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Slighting, Sadie A., Kirsten Rasmussen, Mikaela J. Dufur, Jonathan A. Jarvis, Shana L. Pribesh, Alyssa J. Alexander i Carolina Otero. "Family Structure, Family Transitions, and Child Overweight and Obesity: Comparing Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States". Children 11, nr 6 (6.06.2024): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children11060693.
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Growing rates of childhood obesity globally create concern for individuals’ health outcomes and demands on health systems. While many policy approaches focus on macro-level interventions, we examine how the type of stability of a family structure might provide opportunities for policy interventions at the micro level. We examine the association between family structure trajectories and childhood overweight and obesity across three Anglophone countries using an expanded set of eight family structure categories that capture biological relationships and instability, along with potential explanatory variables that might vary across family trajectories and provide opportunities for intervention, including access to resources, family stressors, family structure selectivity factors, and obesogenic correlates. We use three datasets that are representative of children born around the year 2000 and aged 11 years old in Australia (n = 3329), the United Kingdom (n = 11,542), and the United States (n = 8837) and nested multivariate multinomial logistic regression models. Our analyses find stronger relationships between child overweight and obesity and family structure trajectories than between child obesity and obesogenic factors. Children in all three countries are sensitive to living with cohabiting parents, although in Australia, this is limited to children whose parents have been cohabiting since before their birth. In the UK and US, parents starting their cohabitation after the child’s birth are more likely to have children who experience obesity. Despite a few differences across cross-cultural contexts, most of the relationship between family structures and child overweight or obesity is connected to differences in families’ access to resources and by the types of parents who enter into these family structures. These findings suggest policy interventions at the family level that focus on potential parents’ education and career prospects and on income support rather than interventions like marriage incentives.
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Stokes, Jeffrey E., i Sarah E. Patterson. "Intergenerational Relationships, Family Caregiving Policy, and COVID-19 in the United States". Journal of Aging & Social Policy 32, nr 4-5 (3.06.2020): 416–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2020.1770031.
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Wellman, Ashley, i Marian Borg. "Envisioning Justice: The Complex Journey of Cold Case Homicide Survivors". Violence and Victims 33, nr 6 (grudzień 2018): 1102–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.33.6.1102.
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While police make an arrest in the majority of homicide cases occurring annually in the United States, a portion remain unsolved and are eventually classified as “cold cases.” Family members of the victims are not only left grieving the loss of their loved ones, but also plagued by the knowledge that the murderer has yet to be officially identified or held accountable. How do these family members—cold case homicide survivors—navigate their open-ended journey through grief? Using a social constructivist approach, we analyze in-depth interviews with 24 cold case homicide survivors to describe the unique dimensions of their experience, including how their hopes are tied to understandings of achieving justice for their loved ones. Three themes emerge from their narratives: a certainty that the killers will be identified; a demand for the harshest punishment possible; and an underlying anxiety about what the identification of the offender will ultimately mean for them. We consider the implications of survivors’ expectations for the future, especially for their relationships with the police, other family members, and the criminal justice process in general.
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Gonçalves, J., i C. Lima. "The reality of domestic violence in the US". European Psychiatry 41, S1 (kwiecień 2017): S691—S692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1213.
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According to the United States department of justice, domestic violence is defined as “a pattern of abusive behaviours in any relationship that are used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner”. It involves a pattern of coercive behaviour in intimate relationships whereby the behaviour is controlled through humiliation, intimidation, fear, and often intentional physical, emotional or sexual injury. Domestic violence crosses all ethnic, socioeconomic and age groups, and is also prevalent in same sex relationships.Over six million children are severely assaulted by family members every year in the United States; a man beats a woman every twelve seconds; women who leave their batterer are at 75% greater risk of being killed by their batterer than those who stay; and one third of police time is spending on answering domestic violence calls.In domestic violence situations the intervention is frequently in crisis, where the victims “fight” for survival, and it is necessary to give proper answers according to the victim's needs. The professionals that work directly with domestic violence assume that there is a strong bond connecting the domestic violence with mental health. In the United States 90% of domestic violence survivors report extreme emotional distress; 47.5% report having been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder; 14.7% report anxiety; 20% depression. Mental illnesses are frequently observed in domestic violence survivors.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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PETTS, RICHARD J., DANIEL L. CARLSON i CHRIS KNOESTER. "If I [Take] Leave, Will You Stay? Paternity Leave and Relationship Stability". Journal of Social Policy 49, nr 4 (14.11.2019): 829–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000928.
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AbstractRecent European studies suggest that fathers’ leave-taking may contribute to parental relationship stability. Paternity leave-taking may signal a commitment by fathers toward a greater investment in family life, which may reduce the burden on mothers and strengthen parental relationships. This study uses longitudinal data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) to analyze the association between paternity leave-taking and relationship stability in the United States. Results indicate that paternity leave-taking, and taking relatively short leaves (i.e. two weeks or less) in particular, is associated with greater relationship stability. These findings increase our understanding of the potential benefits of paternity leave, and can inform policy decisions that aim to increase family stability.
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Smeeding, Timothy. "Poor People in Rich Nations: The United States in Comparative Perspective". Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, nr 1 (1.02.2006): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/089533006776526094.
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Cross-national comparisons can teach lessons about antipoverty policy. While all nations value low poverty, high levels of economic self-reliance and equality of opportunity for younger persons, they differ dramatically in the extent to which they reach these goals. Nations also exhibit differences in the extent to which working age adults mix economic self-reliance (earned incomes), family support and government support to avoid poverty. We begin by reviewing international concepts and measures of poverty. The Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) database contains the information needed to construct comparable poverty measures for more than 30 nations. It allows comparisons of the level and trend of poverty and inequality across several nations, along with considerable detail on the sources of market incomes and public policies that shape these outcomes. We will highlight the different relationships between antipoverty policy and outcomes among several countries, and consider the implications of our analysis for research and for antipoverty policy in the United States. In doing so, we will draw on a growing body of evidence that evaluates antipoverty programs in a cross-national context.
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Olson, Elizabeth, i Leiha Edmonds. "“Caregiving Youth” and the Patchwork History of Recognition in the United States". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, nr 20 (13.10.2023): 6920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20206920.
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This article examines the U.S. legislative and policy landscape and its historical and contemporary recognition of young people as caregivers and their importance to public health, both as care providers and as a category of special concern for overall wellbeing. Drawing on feminist geographies of health to situate a historical analysis, we aim to answer two key questions: First, what is the history of recognition of caregiving youth in key moments of federal action to address family caregiving needs? Second, how might we use this history to better understand and analyze the patchwork geography of caregiving youth recognition in the U.S. and other countries that similarly lack formal national policy recognition to improve and enhance public health? We use the term patchwork to describe how federal recognition of caregiving youth in broader debates about public health is uneven across both time and space, and contingent upon civil society, non-profit organizations, and researchers working in and with geographically bound communities. Our results illustrate how a focus on the relationships of recognition, both in the past and the present and at local and national scales, reveals a different perspective on caregiving youth in the U.S. with a much more complex history than previously identified. The article describes how relationships established in the absence of federal policy or legislation are sometimes directed towards building more formal recognition, and other times with the goal of changing practices in a specific location.
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Sharp, Marie-Louise, Noa Solomon, Virginia Harrison, Rachael Gribble, Heidi Cramm, Graham Pike i Nicola T. Fear. "The mental health and wellbeing of spouses, partners and children of emergency responders: A systematic review". PLOS ONE 17, nr 6 (15.06.2022): e0269659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269659.
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Emergency responders (ERs), often termed First Responders, such as police, fire and paramedic roles are exposed to occupational stressors including high workload, and exposure to trauma from critical incidents, both of which can affect their mental health and wellbeing. Little is known about the impact of the ER occupation on the mental health and wellbeing of their families. The aim of the current study was to investigate what mental health and wellbeing outcomes and experiences have been researched internationally in ER families, and to examine the prevalence and associated risk and protective factors of these outcomes. We conducted a systematic review in accordance with an a priori PROSPERO approved protocol (PROSPERO 2019 CRD42019134974). Forty-three studies were identified for inclusion. The majority of studies used a quantitative, cross-sectional design and were conducted in the United States; just over half assessed police/law enforcement families. Themes of topics investigated included: 1) Spousal/partner mental health and wellbeing; 2) Couple relationships; 3) Child mental health and wellbeing; 4) Family support and coping strategies; and 5) Positive outcomes. The review identified limited evidence regarding the prevalence of mental health and wellbeing outcomes. Family experiences and risk factors described were ER work-stress spillover negatively impacting spousal/partner wellbeing, couple relationships, and domestic violence. Traumatic exposure risk factors included concerns family had for the safety of their ER partner, the negative impact of an ER partners’ mental health problem on the couples’ communication and on family mental health outcomes. Protective factors included social support; however, a lack of organisational support for families was reported in some studies. Study limitations and future research needs are discussed. Progressing this area of research is important to improve knowledge of baseline needs of ER families to be able to target interventions, improve public health, and support ER’s operational effectiveness.
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Longo, Gina Marie. "Keeping It in “the Family”: How Gender Norms Shape U.S. Marriage Migration Politics". Gender & Society 32, nr 4 (31.05.2018): 469–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243218777201.
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Foreign nationals who marry U.S. citizens have an expedited track to naturalization. U.S. immigration officials require that “green card” petitioning couples demonstrate that their relationships are “valid and subsisting” (i.e., for love) and not fraudulent (i.e., for immigration papers). These requirements are ostensibly gender and racially neutral, but migration itself is not; men and women petitioners seek partners in different regions and solicit advice from similar others about the potential obstacles to their petitions’ success. Using an online ethnography and textual analysis of conversation threads on a large online immigration forum where U.S. petitioners exchange such information, I examine how gendered standards of legitimacy are applied to family and sexuality and used discursively among petitioners to achieve genuineness and define red flags indicating potential marriage fraud. I argue that forum members police immigration requests even before cases reach an immigration officer. Petitioners use the formal criteria of U.S. immigration in ways that reveal gender ideologies, expectations for conformity to a gendered hegemonic family ideal, and sexual double standards surrounding sexual agency, fertility, and desirability. These intersectional norms shape members’ online discussions about the suitability of marriages and of the migration of noncitizen partners to the United States.
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Guo, Man, Elizabeth Byram i Xinqi Dong. "Filial expectation among Chinese immigrants in the United States of America: a cohort comparison". Ageing and Society 40, nr 10 (14.06.2019): 2266–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x1900059x.
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AbstractRelying on two unique data-sets on Chinese older immigrants (N = 3,157) and younger immigrants with ageing parents (N = 469) in Chicago, this study compared the level of filial expectation among the two groups and examined the predictors and mental health implications of having high filial expectation among each group. Results of t-tests, logistic regression and negative binominal analyses showed that, regardless of socio-demographic variables, acculturation, physical health and family relations, Chinese adult children had higher filial expectations on themselves than older immigrants’ filial expectation on the younger generation. Chinese older immigrants who had less education, lower levels of acculturation, poorer health and closer relationships with children reported higher filial expectation. In the cohort of younger immigrants, high filial expectation was associated with lower income, better health and closer relations with their parents. In addition, having high filial expectation was associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety among the older immigrants, but not among the younger cohort. The results indicated that, whereas Chinese older immigrants seemed to adapt their filial expectation in the new society, the younger cohort still strongly adhere to this traditional family norm. Maintaining strong filial expectation might be a protective factor for older immigrants’ mental health. Practice and policy implications of these findings are discussed in the paper.
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Ayón, Cecilia, i San Juanita García. "Latino Immigrant Parents’ Experiences With Discrimination: Implications for Parenting in a Hostile Immigration Policy Context". Journal of Family Issues 40, nr 6 (9.02.2019): 805–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19827988.
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A growing anti-immigrant context has increased the discrimination Latino immigrant families confront in the United States. This study examines the relationship between discrimination and Latinos’ parenting practices. Using cross-sectional data on parenting practices, discrimination, immigration-related factors, and protective factors among Latino immigrant families, we conduct a latent profile analysis to (a) identify profiles of perceived discrimination, (b) assess the role of protective mechanisms in predicting discrimination profiles, and (c) examine the relationship between discrimination profiles and parenting outcomes. The findings revealed a four-class solution, Low Discrimination, Institutional and Language Discrimination, Moderate Discrimination, and High Discrimination. Parents in the High Discrimination profile experienced lower levels of monitoring, consistent discipline, and higher levels of harsh disciplining compared with the other profiles. Overall, this article has implications for effective family functioning given that parental discrimination may influence parenting practices, which has direct consequences on parent–child relationships.
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Yazan, Bedrettin, i Ilham Ali. "Family Language Policies in a Libyan Immigrant Family in the U.S." Heritage Language Journal 15, nr 3 (31.12.2018): 369–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.15.3.5.
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Addressing the paucity of research on the experiences of Arabic-speaking Muslim immigrant families, this study investigated the family language policy (FLP) of a Libyan family currently residing in the Southeast United States. More specifically, it focused on the impact of the parents’ language ideologies and ethnolinguistic aspirations on their language planning decisions about their daughter’s maintenance of Arabic. It drew upon the theoretical constructs of language ideologies (Woolard, 1998) and capital (Bourdieu, 1986). Part of a larger study, the data in this paper are gleaned from two sources: a questionnaire and two rounds of semi-structured individual interviews. The findings suggested that the Abdel-Aziz family’s FLP is driven by the parents’ vision and expectations for their children’s language use, which include (a) aspirations to develop bilingualism and maintain ethnolinguistic identity, (b) aspirations to develop biculturalism and resist cultural colonization, (c) participating in religious practices and communities, and (d) maintaining relationships with family and Libyan society. In light of the findings, this paper discusses the complex interplay between “linguistic and non-linguistic forces” (Curdt-Christiansen, 2016) in parental language ideologies that influence the emergence and enactment of FLPs. This interplay involves the intertwined nature of language and religious identity, the family’s responses to the dominant societal ideologies in the U.S., and the understanding of linguistic, cultural, and social capital (Ferguson, 2013; Gomaa, 2011; Mills, 2004).
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Hart, David. "Red, White, and “Big Blue”: IBM and the Business-Government Interface in the United States, 1956–2000". Enterprise & Society 8, nr 1 (marzec 2007): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700008764.
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This article describes the evolution of IBM's effort to manage its relationships with the U.S. government from the time that Thomas Watson, Jr. became CEO. While the Watson family controlled the firm, the family members served as the main bridges between IBM and the government. This personalized approach began to give way in the 1960s, as the intensity and scope of pressure from the firm's political environment grew beyond the capability of any individual to handle. During the 1970s and 1980s, IBM constructed a managerial hierarchy, with a newly opened Washington office at its center, which could gather more detailed intelligence and execute more sophisticated political strategies. The firm's crisis in the early 1990s provoked a second major restructuring of the interface, as IBM became more of a Washington “special interest.” Yet, some traces of the Watson imprint remained, even in the Gerstner era. Tracing IBM's evolution helps us to understand better the broader interactions between U.S. firms and their environments in this period. These interactions entailed adaptation by firms to environmental change but also efforts by firms to exert control over external forces, including public policy.
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GLASER, KAREN, DOUGLAS A. WOLF i CECILIA TOMASSINI. "Guest Editorial: The FAMSUP network and its comparative studies of family support for frail older people". Ageing and Society 26, nr 5 (1.08.2006): 689–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x06005277.
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The aim of this special issue is to examine the relationships between support for older people and various socio-demographic, cultural and policy factors in selected European countries and the United States, using the international comparative perspective developed by the members of the Family Support for Older People: Determinants and Consequences (FAMSUP) network. Four of the included papers were delivered by network members at a symposium on ‘Family Support for Older People: International Comparisons’ that was held at the International Sociological Association (ISA) Inter-Congress Conference on Ageing Societies and Ageing Sociology: Diversity and Change in a Global World at the University of Surrey, Roehampton, in the suburbs of London (7–9 September 2004). Another paper, by Jim Ogg, a FAMSUP member, and Sylvie Renaut, investigates family networks among older people using data from the Survey of Health and Retirement in Europe (SHARE).
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Ryu, Jeong. "Direction of Korean Youth Policy Seen through Youth Guarantee and AmeriCorps: Policy Proposal That Does Not Miss Out on Vulnerable Groups". Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 14, nr 2 (28.02.2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/jscm.2024.2.1.
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Youth period has become much longer than before, and difficulties lurk in various areas such as society, economy, jobs, human relationships, and family issues. In order to properly understand the lives of young people and prepare policies that can be understood by young people, we investigated the cases of the European Union's Youth Guarantee System and the AmeriCorps of USA. The EU implemented the Youth Guarantee in 2013, and the United States reorganized its youth policy in 2008, the 20th anniversary of the launch of the Youth Policy Forum. The characteristic of both systems is that they address the problems of youth in general and face the problems of vulnerable groups. Although it may seem a bit loose as a benefit-type policy for the vulnerable, it aims for a long-term strategy based on the inclusion of vulnerable youth in the overall youth population. Our country's youth policy is just getting started. We investigated Seoul City's youth policy, which is known to be the most active among the policies of the central government and local governments in the early stages of the policy. Based on the current policy, we hope to prepare a policy that includes the voices of young people and provides equal support to vulnerable groups.
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Umberson, Debra. "Black Deaths Matter: Race, Relationship Loss, and Effects on Survivors". Journal of Health and Social Behavior 58, nr 4 (6.11.2017): 405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146517739317.
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Close relationships are a resource for mental and physical health that, like other social resources, is unequally distributed in the population. This article focuses on racial disparities in the loss of relationships across the life course. Racial disparities in life expectancy in the United States mean that black Americans experience the deaths of more friends and family members than do white Americans from childhood through later life. I argue that these losses are a unique type of stress and adversity that, through interconnected biopsychosocial pathways, contribute to disadvantage in health over the life course. I focus particularly on how the interconnected pathways associated with loss undermine opportunities for and increase risks to social ties throughout life, adding to disadvantage in health. I call on social scientists and policy makers to draw greater attention to this unique source of disadvantage for black children, adults, and families.
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Armstrong, Ashley N., i Timothy F. Slater. "Influence of Karen Immigrant Students on Teachers’ Instructional Decisions in the Rural United States". Education Sciences 14, nr 6 (6.06.2024): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci14060612.
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Across the United States, the number of classrooms welcoming young students who are new English language learners (ELL) is rapidly growing. Motivated by a dramatic increase in the number of Myanmar- and Burma-originating immigrants now attending English-speaking schools in the rural, upper midwestern United States, this study systematically considers how the presence of Karen immigrant students impacts the instructional decisions that K-12 classroom teachers make using an exploratory case study method. Several recurrent themes emerged, and findings can be used to help better prepare both pre-service and in-service teachers to meet the needs of their ELL students, as well as policy makers. These emergent themes include the following: (a) authentic teacher–family relationships are key; (b) visual/hands-on learning and the use of technology enhance student achievement; (c) student work must be completed during the school day in classrooms; (d) teachers’ purposeful use of parallel language is critical for learning; (e) rigor can be maintained, although quantity is often adjusted; and (f) targeted ESL/cultural training for pre-service and newly hired teachers is positively influential. Such informed training often seems to help teachers learn key cultural distinctions and become better able to identify the most effective ways to meet the needs of students.
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Boppre, Breanna, i Meghan A. Novisky. "“It Makes Him Feel Even Farther Away”: Disruptions in Communication Among Families Impacted by Incarceration During the COVID-19 Pandemic". Criminal Justice and Behavior 50, nr 12 (8.11.2023): 1827–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00938548231206535.
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The COVID-19 pandemic impacted people across the globe but left particular risks and restrictions for incarcerated people. Lockdowns and the suspension of in-person visitation in U.S. facilities drastically changed everyday life for incarcerated people and their families. Families on the outside were left with less contact with their incarcerated loved ones. This study explores access to communication during the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspectives of families with incarcerated loved ones in the United States. We conducted two rounds of interviews with family members across 20 states ( n = 59). Results of our thematic analysis reveal stressors encountered by families during the pandemic, including worry and frustration around uncertainty in communication, disconnected relationships due to visitation closure, and additional financial and emotional burdens. Interviewees noted the importance of social support in coping with these stressors. We discuss theoretical and policy implications followed by future directions.
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Friend, John M., i Dana L. Alden. "Improving Patient Preparedness and Confidence in Discussing Advance Directives for End-of-Life Care with Health Care Providers in the United States and Japan". Medical Decision Making 41, nr 1 (7.11.2020): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x20969683.
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Background The low completion rate of advance directives (ADs) has received attention in Japan and the United States, as policy makers and health care professionals face aging populations with multiple comorbidities. Among the barriers to AD planning, cultural values and attitudes appear to be particularly influential. A comparison of culturally distinct societies provides a deeper understanding of these barriers. Through such an approach, this study identifies strategies for increasing AD planning among late-middle-age Japanese and US individuals. Methods After giving informed consent for the Institutional Review Board–approved study, Japanese and US respondents (45–65 y; 50% female) without ADs completed a language-appropriate online survey. Participants were asked to review a decision aid as part of a scenario-based physician consultation regarding artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH). Hypotheses were analyzed using multigroup structural equation modeling. Results Important similarities were identified across the 2 groups. After reviewing the decision aid, both samples strongly preferred “no ANH.” Respondents who strongly valued either self-reliance or interpersonal relationships experienced greater preparedness for AD planning. In both countries, greater decision preparedness and positive death attitude predicted greater confidence to discuss care options with a provider. Finally, cultural values predicted preference for family participation: respondents with a strong interdependent self-concept desired more family involvement, whereas high independents preferred less. Conclusions Findings indicate the importance of documenting care preferences and accounting for individual differences. To increase AD adoption, providers should identify patient segments likely to benefit most from the interventions. Targeting individuals in both countries who value self-reliance and interpersonal relationships appears to be a good place to begin. Such individuals can be identified clinically through administration of validated measures used in this study.
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Piston, Spencer. "Revisiting the Theory of Broken Windows Policing". International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 12 (17.09.2023): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2023.12.11.
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How has the academy contributed to the horrors of policing in the United States? While many scholars study policing, few do so from a self-reflective position, which would examine how the production of knowledge has often legitimized policing’s harms. As part of a larger effort to encourage researchers to come to terms with the role we have played in facilitating contemporary atrocities, here I reconsider political scientist James Q. Wilson and criminologist George L. Kelling’s 1982 “Broken Windows” essay, as well as its intellectual legacy. Their essay is best known for speculating that police foot-patrols, by cracking down on low-level offenses, will reduce serious crime. While this speculation has become the subject of much public and academic debate, the relationship between policing and crime is only a secondary point in the article. Unfortunately, focusing on this secondary point has led scholarly and public discourse to distort the essay’s arguments. I correct this distortion through a close reading of the essay. Wilson and Kelling argue that the primary objective of the police should be to maintain order rather than to prevent crime or even to enforce the law. As such, police should discourage behavior inconsistent with neighborhood standards (even if it is not criminal) and should also remove “disorderly” people from public life (even if they are not breaking the law). Indeed, Wilson and Kelling actually endorse illegal actions in certain instances: when these actions are committed by either police or vigilantes to fashion and maintain the authoritarian, classist, ableist, and racist order that the authors envision. After discussing how an accurate understanding of the original “Broken Windows” article has the potential to reorient contemporary studies policing, I conclude by locating broken windows theory as an important member of a family of harmful ideas, generated by academics, that have underwritten a wide range of authoritarian policing practices.
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Rhee, Gina S. "Artificial Intelligence Prediction Program in Criminal Justice System: focused on its Biased Algorithm in relation to the Racial Discrimination". Wonkwang University Legal Research Institute 39, nr 2 (30.06.2023): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22397/wlri.2023.39.2.57.
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In recent period, crime prediction programs have been newly introduced and utilized internationally in the field of criminal justice. COMPAS (“Corrective Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions”), as a representative example, is a recidivism prediction program used in several States in the United States. COMPAS is the most widely used risk assessment tools in the United States. The U.S. company Northpointe has developed an artificial intelligence algorithm that predicts the possibility of recidivism by analyzing the accumulated data such as criminal records, family relationships, educational history, drug abuse, etc. However, as it has been controversially argued that the results of these algorithms violate the defendants' constitutional rights, fundamental questions arise on how the results of the algorithm are produced, and what factors are calculated in judging a specific decision. In the era of A.I., ‘artificial intelligence’ is a concept that encompasses both technology development, utilization, and operation systems, normative judgment and policy design related to the use of the system in the judicial system. Furthermore, ethical guidelines for preventing individual risks in the use of artificial intelligence and other legal restraints, including criminal sanctions, should be established. Based on the crime prediction, this study will discuss the bias and racism of algorithms based on crime prediction technologies. This paper further aims to scrutinize the crime prediction and artificial intelligence algorithms in relation to the racial discrimination and social inequality against specific groups in criminal justice. Though not as much as in the U.S., often referred to as a ‘salad bowl’ society, South Korea has also entered a multicultural society due to recent surge in immigration, labor market, and international marriage. Lastly, the author emphasizes the importance of further research on the utilization of crime prediction tool in South Korea, as it requires careful deliberation and thorough comparative legal research prior the adoption of the new technology in the criminal justice system.
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Cooper, Maria, Lauren R. Pacek, Mignonne C. Guy, Jessica L. Barrington-Trimis, Patricia Simon, Cassandra Stanton i Grace Kong. "Hookah Use Among US Youth: A Systematic Review of the Literature From 2009 to 2017". Nicotine & Tobacco Research 21, nr 12 (28.06.2018): 1590–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty135.
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Abstract Introduction Given the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)’s authority to regulate hookah, more research is needed to inform regulations intended to prevent youth from using hookah. This systematic review summarizes and assesses the literature related to hookah use among adolescents (11 to ≤18 years of age) in the United States from 2009 to 2017. Methods Database searches yielded 867 peer-reviewed articles. After duplicates were removed, authors reviewed 461 articles for inclusion. Included articles (n = 55) were coded for study themes, study quality, and their relevance to FDA’s research priorities. A qualitative synthesis is presented. Results The following themes were identified: (1) prevalence of hookah use (n = 42), (2) tobacco use transitions (n = 7), (3) sociodemographic correlates (n = 35), (4) psychosocial risk factors (n = 21), (5) concurrent use of other tobacco products (n = 31), (6) concurrent use of other substances (n = 9), and (7) other (n = 15)—which includes low prevalence themes. The qualitative synthesis showed increasing rates of hookah use. Older age, male gender, positive social normative beliefs, higher peer use, as well as lower perceived risk were associated with hookah use. Longitudinal studies of youth hookah use showed bidirectional relationships between use of hookah and other tobacco products. All articles fell within FDA’s research priority related to “behavior,” and three priorities (“impact analysis,” “health effects,” and “toxicity”) have not been explored for hookah use among US youth since 2009. Conclusions The prevalence of hookah use among youth in the United States is increasing, thus more research is needed to inform policies targeted to protect this vulnerable population. Implications This study represents a novel contribution to our understanding of hookah use among youth in the United States from 2009—the year that the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act was passed—to 2017. In recent years, hookah has become a more popular tobacco product among US youth; however, to date, no systematic reviews of hookah use among this population exist. Results highlight implications for future US FDA regulatory policy and identify gaps in research to be addressed in future studies.
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Son, Esther, Nechama Sammet Moring, Leah Igdalsky i Susan L. Parish. "Navigating the health-care system in community: Perspectives from Asian immigrant parents of children with special health-care needs". Journal of Child Health Care 22, nr 2 (28.01.2018): 251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367493517753084.
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Children with special health-care needs (CSHCNs) face notable barriers to health-care access and to receiving quality and family-centered care, despite higher health-care utilization rates. Within the population of CSHCNs, there are significant inequities in health-care quality impacting immigrants who have migrated to the United States. However, little is known about the experiences and needs of Asian immigrant families who have CSHCNs. This study aimed to explore how Asian immigrant parents of CSHCNs view their child’s health-care access, quality, and utilization. We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with 22 Vietnamese- and Cantonese-speaking parents of CSHCNs. Participants were recruited through community partners. Interviews were transcribed, translated, and coded using content analysis. Participants were generally satisfied with their children’s care and had strong relationships with their primary care doctors who were often culturally ‘matched’. However, participants experienced several important and culturally specific barriers, including gaps in their understanding of the health-care system, language barriers, and a sense of alienation. Parents frequently turned to informal and community supports for assistance in navigating the US health-care system. Further research to understand the drivers of health disparities and policy level solutions is warranted.
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Anderson-Butcher, Dawn, Samantha Bates, Hal A. Lawson, Tasha M. Childs i Aidyn L. Iachini. "The Community Collaboration Model for School Improvement: A Scoping Review". Education Sciences 12, nr 12 (14.12.2022): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci12120918.
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Schools worldwide are developing innovative models in response to, and in anticipation of, societal changes. Aiming to address non-academic barriers to learning, while capitalizing on out-of-school time, some school and community leaders have prioritized family and community partnerships, especially in the United States (U.S.). The Community Collaboration Model (CCM) is one such U.S. partnership-oriented model of expanded school improvement. In contrast to some partnership-oriented models, the CCM prioritizes improvements in classrooms and communities, aiming to support students, assist teachers, and improve relationships beyond the typical school day. This scoping review examines 14 peer-reviewed articles which describe CCM-centered innovations and documented outcomes. Barriers and facilitators associated with CCM adoption and implementation in diverse U.S. school and community settings also are explored. CCM’s contributions to important student and school outcomes (e.g., increased access to mental health services, improved school climate, decreased discipline referrals) are documented in this scoping review. Some researchers have also described implementation-related facilitators (e.g., partnerships with universities) and barriers (e.g., initial resistance by educators) that influence the utility of the model in practice. Drawing on prior research, the authors discuss findings and implications for future research, educational policy, and practice.
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Tener, Dafna. "Perspectives on Adolescent Sexual Relations With Older Persons: A Systematic Review of the Literature". Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 21, nr 2 (26.04.2018): 393–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838018772287.
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Relations between minors under the age of consent and older persons are legally prohibited in many countries. However, the nature of these relationships, their impact on the lives of minors involved, and how they should be dealt by law enforcement and welfare systems are highly controversial. The differences between the way these relations are perceived by the minors involved and the public are also unclear. This literature review examines them as perceived by youths or young adults who had experienced sexual relations with a person at least 2 years older during their adolescence as well as by students and other adult members of the public. A systematic search of 977 studies initially identified as relevant yielded 16 studies that fit the inclusion criteria. Most (13) research samples were located in the United States, and the remainder were in the United Kingdom (2) and Australia (1). All were published in English. Four main themes emerged from the analysis of these studies: adolescent motives for sexual relations with older persons (two studies); characteristics of sexual relations between adolescents and older persons (6); contextual factors affecting the way such relations are perceived, including the partners’ ages and genders (11); and perspectives on the legal framing of such relations (6). The studies’ findings are discussed and implications for future research, policy, and practice are suggested, highlighting the complexity and ambiguity of the phenomenon and calling on intervention programs to focus on strengthening the family unit and social network of these youth and for policies to address teen sexuality as defined both normatively and legally.
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Nguyen, Duy, Rui Liu i Yookyong Lee. "COGNITIVE DIFFICULTIES AMONG ASIAN AMERICAN OLDER ADULTS: RESULTS FROM THE AMERICAN COMMUNITY SURVEY". Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1.11.2022): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.810.
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Abstract While Asians are the fastest growing racial group in the United States, limited research exists on their health needs, especially among older adults. Cognitive difficulties increase disease and caregiving burdens, but little is known about patterns of cognitive health among Asian American older adults. This study fills the knowledge gap by using data from the 2015-2019 American Community Surveys to examine the relationship between Asian ethnicity and gender on cognitive health. This analysis focuses on respondents aged 65 and over from the six most populous Asian American groups: Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese (n=100,538). Weighted, adjusted logistic regression analyses tested for the effects of Asian ethnicity and gender on cognitive difficulties. Multivariate analyses showed Filipino, Indian, and Vietnamese older adults were more likely than Chinese to report cognitive difficulties. Additionally, Asian American women were more likely to report cognitive difficulties compared to Asian American men. Joint effect analyses were statistically significant, thus we examined separate regression analyses by Asian ethnicity. Results showed that Vietnamese women were more likely than Vietnamese men to report cognitive difficulties. Across Asian ethnic groups, family relationships and economic factors play a major role in having a cognitive difficulty. Overall, the results suggest that ethnic-specific analysis of the Asian American reveals a fuller picture of health in older adulthood. Future research needs to dive more deeply into the sociocultural and economic dimensions of health. Further, culturally appropriate policy and practices are needed to promote successful aging among older Asian Americans.
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Zhang, Tao, Joonyoung Lee, Xiaoxia Zhang i Xiangli Gu. "Social-Ecological Factors Predict College Students’ Physical Activities and Sedentary Behavior". Sustainability 14, nr 19 (9.10.2022): 12873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912873.
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Guided by the socio-ecological model, the aim of this study was to investigate the predictive strengths of individual, social, and physical environmental factors toward different intensities of physical activity (PA; vigorous PA, moderate PA, walking) and sedentary behavior (SB) among college students. A cross-sectional research design was used. There were 287 college students (Mage = 20.75 ± 2.91; 54% female) recruited from a public research university in the Southwestern United States. Participants completed previously validated questionnaires assessing their PA, SB, and perceptions of self-efficacy, social support, and physical environment variables. Correlation and hierarchical regression analyses were performed to examine the associations and the relative contributions of those individual, social, and physical environmental factors to PA and SB, respectively. The findings indicated that self-efficacy, social support from friends, and convenience of using exercise facilities were positively correlated with vigorous PA. Self-efficacy and physical environmental factor such as convenience of using exercise facilities were significantly associated with students’ moderate PA. Physical environmental factors, including convenience of using exercise facilities, satisfaction with neighborhood services, ease of walking to public transportation stop, and detached single-family residence were significantly related to walking, while only detached single-family residence was associated to SB. The results highlight PA interventions may do well to focus on the promotion of individual and environmental variables to increase PA in college students. More evidence is needed to determine the relationships between social ecological factors and SB.
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Cabanes, Anna, Fatima Cardoso, Maia Thrift-Perry, Katherine Moose Hunt i Tauane Araújo Cruz. "Supporting Resource-Stratified Metastatic Breast Cancer Policy Development: A Global Policy Analysis". Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 3 (październik 2018): 8s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.10060.
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Purpose Patients with metastatic breast cancer (mBC) have significant unmet needs that current policies do not fully address. Methods A comprehensive analysis of national cancer control programs and breast cancer (BC) policies and programs was conducted across 16 countries representing diverse geographies, socioeconomic status, and health care systems. Key policy components were identified, aligned with the journey of a patient with BC, and evaluated using standardized criteria that measured the adoption and implementation of national cancer control program goals and mBC-specific programs. The identified gaps for patients with mBC were aligned with promising practices implemented or spearheaded by civil society that demonstrated success at filling the gaps with the objective of creating an information resource that other organizations in the field can use as practice-based evidence. Results Despite considerable BC policy development and implementation, important gaps for patients with mBC persist across all areas of the patient journey and vary between countries studied. Inadequate public awareness, lack of trained specialists, inefficient coordination of care delivery, and limited access to innovative mBC treatments are barriers to effective care in select regions in high-income countries and overall in low- and middle-income countries. In addition, the provision of palliative care remains in its infancy in low- and middle-income countries, although this is an area of increasing policy development in high-income countries. Promising practices that evaluate patient advocacy efforts have revealed that adaptable models can support policy adoption and target specific gaps through an approach that can be tailored to countries’ resource contexts. For example, advocacy efforts identified in sub-Saharan Africa used a range of tools, in collaboration with key hospitals, to address barriers at the diagnosis stage and facilitate access to care. In the United States, a Clinical Trial Helpline launched in partnership with local patient groups aims to connect patients with mBC with innovative treatment options through clinical trials. Conclusion The 70th United Nations World Health Assembly’s cancer resolution discussed the need to leverage efforts and collaborative initiatives among stakeholders. This research exemplifies successful multistakeholder engagement solutions, which are tailored to the country context, and offer targeted ideas to further policy development. Phased BC control implementation strategies must ensure that the policies and programs address the needs of both patients with early BC and of those with advanced BC. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The following represents disclosure information provided by authors of this manuscript. All relationships are considered compensated. Relationships are self-held unless noted. I = Immediate Family Member, Inst = My Institution. Relationships may not relate to the subject matter of this manuscript. For more information about ASCO's conflict of interest policy, please refer to www.asco.org/rwc or ascopubs.org/jco/site/ifc . Anna Cabanes Research Funding: Pfizer, Genentech, Merk (Inst) Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Pfizer, AstraZeneca Fatima Carodso Consulting or Advisory Role: Amgen, Astellas/Medivation, AstraZeneca, Celgene, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, GE Oncology, Genetech, GlaxoSmithKline, Macrogenics, Merk-Sharp, Merus BV, Mylan Mundipharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre-Fabre, Roche, Sanofi, Seattle Genetics, Samsung Bioepis, Teva Expert Testimony: Pfizer, Roche Maia Thrift-Perry Employment: Pfizer Stock or Other Ownership: Pfizer
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Kim, Chong Min, Kenneth A. Frank i James P. Spillane. "Relationships among Teachers’ Formal and Informal Positions and Their Incoming Student Composition". Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 120, nr 3 (marzec 2018): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811812000304.
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Background/Context While some commentators view education as a social mobility mechanism, many scholars argue that schools reproduce rather than challenge social inequality. A vast literature on the role of family background and educational stratification identifies various factors that help account for how schools contribute to reproducing social inequality. Over the past quarter century local, state, and federal policymakers, motivated at least partially by widening race- and class-based achievement gaps, have used standards and high stakes accountability to hold schools accountable for student performance. But the available evidence on the efficacy of these policy instruments in reducing the role of schools in social stratification is mixed. Purpose/Objective This study examines how student assignment to elementary school classrooms is conditioned by teachers’ formal positions and intra-school social networks. We focus on the allocation of teachers to students; teachers are the major resource a school can allocate to influence educational opportunities. Population/Participants Data for this analysis are drawn from a larger study of school leadership and management in one public school district in the southeastern United States. In the 2006–2007 school year, the Cloverville district served 33,156 students, including 16,214 students at its 30 elementary schools. The final sample for our study included 309 teachers with at least 10 students, not including kindergarten and first grade students, in self-contained classrooms across 29 elementary schools in 2007 (one school was removed from the sample due to low response rates). Research Design This study is a longitudinal observational study that includes social network data and multiple regression analysis. We surveyed faculty two times in waves conducted in 2007 and 2008. Data Collection and Analysis The primary source of data was a survey that asked teachers to identify colleagues who provided them with advice and information about reading and mathematics instruction. The dependent variables in our analyses were class average language arts achievement in the spring of 2006, class average mathematics achievement in the spring of 2006, and class average free or reduced price lunch in the spring of 2006. We fit multiple regressions to estimate the extent to which non-random assignment of students to teachers was a function of teachers’ formal leadership positions and their collegial networks. Findings/Results We found teachers who provided more advice and information to their colleagues and who occupied formal leadership positions were assigned higher achieving students. Further, teachers who occupied formal leadership positions were less likely to be assigned students who received free or reduced price lunch. Conclusions/Recommendations Our study findings provide strong evidence that teachers who have more prominent positions in the formal organization of the school and in informal networks are assigned stronger students. Such non-random assignment of students to teachers can contribute to educational stratification.
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Yin, Shuhua, Shi Chen i Yaorong Ge. "Dynamic Associations Between Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Social Media Contents and Epidemic Measures During COVID-19: Infoveillance Study". JMIR Infodemiology 4 (23.01.2024): e49756. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/49756.
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Background Health agencies have been widely adopting social media to disseminate important information, educate the public on emerging health issues, and understand public opinions. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) widely used social media platforms during the COVID-19 pandemic to communicate with the public and mitigate the disease in the United States. It is crucial to understand the relationships between the CDC’s social media communications and the actual epidemic metrics to improve public health agencies’ communication strategies during health emergencies. Objective This study aimed to identify key topics in tweets posted by the CDC during the pandemic, investigate the temporal dynamics between these key topics and the actual COVID-19 epidemic measures, and make recommendations for the CDC’s digital health communication strategies for future health emergencies. Methods Two types of data were collected: (1) a total of 17,524 COVID-19–related English tweets posted by the CDC between December 7, 2019, and January 15, 2022, and (2) COVID-19 epidemic measures in the United States from the public GitHub repository of Johns Hopkins University from January 2020 to July 2022. Latent Dirichlet allocation topic modeling was applied to identify key topics from all COVID-19–related tweets posted by the CDC, and the final topics were determined by domain experts. Various multivariate time series analysis techniques were applied between each of the identified key topics and actual COVID-19 epidemic measures to quantify the dynamic associations between these 2 types of time series data. Results Four major topics from the CDC’s COVID-19 tweets were identified: (1) information on the prevention of health outcomes of COVID-19; (2) pediatric intervention and family safety; (3) updates of the epidemic situation of COVID-19; and (4) research and community engagement to curb COVID-19. Multivariate analyses showed that there were significant variabilities of progression between the CDC’s topics and the actual COVID-19 epidemic measures. Some CDC topics showed substantial associations with the COVID-19 measures over different time spans throughout the pandemic, expressing similar temporal dynamics between these 2 types of time series data. Conclusions Our study is the first to comprehensively investigate the dynamic associations between topics discussed by the CDC on Twitter and the COVID-19 epidemic measures in the United States. We identified 4 major topic themes via topic modeling and explored how each of these topics was associated with each major epidemic measure by performing various multivariate time series analyses. We recommend that it is critical for public health agencies, such as the CDC, to update and disseminate timely and accurate information to the public and align major topics with key epidemic measures over time. We suggest that social media can help public health agencies to inform the public on health emergencies and to mitigate them effectively.
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Iwama, Janice, Jack McDevitt i Robert Bieniecki. "Building Bridges Between Researchers and Police Practitioners in Small and Midsize Law Enforcement Agencies in the United States". Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 37, nr 2 (18.03.2021): 276–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986221999882.
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Although partnerships between researchers and police practitioners have increased over the last few decades in some of the largest police agencies in the United States, very few small agencies have engaged in a partnership with a researcher. Of the 18,000 local police agencies in the United States, small agencies with less than 25 sworn officers make up about three quarters of all police agencies. To support future collaborations between researchers and smaller police agencies, like those in Douglas County, Kansas, this article identifies challenges that researchers can address and explores how these relationships can benefit small police agencies across the United States.
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Carter-Harris, Lisa, James E. Slaven, Patrick O. Monahan, Claire Burke Draucker, Emilee Vode i Susan M. Rawl. "Understanding lung cancer screening behaviour using path analysis". Journal of Medical Screening 27, nr 2 (24.09.2019): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969141319876961.
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Objective Understanding lung cancer screening behaviour is crucial to identifying potentially modifiable factors for future intervention. Qualititative work has explored attitudes and beliefs about lung cancer screening from the perspective of the participant, but the theoretically grounded factors that influence screening-eligible individuals to screen are unknown. We tested an explanatory framework for lung cancer screening participation from the individual’s perspective. Methods Data were collected as part of a sequential explanatory mixed methods study, the quantitative component of which is reported here. A national purposive sample of 515 screening-eligible participants in the United States was recruited using Facebook-targeted advertisement. Participants completed surveys assessing constructs of the Conceptual Model for Lung Cancer Screening Participation. Path analysis was used to assess the relationships between variables. Results Path analyses revealed that a clinician recommendation to screen, higher self-efficacy scores, and lower mistrust scores were directly associated with screening participation (p < 0.05). However, the link between screening behaviour and self-efficacy appeared to be fully mediated by fatalism, lung cancer fear, lung cancer family history, knowledge of lung cancer risk and screening, income, clinician recommendation, and social influence (p < 0.05). Conclusions This study found that medical mistrust, self-efficacy, and clinician recommendation were significant in the decision of whether to screen for lung cancer. These findings offer insight into potentially modifiable targets most appropriate on which to intervene. This understanding is critical to design meaningful clinician- and patient-focused interventions.
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Bulling, Denise, Lyn Carson, Mark DeKraai, Alexis Garcia i Harri Raisio. "DELIBERATION MODELS FEATURING YOUTH PARTICIPATION". International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 4, nr 3.1 (21.08.2013): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs43.1201312622.
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<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;">There is a growing trend among developed countries to increase the participation of youth in societal and institutional decision-making. The challenge is to move away from an illusion of participation (tokenism) to genuine youth influence. This article transfers knowledge of a relatively new theory to the fields of youth engagement and community development.<span style="color: #ff0000;"> </span>We pose deliberative democracy as a model to build bridges between youth and decision-makers. This concrete approach offers a platform for youth and adults to engage in a learning process as equal citizens and proactive leaders. <span style="color: #000000;">Deliberative democracy can be understood as an umbrella term for different models of public deliberation. These models attempt to create carefully detailed conditions for increasing the legitimacy of decisions made through deliberation. Deliberative models that feature youth participation include youth juries, dialogue days between young people and decision-makers, and adult-youth participatory forums where the youth voice is usually a minority. </span>We explore the role of relationships, collaboration, and leadership in generating democratic spaces for the inclusion of youth in policy formation and reform.<span style="color: #ff0000;"> </span><span style="color: #000000;">The challenges associated with engaging youth are discussed along with examples of models from Australia, Finland, Canada, and the United States that promote effective youth engagement.</span></span></p>
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Ornstein, Maggie T., i Christine C. Caruso. "The Social Ecology of Caregiving: Applying the Social–Ecological Model across the Life Course". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, nr 1 (22.01.2024): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21010119.
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Family caregivers provide care to people with disabilities, as well as ill and older adults, often with little to no outside assistance from the formal long-term care system. They are the backbone of long-term care, and it is a misconception that the majority of people institutionalize disabled people and older adults in the United States. Youth caregiving is under-examined in the field of public health and is in need of theoretical and practical attention. Building upon the work of Talley and Crews and Bronfenbrenner, we aim to broaden the scope of the discussion around caregiving through the application of the social–ecological model (SEM) to inform research and practice. This paper picks up where they left off, digging deeper into the ecological model to reimagine research, policy, and practices related to youth and young adult caregivers that are rooted in this framework. This application highlights care as embedded in social relations while allowing for an exploration of the ways structural barriers impact the caring unit. Looking holistically at the unit, rather than individuals as service users, provides an opportunity for understanding the interconnectedness of those giving and receiving care. It does so by rendering visible the interdependence of the caring unit, and the myriad structures, which bear down on care at the individual and household levels. This approach runs counter to dominant thinking, which focuses exclusively on the individuals involved in caregiving relationships, rather than considering them as interdependent units of care. This paper provides an analytic contribution, utilizing a narrative composite vignette based on literature and previous research.
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Hong, Seunghye, Michin Hong i Kathryn Braun. "UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DIVERSITIES AND AGING FOR HEALTH AND WELL-BEING IN KOREAN AND KOREAN AMERICANS". Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1.11.2022): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.765.
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Abstract Guided by the socio-ecological model and the cultural diversity perspective, this symposium aims to enhance the understanding of critical issues in health and well-being among Koreans and Korean Americans with three primary focuses: aging, social-ecological and multilevel factors, and identifying social and cultural contexts. Five studies examined multilevel factors—individual, relational/interpersonal, community, and societal—that are associated with health and well-being, conducted in Korea as well as in the United States. Study 1 examined psychological well-being among older Koreans, specifically its association with intergenerational relationships and social support using longitudinal multilevel modeling to estimate depression trajectories. Study 2 examined childhood experiences and midlife cultural engagement associations among middle-aged Korean couples, considering the influences of their spouses’ experiences and cultural resources. Study 3 explored the experiences of the nature-based virtual reality program among older Korean Americans, using in-depth interviews and providing an innovative approach using technology as a therapeutic tool. Study 4 examined social determinants of health associated with Korean American immigrants’ willingness for end-of-life discussions and the factors affecting willingness (awareness of hospice, communication with family/doctors, and social isolation). Study 5 examined health insurance coverage and its association with immigration-related factors (English proficiency, generational status, and age at immigration) among Korean Americans using national data. The various health, mental health, and well-being issues in Koreans and Korean Americans will be discussed from contextually responsive approaches. This symposium will provide implications for practices, education, research, and policy to promote health, mental health, and well-being in the Korean and Korean American populations.
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Mattson, Jeremy. "Relationships between Density and per Capita Municipal Spending in the United States". Urban Science 5, nr 3 (15.09.2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5030069.
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The objective of this research is to determine the relationship between land use, particularly density, and per capita spending levels in cities across the United States. A model was developed using data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances to estimate the impacts of population-weighted density and other factors on per capita municipal spending. This study focused on municipal spending for eight categories that theoretically could be influenced by land use development: fire protection, streets and highways, libraries, parks and recreation, police, sewer, solid waste management, and water. Density was found to be negatively associated with per capita municipal expenditures for the following cost categories: operational costs for fire protection, streets and highways, parks and recreation, sewer, solid waste management, and water; construction costs for streets and highways, parks and recreation, sewer, and water; and land and existing facility costs for police, sewer, and water. Results were insignificant for other cost categories, and a positive relationship was found for police operations costs. In general, results support the conclusion that increased density is associated with reduced per capita municipal spending for several cost categories.
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Kosnáč, Pavol, Justin E. Lane, Monica Duffy Toft i F. LeRon Shults. "Paramilitaries, parochialism, and peace: The moral foundations and personality traits of Slovenskí Branci". PLOS ONE 18, nr 3 (21.03.2023): e0281503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281503.
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Paramilitary organizations have increasingly become a cause for concern among policy makers and the media in recent years, in part because the former are often seen as a potential threat to peace (or at least to the status quo of the current political systems) in the countries in which they emerge. Organizations such as the Oathkeepers and 3 Percenters (also known as III%ers) in the United States have grown significantly in the last two decades, while paramilitary organizations playing a key role in both offensive and defensive actions in Crimea and the Donbas Region have become a focus of discussion in the Russian war on Ukraine. Although they have not always garnered as much attention, paramilitary organizations in Central and Eastern Europe have a long history. While most are relatively inactive, others play a wide variety of active roles, sometimes even running operations in parallel with a state’s official armed forces (e.g., the PMO serving the state in Poland, or the Night Wolves helping Russia capture Crimea). Despite the increase in the number and activity of these paramilitary organizations, little is known about the personal, social, moral, and psychological background of the individuals who join them. After reviewing the history and ideology of the largest paramilitary organization in the Slovak Republic, this article presents and discusses the results of a survey administered to the group. This survey used different measures of personality, morality, and identity, as well as information about respondents’ personal background, family history, socio-economic status, and political ideology. We find significant relationships between certain individual personality traits and the importance of certain moral foundations among members of these organizations in relation to their broader social community.
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Sumina, Ekaterina, Leonid Grischenko i Ekaterina Sepiashvili. "Features of training of police employee in the USA". Applied psychology and pedagogy 7, nr 1 (14.01.2022): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2500-0543-2022-7-1-97-106.
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The complexities of modern policing require internal affairs agencies to expand the training opportunities for police officers to carry out the tasks assigned to internal affairs agencies. It is not enough to focus solely on the law or on perishable skills such as arrest and control; defensive tactics; driving; and firearms. This article discusses the experience of building and developing the psychological skills required by the United States police force. Police training in the United States focuses on developing the skills needed to deal with the modern challenges that arise in the performance of official tasks. Training involves building and developing skills such as cognitive, emotional, social and moral skills that can improve the condition of police officers, as well as foster relationships between police officers and members of the community. Trained police officers need to develop critical thinking skills, effective communication, and emotional intelligence. The presented article reveals professional competencies for police officers, graduates of the police academy, which were developed by the Law Enforcement Foundation in the United States (Ohio). It also discusses aspects of psychological screening developed by the California Commission on Peacekeeping Training Standards to Consider When Recruiting Police Officers. The authors emphasize that when training police officers in any country, it is necessary to pay special attention to the continuity between training and practical service activities of the police officer.
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Ellis, B. Heidi, Alisa K. Lincoln, Saida M. Abdi, Elizabeth A. Nimmons, Osob Issa i Scott H. Decker. "“We All Have Stories”: Black Muslim Immigrants’ Experience With the Police". Race and Justice 10, nr 3 (15.02.2018): 341–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2153368718754638.
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Understanding the relationships between immigrants and refugees and the police is a critical research task with implications for both community–police partnerships and the effectiveness of law enforcement efforts. This study contributes to such an understanding by examining perceptions of police and police interactions among Somali immigrants and refugees (both first and second generation) in three communities in the United States and Canada. This article presents in-depth analyses of qualitative interview data and draws upon multiple theoretical perspectives, specifically procedural justice and minority group threat theory. These perspectives have been employed to account for police–minority relationships in other works and we extend their application to a new group. We find that despite some evidence of positive interactions with police, current policing could do more to establish community trust and implement principles of procedural justice with Somalis in the United States and Canada. This article also finds support for the minority group threat theory in that study participants perceive that they experience harsher and more frequent policing due to their multiple marginalized statuses (Black, immigrant, and Muslim). Implications for both Somali immigrants/refugees and law enforcement are discussed.
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Simpson, Rylan, i Kamali’ilani Wetherell. "Police spokespersons: A question of organizational representation". International Journal of Police Science & Management 22, nr 3 (4.05.2020): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461355720918882.
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Police spokespersons exist at the core of organizational representation: they are selected to represent their agencies at all levels of engagement on all public platforms. Given their repeated exposure via traditional and electronic media, perceptions of spokesperson characteristics may impact perceptions of police and police organizations more broadly. Using online search queries of publicly available sources, we collected data for 612 spokespersons from 514 municipal police agencies across the United States. Our analyses reveal that spokespersons are overwhelmingly sworn, White men who are middle-aged and mid-rank. Our analyses also reveal some bivariate relationships between spokesperson characteristics (e.g., gender and employment status) and some variation among characteristics across states (e.g., Texas versus Ohio). By identifying and describing spokesperson characteristics at both national and state levels, we extend historical research regarding police spokespersons, contribute to the scholarly understanding of police representation practices, and theorize the relationships between spokespersons, organizations, and contemporary policing issues.
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Novakowski, Ann K., i Pat Garcia-Gonzalez. "The Max Access Solution: A 'No Patient Left Behind' Model for Treatment Access". Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 3 (październik 2018): 29s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.10330.
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Purpose The Max Foundation has led the development and implementation of the widely recognized model for patient assistance programs by which manufacturers make available some of their innovative products to patients in low- and middle-income countries. Recognizing that a limitation of a pharmaceutical patient assistance program is the focus on a particular product while a patient’s cancer need is company agnostic, the Max Access Solution borrows from all the lessons learned from developing and managing access programs while shifting the focus from the drug to the patient. This innovative long-term access approach provides a bridge to treatment to individually identified patients in countries where the treatment is not otherwise locally available. Methods The initiative focuses on the patient and his or her needs across the disease spectrum, harnessing the power of multisector collaborations, including drug manufacturers, international distributors, diagnostics companies, ministries of health, ministries of health hospitals, cancer centers and other public institutions in recipient countries, and local nongovernmental organizations and patient organizations, as well as cancer research centers in the United States. We established the following measurable objectives: identify all treatments approved for a particular cancer, identify the supportive care needed to successfully treat the disease, identify local and international stakeholders for the success of the initiative, develop collaborative agreements with each of them, and establish an end-to-end validated supply chain into each country/cancer institution. Results In the first year of implementation, The Max Foundation delivered more than 700,000 required daily doses of oral cancer medication for CML to more than 10,000 patients in 65 countries, made 2,500 molecular tests available to patients, executed more than 220 collaboration agreements, and established a gross domestic product–validated supply chain into 90 cancer-treating institutions. Conclusion The Max Access Solution is a unique and innovative approach to cancer care access. An aim of The Max Foundation in developing the Max Access Solution for CML was as a proof of concept as well as to develop systems and impact measurements, with the long-term vision of expanding the model to other cancers. This model may be replicated in a variety of noncommunicable disease areas, including breast cancer and other cancers, to reduce health disparities globally. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The following represents disclosure information provided by authors of this manuscript. All relationships are considered compensated. Relationships are self-held unless noted. I = Immediate Family Member, Inst = My Institution. Relationships may not relate to the subject matter of this manuscript. For more information about ASCO's conflict of interest policy, please refer to www.asco.org/rwc or ascopubs.org/jco/site/ifc . No COIs from the authors.
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Staller, Karen M. "Children's Rights, Family Rights". International Review of Qualitative Research 4, nr 2 (sierpień 2011): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/irqr.2011.4.2.171.
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In this article I explore the intersections of children's human rights, social policy, and qualitative inquiry from a social work perspective. First, I consider the relationship between human rights work and social work. Second, I argue that children add complexity to the human rights debate. In doing so, I briefly examine the conflict between children's rights as developed in the United States and that of the United Nation's Convention on the Rights of the Child. Third, I turn to a specific qualitative research project in which a team of researchers conducted an in-depth study of the prosecution of child sexual abuse in one U.S. jurisdiction. I argue that the findings from this study illustrate how qualitative inquiry can reveal conflicting and often hidden value trade-offs that must be addressed when enacting and enforcing children's human rights. This study demonstrates what qualitative inquiry has to offer policy advocates who seek to promote children's human rights.
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Wright, James E., i Andrea M. Headley. "Can Technology Work for Policing? Citizen Perceptions of Police-Body Worn Cameras". American Review of Public Administration 51, nr 1 (29.07.2020): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074020945632.
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Recent incidents between police and people of color have further strained police–community relationships. Scholars, practitioners, activists, policy makers, and several police departments have advocated for the implementation of body-worn cameras (BWC), a technological adoption promoted to address growing mistrust in the United States. This article examines perception of this technological adoption through 40 in-depth interviews in Washington, D.C. Furthermore, this article uses the context of police BWC to explore how the integration of technological advancements impacts the relationships between communities and local governments—namely police departments. The evidence suggests that residents believe BWC should improve officer behavior and increase police legitimacy, but cameras will not increase trust between police and the community. Based on the findings, this research identifies the limitations of BWC technology and assesses potential collaborative strategies available for police organizations related to the adoption and use of BWC.
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Pollock, Wendi, Willard Oliver i Scott Menard. "Measuring the Problem". Criminal Justice Review 37, nr 2 (12.03.2012): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016811436335.
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This research examined socioeconomic variables, offending behavior, and prior police contact, as predictors of self-reported police contact (questioning or arrest). Utilizing multilevel models and eight waves of National Youth Survey Family Study data, the predictors were examined in a national sample of individuals, over 24 years. Results indicate that police contact is predominately predicted by sex, delinquent peers, and offending behavior. This suggests that several of the variables commonly discussed in police contact literature, including race, are not predictors of police contact at the national level in the United States. Implications of national-level findings on police policy are discussed.
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Pollock, Linda A., i Rosemary O'Day. "The Family and Family Relationships, 1500-1900: England, France, & the United States". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 27, nr 2 (1996): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/205176.
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Tomlins, Christopher. "Necessities of State: Police, Sovereignty, and the Constitution". Journal of Policy History 20, nr 1 (styczeń 2008): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.0.0012.
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Over the last fifteen years, legal historians have been exploring conceptualizations of the state and state capacity as phenomena of police. In this essay, I offer a genealogy of police in nineteenth-century American constitutional law. I examine relationships among several distinct strands of development: domestic regulatory law, notably the commerce power; the law of indigenous peoples and immigrants; and the law of territorial acquisition. I show that in state and federal juridical discourse, police expresses unrestricted and undefined powers of governance rooted in a discourse of sovereign inheritance and state necessity, culminating in the increasingly pointed claim that as a nation-state the United States possesses limitless capacity “to do all acts and things which independent states may of right do.”
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Kubo, Tomoko. "Housing challenges in shrinking and aging Japanese cities". Abstracts of the ICA 1 (15.07.2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-195-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The topic of shrinking cities has been one of the most important urban issues in the past three decades. Couch and Cocks (2013) reviewed studies on the outcomes of recent shrinking cities: (1) rapid out-migration from post-socialist countries such as the movement from East Germany to West Germany in the 1990s; (2) economic -decline as an additional trigger for out-migration such as in old industrial areas in Northern England and the Rust Belt of the United States; and (3) rapid demographic changes such as low fertility and longevity-led ageing of the society leading to shrinking regions in the European countries and Japan. Although many studies have been conducted in East Germany, the old industrial cities, and the aging European countries (Nordvik and Gulbrabdsen 2009, Hoekstra et al. 2018, Hollander 2018), little is known about shrinkage in Japanese cities. Over recent decades, the debates on shrinking cities have been widely studied; these studies can be classified into three categories: (1) studies to understand the background reasons that caused shrinkage, (2) those to analyze the effects or outcomes of shrinkage (e.g., increase in housing vacancies or vacant lots, growth of crime rate or political challenges), and (3) those to propose policy implications or practical solution strategies to overcome shrinkage (Hollander and Nemeth 2011).</p><p>First, Hollander (2018) and other studies identified the relationship between the neighborhood life cycle (Hoover and Vernon 1959, or studies by the Chicago schools) and urban shrinkage, with regards to old industrial cities such as those in the Rust Belt of the United States and erstwhile mining towns in North England. Hoover and Vernon (1959) proposed that a neighborhood follows a five-stage cycle, comprising the stages of development, transition, downgrading, shrinkage, and renewal; this five-stage model is linked to the discriminative housing policies from the 1930s until the 1970s in the United States (Metzger 2000). In addition to these neighborhood cycles, other factors such as economic decline, outmigration and population loss, demographic changes (Nordvik and Gulbrabdsen 2009, Couch and Cocks 2013), social transition, globalization and neo-liberalization have transformed housing, welfare, and family relations in many countries (Yui et al. 2017, Ronald and Lennarts 2018). In East Germany, housing oversupply during the post-socialist shrinking periods acted as a catalyst to form a new residential segregation pattern in Leipzig (Grobmann et al. 2015). Some neighborhood conditions can lead to an increase in the number of housing abandonments or long-term housing vacancies in specific neighborhoods, as demonstrated by various studies mentioning oversupply of housing during the housing bubble periods and longitude low demand neighborhoods in the United States (Molloy 2016), the high ratio of poverty (Immergluck 2016), and the conditions of the surrounding neighborhoods (Morckel 2014). Second, the population loss caused by massive out-migration and a rise in housing abandonment or housing vacancies were the most common outcomes of urban shrinkage. Out-migration was triggered by the movement to seek better job opportunities or quality of life, urban life cycles with growth and decline (Couch and Cocks 2013), and the longitudinal decline process of population (Alves et al. 2016). Nordvik and Gulbrandsen (2009) analyzed aging-led shrinkage with a case study in Norway and found a spatial characteristic of shrinkage that occurs more often in suburbs than in city-centers, and the positive relation between the rise in the vacant property ratio and an increase in the elderly population in a region. The out-migration of the younger generation, arising from the desire to move away from parental homes in suburbs, and the deaths among the parental generation that have occurred in the last 30 to 50 years have led to a gradual increase in vacant housing in the suburb in Norway (Nordvik and Gulbrabdsen 2009). Apparently, the Japanese suburban neighborhoods have experienced the rise in housing vacancies and ageing population through the similar mechanism with that in Norway, but the reality and spatial patterns of shrinking-related problems vary reflecting the urban and housing policies, housing market characteristics, and embedded relationship between housing and family in society. According to Couch and Cocks (2013), the rise in housing vacancies in a region arises due to several factors, as follows. The first factor is that of short-term vacancies for which there is no demand in the local housing market; this issue can be resolved through public intervention in terms of reinvestment in inner-city social housing, such as in the United Kingdom in the 1980s. The second factor is that of oversupply of housing as compared to the housing demand in a region; this is caused by lower satisfaction among residents in their residential environment or inequality in public investment and access to private financial resources by local residents. Moreover, shrinking cities with a high ratio of long-term housing vacancies tend to experience an increase in crime such as burglary. This is because the rise in housing vacancies causes a decline in neighbourhood vitality required to protect social disorder; vacant housing is used to store stolen goods or sell drugs, and there is a “broken window effect” with regard to abandoned housing vacancies (Jones and Pridemore 2016).</p><p>There have recently been more meaningful discussions on how to handle the problems of shrinking cities. As Hoekstra et al. (2018) mentioned, there have been two main approaches in these discussions: one approach has focused on increasing the population in shrinking cities again, whereas, the other accepts longitudinal shrinkage patterns and aims to increase the quality of life of present and future residents (Hollander and Nemeth 2011). The former approach advocates entrepreneurial policies to attract new residents, resulting in an increase in inequality within a region, unsold housing, and a lack of affordable housing (Hoekstra et al. 2018). The latter approach employs methodologies such as selective demolition of abandoned housing to control the housing stock of a region, promoting down-sizing or right-sizing to meet the changes in the housing demands of residents, or densification of urban buildings to recreate walkable neighborhoods (Hoekstra et al. 2018). Hollander and Nemeth (2011) proposed smart decline strategies based on the concept of social justice, with an emphasis on the following aspects: accepting voices from diverse actors, utilizing different types of technology to share information about citizens to problematize uneven power structure, transparent decision-making processes with clear evaluation, and paying attention to the scale of decision making (e.g., the total planning burden is shared among regional levels, and the required interventions are conducted at local levels). Compared to the rich accumulation of literature on shrinking cities in Western countries, the Japanese situation has not been discussed sufficiently and there is an absence of strategies to resolve the issues in Japan. Research on shrinkage and housing has clarified that factors related to housing, welfare, and family relations are embedded in the social fabric, and the relationships vary by region or by country (Ronald and Lennerts 2018). Therefore, it is necessary to obtain deeper understanding of the housing challenges in shrinking and aging Japanese cities. The present study aims to review the above-mentioned three categories of shrinking city debates in Japan, to propose practical countermeasures for shrinking and aging Japanese cities. First, we review the reasons that caused the shrinkage in Japanese cities. Second, we analyze the increase in housing vacancies as an outcome of this shrinkage. Third, we examine the political countermeasures that have been adopted in Japan and evaluate their efficacy in the Japanese situation. Finally, through these analyses, we propose policy implications to deal with the problems of aging and shrinking cities in Japan. The major findings of the study are as follows: First of all, existing systems that had been established during the economic and urban growth periods of Japan are not suitable to address the new demands of the shrinking and aging era. Therefore, a great divide in terms of residential environments has occurred within a metropolitan area or between cities. Lesser access to financial resources to reinvest in old suburban neighborhoods or local cities accelerates the divide or inequality in terms of residential environments. Second, an increase in housing vacancies can decrease the quality of life of older adults in these shrinking neighborhoods. Third, these problems could be resolved by adopting a strategy of smart decline, with selective investment to control housing stock, and by accepting aging in place in shrinking neighborhoods. We discuss the challenges in implementing these possible solutions in Japanese cities.</p>
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Ishimaru, Ann M. "From Family Engagement to Equitable Collaboration". Educational Policy 33, nr 2 (1.03.2017): 350–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0895904817691841.
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Policy makers have long seen parents and families as key levers for improving U.S. student outcomes and success, and new cross-sector collaborative policy and initiatives provide a promising context for innovations in efforts to engage nondominant families in educational equity reform. Drawing on a lens of equitable collaboration, this study examined the strategies in three organizational efforts to improve family engagement in education within a common cross-sector collaboration initiative in a Western region of the United States. Although conventional approaches persisted amid regular exchanges across organizations, we identified more reciprocal, collective, and relational strategies: (a) parent capacity-building, (b) relationship-building, and (c) systemic capacity-building efforts. Despite promising strategies, the dynamics of implementation in the cross-sector collaborative constrained change and mirrored limitations in family engagement practice and policy. The article concludes with next steps for research, practice, and policy in the journey toward more equitable collaboration.
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Oberg, Charles N. "Medically Uninsured Children in the United States: A Challenge to Public Policy". Pediatrics 85, nr 5 (1.05.1990): 824–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.85.5.824.
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This article is an examination of the nature and extent of the problem presented by medically uninsured children in the United States. First, the characteristics of the uninsured population are explored with a description of how age, family income, and employment status disproportionately affect families with children. Second, the Medicaid program and its historically inadequate response to this growing problem of uninsured children is examined. Third, the relationship between insurance status and the health and development of children is discussed. Finally, recent public policy initiatives that have been enacted or proposed to address this inequity in the present health care system are reviewed with a recommendation to establish a "Universal Maternal and Child Health Program."
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Jabeen, Fauzia, Maryam Al Hashmi i Vinita Mishra. "Should I stay or should I go? The antecedents of turnover intention among police personnel". Safer Communities 19, nr 1 (27.01.2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sc-05-2019-0013.
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Purpose This study aims to explore the antecedents that may lead to turnover intentions among police personnel in the United Arab Emirates. Design/methodology/approach The data were collected from police personnel (n = 176) through a questionnaire survey, and structural equation modeling was used to test the relationships. Findings The findings revealed that the work-family conflict and job autonomy significantly correlate with turnover intentions. Alternatively, perceived organizational support does not predict turnover intentions. Research limitations/implications This research is limited by the study’s subjective assessment of police personnel turnover intentions through self-reported questionnaires. It provides implications for policymakers, organizational behavioral experts and those interested in formulating effective strategies to reduce turnover among police personnel. Originality/value This study offers a novel context as it assesses police personnel in an emerging Middle Eastern country. It provides insights to policymakers and academia concerning the factors strongly linked with police personnel turnover intentions and will help them formulate strategies for improving personnel satisfaction and advancing relationships between police and the community.