Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Plasma volume measurement technique”

Previous data have shown that the most prevalent, indirect plasma volume (PV) measurement technique, which utilises changes in haematocrit (Hct) and haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), underestimates actual PV changes during immersion, when compared to a direct tracer-dilution method. An increase in the F-cell ratio (whole-body haematocrit (Hctw) to large-vessel haematocrit (Hctv) ratio) has been purported as a possible explanation, probably due to hydrostatic and thermally-mediated changes during water immersion. Previous investigators have not quantified the F-cell ratio during immersion. Therefore, this study sought to determine the effect of the F-cell ratio on the indirect method during both, thermoneutral and cold-water immersions. Seven healthy males were tested three times, seated upright in air (control: 21.2°C SD ±1.1), and during thermoneutral (34.5oC SD ±0.2) and cold-water immersion (18.6oC SD ±0.2), immersed to the third intercostal space for 60 min. Measurements during the immersion tests included PV (Evans blue dye column elution, Evans blue dye computer programme, and Hct [Hb]), red cell volume (RCV; sodium radiochromate), cardiac frequency (fc) and rectal temperature (Tre). Plasma volume during the control trial remained stable, and equivalent across the three tests. There was a hydrostatically-induced increase in PV during thermoneutral immersion, when determined by the Evans blue dye method (16.2%). However, the Hct/[Hb] calculation did not adequately reflect this change, and underestimated the relative PV change by 43%. In contrast, PV decreased during cold immersion when determined using the Evans blue dye method by 17.9% and the Hct/[Hb] calculation by 8.0%, respectively, representing a 52% underestimation by the latter method. There was a non-significant decline in RCV during both immersions. Furthermore, an increase (8.6%) and decrease (-14.4%) in blood volume (BV) was observed during thermoneutral and cold-water immersions, respectively. The decline in RCV during thermoneutral immersion attenuated the BV expansion. Despite the disparity between the PV methods, there was no increase in the F-cell ratio during either immersion. In contrast, there was a significant decline in the F-cell ratio during the control: air and thermoneutral immersion, which may indicate that other, undefined variables may impact on the stability of the red cell compartment. The current study is the first to show that the Hct/[Hb] method clearly underestimates PV changes during both thermoneutral and cold-water immersion. Furthermore, RCV was shown, for the first time, to decline during both immersions. However, the changes in the F-cell ratio during this study, did not account for the underestimation of PV change using the Hct/[Hb] method.

When an electrically conducting fluid moves through a magnetic field, fluid mechanics and electromagnetism are coupled.

This interaction is the object of magnetohydrodynamics, a discipline which covers a wide range of applications, from electromagnetic processing to plasma- and astro-physics.

In this dissertation, the attention is restricted to turbulent liquid metal flows, typically encountered in steel and aluminium industries. Velocity measurements in such flows are extremely challenging because liquid metals are opaque, hot and often corrosive. Therefore, non-intrusive measurement devices are essential. One of them is the Lorentz force flowmeter. Its working principle is based on the generation of a force acting on a charge, which moves in a magnetic field. Recent studies have demonstrated that this technique can measure efficiently the mean velocity of a liquid metal. In the existing devices, however, the measurement depends on the electrical conductivity of the fluid.

In this work, a novel version of this technique is developed in order to obtain measurements that are independent of the electrical conductivity. This is particularly appealing for metallurgical applications, where the conductivity often fluctuates in time and space. The study is entirely numerical and uses a flexible computational method, suitable for industrial flows. In this framework, the cost of numerical simulations increases drastically with the level of turbulence and the geometry complexity. Therefore, the simulations are commonly unresolved. Large eddy simulations are then very promising, since they introduce a subgrid model to mimic the dynamics of the unresolved turbulent eddies.

The first part of this dissertation focuses on the quality and reliability of unresolved numerical simulations. The attention is drawn on the ambiguity that may arise when interpretating the results. Owing to coarse resolutions, numerical errors affect the performances of the discrete model, which in turn looses its physical meaning. In this work, a novel implementation of the turbulent strain rate appearing in the models is proposed. As opposed to its usual discretisation, the present strain rate is in accordance with the discrete equations of motion. Two types of flow are considered: decaying turbulence located far from boundaries, and turbulent flows between two parallel and infinite walls. Particular attention is given to the balance of resolved kinetic energy, in order to assess the role of the model.

The second part of this dissertation deals with a novel version of Lorentz force flowmeters, consisting in one or two coils placed around a circular pipe. The forces acting on each coil are recorded in time as the liquid metal flows through the pipe. It is highlighted that the auto- or cross-correlation of these forces can be used to determine the flowrate. The reliability of the flowmeter is first investigated with a synthetic velocity profile associated to a single vortex ring, which is convected at a constant speed. This configuration is similar to the movement of a solid rod and enables a simple analysis of the flowmeter. Then, the flowmeter is applied to a realistic three-dimensional turbulent flow. In both cases, the influence of the geometrical parameters of the coils is systematically assessed.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Transtibial stump volume can change dramatically postoperatively and jeopardise prosthetic fitting. Differences between individuals make it hard to give general recommendations of when to fit with a definitive prosthesis. Measuring the stump volume on every patient could solve this, but most methods for volume assessments are too complicated for clinical use.

The aim of this study was to evaluate accuracy and intra- and interrater precision of a method to estimate stump volume from circumferential measurements. The method approximates the stump as a number of cut cones and the tip as a sphere segment.

Accuracy was evaluated theoretically on six scanned stump models in CAPOD software and manually on six stump models. Precision was evaluated by comparing measurements made by four CPOs on eight stumps. Measuring devices were a wooden rule and a metal circumference rule. The errors were estimated with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), where 0,85 was considered acceptable, and a clinical criterion that a volume error of ±5% was acceptable (5% corresponds to one stocking).

The method was accurate on all models in theory but accurate on only four models in reality. The ICC was 0,95-1,00 for intrarater precision but only 0,76 for interrater precision. Intra- and interrater precision was unsatisfying when using clinical criteria. Variations between estimated tip heights and circumferences were causing the errors.

The method needs to be developed and is not suitable for stumps with narrow ends. Using a longer rule (about 30 cm) with a set square end to assess tip heights is recommended to improve precision. Using a flexible measuring-tape (possible to disinfect) with a spring-loaded handle could improve precision of the circumferential measurements.

Ce travail porte sur la fonctionnalisation en volume et/ou en surface et la caractérisation multi-échelle de films minces de chitosane utilisés en ingénierie tissulaire. L’ajout des nanoliposomes à base de lécithine naturelle (végétale ou marine) et un traitement plasma sont employés pour réaliser ces deux fonctionnalisations. De nombreuses analyses des caractéristiques physico-chimiques et « structurales » de films minces ont montré que lorsqu’on ajoute 10 % de nanoliposomes dans les films de chitosane, l’hydrophobicité de la surface s’améliore de 18 à 36 %, ce fait est attribué à la présence de composants polaires. La cristallinité est légèrement augmentée ; à 37 °C, le module d’Young diminue de 6 GPa environ jusqu’à près de 4 GPa ; aucune nouvelle liaison ne se crée entre le chitosane et les nanoliposomes ; une diminution de degré de déacétylation est observée, qui pourrait être associée à la conformation des nanoliposomes ajoutés en volume aux films de chitosane. Le traitement plasma a réussi à modifier la structure de surface du chitosane seul et du chitosane mélangé aux nanoliposomes par greffe de groupements actifs (groupes amine, C-O, COOH, -OH). En revanche, dans notre cas, les liaisons hydrogène entre les groupes polaires créés par le traitement plasma peuvent être éliminées partiellement après un temps donné, ce qui limite l’application du traitement. Ensuite, des études préliminaires sur la biocompatibilité in vitro et la biodégradabilité in vitro sont réalisées pour les films de chitosane et du chitosane mélangé aux nanoliposomes. Les cellules souches mésenchymateuses sont utilisées pour l’étude de la première, et une solution de PBS contenant 10 mg/L de lysozyme pour la seconde. Les propriétés physico-chimiques des films de chitosane mélangé aux nanoliposomes marines, leur faible cytotoxicité aux cellules et leur stabilité dans la solution de PBS contenant du lysozyme leur permettent d’être utilisés comme matrice de support dans le domaine de la médecine régénérative
This work focused on functionalized chitosan thin films in the bulk and/or on the surface by nanoliposomes based on natural lecithin (plant and marine) and plasma treatment. Various techniques were used for physicochemical properties analysis of functionalized thin films. The results showed that by adding the nanoliposomes into the chitosan scaffold, the surface wettability of thin films increased from 18 % to 36 %. The crystallinity degree was slightly improved in blend thin films. Any new bond was determined by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which confirmed that there is no chemical interaction between the nanoliposomes and chitosan. The Young’s modulus of blend thin films deceased from 6 GPa to 5 GPa. The morphological, nanomechanical properties and adhesion force of each scaffold system determined by Scanning Probe Microscopy (HarmoniXTM mode) showed that the fish nanoliposomes/chitosan thin film had the most similar properties compared to the pure chitosan thin film. The surface of chitosane films and nanoliposomes/chitosane blend films were modified by the plasma treatment. Functional groups (amine groups, C-O, COOH, -OH) are grafted onto the surface enhancing thus the surface energy of the films. But the hydrogen bonds between the polar groups introduced by the treatment can be destroyed after a given time; the author proposed that the functionalization in the bulk by adding of nanoliposomes provided more stable and greater possibility of new materials producing than the functionalization at the surface by plasma treatment for potential tissue engineering application. Then, in vitro biocompatibility preliminary study was carried using human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs); and in vitro biodegradability study was tested in the phosphate buffered saline (PBS) mixed with 10 mg/L lysozyme. The films of chitosan functionalized by salmon nanoliposomes showed more interesting as matrix extracellular for regenerative medicine applications because of their physico-chemical properties, low cytotoxicity and the stability inside the PBS and lysozyme solutions

Pour l'étude d'une structure solide ou d'un matériau, l'analyse expérimentale permet d'obtenir des grandeurs mécaniques qui permettent de comprendre leurs comportements ou encore de valider des résultats issus d'une simulation numérique. Ces grandeurs peuvent être de différentes natures (contraintes, déformations...) et être localisées de différentes manières dans l'espace (2D, 3D) et dans le temps (statique, dynamique). Le bilan des techniques actuelles d'analyse expérimentale en mécanique des solides révèle un besoin concernant l'acquisition d'une structure en tous points avec une résolution élevée à la fois spatialement et temporellement. L'objectif des travaux menés au cours de cette thèse est le développement d'une nouvelle technique d'acquisition capable d'acquérir un volume de matière de quelques centimètres de côté en moins d'une seconde avec une précision spatiale inférieure à 0.1mm. Les volumes obtenus doivent avoir une qualité suffisamment élevée pour être couplés à la technique de Corrélation d'Images Volumiques (DVC) permettant d'obtenir les déplacements ainsi que le tenseur des déformations de Green-Lagrange complet au coeur de la matière. Un nouveau procédé d'acquisition baptisé Optical Rotating Scanning Tomography (ORST) et basé sur le découpage optique a été développé. Après l'avoir décrit mathématiquement, un système spécifique synchronisé avec une caméra rapide a été conçu. La méthode a été appliquée sur deux essais mécaniques : traction continue et contact entre un galet roulant et un bloc. L'analyse des résultats a montré que l'ORST est capable d'analyser l'évolution des champs de déformations à la fois au coeur du volume et résolue en temps
To study of a solid structure or a material, an experimental analysis can be used to get mechanical fields in order to understand the mechanical behaviour or to validate simulation results. Different kind of fields can be obtained (stress, strain) in different spatial (2D, 3D) or temporal referential (static, dynamic). Current techniques are not able to acquire the whole volume of a structure with a high spatial and temporal resolution. The objective of this work is to develop a new volume acquisition technique able to capture a volume with a characteristic edge size of several centimetres in less than 1 second with a spatial accuracy less than 0.1mm. Reconstructed volumes need to have a good quality to be used with the Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) in order to provide displacement fields and the full Green-Lagrange tensor in the whole volume. A new acquisition technique called Optical Rotating Scanning Tomography (ORST) based on the optical scanning technique has been developed. A mathematical description has been achieved and then a special device has been manufactured. This device is synchronized with a high speed CCD camera in order to perform time-resolved acquisition. This new technique has been used to study two mechanical tests. The first is a traction test with a continuous loading, and the second concerns a wheel rolling over a solid bloc. Experimental results of these applications show that ORST technique is able to analyse displacement and strain fields in the whole volume and in a time-resolved way

Le Disjoncteur Basse-Tension (DBT) est un appareil classique de la distribution électrique depuis plus de cinquante ans. Mais aujourd'hui, avec l'arrivée de produits bas-coût fabriqués dans les pays émergents, les industriels sont soumis à une forte pression pour développer de nouveaux systèmes moins encombrants, utilisant d'autres matériaux, ou incorporant davantage de fonctionnalités. Cette recherche est très compliquée dans la mesure où le DBT est un système hautement multi-physique (mécanique, thermique, physique des matériaux, physique des plasmas, ...). De fait, le développement de nouveaux produits passe par un processus empirique long et coûteux. Cet effort pourrait être réduit par l'utilisation de modèles prédictifs permettant d'arriver plus vite à un système fonctionnel. De nos jours, avec l'augmentation des moyens de résolution numérique, de plus en plus de travaux portent sur la description multi-physique en 3D du DBT et notamment sur la chambre de coupure ou l'arc électrique est amorcé, se déplace et doit être éteint, l'objet de nôtre étude. Le travail de cette thèse se divise en deux axes complémentaires : le développement d'un modèle fluide 3D en méthode des volumes finis simulant l'arc électrique et son déplacement dans la chambre de coupure; ainsi que la mise en place d'un dispositif expérimental permettant d'analyser le phénomène physique en œuvre. Pour ces deux points la problématique est abordée dans une configuration simplifiée de DBT où l'arc se déplace entre deux rails parallèles dans une chambre parallélépipédique. Basé sur le savoir-faire du groupe AEPPT, un modèle numérique est établi pour simuler le plasma thermique. Les particularités de ce modèle, du fait de l'application, sont la nécessité d'une résolution précise du champ magnétique en utilisant le calcul de Biot & Savart pour les conditions limites ainsi que l'utilisation de méthodes permettant le déplacement et la commutation de l'arc. La validation de ce modèle se fera à géométrie similaire par confrontation avec l'expérience. En s'inspirant de précédents travaux nous avons réalisé une maquette expérimentale composée d'un réacteur faisant office de chambre de coupure et d'un mécanisme permettant l'amorçage de l'arc dans le réacteur par ouverture rotative du contact à vitesse contrôlée. D'autres paramètres modifiables sont la taille du réacteur ainsi que les matériaux qui le constituent. Les diagnostiques disponibles en plus de la mesure de courant et de tension sont l'imagerie rapide et la mesure de pression en différents points de la chambre de coupure. Notre expérience est utile pour la réalisation d'études paramétriques en découplant facilement les paramètres. En outre, par la mise en évidence des phénomènes prépondérants, notre maquette aide à la mise en place du modèle en plus de permettre sa validation expérimentale. Cette thèse est donc une étape cruciale vers la mise en place d'un modèle prédictif
Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers (LVCB) are classical apparatuses of electrical distribution since more than fifty years. But nowadays, with the outbreak of low-cost products from the developing countries, industry is under a strong stress in order to improve their devices by making them more compact, using different materials or to implement new functionalities. This research is harsh since LVCB are highly multiphysics systems (mechanics, thermal properties, materials, plasma physics, ...). Therefore, developing new products goes through a long and expensive empirical process. Those efforts could be reduced by using predictive models allowing to get faster to a functional device. With the improvements of the numerical solution capacity, there are more and more works toward the 3D multiphysical description of the LVCB, especially on the extinction chamber where the electrical arc is ignited, moved and must be quenched. This is the subject of our work. The study described here is divided in two complementary parts: development of a 3D fluid model with finite volume method simulating the electrical arc and its movement inside the arc extinction chamber; and the set-up of experimental means to analyse this physical phenomenon. For those two points, we use a simplified LVCB configuration with an arc moving between two parallel rails inside a rectangular box chamber. Based on AEPPT's know-how, a numerical model is established to simulate thermal plasma. Particularities on this model, due to the application, are the resolution of Biot&Savart law to calculate precisely the magnetic field for the boundary condition and the development of methods to model the arc roots movement and commutation of the arc from the moving contact to the rail. Validation of this model will be done with the same geometry by confrontation with the experiment. Inspired by precedent works we designed a test apparatus with a reactor representing the extinction chamber of the LVCB and an opening mechanism allowing arc ignition by contact opening at a specified speed. Other parameters such as size of the chamber and materials can be modified. Measurements will include high speed imaging and pressure acquisition in several points of the reactor in addition to the classical current and voltage measurements. This experiment is useful for parametric studies with its easy uncoupling of the parameters. Moreover, by highlighting the dominating phenomena for arc movement, this set-up helps in the build-up of the model over and above the experimental validation

碩士
中原大學
醫學工程學系
84
The purpose of this research is to estimate the ability of measuring bladder volume and residual urine with impedance measurement technique. The bladder lies on the outside of the abdominal capacity, and is near the front. When the bladder is full, it lies just beneath the skin, between the symphysis pubis and the umbilicus. This implies that the tetrapolar electrode arrangement should be placed in the front in order to obtain maximal information. With the correlation of bladder volume and bladder impedance, we can evaluate bladder volume from measured bladder impedance. Impedance measurement system is easy to produce and cost less. It is a noninvasive and security instrument also. This research found a model of impedance corresponding bladder volume change that was based on impedance plethysmo- graghy. By Bhat's suggestion in 1990, we placed four electrodes on abdominal skin near bladder to find the relation of bladder volume with bladder impedance. Besides, we tried to measure bladder volume change, residual urine and uroflow when bladder was empty. Seven dogs, weighting 14~15kg, were studied. We found that our nonlinear regression model was good to fit our data. Its correlation value is about 0.9833±0.0258. The evaluations of the bladder volume with the nonlinear regression lines from the same dogs are very identity. Their standard deviations are about 3.476787±2.058811 ml. The residual urine measured by our impedance measurement system is close to the result by cathe- terization. Although breath may cause uroflow rate measurement, but the result is also close to the flow rate measurement system which is developed in our research. The linear regression lines' slopes are very close to 1 about 1.075 and 0.9668. Their cor- relation values are 0.9284 and 0.9679 respectively. From the results of linear regression analysis of animal studies and seven human studies with normalized, we can use the relation of ΔR=-0.03977 ΔV to calculate dogs' bladder capacity with

碩士
國立成功大學
太空與電漿科學研究所
107
Measurement of plasma density profile is a fundamental requirement in plasma experiments, such as fusion plasmas, industrial plasmas, space plasmas, etc. We established a novel measurement method of two-dimensional density profiles of rotating laboratory magnetized plasmas with single-detector microwave interferometry, named Fourier-Bessel expansion method using multichannel antenna switching system (FB expansion with MIASS).The antenna switching system is a technique using electromechanical microwave switches to temporally switch the connection between multiple receiver antennas with single set of a detection circuit, and a data acquisition channel. FB expansion method is a reconstruction method which expands the density profile in Fourier series in azimuthal direction and the Bessel functions in the radial direction with the use of a least-square method. To apply the FB expansion method to laboratory magnetized plasmas, we utilize a rigid rotation of the plasma column about its axis instead of a rotation of the detectors. Our numerical tests of the FB expansion method indicate that smaller azimuthal angle resolution of projection than 40 degrees is required for reconstruction of asymmetric density profiles whose poloidal mode m=13 and the perturbation level n/n0=0.10.5, which are typical profiles of MPX plasmas unstable for drift waves. Two-dimensional plasma profiles of the MPX plasma were obtained by applying the developed reconstruction technique, the Fourier-Bessel reconstruction with the use of MIASS to the experiment. We confirmed a rigid rotation of the plasma from the measurement of a radial profile of the rotation frequency of the density fluctuation by LPA. The reconstructed density profiles have a structure having m = 1 mode as a dominant mode in addition to m = 2 mode. It is consistent with the result of the 2D power spectra measured by LPA although soundness of the developed technique needs further verification.

Left ventricular (LV) volume analysis in small animals has proven difficult because of the small size of the hearts and the rapid heart rate. Furthermore, there is a substantial contribution to the signal from both the blood as well as the muscle. Admittance - based measurement techniques has been proven effective in eliminating the muscular component and estimating the blood component accurately. The key factor that makes this measurement effective is the fact that the measurement is made in the complex plane, which measures both the magnitude as well as the phase of the complex phasor. This dissertation presents the design of a wireless telemetric device that measures impedance magnitude and phase measurements along with pressure from conscious, ambulatory rats. Using this impedance data along with other calibration data such as blood resistivity, stroke volume etc., volume is determined.
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碩士
國立成功大學
太空天文與電漿科學研究所
101
We have developed a new type of multichannel interferometer with the use of antenna-switching method for measuring the electron density profile of magnetized plasmas. The Multichannel Interferometer with Antenna Switching System (MIASS) has a unique design by using (1) one Single-Pole Double-Throw (SPDT) switch; (2) two Single-Pole 6-Throw (SP6T) switches; and (3) twelve tapered slot antennas instead of horn antennas. Here, the interferometer is a heterodyne system employing two free-running oscillators. The main motivation for the new multichannel interferometer using antenna switching is to achieve a stable and cost effective multichannel interferometer for measuring the radial electron density profile in the magnetized plasma experiment. It is necessary to measurement the plasma density distribution in order to study the improvement of plasma confinement for fusion plasma experiments. The plasma density profile in the experiments using the MPX (Magnetized Plasma eXperiment) device at Plasma and Space Science Center, National Cheng Kung University has been successfully measured by using the 12 channel MIASS. The radial electron density profile is obtained by using an Abel inversion code which we developed to calculate the radial electron density profile from the data of 12 channel line-averaged density measurements.

碩士
清雲科技大學
電子工程研究所
94
In this research, a novel instrument for measuring small displacement by uses of the surface plasma resonance (SPR) technology, the principles of total internal reflection (TIR) and heterodyne interferometry is presented. As a heterodyne light source focuses on a mirror which is drived by a PZT, the reflected light is incident on a beam-splitter and then its reflected light is refracted into the hypotenuse of a right-angle prism. At first, the light is incident on a side of the right-angle prism (the surface of the side is uncoated metal). And then, the reflected light is incident on the other side that is coated with two layes of metal films. Finally, the light is detected by a photo-detector when it passes through the hypotenuse of the right-angle prism and an analyzer. We can achieve the phase difference variation between the s- and p-polarizations by a lock-in amplifier. For many noncommon-path optical measurement systems, the turbulence of environment, such as air interference or mechanical vibration, will interfere the results, and decreases the measurement resolution. With the novel instrument a small displacement can be obtained by measuring the phase difference between s- and p-polarizations. The displacement resolution of the method can reach 0.1 nm by numerical simulation. The method has some merits, e.g., a simple optical setup, high resolution, high sensitivity, rapid measurement, and high stability, etc.