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1
Sezer, Şerife, i Mahmut Masca. "An Analysis of Intra-Industry Trade with Some Selected European Union Countries in the Turkish Manufacturing Industry". Bulgarian Journal of International Economics and Politics 1, nr 2 (20.06.2022): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37075/bjiep.2021.2.03.
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This study aims to analyse intra-industry trade in the manufacturing industry sector with the EU countries, where Turkey has the most trade. The period of the study is 2000-2020. The countries examined are Germany, France, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Poland, Belgium-Luxembourg, Sweden, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, the Czech Republic, Portugal, Austria, Ireland, Denmark, and the UK. In the analysis, the Grubel Lloyd index was used, which is one of the widely applied static measurement methods in the literature. The study discusses intra-industry trade of manufacturing industry products according to the 3rd revision of the Standard International Trade Classification. According to the analysis results, when Turkey’s foreign trade is evaluated on a sectoral basis, it has been observed that high intra-industry trade is realized in product groups with low added value. Another result obtained is that intra-industry trade with the UK, Germany, France, Poland, Bulgaria and Romania reached high values. Keywords: Intra-industry Trade, Manufacturing Industry, Grubel Lloyd Index JEL: B17, F0, F5, F11, F14
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Moczulski, Michał. "Intra industry trade between Poland and Germany in the automotive industry". Studia i Prace WNEiZ 53 (2018): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/sip.2018.53/2-19.
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Kraciuk, Jakub. "INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE IN AGRI-FOOD PRODUCTS BETWEEN POLAND AND EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXV, nr 4 (6.11.2023): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.9669.
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The aim of this article is to elucidate intra-industry trade in agri-food products between Poland and other EU countries. This approach focuses on the analysis of Poland’s intra-industry trade with the integrative group and selected EU countries, distinguishing between horizontal and vertical intra-industry trade. It also identifies the countries with which Poland exports higher-quality product groups than it imports, and those to which it exports lower-quality agri-food products compared to the ones it imports. The Grubel-Lloyd index (IIT – intra-industry trade) is applied to calculate intra-industry trade. To differentiate between vertical and horizontal intra-industry trade, unit values are utilized, assuming that relative prices reflect relative characteristics, where horizontally differentiated products are homogeneous (perfect substitutes) and possess the same quality, while vertically differentiated products have varying prices reflecting different qualities. A division was also made into high vertical intra-industry trade, characterized by higher-quality exported products, and low vertical intra-industry trade, characterized by higher-quality imported products. The research findings indicate that Poland’s trade in agri-food products with EU countries predominantly exhibits characteristics of vertical intra-industry trade, with the quality of exported products generally surpassing that of imported ones.
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Pawlak, Karolina. "INTENSITY AND STRUCTURE OF INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE IN AGRI-FOOD PRODUCTS OBSERVED IN POLISH AND EU FOREIGN TRADE WITH THE US". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, nr 4 (19.11.2019): 374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5812.
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The aim of this paper was to investigate the intensity and determine the type of intra-industry trade in agri-food products of Poland and the EU with the US. Analysis was based on data coming from the Comext-Eurostat database applying the 6-digit HS classification in 2007 and 2018. The intensity of intra-industry trade was established using the Grubel-Lloyd index, taking the diversification of intra-industry trade into horizontal, high-quality vertical, and low-quality vertical trade into consideration. The individual types were determined applying the criteria of similarity in unit values in exports and imports, proposed by David Greenaway et al. [1994]. Analysis showed that trade in agri-food products of Poland and the EU with the US developed mainly following a model of inter-industry specialisation. Intra-industry trade was observed primarily in trade in highly processed products. Analyses of EU trade with the US indicate the greatest role of intra-industry trade in high quality differentiated products, which may hardly be supplemented by other goods, while in Polish trade with the US it was vertical trade in low quality goods, which may be relatively readily replaced by products coming from other countries, in turn potentially leading to the loss of Poland’s share in the target market.
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Pasińska, Dorota. "Konkurencyjność krajów Unii Europejskiej w handlu zagranicznym produktami wołowymi". Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 19(34), nr 4 (30.12.2019): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2019.19.4.58.
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The main purpose of the article is an attempt to assess the competitiveness of European Union trade in foreign trade in beef products in 2017 compared to 2005. In order to achieve the objective of the study, a comparative analysis (for exports, import value, balance of foreign trade in beef products, the index of revealed comparative advantage of RCA, the comparative advantage of Lafay and the Grubel-Llyod indicator) was used. In 2005 and 2017, the following countries had a comparative advantage in trade in beef products: Austria, France, Ireland, Luxembourg and Poland. Those which did not have a comparative advantage: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Italy, Malta, Spain, Sweden, Portugal and Great Britain. In 2017, most EU countries implemented the intra-industry trade model. In 2017, compared to 2005, some EU countries changed their trade model from inter-industry to intra-industry or vice versa. In 2017, Poland was fifth among the largest EU exporters of beef products in the EU, and the share of beef products imported to Poland in the import of beef products of EU countries was very low (and amounted to about 1%).
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Łapińska, Justyna. "Determinant factors of intra-industry trade: the case of Poland and its European Union trading partners". Equilibrium 11, nr 2 (30.06.2016): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2016.011.
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This study has investigated the country-specific determinants of intra-industry exchange between Poland and its European Union trading partners during the time period 2002–2011. The analysis of the factors determining the Polish bilateral intra-industry trade with European Union countries applied an econometric model for panel data. As follows from the research, the intensity of intra-industry trade is dependent on numerous factors. The factors that exert a positive impact on the development of intra-trade exchange include the participation of processed products in bilateral trade between Poland and UE states, the intensity of trade with specific countries as well as the size of a partner country measured by its GDP per capita. Increases in the intra-trade turnover are also facilitated by EU membership and by the fact that Poland’s trade partners use a similar language, belonging to the group of the Slavic languages. The intensity of intra-trade exchange is weakened by the degree of the imbalance of trade turnover between trading partners, geographical distance that separates trading partners and significant differences in the size of trading partners’ GDPs.
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Łapińska, Justyna, Grzegorz Kądzielawski i Radosław Dziuba. "Country-Specific Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade in Clothing and Footwear between Poland and European Union Countries". Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 27, nr 4(136) (31.08.2019): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1816.
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The present study investigated the country-specific determinants of intra-industry trade between Poland and its European Union trading partners in clothing and footwear during the time period 2004–2017. The econometric model for panel data was used to identify the factors determining bilateral intra-industry trade with EU countries. The research findings show that the size of the trading partners' economies has a positive impact on the development of intra-industry trade in clothing and footwear. The size of the country, measured by the size of its GDP, is equated with the size of the market and the possibilities of selling differentiated products in it. The geographical distance separating the trading countries turned out to be a factor limiting the development of intra-industry trade. An unfavourable effect on the intensity of intra-industry trade is also the degree of imbalance in trade between trade partners. The study confirmed that the direction of the impact of all determinants of intra-industry trade identified is consistent with the predictions of the theory.
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Ambroziak, Łukasz. "FDI and Intra-industry Trade in the Automotive Industry in the New EU Member States". International Journal of Management and Economics 52, nr 1 (1.12.2016): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijme-2016-0025.
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Abstract This paper investigates the extent to which foreign direct investment (FDI) influenced intra-industry trade (IIT) in automotive products in six New EU Member States (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia) in the 1995–2014 period. Changes in IIT intensity are analysed using the Grubel-Lloyd indices. To examine the IIT pattern, IIT indices are divided into two types of trade: IIT in vertically differentiated products (low and high quality VIIT) and IIT in horizontally differentiated products (HIIT). The research indicates that IIT in automotive products allowed manufacturers and consumers from the new EU Member States to benefit more from international trade. FDI inflow to the automotive sector of the NMS has been a key factor shaping IIT in automotive products.
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Bórawski, Piotr, Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska, Andrzej Parzonko, Tomasz Rokicki i Lisa Holden. "Changes in the comparative advantage of Polish dairy products". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 68, No. 12 (21.12.2022): 464–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/322/2022-agricecon.
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Competitiveness is one of the key concepts in economic sciences, andit is defined as the ability of businesses to compete in the market. The aim of this study was to assess the competitiveness of dairy products in Poland. The competitiveness was evaluated in a macroeconomic approach by analysing the exports, imports, and the trade balance. The results were processed and presented with the use of tabular, graphic, and descriptive methods. After Poland joined the European Union (EU) in 2004, one of the key goals was to improve the quality, storage, and applicability of dairy products, and to promote trade in milk and dairy products. The Polish dairy industry reported a positive balance in the foreign trade of milk and dairy products, which contributed to positive values in the competitiveness indicators of dairy products. The values of the export specialisation index (SI), export revealed comparative advantage (XRCA), relative import penetration index (MRCA), foreign trade coverage ratio (CRK), and the Grubel-Lloyd intra-industry trade index (IITk) were positive, which attests to the competitiveness of Polish dairy products. We proved that the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the competitiveness of dairy enterprises in Poland.
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Folfas, Pawel, i Beáta Udvari. "Chemical industry and value-added trade – A comparative study on Hungary and Poland". Acta Oeconomica 69, nr 1 (marzec 2019): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2019.69.1.5.
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Nowadays, global production networks (GPN) and global value chains (GVC) play an important role in the world economy intensifying the trade and production networks and resulting in products having value-added in different countries. The analysis of how many intermediate products a country imports in order to produce a product and of how many products a country exports to another country in order to produce new products draws the attention to value-added trade. In the present study, we compare the Hungarian and Polish value-added trade of chemicals and chemical products. We use the OECD-WTO data of value-added trade, which is based on an input-output table. By calculating numerous indices, we reveal that the domestic value-added of chemicals and chemical products in the two countries was relatively low and should be increased by adequate economic policy.
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Rimkus, Vladas. "Lithuanian Intra-Industry Trade with the Main Partner Countries". Lietuvos statistikos darbai 51, nr 1 (20.12.2012): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ljs.2012.13908.
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The paper deals with the analysis of Lithuanian intra-industry trade. The largest foreign trade partner countriesselected for the analysis are as follows: Russia, Germany, Latvia, and Poland. An increase in the extent of intra-industry tradestimulates interest in this phenomenon. Traditional trade theories cannot explain why some countries trade in differentiatedproducts. Some economists think that intra-industry trade is based on monopolistic competition and economies of scale,which point that any countries located close to each other will trade with each other in similar products the more intensively,the more they are similar to each other with regard to both economic development and geographical resources. Variousindices are used to assess the intensiveness of intra-industry trade. Calculations provided in the paper are carried out applyingthe Grubel ˗ Lloyd index, which is the most frequently used for this purpose. The paper analyses changes in trade during theperiod of 2005 ˗ 2011 based on the data of Statistics Lithuania according to the Combined Nomenclature of goods. Theobject of research is trade between Lithuania and the above-mentioned countries. The methods of research are as follows:analysis of scientific literature and description, analysis of Lithuanian foreign trade statistics.
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Babets, Iryna. "ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF TRADE WITH POLAND ON UKRAINE'S ECONOMIC GROWTH". Economics & Education 8, nr 1 (31.05.2023): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2500-946x/2023-1-7.
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The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of Ukrainian-Polish trade in goods on the economic growth of Ukraine. The tasks of the study include an analysis of the dynamics and structural changes in Ukraine's trade in goods with Poland, an assessment of the impact of the main indicators of the volume of trade with Poland on Ukraine's economic growth, and a study of the relationship between the indicators of Ukraine's economic growth and changes in the volume of exports and imports of the main groups of goods in trade with Poland. In the course of the research, the method of regression analysis was used to determine the influence of the total volume of exports and imports and the product structure of bilateral trade on the economic growth of Ukraine. As a result of the regression analysis, the dependence of Ukraine's economic growth on imports of goods from Poland was revealed, and the impact of changes in the volume of Ukraine's exports of goods on Ukraine's economic growth was statistically insignificant. The study confirmed the dependence of Ukraine's economic growth on changes in the volume of iron ore exports to Poland and imports of cosmetic industry products from Poland. A statistically insignificant influence of exports and imports of other main groups of goods in trade with Poland on Ukraine's economic growth was found. In the period of post-war reconstruction, the deepening of Ukrainian-Polish cooperation in the implementation of joint infrastructure and industrial projects, which provide for the establishment of production of necessary products using materials and components imported from Poland, can become an important component of the economic growth of Ukraine.
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Gorynia, Marian, Jan Nowak i Radosław Wolniak. "Poland's evolving Net Outward Investment Position : a cross-industry analysis". Economics and Business Review 8, nr 2 (30.06.2008): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2008.2.545.
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This study is a continuation of the authors' previous work on Poland's investment development path (IDP) and its geographic patterns. It examines changes in sector and industry composition of FDI inflows to and outflows from Poland and confronts the observed changes with the hypotheses derived from J. Dunning's model of IDP. The data time frame used (from 1996 to 2005) coincides with Poland's move through stage 2 of her IDP. The study reveals that during that stage a fundamental shift in sector/industry composition of FDI took place: the leading position of the manufacturing sector in both inflows and outflows was replaced by services (especially financial and trade). With respect to economic policy implications of the observed changes, the authors recommend a shift of focus from attracting FDI inflows towards stimulating outward FDI. (original abstract)
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Wachnik, Bartosz, i Zbigniew Chyba. "Key Growth Factors and Limitations of Photovoltaic Companies in Poland and the Phenomenon of Technology Entrepreneurship under Conditions of Information Asymmetry". Energies 14, nr 24 (7.12.2021): 8239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248239.
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Nowadays photovoltaic trade in Poland is growing rapidly due to contemporary challenges in sustainable energy. The first Polish photovoltaic firms were established in the second decade of XXI century. It was the answer of looking for new innovative energy sources including solar energy. It was necessary to change the structure of energy sources in Poland mainly based on carbon and oil & gas. The aim of this article was the identification and assessment the key opportunities and barriers to photovoltaic industry enterprises in Poland in the context of technology entrepreneurship under conditions of information asymmetry. The paper was prepared based on the results of qualitative research using the case study method. A comparative analysis was performed based on results of a study of four purposefully selected enterprises. All of them are SMEs. The research was done in 2021. The case study method allowed for comparing the analysed enterprises in pairs, which is discussed more extensively further on in the text. The research performed will lead to conclusions and recommendations for the photovoltaic sector enterprises in Poland which will allow them to act more effectively and efficiently in conditions of competing on the global market. This paper contains the characteristics of photovoltaic trade in Poland, its macro and micro environment, the opportunities and threats of this trade and key strengths and weaknesses of characterized photovoltaic enterprises in Poland. Finally, the conclusion and recommendations of discussed Polish photovoltaic trade firms in future are evaluated.
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Szwacka-Mokrzycka, Joanna, i Grzegorz Letkowski. "Kierunki dostosowań przedsiębiorstw handlowych do wzorców zakupowych konsumentów". Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), nr 4 (28.12.2018): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.4.134.
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During the transformation of the Polish economy, the huge changes took place in the distribution system. In 1990 the integrator in the food chain was the food industry. In the second decade of the 21st century, the same function is fulfilled by retail trade. This situation is due to the growing position of transnational corporations in Poland. The main goal of the article is to present the scale and scope of changes in retail trade in Poland and to determine the direction of adaptation of commercial enterprises to consumer purchasing patterns. The starting point of consideration is to present the processes of sector concentrations in 2012-2016. Then, the trends of retail trade during the transformation of the Polish economy were analysed. The next part of the study presents adaptations of trade enterprises to the purchasing patterns of Polish consumers.
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Kupś, Hanna, i Kamil Burkiewicz. "Trends and challenges of Chinese-Polish translation and interpretation industry in Poland". Lingua Posnaniensis 62, nr 1 (1.06.2020): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2020-0002.
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Abstract China is Poland’s largest Asian trade partner. Increased trade in recent years, combined with a visible growth of interest in Asian cultures, has contributed to the development of the Polish translation industry, especially in the Polish-Chinese language pair. Although the number of sworn translators registered with the Ministry of Justice remains small (16), the dynamic increase in the number of people dealing with regular translations makes similar services more and more available. The article aims to outline the general situation of Chinese translators in Poland. The methodological basis of the article is a survey conducted in August 2018, in which 67 respondents took part, who declared themselves translators in the aforementioned pair of languages. The survey consisted of 17 questions to which one or more answers could be given. Respondents were asked about the most frequently translated content, aids, and materials used at work, as well as the particularly difficult topics. The image that emerges from these data allows an assessment of the maturity of the industry and the prospects for its further development.
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Mrówczyńska-Kamińska, Aldona. "The Significance of Imports in the Supply of Material for Food Economy in Poland and Germany". Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 12, nr 3 (30.09.2012): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2012.12.3.43.
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The main aim of the article was an analysis of the significance of imports in the supply of material for the Polish and German agri-food sectors. The results of the analysis point to the fact that foreign trade is an important factor stabilising the development of the food sector in Poland and in Germany. However, in Germany imports are a much stronger stimulator of the development of agriculture and food industry than in Poland. A comparison reveals the desirable direction of changes in Poland, where the role of imports in the supply of materials to agriculture and the food industry should increase. Thanks to this, the imported products and global processes will have a significant influence on further development and modernisation of the Polish agribusiness.
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Bortnowska, Hanna, i Bartosz Seiler. "CSR in mission statements of Polish chemical industry companies (content analysis results)". Management 26, nr 2 (1.12.2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/manment-2019-0093.
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Summary Due to the specific nature of their activities, chemical companies are exposed to significant reputational risk. One way to reduce this risk is by implementing a CSR policy. CSR can be built into the company’s strategy and communicated as a mission statement. The purpose of the article was to determine: 1. the types of values which chemical industry companies in Poland display in their mission statements, 2. if chemical industry companies in Poland display CSR values in their mission statements, 3. if these companies differ from others operating in the chemical sector in Poland in terms of displaying CSR in mission statements. The research was carried out through the Iramuteq program, which enabled content analysis of the collected research material. A total of 197 missions were analyzed to find that less than half of the examined chemical companies in Poland display CSR-related values sensu stricto in mission statements. It was also found that chemical companies (production-commercial) highlighted CSR values in their mission statements more often than analagous service-trade companies.
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Jędrzejczak-Gas, Janina, Anetta Barska i Anna Bánociová. "The investment activity of companies in Poland by industry". Management 22, nr 2 (1.12.2018): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/manment-2018-0028.
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Summary The purpose of this article is to assess the investment activity (investing activities) of companies in Poland depending on the industry they belong to. The first part of the study presents theoretical issues concerning business investments. The second part presents a comparative study of the investment activity of Polish companies operating in various industries. In this study, in order to assess the investment activity of companies in Poland based on the industry they belong to, two selected methods of linear ordering (the method of sums and Hellwig’s method) were used, both falling within the scope of a multidimensional comparative analysis. In the analyzed period, the majority of examined industries showed high fluctuations in their investment activity, which is likely due to the uncertainty faced by Polish companies. Industries showing the highest level of investment activity in 2010-2016 in both methods are: industrial sector, administration and support activities, transportation and warehousing, real estate services. Industries showing the lowest level of investment activity are: education, trade and repair of motor vehicles.
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Chrzanowski, Bogdan. "Concepts for reconstruction of the maritime economy of the polish underground state...in the years 1940–1944". Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica 24, nr 324 (15.05.2021): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20813333.24.10.
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The regaining of the country’s independence, and then its revival after the war damages, including itseconomic infrastructure – these were the tasks set by the Polish government in exile, first in Paris and thenin London. The maritime economy was to play an important role here. The Polish government was fullyaware of the enormous economic and strategic benefits resulting from the fact that it had a coast, withthe port of Gdynia before the war. It was assumed that both in Gdynia and in the ports that were to belongto Poland after the war: Szczecin, Kołobrzeg, Gdańsk, Elbląg, Królewiec, the economic structure was to betransformed, and they were to become the supply points for Central and Eastern Europe. Work on thereconstruction of the post-war maritime economy was mainly carried out by the Ministry of Industry, Tradeand Shipping. In London, in 1942–1943, a number of government projects were set up to rebuild the entiremaritime infrastructure. All projects undertaken in exile were related to activities carried out by individualunderground divisions of the Polish Underground State domestically, i.e. the “Alfa” Naval Department of theHome Army Headquarters, the Maritime Department of the Military Bureau of Industry and Trade of the Headof the Military Bureau of the Home Army Headquarters and the Maritime Department of the Departmentof Industry Trade and Trade Delegation of the Government of the Republic of Poland in Poland. The abovementionedorganizational units also prepared plans for the reconstruction of the maritime economy, and theprojects developed in London were sent to the country. They collaborated here and a platform for mutualunderstanding was found.
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Bułkowska, Małgorzata. "THE POSITION OF PRODUCTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN IN POLISH AGRI-FOOD TRADE". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, nr 5 (30.11.2017): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6203.
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The aim of the paper is to present the position of meat and dairy industries in the Polish agri-food trade in 2010-2016. The paper analyzes the changes in the geographical and commodity structure of trade in selected products in relation to the entire agri-food sector as well as evaluates their competitive position based on the comparative advantage (RCA) indicator. Analyzes has shown that despite import restrictions, the meat sector is crucial for the Polish food industry. It corresponds to about 20% of exports and generates 1/3 of surplus in trade in agri-food products. The fastest growing sector in Poland is the poultry industry, which has gradually increased its comparative advantages in analyzed period.
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Salamaga, Marcin. "The Research of the Foreign Trade Competitiveness in Dynamic Approach on the Example of Poland". Przegląd Statystyczny 62, nr 1 (31.03.2015): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1700.
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One of the study proposals of the intensity of the intra-industry trade was presented Glejser et al. (1982). It is competitive with many foreign trade indicators which do not take account of the country specialization in import and export and do not refl ect adequately the effects of trade imbalances. On based the variance of the export and import specialization indicators Glejser et al. (1982) created a tool that overcomes these shortcomings. The proposed method, however, was not equipped with an appropriate statistical and econometric tools, which greatly limits its practical usefulness. This article attempts to improve the method and test it on the example of foreign trade in Poland.
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Pawlak, Karolina, i Luboš Smutka. "Does Poland’s agri-food industry gain comparative advantage in trade with non-EU countries? Evidence from the transatlantic market". PLOS ONE 17, nr 9 (16.09.2022): e0274692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274692.
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Accession of Poland to the European Single Market generated trade creation and diversion effects, which in turn resulted in a high degree of concentration of the Polish foreign trade in agri-food products with other EU countries. On the one hand, a high share of export to the markets of countries with a stable market economy is a confirmation of the Polish agri-food sector’s capacity to compete on the foreign markets. On the other hand, when considering limited capability to increase food demand in the EU it provides grounds for the assumption that further export expansion to a considerable extent will depend on the potential expansion of sale to non-EU markets. In this context significant issues include diversification of target markets and search for prospective markets outside the EU, while they also determine directions of an advantageous export specialization. In the period up to 2021 the USA was the fourth non-EU export partner of Poland in the agri-food sector after the United Kingdom, Ukraine and Russia. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the level of comparative advantages of the Polish agri-food sector on the EU and US markets in 2004–2021 using Widodo’s products mapping technique. The study used statistical data from the ComExt database of the European Statistical Office (Eurostat). The conducted studies showed Polish export specializations in the transatlantic trade, as confirmed by high comparative advantages, as well as a positive and steadily improving trade balances for food preparations, including meat, cereal, fruit and vegetable, as well as confectionery preparations, and less processed animal origin products (meat and offal as well as dairy produce). Poland had a disadvantageous competitive position in trade of products complementary in relation to domestic production, which import was necessary. In view of the comparative cost theory the directions of the realized export specialization were rational and should be maintained. While in trade with the other EU countries the competitive position of the Polish agri-food sector was weakened, it was strengthened on the US market. In view of the considerable EU market saturation the improved competitive capacity in the non-EU markets is a positive development, which is a promising finding particularly in the long-term perspective.
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Koralun-Bereźnicka, Julia. "Patterns in corporate trade credit management: insights into the Polish trade sector". Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2023, nr 166 (2023): 411–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2022.166.27.
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Purpose: The study identifies the intra-industry and cross-size regularities in corporate trade credit policies of Polish firms operating in the trade sector. It aims to verify whether the intra- industry effect is more likely to affect corporate trade credit behaviour than the firm size effect. Design/methodology/approach: The research is based on yearly data from the ECCBSO trade credit database for three trade industry sub-sections (motor vehicle trade, wholesale trade and retail trade) and four size groups in the period 2005-2017. The rich collection of variables employed enables detailed insights into the corporate trade credit management practices. Methods include the analysis of variance, cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. Findings: Findings provide evidence that both size-related features and intra-industry specificity are significant determinants of corporate trade credit behaviour. The study also reveals that the industrial breakdown of trade firms into sub-sections is of greater importance in comparison to the size-based classification of firms. Research limitations/implications: The dataset employed in the research offers aggregated information instead of firm-level data, which inevitably reduces the information resource, but also ensures data harmonisation and comparability. Narrowing the research to just one industrial section in Poland makes the study specific. Further investigation of the patterns in trade credit could be directed at other industries and (or) other countries. Practical implications: The reported findings might be of interest to those involved in corporate finance management. Recognising the differences in receivables and payables management resulting mainly from the intra-industry specificity can contribute to a better understanding of business financing and its operational functioning. This knowledge may support the effective management of receivables and liabilities, especially in companies operating in developing countries. Originality/value: The study contributes to the existing literature mainly through the application of the multi-sectional approach to private companies, covering the dimension of time, firm size and industry sub-section. This offers grounds for detailed multi-layered conclusions in terms of corporate trade credit behaviour in the Polish trade sector. Keywords: trade credit, intra-industry effect, firm size, trade sector, classification methods. Category of the paper: Research paper.
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Michalski, Bartosz. "On the bright side of the middle income trap. The Polish case". Acta Oeconomica 72, nr 3 (21.09.2022): 329–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2022.00025.
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Abstract The paper relates to the paradigm of the middle income trap (MIT) and covers mid-run challenges to the Polish economic development. Our theoretical background is based on the concepts of comparative advantage and intra-industry trade, while the empirical analysis concentrates on a sample of 14 product clusters. Obtained results reveal the competitive position of the Polish goods leading in the global mid- and high-tech exports. These findings may serve for the evidence-based smart industry and trade policy-making in Poland, as well as of other emerging economies. The fundamental question is which industries could serve as the engines of international expansion and become likely winners.
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Semenova, Svitlana, Irina Kovova, Svitlana Shuliarenko, Olga Shpyrko i Tetiana Bukoros. "Estimation of transport industry’s economic sustainability as an element of strategic management: case of Poland and Ukraine". Problems and Perspectives in Management 18, nr 2 (7.07.2020): 501–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(2).2020.41.
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The transport sector’s economic sustainability is an important factor in economic development, trade, quality, and safe transportation of goods and passengers, and regional and international integration. The tools of the transport sector’s strategic management should be based on assessing its current economic stability. Applying statistical and regression analysis of Ukraine and Poland’s transport sector, an approach to assessing the level of economic stability is formulated based on a system of integrated indicators of elementary, general, and specific stability. The integrated indicator of elementary economic stability considers the dynamics of the number of economic entities in the industry and their profitability. In Ukraine in 2018, this figure is –0.042, in Poland – 3.37. The integrated indicator of overall economic stability considers the number of employees in the industry, the gross domestic product created by enterprises in the industry, and the number of enterprises. In Ukraine, it is equal to –0.049, in Poland – 3.71. The integrated indicator of the transport sector’s specific economic stability takes into account the volume of passengers, freight, and cargo handling, and in Ukraine, it is –0.040, in Poland – 3.38.
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Szwacka-Mokrzycka, Joanna, i Michał Kociszewski. "DIRECTIONS AND PERSPECTIVES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONFECTIONERY INDUSTRY IN POLAND". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, nr 3 (28.06.2018): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1511.
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The confectionery industry in Poland is still developing very dynamically. The changing consumption patterns of Poles have an impact on the directions and capabilities of the sweets sector, which responds quickly to consumer trends and needs. Polish consumers are demanding when it comes to the quality of sweets, they are looking for naturalness and pro-healthy qualities; they value availability and convenience. The development of confectionery is closely related to the development of exports to European Union countries and the search for new export markets. The export of chocolate and cocoa products may be of significant importance. A great opportunity for development for small and medium-sized producers is the increase in the sale of sweets as a private label. Attention should also be paid to the risks of the confectionary market: unstable prices of basic raw materials, cocoa deficit on global markets, fluctuating exchange rates, trade and administrative barriers.
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Popowska, Magdalena, i Aleksandra Sinkiewicz. "Sustainable Fashion in Poland—Too Early or Too Late?" Sustainability 13, nr 17 (30.08.2021): 9713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179713.
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This article presents an analysis of the concept of sustainable fashion from the Polish consumer’s perspective. The aim of this research is to investigate how Polish fashion consumers approach the concepts of sustainability, such as organic, fair-trade, and carbon emissions. Exploring the experience of the Polish consumption context provides a richer understanding of the evolution of fashion sustainability concepts in this and similar countries. The research methods applied comprise the literature review, including the theoretical and empirical items, and the survey conducted among Polish fashion consumers. According to our findings, Polish consumers declare caring more about the general environment but do not pay attention to sustainable development in the clothing industry. It is also worth noting that Poles, compared to those in other countries, have an unfavourable opinion of their own nation on the approach to sustainable development in the garment industry.
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Salamaga, Marcin. "Wykorzystanie modelowania panelowego do analizy wpływu wartości i struktury bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych na handel zagraniczny Polski". Przegląd Statystyczny. Statistical Review 2010, nr 2-3 (30.09.2010): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.59139/ps.2010.02-03.4.
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The main purpose of the article is an application of the panel data model inspired by the gravitational model to investigate the influence of foreign direct investments (FDI) on foreign trade in Poland. In the research there are used data about foreign direct investment, export and import in manufacturing industries in 2000-2007. For estimation of the gravitational model there used fixed-effect estimator and random effect estimator. Individual effect values enable a detailed analysis of the relationship between Polish foreign trade and FDI inflows by industry.
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Molnár, Ernő, Gábor Kozma i János Pénzes. "The intra-regional trade relations in the automotive industry of East-Central Europe". Geografie 120, nr 3 (2015): 297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2015120030297.
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The paper examines the intra-regional trade of the automotive industry in East-Central Europe as the prioritized target of foreign direct investment and a production site of growing importance in the sector. Our main assumption is that cross-border agglomeration tendencies (reflected in intra-regional trade relations), with the upgrading of the region, play an increasingly important role. After a review of the relevant literature, the paper analyses and explains how the significance and the structure of the connections within the region have recently changed. The empirical survey focuses on the first decade of the 21st century, with the East-Central European countries (Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia) characterized by the considerable presence of the automotive industry.
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Ditsiou, Athina, Evangelos Siskos i Konstantia Darvidou. "Efficiency of the intra-EU trade in goods and services: Geographical and product structure analysis". Problems and Perspectives in Management 21, nr 2 (26.06.2023): 653–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(2).2023.59.
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Economic integration facilitated international trade within the EU with overall benefits for its economy. However, the importance of intra-EU trade varies by country and industry. This paper aims to estimate the efficiency of the intra-EU trade for particular Member States and economic sectors. The trade efficiency of the Member States is measured with the net export index and the difference in export and import growth. Correlation and regression analysis is used to assess sector-specific effects. The results show that South European Member States perform better in the efficiency of intra-EU services trade and worse in merchandise trade, but the difference is decreasing. Western European countries tend to have medium efficiency of services trade and stability in the efficiency of merchandise trade. North European countries are likely to have less than average trade efficiency and no major changes in it. Central European countries perform better than average and have an upward trend in merchandise trade efficiency. Ireland, Poland, Czechia, Slovenia, and Bulgaria have the best performance in the total intra-EU trade. The EU has a well-diversified intra-bloc trade with the domination of manufactured goods. The elasticity of value added to exports is the highest for apparel, automotive industries, agriculture, and travel services (0.8-1.2). Other sectors have lower elasticities: 0.3-0.7 (goods) or 0.4-0.6 (services). Export demand has little effect on the food industry, fuel industry, construction, and insurance sectors. The negative correlation in financial services was a prominent exception among industries.
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Kim, Seung-Nyeon, i Sangjik Lee. "A study on the Changes in Trade Structure between Korea and Poland : Focused on Inter- and Intra-industry Trade". Journal of international area studies 23, nr 2 (30.04.2019): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18327/jias.2019.4.23.2.87.
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Urbanyi-Popiołek, Ilona. "Challenges for Polish ferry market development in Baltic Sea Region". SHS Web of Conferences 58 (2018): 01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185801030.
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Polish ferry market has become one of the prime segments of ferry shipping in Baltic Sea Region. It dominates in ferry industry in South Baltic. The ferry cargo and passenger traffic has been growing steadily since Poland’s accession to the European Union. The estimates show that in 2017 the operators transported more than 1,2 million passengers and over 520 thousand cargo vehicles between ports in Poland and Sweden. The increase in trade turnover between Scandinavia and Central Europe as well as growth of tourism affect the demand for ferry transport. The aim of this paper is to explore the prime determinants influencing the development of Polish ferry shipping and to research the challenges that carriers operating the ferry services from Poland to Sweden must face such as internal competition between the operators in Polish market, competition from German and Lithuanian routes and low cost airlines as well as increasing trade volumes. The research hypothesis is: the growth of trade between Scandinavia and Central Europe as well as tourism traffic will increase the demand for ferry transport from Polish ports. Detailed research hypotheses are that: ferry services between Poland and Sweden constitute the primary market on the South Baltic and new tonnage investments to increase the capacity have to be taken.
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Piosik, Monika. "Fashion companies in Poland. The influence of COVID-19 on liquidity assessment". Central European Economic Journal 9, nr 56 (1.01.2022): 323–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2022-0019.
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Abstract This article demonstrates the changes that have occurred in the fashion sector during COVID-19. It outlines the complexity of assessing the liquidity level of retail trade companies. Moreover, it gives an overview of the key information included in the financial statements of fashion companies and highlights key points crucial to determining the liquidity risk of these companies. The article also presents the results of two models; these were estimated using the Arellano–Bover / Blundell–Bond linear dynamic panel-data estimator. Results present the real impact of COVID-19 on the liquidity of Polish fashion and retail trade companies (measured by cash holdings or cash ratio) during the analysed period of time. The analysed data cover the 11 quarters from Q1 2019 to Q3 2021 and were obtained from the quarterly financial statements of the 108 public companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange and NewConnect (Poland). The findings show that the fashion sector has lower liquidity than the broader retail trade sector. However, fashion companies during COVID-19 obtained higher cash ratios than retail trade companies. This article is a research-supported summary of the most important aspects of assessing the liquidity of fashion companies in light of the changes that have occurred in the industry due to the COVID-19 crisis.
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Klepacka, Anna, Wojciech Florkowski i Katarzyna Wójcik. "Issues of Country of Origin, Market Incentives, and Recycling in Opinions of Passive Solar Collector Owners". Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), nr 3 (28.09.2018): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.3.75.
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Thermal solar panel installation has been growing in Poland in response to the EU policies and available subsidies. This paper investigates the attitudes of residents of four counties in Mazowieckie Voividship in Poland about the origin of solar panels. Results show that rural residents did not attach importance to awarding preferences to domestic solar panel producers or to foreign producers in exchange of trade benefits. The recycling of used solar panels concerned a relatively small portion of respondents and seems to justify the passage of regulations obligating the solar panel industry to recycle the used panels.
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Lipczik, Agata. "Striving for modernity: The jewellery making in The Second Polish Republic (1918–1939)". TECHNE. Seria Nowa, nr 7 (30.06.2021): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-851x.11.07.
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The article attempts to describe the condition of jewellery making in interwar Poland and to indicate the major problems hampering its development. While discussing the jewellery exhibition at the Polish General Exhibition in 1929, the main trends in the commercial vein, as well as the most important representatives of the industry were indicated. Attention was also paid to the jewellers, whose works might be an example of the search for the Polish Art Déco style. Based on the content published in the domestic trade press, which was the main communication platform for the craftsmen and merchants in Poland, the influence of the world’s leading French industry was highlighted. It was noted that even though the jewellers in Poland faced many difficulties throughout the interwar period, they tried to learn from the experiences of their colleagues from Paris. This applied to issues related to the design and manufacturing of jewellery as well as running businesses. As one of the first devoted to the topic, the paper may serve as reference for further research related to jewellery making in the 1920s and 30s, not merely in Poland, but also in East-Central Europe.
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Grzegorzewska, Emilia. "International competitiveness measures and “countries mapping” of the furniture industry in EU 13". Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology 114 (28.06.2021): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2357.
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International competitiveness measures and “countries mapping” of the furniture industry in EU 13 countries. The theory of economics is increasingly emphasizing the positive dimension of competition, which is an integral part of the market economy. From the point of view of the countries development, it is important to identify and support industries with special production and export potential. Hence, the main goal of the research was to assess the competitiveness of the furniture industry using selected result-oriented indices. A group of EU 13 countries was selected for the study, and a comparative analysis was carried out against the background of all Community Member States. The time range of the research was adopted for the years 2009-2017. The analysis carried out shows that the highest comparative advantages in furniture exports were generated by producers and exporters from Estonia, Poland and Lithuania. In turn, the unfavorable situation in foreign trade in furniture was noticed in Cyprus and Malta. These are small countries, showing a relatively low share of the furniture industry production value in the total industry value and a relatively low economic labour productivity. In the entire period covered by the analysis seven EU 13 countries (i.e. the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovenia) belonged to the group of net exporters, i.e. it was characterized by a positive trade balance of furniture and additionally obtained a comparative advantage in this area.
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Kawecka-Wyrzykowska, Elżbieta. "Is Intra-Industry Trade Specialization a Precondition to Business Cycle Synchronization When Joining the Euro Area? The Case of Poland". International Journal of Management and Economics 53, nr 4 (20.12.2017): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijme-2017-0025.
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AbstractThe first objective of this paper is to present theoretical approaches to the impact of trade growth (induced by monetary integration) on business cycle synchronization which is an important factor of a country’s readiness for a currency union accession. The main conclusion from the first part of the analysis is that business cycle convergence and the cost of the lack of an autonomous monetary policy depend on intra-industry trade (IIT) intensity rather than on general trade growth. The second objective is to assess - using the IIT index as a measure of business cycle synchronization (and of susceptibility to asymmetric shocks transmitted mostly through trade channels) - preparedness of the Polish economy to the euro adoption. Calculations reveal that the IIT intensity in Poland is already relatively high (in particular in relations with the euro area members) and continues to rise. This confirms the increasing complementarity of Poland’s economy with the economic structures of the euro area partners which reduces the probability of asymmetric shocks.
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Wang, Linlin, Xinrong Huang, Wanjian Li, Kangting Yan, Yifang Han, Yali Zhang, Lucjan Pawlowski i Yubin Lan. "Progress in Agricultural Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) Applied in China and Prospects for Poland". Agriculture 12, nr 3 (12.03.2022): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030397.
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With the acceleration of the Belt and Road Initiative, Poland–China agricultural trade has increasingly strengthened, but there is little exchange or cooperation in agricultural machinery. China’s agricultural UAV industry has flourished over the past 7 years. In China, by using typical food crops and economic crops to control diseases and pests, agricultural drones can reduce the use of fertilizer, pesticides, and water, improve operational efficiency, open up new markets through the ‘sale + services’ mode, and reduce production costs and labor shortages. The spraying of agricultural UAVs and related pest-disease-defense services applied in China are also suitable for Poland’s decentralized, small-scale production modes. By learning from China’s development progress of precision-agriculture aviation, Poland can develop 5th-generation (5G) unmanned intelligent organic farms from traditional organic agriculture, use agricultural UAVs in the spraying of Plant Protection Products (PPPs), and carry out special protection or loss management on typical fruits. Furthermore, by building its own spraying system, aviation industry, and service team, Poland can realize resource optimization, technological empowerment, application expansion, and industrial innovation. Therefore, this paper focuses on the development experience of Chinese agricultural UAVs and discusses its enlightenment to the precision-agriculture aviation application of Poland.
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Soyyiğit, Semanur, i Bartosz Michalski. "The Economic Complexity of the Visegrád Countries and the Role of Trade with Germany". Central European Economic Journal 9, nr 56 (1.01.2022): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2022-0013.
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Abstract The contemporary division of production in the global economy poses challenges typical for dependent market economies of the Visegrád countries (V4: Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia). This comparative study explores whether the foreign trade of V4 with Germany contributes to their structural change. The analysis seeks to determine the long-term impact of specific intra-industry trade variables on the economic complexity, examined at different levels of technological sophistication. Our findings show that as a result of the characteristics of the trade dynamics, the progress of V4 structural change remains not as comprehensive as expected. As a result, it is critically important to provide incentives aimed at strengthening the geographical diversification of their exports and upgrade their position within the global value chains.
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GAJDA, SZYMON. "Performing innovative business activity in sport in the Polish regulatory system". Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 12, Special Issue 1 (30.11.2020): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.12.spec.iss1.12.
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Innovation is widely recognized as necessary feature of progress in various areas of economy. It has also been supported by the EU and its Member States, including Poland. However, in the sport industry it has been visibly less exploited so far to achieve a market value. Literature quoted, hard and soft law documents legal analysis have been analyzed. Results: Although there are many existing examples of innovation provided by sport entrepreneurs, the regulatory system, by unclear regulations related to the most profitable kinds of innovation in sport, does not provide them equal stimulus as in other trade sectors. This study shows lack of sufficient regulatory support to innovation in sport commercial activity in Poland.
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Michalski, Bartosz. "EU-Korea FTA and Its Impact on V4 Economies. A Comparative Analysis of Trade Sophistication and Intra-Industry Trade". Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 21, nr 1 (27.04.2018): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2018-0001.
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This paper investigates selected short- and mid-term effects in trade in goods between the Visegrad countries (V4: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and the Slovak Republic) and the Republic of Korea under the framework of the Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Korea. This Agreement is described in the “Trade for All” (2015: 9) strategy as the most ambitious trade deal ever implemented by the EU. The primary purpose of our analysis is to identify, compare, and evaluate the evolution of the technological sophistication of bilateral exports and imports. Another dimension of the paper concentrates on the developments within intra-industry trade. Moreover, these objectives are approached taking into account the context of the South Korean direct investment inflow to the V4. The evaluation of technological sophistication is based on UNCTAD’s methodology, while the intensity of intra-industry trade is measured by the GL-index and identification of its subcategories (horizontal and vertical trade). The analysis covers the timespan 2001–2015. The novelty of the paper lies in the fact that the study of South Korean-V4 trade relations has not so far been carried out from this perspective. Thus this paper investigates interesting phenomena identified in the trade between the Republic of Korea (ROK) and V4 economies. The main findings imply an impact of South Korean direct investments on trade. This is represented by the trade deficit of the V4 with ROK and the structure of bilateral trade in terms of its technological sophistication. South Korean investments might also have had positive consequences for the evolution of IIT, particularly in the machinery sector. The political interpretation indicates that they may strengthen common threats associated with the middle-income trap, particularly the technological gap and the emphasis placed on lower costs of production.
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Seiler, Bartosz, i Hanna Bortnowska. "CSR in the mission statements of Polish chemical companies (research report)". Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2023, nr 166 (2023): 699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2022.166.45.
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Purpose: The aim of the article is to answer the following research questions: Q1: What types of values do chemical companies in Poland declare in their mission statements? Q2: Do chemical companies in Poland declare values such as responsibility and ethics in their mission statements? Q3: Do these companies differ from other chemical companies1 in Poland in terms of declaring responsibility and ethics in mission statements? Design/methodology/approach: Independent research was carried out in 2021. Mission content in selected chemical organizations was analyzed. This was achieved by defining the coding scheme, testing it, cleaning and/or detailing it, and collecting, coding and analyzing the data. It was verified which values were displayed in those missions, using to this end the mission typology proposed by S. Cunningham, T.B. Cornwell and L.V. Coote. The hypotheses were verified using the Mann-Whitney U test (with continuity correction). Findings: Half of the chemical companies in Poland mention responsibility in their mission statement, while only one in eight (12.50%) mention ethics. Chemical companies in Poland involved in production and trade (i.e. those that pose a direct threat to the natural and social environment) are more likely to mention responsibility and ethics in their missions than service and/or trade companies in the same industry. Research limitations/implications: Only mission statements published on company websites were analyzed, perhaps excluding those that existed but were not posted online. The research was carried out only among Polish companies and so the conclusions should be limited to them only. To explore this trend in more depth, comparative analyses with companies from other industries and based in other countries should be conducted. This exploration would be facilitated by the use of techniques requiring direct contact, interviews, observations, surveys, case studies, etc. Originality/value: No research on the missions of chemical companies in Poland in terms of communicating specific types of values, or respective comparative studies, have been identified. In the course of this independent research, an attempt was made to partially fill this research gap. Keywords: chemical industry, mission statement, values, responsibility, ethics. Category of the paper: Research paper.
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Stoklosa, Michal, i Hana Ross. "Contrasting academic and tobacco industry estimates of illicit cigarette trade: evidence from Warsaw, Poland: Table 1". Tobacco Control 23, e1 (13.08.2013): e30-e34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051099.
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TOMÁŠKOVÁ, Andrea, i Roman ŚMIETAŃSKI. "The Rise or Decline of Craft Trades? Evidence from Czech Republic and Poland". ACTA VŠFS 15, nr 2 (15.12.2021): 131–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37355/acta-2021/2-01.
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Entrepreneurial activity in the field of craft professions is an integral part of national economies. The aim of the authors is to prepare an overview article, which would simultaneously compare selected business activities in the Czech Republic and Poland in the field of craft trades with an emphasis on young people and their employability in the labour market. In line with the aim of the article, the authors identified four research questions, which they answered based on the analysis of secondary data. They drew data from databases of statistical offices, ministries and associations. Data were processed using a descriptive statistics apparatus. In the Czech Republic, interest in the study of crafts has stagnated for a long time. In recent years, the number of graduates of craft apprenticeships has been growing. Crafts in the field of mechanical and electrical engineering are preferred, e.g. car mechanic, repairman, mechanical locksmith, electrician. Decrease in the number of graduates is recorded in the food and most construction professions. After finishing the apprenticeship, graduates often leave their field. In Poland, most companies operate in the field of trade and repair of motor vehicles. Measured by the number of graduates, the predominant field is the machinery industry, wellness professions and professions in the food industry. The interest among young people in the studied craft trades is declining in most fields, the field of metal machining shows a growing trend. It is also necessary to confirm the craftsman's expertise with a master craftsman’s certification. It is desirable to expand the possibilities of educating pupils and students in a real work environment. It is important that mutual communication between the worlds of practice and education is functional and effective.
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Prorok, Michał, i Izabela Kosicka. "Application of the Design Thinking Method in Customer Experience Management". Marketing of Scientific and Research Organizations 42, nr 4 (1.12.2021): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/minib-2021-0020.
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to conceptualize Design Thinking and customer experience management (CEM), to situate the use of the Design Thinking method in customer experience management processes and to present its practical application based on a case study from the financial services industry — the trade credit insurer, Euler Hermes Poland, Towarzystwo Ubezpieczeń S.A. This article is an attempt to identify actionable Design Thinking process elements and tools and their intersections with the components of the Customer Experience Management processes.
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Ozhigina, Vera V. "STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN TRADE IN GOODS OF THE EAEU WITH ASEAN, SCO AND EU". International Trade and Trade Policy, nr 1 (31.03.2018): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2018-1-50-66.
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The article considers tendencies, peculiarities and problems of formation of geographical, commodity, industrial structure of export and import of goods, by the degree of their technological intensity (manufacturing), between the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and regional integration groups, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), European Union (EU) and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). The analysis was conducted using UNCTAD statistics on the digit commodity codes of the International Standard Trade Classification (SATC). The directions of trade diversification are offered. The countries for access of the EAEU to the markets of manufactures of ASEAN, EU and SCO are selected. Positive changes in the structure of trade, especially with ASEAN as well as the SCO, are noted. On the basis of calculation of index of intra-industry trade the sensitive goods are allocated, in trade by which EAEU competes with integration groups, the directions of development of industrial cooperation and inclusion in Global Value Chains (GVC) are offered. The presence of a large number of sensitive positions in trade with China, India, Poland, Great Britain, France, Vietnam, Singapore is noted. Prospective export products have been identified into these integration groups, recommendations to reduce barriers to trade have been developed.
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Hlušková, Tatiana. "Competitiveness Outlook of the Automotive Industry in the V4 Countries". Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 12, nr 41 (1.06.2019): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stcb-2019-0003.
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Abstract The aim of the paper is to analyze the possibilities of the automotive industry development in the V4 countries in the near future. Automotive is one of the most important industries in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. However, it faces significant challenges on both the demand and supply side. The shortage of qualified and relatively cheap labour force, once the important comparative advantage of these countries is becoming a major problem in sustaining the competitiveness. Meanwhile the rise of protectionist policies and trade tensions also pose a significant threat to the exportoriented industry. The third important source of change is the technological advancement. Industry 4.0, electromobility and self-driving cars are reshaping the whole business model. In order to stay competitive, the V4 countries have to take all these factors in account and try to adjust their policies to these changes in environment.
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Koryś, Piotr. "Złote łany, ziemniaczane pola i zagony buraków. Roślinny krajobraz polskiej wsi w perspektywie historii gospodarczej". Przegląd Humanistyczny 62, nr 1 (460) (11.07.2018): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1841.
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The article discusses the role of plants in Poland’s economic development over the last 500 years. The author presents the role of five plants in the history of Poland’s development: cereals (wheat and rye), potatoes, sugar beet and rape. The specificity of the economic development of modern Europe has made Poland one of Europe’s granaries and an important exporter of cereals. This shaped the civilization of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and contributed to its fall due to institutional specificity. In the 19th century, potatoes played an important role in the population development of Polish lands, as they helped feed the rapidly growing population. The spread of sugar beet cultivation created the conditions for the development of modern sugar industry in the second half of the 19th century. It became one of the first modern branches of the food industry in Poland and contributed to the modernization of the village. Quite recently, oilseed rape was to become a plant that would bring back the times of agricultural sheikhs – no longer the nobility would trade in cereals on the European markets, but entrepreneurs producing a vegetable substitute for diesel oil.
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Kruszyński, Mateusz, Kacper Śróda, Małgorzata Juszkiewicz, Dominika Siuda, Monika Olszewska i Grzegorz Woźniakowski. "Nine Years of African Swine Fever in Poland". Viruses 15, nr 12 (27.11.2023): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15122325.
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(1) Background: African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and fatal haemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boars, causing significant economic loss to the swine industry in the European Union. The genotype II of African swine fever has spread in many European countries since the virus was detected in 2007 in Georgia. In Poland, the genotype II of the ASF virus was confirmed on 17 February 2014 in the eastern part of the country and appeared to have been transmitted to Poland from Belarus. Poland has been particularly affected by ASF epidemics in the last decade, resulting in a significant decline in the Polish pig population. Wild boars are the main reservoir of the African swine fever virus (ASFV), but human activities such as transportation and illegal animal trade are the primary reasons for the long-distance transmission of the disease. (2) Conclusions: During the nine years of ASF in Poland, multiple measures have been taken to prevent the spread of the virus among the wild boar population via the passive and active surveillance of these animals. With regard to pig farms, the only effective measure for preventing the spread of ASF is the efficient enforcement by state authorities of the biosecurity standards and the farmers’ compliance with them.