Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Poetas irlandesa”

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This dissertation examines contemporary Northern Irish Literature written in English with the help of the theoretical approach of Irish Studies. It aims to introduce and make a critique of poetry written by Tom Paulin, a contemporary British poet who is regarded one of the major Protestant Irish writers to emerge from Ulster province. The thread pursued in this analysis relates to an investigation of how ideological discourses and the issues of identity are represented in the poet’s work. The author’s critical evaluation of existing ideologies and identities and his attempt to respond to them will also be analyzed. To perform this analysis, this dissertation is divided into three chapters. The first chapter presents an account of historical events in Ireland from its conquest to the present focusing in Northern Ireland after partition by the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1922. The second chapter is dedicated to a reflection on the establishment of Irish national literature written in English and its close relation to Irish social and political history. Finally, the third chapter is dedicated to a detailed analysis of selected poems from five different collections: State of Justice (1977), The Strange Museum (1980) Liberty Tree (1983), Fivemiletown (1987) and The Wind Dog (1999). In order to investigate the issues of identity and ideology, this chapter is divided in three sections according to three important recurring themes. The first section analyzes poetry and politics; the second investigates poetry and history and the third evaluates poetry and Language. Among the authors consulted to form the basis of the discussion are Terry Eagleton, Edward Said, Seamus Deane, Elmer Andrews, Norman Vance, Peter MacDonald, Sara Broom, Patrícia Craig, Neil Corcoran, and John Goodby. Most of them belong to this specific line of Postcolonial literature that is called Irish Studies.
A presente tese analisa a literatura contemporânea da Irlanda do Norte de língua inglesa com apoio teorico dos Estudos Irlandeses. Tem como objetivo introduzir e criticar a poesia escrita por Tom Paulin, poeta britânico contemporâneo, considerado um dos grandes escritores irlandeses protestantes surgidos na província de Ulster. A linha percorrida nesta análise diz respeito à investigação de como os discursos ideológicos e as questões de identidade são representados no trabalho do poeta. Uma avaliação crítica do autor sobre ideologias e identidades existentes na Irlanda do Norte e sua tentativa de responder a elas também serão analisadas. Para realizar esta análise, a tese está dividida em três capítulos. O primeiro apresenta um relato de eventos históricos na Irlanda desde sua conquista pelo Império Britânico até o presente momento, concentrando-se na Irlanda do Norte depois da Partição gerada pelo Tratado Anglo-Irlandês de 1922.O segundo capítulo dedica-se a uma reflexão sobre a criação da literatura nacional irlandesa escrita em inglês e sua estreita relação com a história social e política do país. Finalmente, o terceiro capítulo constrói uma análise detalhada de poemas selecionados de cinco coleções diferentes: State of Justice (1977), The Strange Museum (1980) Liberty Tree (1983), Fivemiletown (1987) e The Wind Dog (1999). A fim de investigar as questões de identidade e ideologia, este capítulo está dividido em três subcapítulos de acordo com três importantes temas recorrentes. A primeira parte analisa poesia e política, a segunda investiga poesia e história, e o terceiro subcapítulo examina poesia e linguagem. Entre os diversos autores consultados para fundamentação do estudo sobre a poesia de Tom Paulin destacam-se Terry Eagleton, Edward Said, Elmer Andrews, Norman Vance, Peter MacDonald, Sara Broom, Patrícia Craig e Neil Corcoran. Grande parte destes teóricos pertencem a uma corrente específica da literatura pós-colonial, denominada Estudos Irlandeses .

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente
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A presente tese analisa a literatura contempor?nea da Irlanda do Norte de l?ngua inglesa com apoio teorico dos Estudos Irlandeses. Tem como objetivo introduzir e criticar a poesia escrita por Tom Paulin, poeta brit?nico contempor?neo, considerado um dos grandes escritores irlandeses protestantes surgidos na prov?ncia de Ulster. A linha percorrida nesta an?lise diz respeito ? investiga??o de como os discursos ideol?gicos e as quest?es de identidade s?o representados no trabalho do poeta. Uma avalia??o cr?tica do autor sobre ideologias e identidades existentes na Irlanda do Norte e sua tentativa de responder a elas tamb?m ser?o analisadas. Para realizar esta an?lise, a tese est? dividida em tr?s cap?tulos. O primeiro apresenta um relato de eventos hist?ricos na Irlanda desde sua conquista pelo Imp?rio Brit?nico at? o presente momento, concentrando-se na Irlanda do Norte depois da Parti??o gerada pelo Tratado Anglo-Irland?s de 1922. O segundo cap?tulo dedica-se a uma reflex?o sobre a cria??o da literatura nacional irlandesa escrita em ingl?s e sua estreita rela??o com a hist?ria social e pol?tica do pa?s. Finalmente, o terceiro cap?tulo constr?i uma an?lise detalhada de poemas selecionados de cinco cole??es diferentes: State of Justice (1977), The Strange Museum (1980) Liberty Tree (1983), Fivemiletown (1987) e The Wind Dog (1999). A fim de investigar as quest?es de identidade e ideologia, este cap?tulo est? dividido em tr?s subcap?tulos de acordo com tr?s importantes temas recorrentes. A primeira parte analisa poesia e pol?tica, a segunda investiga poesia e hist?ria, e o terceiro subcap?tulo examina poesia e linguagem. Entre os diversos autores consultados para fundamenta??o do estudo sobre a poesia de Tom Paulin destacam-se Terry Eagleton, Edward Said, Elmer Andrews, Norman Vance, Peter MacDonald, Sara Broom, Patr?cia Craig e Neil Corcoran. Grande parte destes te?ricos pertencem a uma corrente espec?fica da literatura p?s-colonial, denominada Estudos Irlandeses .
This dissertation examines contemporary Northern Irish Literature written in English with the help of the theoretical approach of Irish Studies. It aims to introduce and make a critique of poetry written by Tom Paulin, a contemporary British poet who is regarded one of the major Protestant Irish writers to emerge from Ulster province. The thread pursued in this analysis relates to an investigation of how ideological discourses and the issues of identity are represented in the poet s work. The author s critical evaluation of existing ideologies and identities and his attempt to respond to them will also be analyzed. To perform this analysis, this dissertation is divided into three chapters. The first chapter presents an account of historical events in Ireland from its conquest to the present focusing in Northern Ireland after partition by the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1922. The second chapter is dedicated to a reflection on the establishment of Irish national literature written in English and its close relation to Irish social and political history. Finally, the third chapter is dedicated to a detailed analysis of selected poems from five different collections: State of Justice (1977), The Strange Museum (1980) Liberty Tree (1983), Fivemiletown (1987) and The Wind Dog (1999). In order to investigate the issues of identity and ideology, this chapter is divided in three sections according to three important recurring themes. The first section analyzes poetry and politics; the second investigates poetry and history and the third evaluates poetry and Language. Among the authors consulted to form the basis of the discussion are Terry Eagleton, Edward Said, Seamus Deane, Elmer Andrews, Norman Vance, Peter MacDonald, Sara Broom, Patr?cia Craig, Neil Corcoran, and John Goodby. Most of them belong to this specific line of Postcolonial literature that is called Irish Studies.

The present thesis is concerned with how the poetry written in Northern Ireland throughout the twentieth century reifies the city of Belfast through language, metaphor and imagery, compiling a concrete constellation of aesthetic experiments. It also examines how its poets have represented not only Belfasts concrete and architectural landmarks, but also its historical and spatial displacements. Due to the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922, through which Ulster remained a constitutive part of the British Isles, while the South started to build the foundations of what was going to become the Republic of Ireland, Northern Irish poets have built a poetic landscape that has been instead incessantly fragmented through the motifs of alienation and displacement of subjectivity. Through the analysis of the Belfast poems by the poets Louis MacNeice, John Hewitt, Padraic Fiacc, Michael Longley, Derek Mahon, Ciaran Carson, Paul Muldoon, Medbh McGuckian, Seamus Heaney, Sinéad Morrissey, Leontia Flynn, Allen Gillis and Miriam Gamble, the thesis shows the poetic architecture of Belfast points to wider sociological spaces. It is never alone, or even single, but always plural and globally referential. Through a space of confluence which brings together dissimilar discourses, the selected poems present a desire to possess Belfast artistically, a city where art, history and memories intermingle and interact in a dynamic manner. Images, styles and ideas are carried from generation to generation and create a constellation of fearful and hopeful dreams. It engages past and present in a fruitful reflection on identitarian and artistic belonging.
A presente tese tem como objetivo compreender como a poesia escrita na Irlanda do Norte representa a cidade de Belfast durante o século vinte. A hipótese defendida pela tese é a de que o trabalho poético com a métrica, figuras de linguagem e imagens cria uma constelação de experimentos estéticos. O trabalho também compreende como os poetas recriaram não somente os pontos de referência arquitetônicos de Belfast, mas também os seus próprios deslocamentos históricos e geográficos. Devido à assinatura do tratado anglo-irlandês em 1922 através do qual o Ulster se manteve parte das Ilhas Britânicas e o sul começava a 7 construir as fundações do que seria chamada futuramente de República da Irlanda, os poetas pertencentes à Irlanda do Norte criaram uma paisagem poética que é incessantemente fragmentada por meio da alienação e do deslocamento subjetivo. A análise dos poemas de Belfast escritos por Louis MacNeice, John Hewitt, Padraic Fiacc, Michael Longley, Derek Mahon, Ciaran Carson, Paul Muldoon, Medbh McGuckian, Seamus Heaney, Sinéad Morrissey, Leontia Flynn, Allen Gillis e Miriam Gamble, demonstra que a arquitetura poética de Belfast aponta para espaços sociológicos mais abrangentes. A cidade não é retratada singularmente, mas em sua conexão com outras localidades globais. Por meio de um espaço de confluência, que agrupa discursos diversos, os poemas selecionados apresentam um desejo simbólico de possuir Belfast, uma cidade em que arte, história e memórias interagem de forma dinâmica. Imagens e estilos são passados de geração para geração, criando uma constelação de sonhos aterrorizantes e esperançosos, que engajam passado e presente em uma reflexão sobre pertencimento identitário e artístico.

Questa tesi propone una lettura cumulativa della raccolta Responsibilities: Poems and a Play di William Butler Yeats, pubblicata per la prima volta nel 1914 e successivamente inclusa in un’opera di più ampio respiro nel 1916. Questa raccolta si colloca cronotopicamente in un contesto pubblico nel quale le dinamiche sociali irlandesi, tra la fine dell’Ottocento e gli anni venti del Novecento, erano al centro di forze indipendentiste ed in un contesto privato nel quale emerge il prolungato interesse, da parte del poeta, per la costituzione di un’etica pubblica come base per la creazione dell’indipendenza irlandese. Essa diviene, pertanto, una presa di coscienza da parte dell’autore del proprio ruolo di guida, non più solo poetica ma anche sociale, che avrebbe potuto accelerare il processo di riscoperta dell’identità irlandese come requisito fondamentale per l’indipendenza.
This thesis deals with the analysis of the collection Responsibilities: Poems and a Play by William Butler Yeats, published for the first time in 1914 and lately included in a wider collection in 1916. Responsibilities was conceived in a public context where the social dynamics in Ireland were subjected to contrasting forces, and in a private context in which the poet conceived the idea that only the constitution of a public ethic could have paved the way to the creation of an independent Irish state. For this reason, this collection can be considered as the beginning of a process of awareness by W. B. Yeats of his role, not only as a poet, in a social process that could have accelerated the rediscovery of the Irish cultural identity as an essential requirement for independence.

Questa tesi propone una lettura cumulativa della raccolta Responsibilities: Poems and a Play di William Butler Yeats, pubblicata per la prima volta nel 1914 e successivamente inclusa in un’opera di più ampio respiro nel 1916. Questa raccolta si colloca cronotopicamente in un contesto pubblico nel quale le dinamiche sociali irlandesi, tra la fine dell’Ottocento e gli anni venti del Novecento, erano al centro di forze indipendentiste ed in un contesto privato nel quale emerge il prolungato interesse, da parte del poeta, per la costituzione di un’etica pubblica come base per la creazione dell’indipendenza irlandese. Essa diviene, pertanto, una presa di coscienza da parte dell’autore del proprio ruolo di guida, non più solo poetica ma anche sociale, che avrebbe potuto accelerare il processo di riscoperta dell’identità irlandese come requisito fondamentale per l’indipendenza.
This thesis deals with the analysis of the collection Responsibilities: Poems and a Play by William Butler Yeats, published for the first time in 1914 and lately included in a wider collection in 1916. Responsibilities was conceived in a public context where the social dynamics in Ireland were subjected to contrasting forces, and in a private context in which the poet conceived the idea that only the constitution of a public ethic could have paved the way to the creation of an independent Irish state. For this reason, this collection can be considered as the beginning of a process of awareness by W. B. Yeats of his role, not only as a poet, in a social process that could have accelerated the rediscovery of the Irish cultural identity as an essential requirement for independence.

O objeto de estudo desta tese é a composição pictórica de Ohio Impromptu, de Samuel Beckett. Sendo assim, apresenta uma poética visual como estratégia interdisciplinar de análise da obra, incluindo a sua versão em filme. A partir de sua contextualização histórico-social na pós-modernidade, tendo por base autores como Zygmunt Bauman e David Harvey, juntamente com a definição, delimitação e contextualização das referências artísticas presentes na peça e no filme, é analisado o modo como as escolhas pictóricas feitas pelo autor interferem no conceito de espaço e suas relações com o tempo, assim como o espaço do livro enquanto elemento de conexão entre espaço e tempo em relação ao espectador-leitor, Listener, Reader e autor. O espaço é analisado por dois ângulos: o pictórico, ou seja, de que modo o espaço é trabalhado e tratado na obra de arte contemporânea, especialmente no que se refere à ruptura do espaço do quadro e o derretimento das fronteiras da obra enquanto categoria; o literário, a partir do que Gaston Bachelard propõe como poética do espaço – uma topoanálise da obra enquanto espaço de síntese do imemorial com a memória, um estudo psicológico sistemático dos locais da nossa vida privada. Nesse teatro do passado, que é a nossa memória, às vezes acreditamos nos conhecer no tempo; no entanto, o que realmente conhecemos é apenas uma série de fixações nos espaços de estabilidade de seres que não querem seguir adiante no tempo, que no seu próprio passado, quando vão à procura do tempo perdido, querem suspender a passagem do mesmo. A poética do espaço lida com o espaço da nossa solidão e, ali, espaço é tudo, já que o tempo não anima a memória. As metáforas apresentadas por Gaston Bachelard podem ser facilmente relacionadas com o universo de Ohio Impromptu, não somente porque Listener e Reader estão colocados em uma sala, ao redor de uma mesa, mas principalmente porque o texto está imerso no espaço do devaneio que é, de acordo com o autor, a casa das memórias. Ohio Impromptu é uma casa com sótãos e porões, cantos e corredores cheios de memórias não reveladas, palavras não ditas, sentimentos e faces inesquecíveis – uma síntese perfeita do imemorial com a memória. Através de uma poética visual, somada a uma topoanálise, chegamos à presença velada do autor e sua própria história permeando o espaço da obra, e a um conceito de tempo como antítese do tempo pósmoderno; um tempo que persiste pela repetição, que resiste ao apagamento; o tempo do mito. Através destes procedimentos de análise, chegamos a uma noção de tempo em Beckett enquanto kairos.
The object of study of this dissertation is the pictorial composition of Ohio Impromptu, by Samuel Beckett. Therefore, it presents a visual poetics as an interdisciplinary strategy of analysis of the work, including its film version. From its socialhistorical contextualization within postmodernity, based on authors such as Zygmunt Bauman and David Harvey, altogether with the definition, delimitation and contextualization of the artistic references present in the play and in the film, it is analyzed the way the pictorial choices made by the author interfere in the concept of space and its relations with time, as much as the space of the book as an element of connection between space and time in regard to the reader-spectator, Listener, Reader, and author. The space is analyzed from two perspectives: the pictorial one, that is, the way the space is constructed and treated in contemporary artwork, especially in regard to the rupture of the space of the painting and the melting of the frontiers of the work as category; the literary one, from what Gaston Bachelard proposes as a poetics of the space – a topoanalysis of the work as a space of synthesis of the immemorial with memory, a systematic psychological study of the locals of our private life. In this theater of the past, which is our memory, sometimes we believe to know ourselves in time; instead, what we really know is just a series of fixations in the spaces of stability of human beings who do not want to move on in time, who in their own past, when they go in search of the lost time, want to suspend the passage of time. Space retains the compressed time. The poetics of space deals with the space of our loneliness. Here, space is everything, for time does not animate memory. The metaphors presented by Gaston Bachelard can be easily related to the universe of Ohio Impromptu, not only because Listener and Reader are set in a room, around a table, but especially because the text is immersed in the space of reverie which is, according to the author, the house of memories. Ohio Impromptu is a house of attics and basements, corners and corridors full of unrevealed memories, unspoken words, unforgettable feelings and faces – a perfect synthesis of the immemorial with memory. Through a visual poetics, added to a topoanalysis, we reach the veiled presence of the author and his own story permeating the space of the work, and a concept of time as an antithesis of the postmodern time; a time that persists through repetition, a time that resists erasure; the time of myth. Through these procedures of analysis, we reach a concept of time in Beckett as kairos.

Na pesquisa de Mestrado intitulada \"Seamus Heaney: Polifonia (da) Poética do Exílio\" concluímos que o poeta desestabiliza a noção de subjetividade à medida que se afasta de seu lugar de origem. Nesse sentido, encontramos o eu lírico em uma peregrinação católica em que reconstrói, simbolicamente, as fragmentações e divisões de sua comunidade nativa, uma vez que ele próprio cria diálogos imaginários entre seu passado, presente e futuro. Rompendo com as noções lineares de espaço e tempo, Heaney compõe uma poética do exílio como fruto de uma consciência polifônica, em que a atividade poética depende: 1. das personas (subalternas ou literárias) que fizeram parte de sua constituição artística; 2. da culpa de ter-se afastado da Irlanda do Norte em meio à crise civil; e 3. o desejo de liberdade proveniente da visão crítica de James Joyce. Ao fazer movimentos circulares em torno de si mesmo e de sua terra, o autor reproduz o símbolo celta do triskele, através do qual ele reflete sobre as implicações do fazer poético do autor na literatura contemporânea.
The masters research entitled \"Seamus Heaney: Polyphonic Poetics of Exile\" enabled us to conclude that, as the poet distances himself from his native homeland, he de-constructs the notion of poetic subjectivity. Therefore, in order to display this feature, the persona embraces a catholic pilgrimage through which he reconstructs symbolically the fragmentations and divisions of his own community, whilst he himself creates imaginary dialogues between his past, present and future. Overcoming the traditional chronotope of linear time and space, Heaney gives rise to an exile poetics whose polyphonic consciousness stems from: 1. the personas (subaltern or literary) that have belonged to his artistic constitution; 2. the guilt of distancing himself from Northern Ireland in the middle of a civil war; and 3. the desire of liberty provided by the critical vision of James Joyce. As long as he performs circular movements around himself and his land, the author reproduces the Celtic symbol triskele through which he reflects about the implications of writing poetry in contemporary society.

Ao apresentar criticamente ao público de língua portuguesa a obra da escritora irlandesa contemporânea Eavan Boland, por meio de uma seleção poética traduzida, que privilegia a visualidade e a ekphrase, este trabalho tece uma leitura intermediática (artes visuais e literárias) e verifica os efeitos de sentido da intermedialidade na construção do lirismo poético. Pressupondose a inevitável incomunicabilidade da linguagem, esta tese examina a intermedialidade, presente no processo de escrita entre as fronteiras do nacional e do cosmopolita e, sobretudo, do privado ao público e deste àquele, enquanto um recurso artístico, característico da pluralidade identitária da poesia, capaz de alcançar graus de comunicabilidade mais amplos, ou seja, menos deficitários. Por fim, a seleção de poemas aqui recolhidos traça o percurso íntimo da produção artística de Eavan Boland, momento em que os graus de articulação lingüística (seja por meio visual, verbal ou intermediático) assistem a uma suspensão de sua incomunicabilidade, e conseguem atingir esferas mais densas de sucesso comunicativo, fazendo vir à tona a natureza lírica da escrita: os movimentos concomitantes entre as esferas pública e privada referem-se à busca da interioridade, da subjetividade do eu-lírico, o auto-retrato da poetisa. Portanto, a partir do exercício interpretativo das traduções poéticas, bem como do estudo da intermedialidade, lê-se aqui a ekphrase como recurso poético na obra de Eavan Boland, capaz de metonimizar o transitar da voz poética na tradição irlandesa a partir de onde a poetisa fala, a nação irlandesa e a ruptura com essa tradição, a busca ao encontro do feminino, da voz da mulher e, acima de tudo, da voz poética enunciadora do fluxo comunicativo.
While presenting the work of the Irish, contemporary writer Eavan Boland to the public of Portuguese readers, by means of a poetic selection that privileges visuality and ekphrasis, this thesis establishes an intermediatic reading (visual and literary arts) and verifies intermediality´s effects of meaning in the construction of poetic lyricism. While presupposing language´s inevitable incommunicability, this thesis bears witness to the intermediality present in the process of writing in the frontiers of the national and the cosmopolitan and, above all, of the private and public and vice-versa, as an artistic tool, characteristic of poetry´s plural identity, which is capable of reaching broader, less deficient levels of communicability. Ultimately, the selection of poems here presented heeds to the intimate trajectory of Eavan Boland´s artistic production, which reveals levels of linguistic articulation (being them visual, verbal or intermediatic) that suspend its incommunicability and, then, are able to reach deeper spheres of communicative success, as it brings up the lyric nature of writing. The movements that go from the public to the private spheres of subjectivity refer to the search for interiority, for the self, the self-portrait in poetry. Therefore, from the interpretative exercise of the poetic translations, as well as from the study of intermediality, ekphrasis is here read as a poetic tool in the work of Eavan Boland, metonimic of the poetic voice´s transit within the Irish tradition, from where the poet speaks, the Irish nation and the rupture with such tradition, in search of the encounter with the Female, the woman´s voice and, above all, the poetic voice as enunciator of the communicative flow.

Cette thèse a pour but de démontrer que le conflit en Irlande du Nord impose aux poètes de jouer certains rôles. Les méthodes d'approches du conflit ainsi que les divers modes de descriptions utilisés par les poètes dont l'œuvre est analysée dans cette thèse reflètent la situation en Irlande du Nord et le sentiment d'identité des poètes en question. Ces méthodes d'approches et modes de description constituent un 'prisme' au travers duquel ils peuvent rendre compte d'une manière adéquate des émotions et des évènements, et essayer de comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents du conflit. Les poètes étudiés en détail sont Tom Paulin et Michael Longley. Le dernier chapitre, consacré aux relations entre la poésie nord-irlandaise et la poésie polonaise contemporaine, abordera également certains aspects de l'œuvre de Seamus Heaney
The aim of this dissertation is to demonstrate that the situation of the Northern Irish conflict necessitates taking roles by poets, even if they claim having no 'public' role to perform in this context. The poets' approaches to the conflict and modes of description analysed in this work reflect the situation in the North and the poets' sense of identity. Those attitudes and modes serve to find a 'mirror' through which to convey emotions and events in an appropriate way and try to understand mechanisms behind the conflict. The poets discussed in detail are Michael Longley and Tom Paulin, two poets of the Ulster Protestant background. The last chapter, devoted to the links between Northern Irish and Polish contemporary poetry considers also some aspects of Seamus Heaney's work. It is based on Paulin's and Heaney's reading of Polish poetry and on the convergences between history and literature of both countries

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This thesis has as its object of study three modalities of the uncanny as they appear in the poetry of Irish writer William Butler Yeats. They are: the incidence of the Double, the contact with the Deads, their way of operation in the metaphysical sphere as well as in the world of the Living, and the Animist way of thinking which embraces the omnipotence of thought. We believe that this is possible to be theoretically thought and analyzed through the ideas presented by Sigmund Freud in his essay titled The uncanny ( Das Unheimliche ), edited in 1919. In order to help our discussion of the problem, we used some considerations from French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan. For example, what he exposes in his seminar dedicated to the anxiety and in his essay on the mirror stage . Many important ideas and concepts from literary critics such as T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden, Tzvetan Todorov, Emil Staiger, Joseph Warren Beach, Ezra Pound, among others, were also used as basis for the development of our discussion on the theme of the strangeness (uncanny) in the frontiers between literature and psychoanalysis. The thought of Friedrich Nietzsche also helped us to understand the concept that Yeats developed and used of tragic joy and the relationship of the poet with the tragic thinking, discussed by the German philosopher and which influenced the work of the Irish writer. This influence made possible, in the poetry Yeats wrote, appear an aspect of absurdity, of ambition for being assimilated in the chorus of the tragedy visible, for instance, in the chapter about the Double and that we can find in his most important poems.
Esta dissertação tem, como objeto de estudo, três modalidades do estranho na poesia do escritor irlandês William Butler Yeats. São elas: a incidência do Duplo, o contato com os Mortos, o modo de operação deles, tanto no âmbito metafísico quanto no mundo dos Vivos, e o modo de pensar Animista que abarca a onipotência de pensamento. Acreditamos que isso é possível de ser teoricamente pensado e estudado a partir das ideias apresentadas por Sigmund Freud, em seu ensaio O estranho ( Das Unheimliche ), publicado em 1919. Para auxiliar nossa discussão do problema, utilizamos algumas considerações do psicanalista francês Jacques Lacan. Por exemplo, o que ele expõe em seu seminário dedicado à angústia e no seu ensaio sobre o estádio do espelho . Muitas ideias e conceitos importantes de críticos literários como T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden, Tzvetan Todorov, Emil Staiger, Joseph Warren Beach, Ezra Pound, entre outros, foram também utilizados como base para o desenvolvimento de nossa discussão sobre o tema do estranho, nas fronteiras entre a literatura e a psicanálise. O pensamento de Friedrich Nietzsche também ajudou-nos a entender o conceito que Yeats desenvolveu e usou de alegria trágica e a relação do poeta com o pensamento trágico, discutido pelo filósofo alemão e que influenciou a obra do escritor irlandês. Isso possibilitou, na poesia que Yeats escreveu, aparecer um aspecto de absurdidade, de ambição por assimilar-se ao coro da tragédia visível, por exemplo, no capítulo sobre o duplo e que podemos encontrar em seus mais importantes poemas.

Ce travail analyse les enjeux et les modalités de résurgence de l’héritage classique dans la poésie de Louis MacNeice, Derek Mahon, Seamus Heaney, Michael Longley et Tom Paulin. Des années 1930 au début du XXIe siècle, la poésie nord-irlandaise se réapproprie les grands genres de la littérature et de la pensée grecques, à travers une fragmentation du modèle épique notamment, et la réécriture et la modernisation d’oeuvres de théâtre. Ainsi, des textes canoniques tels que l’Odyssée d’Homère ou les tragédies de Sophocle, d’Euripide et d’Eschyle, deviennent les filtres au travers desquels les poètes élaborent leur vision du contemporain. Une poésie centrée sur le présent se construit alors, en suivant ou en renversant les règles aristotéliciennes de la composition poétique, et en revisitant des notions essentielles de la philosophie grecque, tel que l’energeia d’Aristote par exemple. La place de l’héritage classique, de la méthode mythique à la traduction, interroge les fondements de la création poétique et des rapports entre le poète, la société dans laquelle il vit, et le temps. L’insertion de ces poètes dans un contexte souvent violent, à l’aube de la Seconde Guerre mondiale pour MacNeice et dans les années les plus sanglantes des Troubles nord-irlandais pour les autres poètes, nourrit un questionnement sur les liens entre histoire et poésie. Ceux-ci sont explorés dans le renouveau des méthodes historiographiques des pères de l’Histoire, Hérodote et Thucydide. Leur usage primordial du témoignage oculaire notamment bénéficie d’un renouveau poétique d’une grande diversité
This thesis explores the diverse aspects of the renewal of the classics in the poetry of Louis MacNeice, Derek Mahon, Seamus Heaney, Michael Longley and Tom Paulin. From the 1930s to the beginning of the XXIst century, Northern-Irish poetry has fruitfully tackled the most prominent genres of Greek literature and thought, through for instance a fragmentation of the epic model, as well as the rewriting and modernization of Greek drama. Canonical texts such as Homer’s Odyssey, Sophocles’, Euripides’ and Aeschylus’ tragedies are the filters which allow these poets to envision their contemporary circumstances. A poetry for the present, concerned with temporality, which either exemplifies or rejects Aristotle’s rules of poetic composition, is thus enacted and revisits central notions from Greek philosophy, as for instance Aristotle’s energeia. The status of the classical heritage, from the mythical method to translation, questions the very basis of poetic creation and redefines the link between the poet and his society. On the eve of the Second World War for MacNeice and during the bloodiest years of the Troubles for the other poets, particularly violent contexts blur the frontier between poetry and history. Both interact in the poets’ interest in Greek historiography, specifically in Herodotus’ and Thucydides’ sole reliability on visual testimony, which triggers very diverse poetic incarnations

Les images textiles parsèment l’œuvre de Paul Muldoon (né en 1951), où les tissus recherchés comme le « dimity », le « buckram » et le « barège » côtoient des articles de linge tel que les nappes brodées à la main, les couvertures souillées, et les tuniques en lin. L’ampleur et la fréquence des images textiles au fil de l’oeuvre constituent un trope qui occupe une place privilégiée dans l’univers de Muldoon. Procédant d’une lecture « textile » de sa poésie, l’hypothèse est posée que l’œuvre de Muldoon s’inscrit dans une tradition où texte et textile sont étroitement liés. Elle remonte à l’Antiquité grecque en passant par Jonathan Swift, W. B. Yeats et les poètes irlandais de l’après-guerre. En outre, cette thèse démontre comment Muldoon intègre l’héritage économique, politique et culturel de l’industrie textile en Irlande du Nord dans la trame même de ses textes
The Textile Poetics of Paul Muldoon (1951-) Paul Muldoon’s poetry has consistently made reference to textiles. Alongside descriptions of highly specialised fabrics such as dimity, buckram and barège, his work also features numerous textile images including hand-embroidered tablecloths, soiled blankets and linen shifts. Indeed, the detail and scope of Muldoon’s textile imagery suggests that the trope is central to his poetic. By examining the various ways he incorporates textiles into his poetry, this thesis posits the argument that Muldoon’s poetic is essentially a textile one. Moreover, by considering the relationship between texts and textiles, this thesis also aims to show how Muldoon’s textile poetic draws on a tradition extending from classical Greek poetry through to Jonathan Swift, W. B. Yeats and post-War Irish poetry. In addition it will also study how the economic, political and cultural legacy of Ireland’s textile industry is threaded through Muldoon’s work

Ce travail s’intéresse à l’esthétique des objets et des choses dans l’oeuvre poétique de Derek Mahon. On constate en effet une véritable prolifération des objets dans ses poèmes, dont l’importance est telle qu’ils monopolisent la parole poétique au point de voler la parole au poète lui-même, et de devenir les sujets lyriques du poème, comme dans « The Apotheosis of Tins » ou « The Drawing Board ». Les objets deviennent la synecdoque du Je poétique, et reflètent les ambiguïtés de leur créateur, notamment vis-à-vis de l’Histoire et du conflit nord-irlandais, conflit qui selon les termes de Mahon lui-même, a eu pour conséquence de provoquer, dans son oeuvre, ce qu’il nomme une « aphasie coloniale ».Les objets seraient-ils alors pour le poète un moyen détourné d’exprimer une parole poétique qu’il se refuse à assumer ? Le recours à la parole des objets aurait alors une vertu thérapeutique, et permettrait au poète de surmonter le traumatisme du conflit nord-irlandais qu’incarnent les Troubles, ainsi que de se libérer de l’emprise de son milieu protestant nord-irlandais, afin d’élaborer une poétique des objets qui lui serait propre. En nous appuyant sur des ouvrages des material culture studies, nous verrons comment Mahon tente de s’extraire d’objets qui lui semblent trop « étiquettés ». Nous étudierons notamment le rapport de Mahon aux déchets ou disjecta, qui représentent la pierre angulaire de sa nouvelle classification poétique des objets. Il faut également distinguer chez Mahon les objets des choses, auxquelles il attribue une valeur différente. Nous tentons d’établir, à travers une perspective à la fois philosophique, esthétique et économique, comment Mahon choisit de ne pas faire coïncider la valeur économique et la valeur esthétique d’un objet, par un double procédé de réévaluation puis de recyclage poétique de l’objet en chose.C’est le statut problématique de l’objet et de la nouvelle dimension que Mahon lui attribue dans son oeuvre poétique que nous nous proposons d’étudier
This thesis explores the aesthetics of objects and things in the poetic works of Derek Mahon. We cannot but be struck by the impressive array of objects in his poems, where they seem to literally monopolize the poetic voice, and almost steal the poet’s firmly established position. Objects in Mahon’s poetry become the true lyrical “I” of the poem, as in “The Apotheosis of Tins” or “The Drawing Board”. Objects are considered as the mouthpiece for the poet’s own preoccupations and ambiguities, especially apropos his attitude towards History and the Troubles in Northern Ireland (this conflict has even provoked on Mahon’s part what he calls a “colonial aphasia” syndrome).We might then assume that objects represent a disguised opportunity for the poet to express his own thoughts about the conflict, but also about other issues as well, economic as well as environmental. Speaking through objects might then enable the poet to overcome his trauma due to the conflict, as well as liberate himself from his own Protestant Northern Irish milieu, in order to conceive his own aesthetics of objects, and even an Aesthetics of Trash, as Hugh Haughton has called it. Thanks to some recent writings in the field of material culture studies, we will endeavour to study how Mahon is actually trying to escape in his poetry from “(Northern) Irish objects”, and how he finds in beckettian disjecta or rubbish the possibility of freedom, as well as the possibility of a new, post-human world. We will also seek to distinguish between objects and things, which Mahon values differently. We shall try to demonstrate, by using a philosophical, but also an economic and aesthetical perspective, how Mahon chooses to differentiate between the economic and the aesthetical value of an object, by reevaluating it before recycling it, opening the possibility of the transformation of the object into the thing.It is the problematical status of the object and the new dimension that Mahon allows it to take that we intend to study in this thesis

Notre étude met en regard les symbolismes francophones et anglophones européens à travers la figure de la fée. Passage obligé pour une majorité de petits et de grands poètes de la jeune génération symboliste, l’oeuvre à thème féerique manifeste des préoccupations communes à chacun d’entre eux : donner forme à une mémoire archaïque du merveilleux, construire une image idéalisée de la nation, revisiter par la fable l’expérience du ravissement poétique, interroger la légitimité de l’image et éprouver les possibilités de la voix poétique. Loin de se réduire à un symbole d’escapisme, le motif de la fée thématise espoirs, questionnements et failles du geste poétique symboliste. On voit comment, grâce à un topos merveilleux, un mouvement fragile et dispersé parvient à ouvrir dans l’espace du poème un lieu de dialogue national et transnational entre ses différents acteurs, et, plus encore, à s’inventer une identité et une histoire collectives qui vient compenser l’histoire officielle du mouvement
Our study takes a look at the symbolism in French and English literature, represented by the personage of the fairy. Writings with a mythical theme were an obligatory rite of passage for the majority of poets, big and small, in the young generation of the Symbolist movement. Their works share common concerns; the desire to create an archaic memory of the fabulous, to construct an ideal image of the nation, to revisit poetic rapture through storytelling, to question the legitimacy of the image and to test the possibilities of the poetic voice. Far from being reduced to a symbol of escapism, the motif of the fairy represents hope, questioning and flaws in the Symbolist movement. We can see how, thanks to an enchanted topos, a fragile and dispersed movement succeeded in opening up the literary tool of the poem to a national and transnational dialogue between its different actors, and moreover creating for itself an identity and a collective history which compensates for the official history of the movement. Is