal basis will lead the eec in 1972 to create an environment European policy and to adopt usually in legal measures which constitutes a material environmental law. The entry into force the 1st of July 1987 to the single European act introduces preciously the environment into the treaty of Rome allowing the development of a truly European environmental law. But if the single European act gives such a legal basis to the environment European policy it is the union treaty which make the protection of environment one of the main policy and make easies the adoption of new measures. Nevertheless to face the 1990s, commission of the single European act must adopt new legal instruments
Rigamonti, Éric. "De la coalition stratégique : les firmes énergétiques européennes face aux incertitudes réglementaires". Toulouse 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU10070.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis explains the part of uncertainty in the formation of strategic alliances and brings to light the impact of such alliances on the competitive dynamics of a sector. The model suggested is validated through a study of the strategy of the European energy firms during the 1993-2004 period
Aydemir, Melis. "L'Europe, l'énergie et la libéralisation : genèse et intitutionnalisation d'une politique énergétique européenne (1950-2010)". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAG014.
Pełny tekst źródłaFrom the beginning of the European integration, defining a European energy policy was an important challenge. Despite the Member States who intended to preserve the autonomy of their energy sector, a wave of restructuring has taken place in the European electricity and gas sector through the liberalization. In this context, the third energy package with the unbundling issue which envisaged dismantling the big energy companies, caused great deal of controversy and polemics. In connection with this intensive debate, the genesis and institutionalization of the European energy policy from 1950 to 2010 have been studied. The role of neoliberal ideas, stakeholders’ daily practices (interest groups, officials of the European institutions, MEPs...), their power relations, political struggles in the establishment of this policy were analyzed
Palle, Angélique. "L'espace énergétique européen : quelle(s) intégration(s) régionale(s)? : réseaux, normes, marchés, politiques, des intégrations à plusieurs échelles?" Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H018.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis research project analyses the European dynamics of integration taking place in the energy domain. It relies on various tools used by geography (such as scale analysis, study of the interaction between players, analytical and synthetic cartography, etc.) and uses the conceptual framework of the studies on regional integration. One of the purposes of this work is to identify whether these dynamics can be considered as a regionalisation of exchanges, a political regionalism or a more complete regional integration. The particularities of the energy sector lead to postulate a layered structure of this integration dynamic. These layers (technical, regulatory, commercial, political …) would characterise the buildingprocess of an « energy region », a notion that this work tries to define. The European energy scene is complex and its balance is currently changing. We propose in thiswork a mapping of its stakeholders interaction evolution and of their impacts : sovereignty transfers,evolutions of governance, rivalries between actors of different nature and interests, etc.We lastly approach these dynamics by asking at which scale they take place. If the European Unionis an obvious scale of reference, we nevertheless suppose that integration happens at a lower level which would be infra European but supra national, bringing together groups of neighbouring countries. The relation between these two levels of integration – either complementarity or opposition – is therefore studied. Through these different elements of analysis, this work proposes a reflexion on the possible existence or construction of a spatial model for the European integration dynamics in the energy sector.Have they been theorised, as the monetary integration has been ? And if yes on which basis ? We alsotry to assess their impact and the coherence of the different goals the EU has set for them, particularly regarding the issue of security of supply
Yim, Jong Soon. "Le Système monétaire européen et son environnement international : interdépendance monétaire interne et externe dans les années 1980". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992IEPP0018.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe EMS countries confront the macroeconomic interdependence of two levels : international and intra-EMS. The international interdependence can be explained mainly by the dollar's international role. The intra-EMS interdependence result from the creation of the fixed exchange rate union and from the asymmetric working of the EMS. In these circumstances, the EMS has operated as a frame of the institutionalized coordination among the member countries and it represent a concerted adaptation of the European economies to the international environment
Berny, Nathalie. "Les groupes environnementaux français et l'Union européenne : enjeux et dynamiques de l'activisme européen des groupes citoyens". Bordeaux 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR40045.
Pełny tekst źródłaShabelnikova, Olga. "Evolution de la politique de l'Union Européenne en Azerbaïdjan : 1991-2014". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAG047.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe PhD thesis considers the European Union’s policy towards the Republic of Azerbaijan (1991-2014). It studies the evolution of the EU - Azerbaijan relationship and the main factors that influence on its dynamics. Special attention is given to the main programs of the cooperation - the «European Neighborhood Policy» and the «Eastern Partnership». The main documents regulating the relations are reviewed
Kedidir, Mansour. "Le gaz naturel algérien dans la sécurité énergétique de l'Union Européenne : un enjeu géopolitique". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20033.
Pełny tekst źródłaAfter the National Independence (1962), Algeria was dealing with the difficulties of developing its gas potential. In order to escape the French hegemony of its hydrocarbons resources, Algeria decided to place and invest its gas resources in the US market. This economic option was motivated by the urgent need to develop the LNG industry and to maximize incomes in order to improve the national economic development. After the failure of this economic option, Algeria got back to the European market. Since then, EU – Algeria economic relations have been intensified. Nowadays, Algeria is considered as a strategic EU partner, in the field of energy resources. Does this situation enable Algeria to supply the European economy with gas for a long time? Given the international constraints related to the management of the energy sector, competition from both Russia and Qatar and the new discovered gas reserves in Eastern Mediterranean basin, does the Algerian gas and its importance in EU energy security represent a geopolitical issue?This thesis aims to examin the pertinence of this issue. It seeks to respond to questions related to the various policies initiated by Algeria for more than half a century, to Algeria’s strategy to maintain its position as the third strategic gas supplier of Europe, and to the European energy dependence and its geopolitical perceptions towards its suppliers (especially Russia and the South side of Mediterranean basin producers)
Le, Tarnec-Hennequin Fred́érique. "Les mutations de la gestion européenne de l'électricité dans un contexte de mondialisation". Paris 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA020046.
Pełny tekst źródłaRoger, Apolline. "Les accords environnementaux dans le système juridique de l'Union européenne". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1050.
Pełny tekst źródłaEnvironmental agreements are legal arrangements between undertakings and public authorities, used as alternative instruments to environmental regulation. Environmental agreements were created by national administrations around the 1980s to negotiate the reduction of the environmental impact of companies or products. The use of these instruments spread in all OECD countries and especially in the Member States of the European Union. As the administrations of the Member States are responsible for the implementation of European law, the migration of environmental agreements from national legal orders to the European legal order was only a matter of time. Indeed, despite the silence of the European treaties, environmental agreements became instruments of the European administration, both at national and at European level. However, this new instrument, used without a modification of the European Treaties raises complex legal issues. Do the authors of environmental agreements respect the European legal order when using them? What is the impact of these instruments on European administration and beyond, on the European legal order? What are their legal nature and effects? How are they adopted, monitored and reviewed? This study, the first monograph focused on environmental agreements in the European legal order, finds answers to these questions by analyzing the relevant provisions, which restrain the leeway of environmental agreements authors but, at the same time, are interpreted by them to maintain their discretion as much as possible
Azébazé, Labarthe Danielle. "Quelle nouvelle politique européenne de l'énergie ?" Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GREND017.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe European Union construction has its origins in adoption by six European States of the ECSC Treaty. However, it will be necessary to wait until 2009, when a policy in the field of energy was integrated in the primary law by the treaty of Lisbon. Despite this late consecration, the activism of the Union in the field of energy is evident, even if it is far from being uniformly comprehended within the doctrine. One part of them considers, that the European energy policy still does not exist, while others consider that the European policy exists but that it should not be qualified as a “common policy”. This doctrinal debate, which is inserted as a part of the legal theory of polices in the European Union law, addresses a question on the nature and precise significance of the intervention of the Union in energy field.En fact, the analysis of actions undertaken by the EU in the energy sector since the ECSC Treaty up to the beginning of the nineties, reveals an increasing power of these last, ending up as a first mutation trying to substitute a number of partial actions by a first global vision of energetic policies within the Community. This was taking place without any energy policy introduction the TEC. The Member states were in reality very reluctant to acknowledge that the EU has a competence in this domain. This was due to numerous reasons linked to multiple dimensions: economic, social, environmental, and security issues of an energy policy, as well as their energetic dependence, which was quite varying. This embryo of an energy policy, inserted in particularly strong constraints, finds therefore its legal frame in indirect or subsidiary legal bases and especially in those relating to the establishment of the internal market (Part I). However, energy is far from being an “ordinary economic good” and the submission of this sector to market rules could generate multiple threats, notably for public service missions, environmental requirements or the security of supply. It would therefore have been necessary, on the occasion of introduction in the treaties of an energy policy, to better admit the specificity of this sector and to envisage in this field the establishment of a real common policy. But the primary law inherited from Lisbon Treaty is disappointing: the new article 194 of the TFUE relating to energy, seems to make the choice of status quo and even seems to put back some aspects of this policy. However, the Community dynamism is functioning. And either as a part of the internal market of energy, via common regulation of markets and taking into consideration of its specific characteristics (social, security, environmental), or in the one of external aspect, by reinforcing energy relations with third States, the European energy policy turns progressively into a real common policy (Part II)
Ramos, Maria Priscila. "Politique commerciale, qualite et environnement : une epplication aux negociations commerciales entre l’Union Européenne et le Mercosur". Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.paristech.org/3788/01/Thèse_Ramos.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaKirsch, Alessandra. "Politique agricole commune, aides directes de l'agriculture et environnement : analyse en France, en Allemagne et au Royaume-Uni". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCG001/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaDoes the CAP direct payment distribution benefit to the most environmentally friendly farms? Following an environmental assessment state of the art, a set of environmental indicators has been created to rank farms on their potential environmental impacts using FADN datas. Then, these classes have been connected with the amounts of direct payments received. Results are processed on three types of farm (specialized in cereals and oilseeds, meat cows and milk cows). Associated with a comprehensive study of the reforms of the CAP since 1992, this empirical study allows to stand back on the consequences of the political decisions. It seems that if the 2nd pillar direct payments are directed in favour of the more environmental friendly farms, their weight remains too low compared with the aids of the 1st pillar, which are higher in the less virtuous farms. This is largely connected to the weight of the DPU in the direct payments, and to the French choice to base their calculation with regard to the history of the farm. That is why the simulations of the redistribution of the subsidies of the 1st pillar on horizon 2019 show that the rebalancing of these payments between the farms by a national harmonization will contribute to level the gap of 1st pillar direct payments by hectare between french farms. The comparison with the United Kingdom and Germany shows the effects of the subsidiarity, in particular during the decoupling: the harmonization of the decoupled payments allows the most environmental friendly farms to get higher direct payments per hectare
Milor, Alice. "Construire l’automobile, conduire l’Europe. Industriels, consommateurs et responsables politiques (1972-1998)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUL100.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThrough the making of a European policy for the automotive industry, the future of this sector and that of European governance in a context of increased globalization were at stake. At the crossroads of business history and the history of European integration, the objective was to analyze the intertwined trajectories of the automobile industry and the European project at a time when competition from Japanese manufacturers had intensified. The Europeanisation of automobile policies since the 1970s has not only influenced the future of this sector, but has also had an impact on the European project, contributing to the emergence of a form of neoliberalism. High-ranking European officials have used the automobile to forge the Europe they wanted, while manufacturers have sought a Europe that best served their economic interests. In this way, the various stakeholders have tried to shape a form of European automotive identity with variable geometry, which is difficult to capture. This raises the question of European governance, i.e. the way in which the stakeholders – Member States, European decision-makers, industrialists, association activists and civil society – have defended their interests at Community level, between confrontation and co-construction. The battles waged by lobbies and the Commission's secret negotiations, which have led to soft-law agreements with no legal basis, raise the delicate question of the EU's democratic deficit at a time when Euroscepticism is on the rise and the car is increasingly perceived as a product that damages the environment
Vernizeau, Diane. "Vers des pêcheries mondiales durables : contribution de l'Union européenne au concept de pêche responsable". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00990583.
Pełny tekst źródłaYebga, Hot Ange Hélène. "Contribution transdisciplinaire à la réglementation de l'Union Européenne de l'expertise du risque biologique pour la santé et l'environnement". Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC008/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaBiological risk expertise plays a central role in the development and implementation of health and environmental policy at EU level. Since the "mad cow" crisis, the Union's legislator has recognized the need to provide more guidance for this expertise. However, while EU law is concerned with the scientific framework of biological risk expertise, it does not address the issue of its legal framework in a comprehensive way. Indeed, while the requirements of independence, impartiality and transparency are affirmed with regard to the expert, their application lacks clarity and ultimately threatens the protection of the health and environment of EU citizens. To address this problem, this study proposes criteria for establishing EU-level regulation of biological risk expertise. These criteria were established after analysis of the existing legal framework, models of expertise from the legislation of certain Member States and third countries as well as doctrinal contributions
Weber, Bernd. "The EU external energy governance and the neighbouring gas suppliers Azerbaijan and Algeria : ensuring European gas supply security at the borderline between markets and geopolitics". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IEPP0006.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe export of EU norms to regulate gas markets and transnational infrastructure has become the leitmotif of EU external energy policy in the neighbourhood. This thesis unpacks the underlying energy policy challenge of the EU, before analysing its approach to ensure energy security towards Azerbaijan and Algeria and examining the Union’s transformative influence. The major question of the research is: How and to which extent can the EU export its energy norms and policies towards both strategic neighbouring suppliers of natural gas, which represent least likely cases of EU external energy governance? The analytical framework sheds light on the limits of major rationalist and constructivist institutionalist explanations in accounting for convergence with EU energy norms and addresses them by drawing on insights from diffusion studies and the decentring framework. Relying on qualitative document and data analysis as well as extensive fieldwork and 85 interviews carried out with EU, Azerbaijani and Algerian officials as well as representatives of energy companies in Brussels, Baku, and Algiers, the research accounts for a varying degree of convergence as the result of an unstable and conflictual process. Examining energy cooperation with the EU, domestic energy sectors and major infrastructure projects within six case studies, the analysis sheds light on EU norm export from a bottom-up perspective of neighbouring public actors. The thesis broadens the scope of existing studies by factoring in geopolitical and market-based constraints and influences, which often outweigh EU coercion and depicts that EU external energy governance can only be sustainable, if it is ‘decentred’
Tsuchiya, Miyuki. "Gouverner l'énergie : la dynamique de changement des politiques publiques de l'électricité d'origine nucléaire et renouvelable. Une comparaison entre la France et le Japon". Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020075.
Pełny tekst źródłaWhile a widespread crisis would cause significant changes in public policies, nuclear accidents underline an inertia effect in the energy system in France and Japan. These cases lay out the maintenance of the position of dominant stakeholders within the system. Nevertheless, the particular focusing event of Fukushima appears to be an important driver of change in a system with strong path dependency, and disrupts the power balance of stakeholders. The change then goes beyond energy issues. In addition to the governance stakes, this thesis examines the significant alterations of the electricity market under the liberalisation dynamics . It also analyses the governance of energy policy and the consequences of the electricity market from domestic and European perspectives
Bentirou, Mathlouthi Rahma. "Le droit à un environnement sain en droit européen". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAD001/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe subject of this study focuses exclusively on the right to a healthy environment in European law as it is defined by the two major European legal systems which constitute this right: Council of Europe and European Union. It seems fundamental to understand how these two complementary but also competing legal orders can be seized in a similar way or, on the contrary, significantly different from the great challenge of the right to a healthy environment. The choice to study the right to an environment in a European context is justified by the special approach offered by European law as a field of analysis. Indeed, the two organizations and their respective legal orders, the European Union and the Council of Europe, are two systems that work differently, which are driven by singular objectives but which do not exclude certain reconciliations. Thus the right to a healthy environment in Europe is most often apprehended from two different approaches. On the one hand, the "droit de l’hommiste" angle, very much favored by the Council of Europe, which claims its pioneering role in the protection of human rights, democracy and the rule of law . On the other hand, the European Union, first conceived as an Economic Union and an organization that remains fundamentally driven by economic objectives. Of course, the EU also defends and protects human rights. But the healthy environment or the high level of environmental protection that is its corollary is more frequently confronted with fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the EU, in particular freedom of movement within the framework of the internal market. This balance between the human right approach and the internal market approach is very specific to EU law. European law will be studied in a systemic approach: process of norm production. This specificity of European law to the healthy environment and its dynamics deserve to be apprehended both from the point of view of the recognition of right and its implementation, which we will see that it is animated by springs specific to each of organizations, but which are not necessarily exclusive of each other
Dubois, Franck. "Approche des questions environnementales par les institutions européennes : 1949-2002". Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOL037.
Pełny tekst źródłaApproaching the European construction from 1949 till 2002 within environmental questions wish to bring a new prism for complex systems understanding. The present work sustain an interactional analysis between stakeholders, administrations and citizens thoughts across society matters to observe mutation mechanisms. In a Historical study of the Twentieth Century common decision making tools, we will observe how European Institutions contribute strengthening its territory. From nature conservancy to an insurance of a sustainable development, via an environmental protection then biodiversity preservation, an approach of related concepts and their evolvement wants to show presuppositions and difficulties to explain clearly what kind of empowerment tool is become Europe. Because citizen and political fights escort the discovery of environmental matters. Because painless degradation of the European natural heritage brought conflicts between countries which had contracted peace. The natural and industrial disasters management, limitations of a productivist development "model", the increase of societal individualization, urban spread and research of support and membership will drive the European Community in building operational targets before the rise of an "Environmental Economy". Facing dissimilar perceptions and trade-off in taking into account environmental questions inside community agenda, European institutions asked to develop understanding tools able to support, to control and manage its patrimony. In its successive enlargements, European Community will encourage the preservation, the protection, the improvement of environmental quality and public health, a wise use of natural resources or even international promotion of standards designed to face-off regional and planetary biodiversity matters. The European Union is finally able to suggest to the U.N. members a practical Sustainable Development Strategy Scheme ready to implement
Baalbaki, Shibly Fatima. "Three essays on the effects of the simultaneous adoption of IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) and MAD (Market Abuse Directive) in Europe". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENG011.
Pełny tekst źródłaWhile prior research on mandatory IFRS adoption fails to provide evidence of improvement in the quality of financial reporting (increased transparency and/or comparability), it provides almost unanimous evidence of beneficial capital-market impacts. Within the European Union (EU), mandatory IFRS adoption coincides with the adoption of the Market Abuse Directive (MAD). While the mandatory adoption of IFRS took place in 2005, MAD was passed between 2004 and 2007 depending on the EU country under consideration. Furthermore, both IFRS and MAD aim towards increased transparency, either by improving the quality of financial reporting (IFRS) or by prohibiting selective disclosures to enhance common information available to all market participants (MAD). Our first essay aims to disentangle the respective market impacts of MAD adoption and IFRS adoption in order to determine the specific effect of each regulation. Our evidence suggests that a significant part of the capital market effects usually attributed to IFRS comes, at least to some extent, from the contemporaneous adoption of the Market Abuse Directive. Our second essay focuses on the role of information environment. Investigating how information environment affects the market impacts of both MAD adoption and IFRS adoption is crucial to determine whether all firms benefit identically from these regulations. Using firm size and analyst following as proxies capturing firms' information environment, we provide evidence showing that small firms and firms with weak analyst following are those that benefit the most from the introduction of the IFRS mandate. In contrast, large firms and firms with high analyst coverage benefit the most from MAD adoption. Our third essay analyzes the role of enforcement. We find that the effectiveness of both IFRS and MAD is hampered by different enforcement levels across firms and countries. Moreover, the observed capital-market outcomes on one regulation differ if the effects of both regulations are not clearly dissociated. Thus, we caution researchers not to attribute capital-market outcomes primarily or solely to one regulation without taking into account the concomitant adoption of the other one
Halpern, Charlotte. "La décision publique entre intérêt général et intérêts territorialisés : les conflits autour de l'extension des aéroports Paris-Charles de Gaulle et Berlin-Schönefeld". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006IEPP0022.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work identifies recent changes in public decision-making in the European states. Various processes have limited the state's autonomy to elaborate and implement public action. It offers opportunities to sub-national political and social actors to contest its decisions. These assumptions have been tested in two different case studies : the conflicts around the extension of the Paris Charles de Gaulle (France) and the Berlin Schönefeld (Germany) airports. Three main conclusions have been made : 1) the state has the capacity to by-pass these actors, by learning how to play by the rules ; 2) politization has constraining effects on all actors involved in the conflict ; 3) social mobilizations only have a limited impact on the design and the implementation of air traffic policies
Meyer, Teva. "Une analyse comparative des géopolitiques du nucléaire civil en Allemagne, en France et en Suède". Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080024.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Fukushima atomic disaster had different political fallouts in the thirty-one countries where nuclear power is exploited. In Europe, while Germany decided to accelerate the phase-out engaged ten years before, the Swedish government repealed the moratorium on new nuclear reactors introduced in 1981 and France only committed to reduce marginally the share of nuclear electricity. Three European countries, facing the same event, took three different directions. In the past, differences between countries’ nuclear policies have been explained by economic, geographical or cultural determinism. This work offers to go beyond these approaches and to consider energy policies as the result of power struggles between opponents and supporters of atomic energy who fight to control the territory. Thanks to the local geopolitical approach, this thesis aims at highlighting the rivalries and the representation which structure the actors’ systems in each country as well as the strategies used in the conflict. In a context where nuclear energy is portrayed as a potential solution to mitigate climate change, the purpose of this work is to identity the elements which led to the elaboration of diametrically opposed energy policies in France, Germany and Sweden
Bros, Aurélie. "Good bye Ukraine ! : How does Gazprom aim to ensure the security of demand in a context where Europe is reshaping its energy architecture ?" Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010582.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe history of Gazprom is a series of constant adaptations – with varying degrees of success – to both European market conditions and the format of dialogue with all parties involved in the gas business across the continent. The company thrived during the 1990s and the 2000s in an environment where the main characteristics of the former model were retained. At the same time, Gazprom constantly seized any new opportunity which was offered by the liberalization and opening up of national gas markets. This has not prevented the company from encountering a few difficulties, illustrating that adaptation can be difficult from time to time. Gazprom is facing structural challenges that have been of particular concern over the last few years. The major difficulty is that this occurs at a time when the wider EU-Russia energy dialogue is highly fraught due to severe tensions which are more broadly affecting the dialogue between the European Union and the Russian Federation
Vlachou, Charikleia. "La coopération entre les autorités de régulation en Europe (communications électroniques, énergie)". Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020055/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe cooperation among regulatory authorities in the field of electronic communications and energy takes place against the background of the transformation of the european administration in the last two decades. Its institutional design bears the mark of the europeanisation of regulators through the harmonisation brought about by EU law and the diffusion of best practices. The cooperation among regulatory authorities is formalised on the basis of a primary law that is vague. It is also marked by ambiguity with regard to the delegation of pouvoirs on a European level. In the sectors of energy and electronic communications, it reflects the « hybrisation » of two models of governance, European agencies and networks, giving birth to a powerful « network agency » in the field of energy-the ACER- and a weak « agenciarised network » in the field of electronic communications- the BEREC. The control of the acts of these two organisms in a « Union of law » is ensured by the Cour of justice of the European Union which is, however, difficult to accessfor individuals. In this context, the European Ombudsman demonstrates a real potential as a complementary forum of control. Against a priori hypotheses with respect to the democratic deficit of the European Union, the European Parliament effectively ensures the democratic control of ACER and BEREC. Even if its means of political control are largelyinformal and should be better defined, the control it exercices in the context of the budgetary discharge procedure is capable of transforming the institutional design of the above mentioned organisms
Lymperopoulou, Ira. "La réforme du secteur de l'énergie en Grèce dans le contexte de la crise de la dette". Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01D019.
Pełny tekst źródłaA new market design is taking place during the economic crisis for the Greek energy market. Greece, in order to able to receive loans of money, signed memorandums of understanding with the Troika, which included major reforms in the energy sector. Energy is a liberalized sector at European level, and Greece in addition to European and national legislation, had to apply measures imposed by the memorandums of understanding. These measures, on the one hand, aim to restructure the energy market, with the use of various instruments to consolidate competition. On the other hand, they envisage a metamorphosis of the role of the Greek state in the energy market. In this study we analyze at which extent the introduced reforms achieve a transition from a market closed to competition with monopoly rights of incumbent operators, towards a competitive Europeanized market for the benefit of consumers while contributing to the exit of the country from the economic crisis
Viallet-Thévenin, Scott. "Structurer un secteur industriel : le rôle de l’Etat dans la recomposition du secteur de l’énergie en France, de 1986 à 2016". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IEPP0068.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe dissertation deals with the conception of control (Fligstein, 1996) dynamics of state-oxned firms in the energy industry (EDF, GDF, Areva, and in a copmparative capacity, Total, Elf and Technip) from 1986 to 2016. It shows how the change is initiated by the liberalization of energy markets and fuelled by a change in the way executive committees and high civil servants perceive the firms and their organizational form (part I). The dynamics of the energy industry depend on those caracterizing the bureaucratic field and the European Commission. Firms concentrate and compete with one another, with the supervision of the bureaucratic field and the European commission (part II). The – partial and differenciated - estrangement of the energy industry from the bureaucratic field goes together with a rapprochement in a financial environment and the European field of energy via a internationlization of the firms (part III). The dissertation relies on archives from the public administration for energy, 75 interviews with hitg ranking executives from the firms and civils servants ; and a quantitative analysis of their career patterns
Blottin, Benoît. "Le rôle des autorités de concurrence et des autorités de régulation sectorielle dans la surveillance de la libéralisation des marchés de l'énergie". Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020085.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe opening to competition of the markets in gas and electricity has hardly produced the desired impact. To a large extent, the directives flowing from the third package have been transposed amongst the Member States. However, the effective implementation of a European energy is still facing several challenges ahead. With this nebulous background, supervision has become all-seeing, Argus-like. In fact, while competitions authorities and sectoral regulators are significantly stepping up theirs efforts so as to push forward the liberalization process towards the swift completion of the internal energy market, they seem, at times, to work against the grain of their original assignment. On the one hand, competition authorities appear to be increasingly willing to act as « builders » for the energy markets as they tackle market structures rather than harmful behaviours. Conversely, sectoral regulators, with their ever-strengthening powers, are more and more incited to track down and take sanctions against barriers to competition. Such bicephalous management has resulted in a confusion of roles which has not been alleviated by the « bridges »built between both types of regulators. At any rate, in the face of such a tangled web of competences, operators find themselves in markets that are not very conducive to competition and in a regulatory framework which is both volatile and complex, thereby paralysing the investments required to render such markets more dynamic. The system as it stands may still be improved and many would like to see it clarified. Although the prospect is not very realistic, some commentators have called for the merger of authorities. It appears nonetheless that reworking the supervision framework with a view to strengthening inter-regulation but also implementing actual European regulations is a route that has not yet been sufficiently explored