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Berthou, Matthieu. "Fiabilité des assemblages sans plomb en environnement sévère". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00991011.
Pełny tekst źródłaOulhote, Youssef. "Contribution de l'environnement résidentiel à l'exposition au plomb des enfants de 6 mois à 6 ans en France, 2008-2009". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0007.
Pełny tekst źródłaExposure to lead decreased drastically in last decades. However, it remains a public health concern, due to the accumulation of evidence on the adverse health effects at low doses. Primary prevention is considered crucial for these blood lead levels below the action level of 100 µg/L. To date in France, environmental determinants of moderate blood lead levels and their impacts are not documented. The objective of this thesis is to estimate the contribution of residential sources to lead exposure for children 6 months to 6 years in France. This work is based on the analysis of exposure data representative of children aged from 6 months to 6 years, both in children's blood (lead content) and their residential environment (lead in water, soil and dust). The analysis was based on 1) the comparison of isotopic signatures of lead to identify exposure sources 2) a regression model between blood and environmental lead concentrations. The analysis showed a multi-source residential exposure, with great impact of exposures to low environmental lead concentrations at a population-level, particularly in dust. This reinforces the need for general preventive measures to further reduce low exposures. For the highest exposures, the potential impact of hypothetical standard concentrations was evaluated
Alleman, Laurent. "Apport des isotopes stables du plomb au suivi des traces métalliques en Méditerranée et en Atlantique du Nord". Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30026.
Pełny tekst źródłaChaulet, Didier. "Approche expérimentale de la mobilité des éléments durant l'altération des matériaux vitreux : Impacts environnementaux". Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT2298.
Pełny tekst źródłaOulhote, Youssef. "Contribution de l'environnement résidentiel à l'exposition au plomb des enfants de 6 mois à 6 ans en France, 2008-2009". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0007/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaExposure to lead decreased drastically in last decades. However, it remains a public health concern, due to the accumulation of evidence on the adverse health effects at low doses. Primary prevention is considered crucial for these blood lead levels below the action level of 100 µg/L. To date in France, environmental determinants of moderate blood lead levels and their impacts are not documented. The objective of this thesis is to estimate the contribution of residential sources to lead exposure for children 6 months to 6 years in France. This work is based on the analysis of exposure data representative of children aged from 6 months to 6 years, both in children's blood (lead content) and their residential environment (lead in water, soil and dust). The analysis was based on 1) the comparison of isotopic signatures of lead to identify exposure sources 2) a regression model between blood and environmental lead concentrations. The analysis showed a multi-source residential exposure, with great impact of exposures to low environmental lead concentrations at a population-level, particularly in dust. This reinforces the need for general preventive measures to further reduce low exposures. For the highest exposures, the potential impact of hypothetical standard concentrations was evaluated
Steenhout, Anne. "Etude écotoxicologique de la circulation et de l'accumulation du plomb chez l'homme et dans son environnement". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213451.
Pełny tekst źródłaSchneider, Arnaud. "Comportement et mobilité des éléments traces métalliques dans des sols environnant une usine de seconde fusion du plomb. Approches expérimentales et modélisation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIMS043.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe soil contamination by trace elements (TE) is a major environmental issue which mainly lies in their potential transfers from soils to surface and ground waters and/or to food chain.The main objective of this study was to understand the behaviour of TE in impacted soils located in the vicinity of a lead-acid battery recycling plant (Ardennes, France). In a 17 ha surrounding area, the spatial distribution of TE was performed using portable X-ray fluorescence. It indicated that the soils were mainly contaminated by Pb and, to a lesser degree, by Cd, Cu, Ni, Sb, Sn and Zn. A geostatistical approach enabled to discriminate the natural or anthropogenic sources of most of these TE.Based on the TE mapping, the soil type and the land cover, the behaviour of the TE was studied along six soil profiles. The calculated partition coefficients highlighted a high mobility of the TE which is related to the acidic soil conditions (pH 4-5). Regardless of the studied soil profile, Cd exhibited the highest mobility, followed by Zn, Ni, Pb and Cu. A combined experimental (soil-column Donnan membrane technique) and modelling approach helped to specify that Cd, Ni and Zn occurred as free ions, Pb mainly occurred as free ion and associated to fulvic acids and Cu was mainly associated to fulvic acids in the soil solutions. The distribution of Pb among the soil components of upper soil horizons was also determined using chemical methods (sequential extraction), physical methods (SEM-EDS, Raman microspectroscopy) and modelling. Lead was mainly associated with soil organic matter and to a lesser extent with manganese oxides. None of the Pb-bearing phases potentially emitted by the recycling plant were identified, suggesting a remobilization of Pb in the studied soils after smelter particles deposition. This work emphasizes the importance of studying the soil and its solution to better understand the behaviour of TE, to assess the environmental risks and to suggest remediation strategies
Després, Christine. "Effets neuromoteurs d'une exposition environnementale au mercure, aux biphényls polychlorés et au plomb chez des enfants Inuit /". Montréal : Université du Québec à Montréal, 2005. http://accesbib.uqam.ca/cgi-bin/bduqam/transit.pl?&noMan=24174054.
Pełny tekst źródłaWary, Marc. "Développement d'un nouvel alliage de brasage sans plomb pour des applications à haute température en microélectronique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAE000.
Pełny tekst źródłaMainly used as electronic solders, lead and lead containing materials are considered to be a major threat to human health and environment. Recent EU directive RoHS has established the maximum concentration at 0.1%. However, there is a lack of substitutes for PbSnAg alloy for high-operating temperature applications in the electronics industry so that this PhD aims at developing one possible reliable substitutional alloy without lead considering reflow soldering. Several alloys with different chemical compositions were selected based on literature and thermodynamic calculations using Thermo-Calc. They were then elaborated and characterized through microstructure as well as physical-chemical, electrical and mechanical properties: one them was finally preserved but its low thermal conductivity obliged us to add reinforcements with high conductivity leading to an interesting composite alloy (λ = 61 W.m-1.K-1). Several properties linked to service life and aging still remain to be assessed on industrial assemblies
Lucas, Jean-Paul. "Contamination des logements par le plomb : prévalences des logements à risque et identification des déterminants de la contamination". Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00946167.
Pełny tekst źródłaSouchon, Vincent. "Ingénierie moléculaire et fluorescence pour la reconnaissance de cations toxiques". Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00255005.
Pełny tekst źródłaSar, Frédéric. "Mise au point de dispositifs de mesure de conductivités et de propriétés thermoélectriques d'alliages métalliques liquides en environnement sévère". Metz, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2005/Sar.Frederic.SMZ0502.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this thesis is to develop measurement devices able to characterize the thermoelectric properties and conductivities of liquid alloys under severe conditions of temperature and chemical reactivity. One does not know the thermal conductivity of the alloy lead/bismuth, which could be the liquid coolant and the neutron spallatlon source of the nuclear thermal power readors of fourth generation. We measured electric conductivity and thermoelectric power of this alloy on a broad range of temperature, with twelve different compositions. One deduced from it thermal conductivity according to the relations between the transport coefficients. In addition, the quasicristals have particular eletronic transport properties. A study of these alloys in the liquid state would be interesting. The principal experirnental difficulty is related to the chernical composition of quasicristals which are made of at least a very corrosive orchemically very active metal at the high temperatures of the liquids (aluminium, manganese, magnesium, rare eafihs. . . ). We developed new ceramic measurernent cells (alumina, boron nitride) able to resist the severe environmental conditions. These cells were tested within the framework of a study of ternary Mg39. 5-Ga20. 5-Zn40 which is a quasicristal in the solid state. The experirnental values of the various types of alloys were compared with computed values by using the Faber -Ziman frimalisrn and the theory of pseudopotentials
Le, Breton Laurence. "Etude du comportement des metaux traces(cuivre,plomb et zinc) associes aux sediments portuaires : applications aux incidences des operations de dragage dans deux ports de la cote vendeenne (doctorat environnement)". Nantes, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NANT13VS.
Pełny tekst źródłaLesoin, Sapho. "Migration cationique et anionique des métaux toxiques (Plomb, Chrome et Zinc) dans les sols sous l'effet d'un champ électrique". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529773.
Pełny tekst źródłaFaye, Djibril. "Détection fluorimétrique en circuit microfluidique des ions Pb2+, Hg2+ et Cd2+ en milieu aqueux". Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00722906.
Pełny tekst źródłaDelile, Hugo. "Signatures des paléo-pollutions et des paléo-environnements dans les archives sédimentaires des ports antiques de Rome et d’Éphèse". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20065.
Pełny tekst źródłaRome and Ephesus are two iconic harbor cities of the ancient Mediterranean; the first was the center of the Roman Empire and the second became the Roman capital of Asia Minor at the end of the 1st c. BC. The economic and commercial influence of these two ports in the Mediterranean depended heavily on their harbor systems. The aim of this study is to discern the economic development of Rome and Ephesus from the geochemical signals of the pollution they were exposed to. To this end, we drilled cores through the sedimentary archives of the two ancient harbors and measured major and trace element concentrations and Pb isotope compositions. Both harbors were subject to delta progradation, Rome by the Tiber and Ephesus by the Caÿster, which changed the aquatic environments from being initially open and well oxygenated to becoming closed and anoxic. The harbor basins finally shut down for shipping when an epilimnic system came into place due to too shallow a depth of the water column. Although changing environmental conditions and multiple dredgings appear to have altered some parts of the geochemical record, the pollution levels of lead quite accurately reflect the state of the economic health of Rome and Ephesus, which evolved the most during periods of prosperity and disorder. Pb isotope data, converted into geological parameters (Tmod, μ and к), further allowed deducing the provenance of the geological sources of lead ores at the origin of the pollution. Based on these results, it appears that lead ore supplies during the Roman period were of local origins, reflecting how Rome and Ephesus dominated the surrounding economic areas with which they were in contact. However, while the beginning of the Middle Ages is accompanied by a decline of Rome, Ephesus regains its past prosperity with the importation of Hercynian lead from western Europe. It was produced massively as a result of the medieval economic revolution that Europe experienced from the 10th century onward
Lesoin, Sapho. "Migration cationique et anionique des métaux toxiques (plomb, chrome et zinc) dans les sols sous l'effet d'un champ électrique". Phd thesis, Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ENPC9728.
Pełny tekst źródłaGonzalez, rodriguez Magno angel. "Intégration de concepts de gestion de chaine logistique en boucle fermée (CLSCM) et d'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) : contribution à l’économie circulaire et application aux batteries au plomb". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0114.
Pełny tekst źródłaOver the past decade, the supply chain concept has undergone significant evolution, transitioning toward an integrated approach that considers both upstream and downstream chains simultaneously. This evolution has led to the development of the closed-loop supply chain (CLSC), aimed at optimizing material utilization across various manufacturing processes. While progress in managing and designing CLSCs has been notable, most research approaches have primarily focused on economic aspects, often addressing environmental concerns as an afterthought or separately via life cycle assessment (LCA). The closure of the supply chain loop typically results in a more intricate system compared to traditional supply chains. Consequently, there is an urgent need for specifically tailored quantitative methods and models to assist managers and professionals in creating more efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable closed-loop systems. The overarching scientific objective of this study is to conduct an integrated analysis that combines CLSC management concepts and Life Cycle Assessment, exploring their interdependence. This investigation will be supported by the increased utilization of lead-acid batteries in motor vehicles, especially in the context of electric vehicles, considered a promising future vehicle option.The model formulation relies on a mixed-variable linear mathematical programming procedure (MILP), incorporating a multi-criteria approach focused on cost minimization and environmental impact. This formulation considers five tiers in the forward network (suppliers, producers, distributors, wholesalers, and retailers) and seven tiers in the reverse network (collection and recycling centers, product disposal, disassembly plant, raw material disposal, third parties, and remanufacturing). The multi-level multi-period strategy involves initially identifying and reducing significant criteria applicable in the multi-objective (in this case, bi-objective) optimization procedure. Two crucial criteria emerged: the total cost of the supply chain and total greenhouse gas emissions, which were recognized as conflicting, warranting the implementation of an epsilon-constraint procedure.The first application of decision support methods (M-TOPSIS and TOPSIS) facilitated the identification of potential supply chain configurations. Subsequently, a life cycle assessment was conducted on the Pareto front-end solutions, enabling a comprehensive multi-criteria analysis involving the selected impact analysis method (Impact 2002+) and the cost criterion. This step revealed solutions that outperformed those previously identified, validating the approach.Strategically, this required the development of environmental submodules for the supply chain blocks to consistently compute environmental indicators. This involved extracting data from the EcoInvent database and utilizing impact factors pertinent to the study's analysis method.Lastly, a sensitivity study highlighted that, for the case study: (i) an increase in the percentage of raw materials recovered from a product designated for recycling, (ii) an improved recovery rate, and (iii) enhancements in the manufacturing/remanufacturing process regarding GHG emissions, are particularly significant in improving the performance of all indicators
Dubrail, Julien. "Incorporation du Plomb dans des matrices d'intérêt géophysique et environnemental". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00581558.
Pełny tekst źródłaSadiq, Muhammad. "Design and Fabrication of Next-Generation Lanthanum-Doped Lead-free Solder for Reliable Microelectronics Applications in Severe Environment". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0049/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe urgent need for removing lead from solder alloys led to the very fast introduction of lead-free solder alloys without a deep knowledge of their behaviour. As a consequence, additional issues raised (increased thermally induced problems during soldering process, a too wide range of possible available alternative alloy formulations), while problems related to current solder alloys remained unsolved (the constant change of the solder alloy microstructure, empirical predicting lifetime methodology). All the above mentioned issues alter stability and reliability of the application specific performances of the solder alloy, and subsequently of the whole electronic module. These problems become critical and are no longer compatible, as the market goes towards miniaturization and harsh environment conditions. These market trends now require stricter life time prediction and reliability control. Objective of this project is to understand and design a novel lead-free solder formulation to develop a potential alternative to lead-based high temperature melting point solder for high reliability requirements and in accordance with governmental directives. An advanced experimental approach like nanoindentation, microstructure evolution with SEM and EDS mapping, thermal aging effects on continuous grain size growth with cross polarized light of optical microscopy etc. would be implemented to develop doped-SAC lead-free solders for the best-fit to requirements in automotives and pipelines applications
Ben, Ahmed Nada. "Conception de bio-indicateurs de polluant organique et de métaux lourds par encapsulation de micro-algues dans une matrice de silice synthétisée par le procédé sol-gel". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC247.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe work is an interdisciplinary framework, at the interface of the sol-gel chemistry, biology and physics of materials. First, we are interested to the study of a silica matrix obtained by sol-gel process from a mixture of colloidal silica and sodium silicate. The goal was to understand the interactions between the precursors and to study the effect of different synthesis parameters on the structure of the matrix in order to find the best optical and mechanical properties. These matrices have been extensively characterized using various techniques (UV-Visible absorption, IR, TGA, BET, NMR, TEM and SEM). This study allows us for the first time to choose final properties and to specify the initial combination to get them in terms of concentrations of precursors and pH. Next, we studied the effect of the matrix properties on the survival of photosynthetic encapsulated cells and we got phyco-compatible materials with a wide range of optical and mechanical properties. After precising the best synthesis conditions for the survival of microorganisms, one could proceed to study the functionality in the presence of toxic contaminants (heavy metals Cd (II) and Pb (II) and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon: anthracene) and we managed to get a functional biosensor. Interestingly, some specificity of detection could be obtained according to the combination of microalga / selected matrix
Libot, Jean-Baptiste. "Méthodologie d'évaluation de la durée de vie des assemblages électroniques sans plomb en environnements thermique et vibratoire". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/18560/1/Libot_1.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaCarré, Charlotte. "Rôle de la pollution par les métaux et de leur captage par un dépôt calco-magnésien formé en volume sur acier galvanisé en eau de mer". Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2017. http://portail-documentaire.unc.nc/files/public/bu/theses_unc/these_-_charlotte_carre1.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe objective of this work is to divert the well-known cathodic protection process used to prevent metal structures against marine from corrosion, in order to develop an efficient tool for metal remediation in seawater. One of the consequences of this kind of protection is the formation of the calcareous deposit on the surface of the metal. The deposit is composed of a mixture of brucite Mg(OH)2 et aragonite CaCO3 and is formed by the precipitation of calcium and magnesium ions in seawater. The idea is to trap metallic pollutant in the calcareous deposit.First, the growth of the deposit has been studied on galvanized iron wires as a function of the impressed current and physical and chemical properties of the seawater. We found that variable values of the impressed current allow to control the proportion brucite/aragonite in the deposit. Increasing experiments duration and high water stirring speed favors the aragonite, and high temperatures modify the surface properties of the calcareous deposit.In the second part the nickel and lead trapping capacity of the deposit is studied in artificial seawater. We have demonstrated that the method works, and its efficiency depends on the impressed current. Material
El, Aiba Farah. "Propriétés complexantes d'une macromolécule naturelle, un acide fulvique, vis à vis du proton et du plomb en eau douce". Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P628.
Pełny tekst źródłaFerrand, Jean-Luc. "Etude isotopique du cycle géochimique du plomb anthropique et naturel en milieux marin et côtier". Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30027.
Pełny tekst źródłaSalel, Tiphaine. "Dynamique des environnements fluvio-lagunaires du Narbonnais à l'Holocène (Golfe du Lion, France)". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MON30083.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe present day Aude valley’s coastal landscape is the result of unstable lagoonal and deltaic environments during the last millennia. The understanding of past environmental dynamics is a key issue of the local ar-chaeological research, because since the Neolithic period human beings have settled in this area. This work aims to identify and explain the fluvio-lagoonal landscape’s evolution in the Narbonne region during the Holocene by using sedimentology, micropalaeontology and radiocarbon sediment datations. First, we analysed the present ostracods spatial distribution in modern lagoons and river mouths in order to use this microfauna as a bioindicator of past environmental conditions in the study area. Various aquatic envi-ronments (60) from the NW Mediterranean coastline were studied. The present ostracod assemblages characterize different stages of isolation, from completely closed lagoons to widely open marine bays, as well as intra-lagoonal environmental variability in relation to the inlets and river mouth proximities. The proposed database can be used to reconstruct coastal geomorphologies and dynamics, such as the holocene evolution of delta and barrier-lagoon systems in the Gulf of Lion. Second, sedimentary recording studies have been used to analyse the Narbonne’s coastal evolution. This study is based on nine cores distributed over the southern and eastern deltaic branches of the Aude river. With theses results, it is possible to propose a palaeogeographic scenario associated with the environmental dynamics of the lower valley since 9500 years cal. BP. This same data informs us about the local context of the Holocene sea level rise during the 9500-6000 years cal. BP. Several issues are discussed such as : the Holocene’s transgressions of the Gulf of Lion’s lagoons, the extreme marine event near the bay head delta around 5200-5000 years cal. BP, and the Aude delta’s rapid progradation during the last millennium. Additionally, we identified two periods of lead enrichment; which are consistent with the major mining peaks known in Languedoc (beginning of the first century AD - beginning of the classical Middle ages) and suggest a record of fluctuating metallurgical activity
Naja, Ghinwa. "Réactivité des associations organo-minérales dans une lagune d'eaux de mine : fixation du plomb par des matières biologiques". Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10070.
Pełny tekst źródłaDelile, Hugo. "Signatures des paléo-pollutions et des paléo-environnements dans les archives sédimentaires des ports antiques de Rome et d’Éphèse". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20065/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaRome and Ephesus are two iconic harbor cities of the ancient Mediterranean; the first was the center of the Roman Empire and the second became the Roman capital of Asia Minor at the end of the 1st c. BC. The economic and commercial influence of these two ports in the Mediterranean depended heavily on their harbor systems. The aim of this study is to discern the economic development of Rome and Ephesus from the geochemical signals of the pollution they were exposed to. To this end, we drilled cores through the sedimentary archives of the two ancient harbors and measured major and trace element concentrations and Pb isotope compositions. Both harbors were subject to delta progradation, Rome by the Tiber and Ephesus by the Caÿster, which changed the aquatic environments from being initially open and well oxygenated to becoming closed and anoxic. The harbor basins finally shut down for shipping when an epilimnic system came into place due to too shallow a depth of the water column. Although changing environmental conditions and multiple dredgings appear to have altered some parts of the geochemical record, the pollution levels of lead quite accurately reflect the state of the economic health of Rome and Ephesus, which evolved the most during periods of prosperity and disorder. Pb isotope data, converted into geological parameters (Tmod, μ and к), further allowed deducing the provenance of the geological sources of lead ores at the origin of the pollution. Based on these results, it appears that lead ore supplies during the Roman period were of local origins, reflecting how Rome and Ephesus dominated the surrounding economic areas with which they were in contact. However, while the beginning of the Middle Ages is accompanied by a decline of Rome, Ephesus regains its past prosperity with the importation of Hercynian lead from western Europe. It was produced massively as a result of the medieval economic revolution that Europe experienced from the 10th century onward
Alioua, Amel. "Détection de la pollution plombique d'origine automobile à l'aide de bio-accumulateurs végétaux dans l'agglomération de Skikda (N. E. Algérie)". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE18009.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe increase of the automobile pollution becomes alarming in urban environment. In this context, the research task consisted to use the lichens and other phanerogamic plants to characterize lead pollution and its environmental impact of the urban area of Skikda (N. E of Algeria). With this intention a study of bioindication and bio-accumulation carried out starting from relevant strategy of transplantations and sampling, allowed to carry out follow-ups spatiotemporels of the impact of the lead pollution of automobile's origin on the environment. Various analyses and measurements were carried out at the laboratory (wise C of lead, propotionning of chlorophyl, variation of the lead area and report/ratio MF/MS). In order to correlate lead pollution with the intensity of the road traffic, every month, some countings was carried during the peak hours during one years
Schneider, Arnaud. "Comportement et mobilité des éléments traces métalliques dans des sols environnant une usine de seconde fusion du plomb. Approches expérimentales et modélisation". Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIMS043/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe soil contamination by trace elements (TE) is a major environmental issue which mainly lies in their potential transfers from soils to surface and ground waters and/or to food chain.The main objective of this study was to understand the behaviour of TE in impacted soils located in the vicinity of a lead-acid battery recycling plant (Ardennes, France). In a 17 ha surrounding area, the spatial distribution of TE was performed using portable X-ray fluorescence. It indicated that the soils were mainly contaminated by Pb and, to a lesser degree, by Cd, Cu, Ni, Sb, Sn and Zn. A geostatistical approach enabled to discriminate the natural or anthropogenic sources of most of these TE.Based on the TE mapping, the soil type and the land cover, the behaviour of the TE was studied along six soil profiles. The calculated partition coefficients highlighted a high mobility of the TE which is related to the acidic soil conditions (pH 4-5). Regardless of the studied soil profile, Cd exhibited the highest mobility, followed by Zn, Ni, Pb and Cu. A combined experimental (soil-column Donnan membrane technique) and modelling approach helped to specify that Cd, Ni and Zn occurred as free ions, Pb mainly occurred as free ion and associated to fulvic acids and Cu was mainly associated to fulvic acids in the soil solutions. The distribution of Pb among the soil components of upper soil horizons was also determined using chemical methods (sequential extraction), physical methods (SEM-EDS, Raman microspectroscopy) and modelling. Lead was mainly associated with soil organic matter and to a lesser extent with manganese oxides. None of the Pb-bearing phases potentially emitted by the recycling plant were identified, suggesting a remobilization of Pb in the studied soils after smelter particles deposition. This work emphasizes the importance of studying the soil and its solution to better understand the behaviour of TE, to assess the environmental risks and to suggest remediation strategies
Chebbo, Ghassan. "Solides des rejets pluviaux urbains : caractérisation et traitabilité". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1992. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00569043.
Pełny tekst źródłaDiop, Ibra. "Contribution à l’étude de la résistance chimique et mécanique des matériaux métalliques, (acier T91 9%Cr1%Mo en masse) en environnements complexes dans les réacteurs nucléaires : Corrosion et protection en présence de l’eutectique Plomb-Bismuth liquide ; Etude thermodynamique du système Pb-Bi-Hg-Fe-O". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10115/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe development of sub-critical nuclear reactors (Accelerator Driven System - ADS), intrinsically safe to incinerate nuclear waste by transmutation of long-lived actinides to radionuclides with a shorter existence, requires intense sources of neutrons. These sources are produced by the "ejected" spallation technique, i.e. the interaction of a high energy, high intensity proton beam with a target containing heavy metals. Considering the power of the proton beam transferred to the target (of a few MW), only metals in the liquid form can be cooled in a closed cooling system and resist to nuclear reactor induced by the proton beam. In this context, the MEGAPIE project (MEGawatt PIlot Experiment), which works with a window at the spallation target, is pioneer and opens the way for high-power targets. The choice of the alloy for the MEGAPIE spallation target is a lead-bismuth eutectic, which is efficient for producing neutrons. For the window beam and hot parts, the best choice at present is the T91 steel (1%Mo9%Cr in mass), due to its good irradiation resistance. For cold parts, the 316L steel was chosen. However, the contact of the two alloys (eutectic lead-bismuth and T91 steel) presents some inconveniences that need to be investigated in relation to their physico-chemical properties in the MEGAPIE environment, which motivates this study. The contribution of this work to this subject consisted of : - In a part, the development of coatings designed to improve the chemical and mechanical performances of the T91 steel in contact of the lead-bismuth eutectic liquid alloy, - In another part, the investigation of the thermodynamic properties of the Pb-Bi-(Hg)-Fe-Cr-Al-O system for all phase equilibria within the conditions imposed by the operation of the ADS reactor. The second part of this work is justified by the results, which, for the first time, highlight the role played by the mixed oxide phases in the corrosive interaction between the T91 steel and Pb-Bi eutectic, in a poorly oxygenated environment
Diop, Ibra Vilasi Michel. "Contribution à l'étude de la résistance chimique et mécanique des matériaux métalliques, (acier T91 9%Cr1%Mo en masse) en environnements complexes dans les réacteurs nucléaires Corrosion et protection en présence de l'eutectique Plomb-Bismuth liquide ; Etude thermodynamique du système Pb-Bi-Hg-Fe-O /". S. l. : Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2008_0115_DIOP.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaFritsch, Clémentine. "UTILISATION INTEGREE DE BIOINDICATEURS POUR LA SURVEILLANCE DES SOLS ET DES ECOSYSTEMES TERRESTRES". Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00524516.
Pełny tekst źródłaBaudrit, Cédric. "Représentation et propagation de connaissances imprécises et incertaines : application à l'évaluation des risques liés aux sites et aux sols pollués". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011933.
Pełny tekst źródłasur une évaluation des risques pour l'homme et l'environnement. Cette évaluation est effectuée à l'aide de modèles qui simulent le transfert de polluant depuis une source de pollution vers une cible vulnérable, pour différents scénarii d'exposition. La sélection des valeurs des paramètres de ces modèles s'appuie autant que possible sur les données recueillies lors des investigations de terrain (phase de diagnostic de site). Or pour des raisons de délais et de coûts, l'information recueillie lors de cette phase de diagnostic est toujours incomplète; elle est donc entachée d'incertitude. De même, les modèles de transferts et d'exposition présentent également des incertitudes à intégrer dans les procédures. Cette notion globale d'incertitude doit être prise en compte dans l'évaluation du risque pour que les résultats soient utiles lors la phase décisionnelle.
L'incertitude sur les paramètres peut avoir deux origines. La première provient du caractère aléatoire de l'information due à une variabilité naturelle résultant de phénomènes stochastiques. On parle alors d'incertitudes de variabilité ou d'incertitudes stochastiques. La seconde est liée au caractère imprécis de l'information lié à un manque de connaissance et qui résulte par exemple d'erreurs systématiques lors de mesures ou d'avis d'experts.
On parle alors d'incertitudes épistémiques. Dans le calcul de risque, ces deux notions sont souvent confondues alors qu'elles devraient être traitées de manière différente.
L'incertitude en évaluation des risques a surtout été appréhendée dans un cadre purement probabiliste.
Cela revient à supposer que la connaissance sur les paramètres des modèles est toujours de nature aléatoire (variabilité). Cette approche consiste à représenter les paramètres incertains par des distributions de probabilité uniques et à transmettre l'incertitude relative à ces paramètres sur celle du risque encouru par la cible, en appliquant en général la technique dite Monte Carlo. Si cette approche est bien connue, toute la difficulté tient à une définition cohérente des distributions de probabilité affectées aux paramètres par rapport à la connaissance disponible. En effet dans un contexte d'évaluation des risques liés à l'exposition aux polluants, l'information dont on dispose concernant certains paramètres est souvent de nature imprécise. Le calage d'une distribution de probabilité unique sur ce type de
connaissance devient subjectif et en partie arbitraire.
L'information dont on dispose réellement est souvent plus riche qu'un intervalle mais moins riche qu'une distribution de probabilité. En pratique, l'information de nature aléatoire est traitée de manière rigoureuse par les distributions de probabilité classiques. Celle de nature imprécise est traitée de manière rigoureuse par des familles de distributions de probabilité définies au moyen de paires de probabilités cumulées hautes et basses ou, à l'aide de théories plus récentes, au moyen de distributions de possibilité (aussi appelées intervalles flous) ou encore au moyen d'intervalles aléatoires utilisant les fonctions de croyance de Dempster-Shafer.
Un des premiers objectifs de ce travail est de promouvoir la cohérence entre la manière dont on représente la connaissance sur les paramètres
des modèles du risque et la connaissance dont on dispose réellement. Le deuxième objectif est de proposer différentes méthodes pour propager l'information de nature aléatoire et l'information de nature imprécise à travers les modèles du risque tout en essayant de tenir compte des dépendances entre les paramètres. Enfin, ces méthodes alternatives ont été testées sur des cas synthétiques puis sur des cas réels simplifiés, notamment pour proposer des moyens de présenter les résultats pour une phase décisionnelle:
- Calcul de dose : Transfert d'un polluant radioactif (le strontium) depuis le dépôt jusqu'à
l'homme, au travers de la consommation d'un aliment (le lait de vache).
- Risque toxique après un déversement accidentel de trichloréthylène (TCE) au dessus d'une nappe d'eau (modèle semi analytique).
- Risque pour la santé liée aux sols pollués par des retombées de plomb.