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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Plant invasions"
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Osborne, Bruce. "PLANT INVASIONS". Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 111B, nr 3 (2011): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bae.2011.0016.
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Osborne, Bruce, i Margherita Gioria. "Plant invasions". Journal of Plant Ecology 11, nr 1 (19.01.2018): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtx070.
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Osborne, Bruce. "Plant Invasions". Biology & Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 111, nr 3 (1.01.2012): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.3318/bioe.2011.101.
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Richardson, David M., i Petr Pyšek. "Plant invasions: merging the concepts of species invasiveness and community invasibility". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 30, nr 3 (lipiec 2006): 409–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133306pp490pr.
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This paper considers key issues in plant invasion ecology, where findings published since 1990 have significantly improved our understanding of many aspects of invasions. The review focuses on vascular plants invading natural and semi-natural ecosystems, and on fundamental ecological issues relating to species invasiveness and community invasibility. Three big questions addressed by the SCOPE programme in the 1980s (which species invade; which habitats are invaded; and how can we manage invasions?) still underpin most work in invasion ecology. Some organizing and unifying themes in the field are organism-focused and relate to species invasiveness (the tens rule; the concept of residence time; taxonomic patterns and Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis; issues of phenotypic plasticity and rapid evolutionary change, including evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis; the role of long-distance dispersal). Others are ecosystem-centred and deal with determinants of the invasibility of communities, habitats and regions (levels of invasion, invasibility and propagule pressure; the biotic resistance hypothesis and the links between diversity and invasibility; synergisms, mutualisms, and invasional meltdown). Some theories have taken an overarching approach to plant invasions by integrating the concepts of species invasiveness and community invasibility (a theory of seed plant invasiveness; fluctuating resources theory of invasibility). Concepts, hypotheses and theories reviewed here can be linked to the naturalization-invasion continuum concept, which relates invasion processes with a sequence of environmental and biotic barriers that an introduced species must negotiate to become casual, naturalized and invasive. New research tools and improved research links between invasion ecology and succession ecology, community ecology, conservation biology and weed science, respectively, have strengthened the conceptual pillars of invasion ecology.
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Tian, Xiao-Kun, Min-Yan Wang, Ping Meng, Jin-Song Zhang, Ben-Zhi Zhou, Xiao-Gai Ge, Fei-Hai Yu i Mai-He Li. "Native Bamboo Invasions into Subtropical Forests Alter Microbial Communities in Litter and Soil". Forests 11, nr 3 (13.03.2020): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030314.
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Both exotic and native plant invasions can have profound impacts on ecosystems. While many studies have examined the effects of exotic plant invasions on soil properties, relatively few have tested the effects of native plant invasions on soil microbial communities. Furthermore, we know little about the effects of native plant invasions on microbial communities in litter. In subtropical forests in southern China, we sampled litter at three decomposition stages and top soil in three forest sands representing three stages of the invasion (not invaded, moderately and heavily invaded) by the Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carriere) J. Houzeau), a native species in China. We measured chemical properties (concentrations of C, N, P, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Mn, Cu, and Zn, and concentrations of cellulose and lignin) and microbial communities in litter and/or soil. The bamboo invasion, in general, decreased the element concentrations in litter and soil and also decreased total microbial abundance and diversity. Considering bacteria and fungi separately, the bamboo invasion decreased fungal diversity in litter and soil, but had little impact on bacterial diversity, suggesting that fungi are more sensitive and vulnerable to the bamboo invasion than bacteria. We conclude that native Moso bamboo invasions into subtropical forests may lead to a complex biogeochemical process in the litter–soil system, which may threaten local forest ecosystems by affecting microbial communities and, thus, litter decomposition and nutrient cycling.
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Cui, Miaomiao, Haochen Yu, Xue Fan, Mohsin Nawaz, Junjie Lian, Shihong Liu, Zhaoqi Zhu, Haiyan Zhang, Daolin Du i Guangqian Ren. "Nitrogen Deposition Amplifies the Legacy Effects of Plant Invasion". Plants 13, nr 1 (25.12.2023): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13010072.
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The legacy effects of invasive plant species can hinder the recovery of native communities, especially under nitrogen deposition conditions, where invasive species show growth advantages and trigger secondary invasions in controlled areas. Therefore, it is crucial to thoroughly investigate the effects of nitrogen deposition on the legacy effects of plant invasions and their mechanisms. The hypotheses of this study are as follows: (1) Nitrogen deposition amplifies the legacy effects of plant invasion. This phenomenon was investigated by analysing four potential mechanisms covering community system structure, nitrogen metabolism, geochemical cycles, and microbial mechanisms. The results suggest that microorganisms drive plant–soil feedback processes, even regulating or limiting other factors. (2) The impact of nitrogen deposition on the legacy effects of plant invasions may be intensified primarily through enhanced nitrogen metabolism via microbial anaerobes bacteria. Essential insights into invasion ecology and ecological management have been provided by analysing how nitrogen-fixing bacteria improve nitrogen metabolism and establish sustainable methods for controlling invasive plant species. This in-depth study contributes to our better understanding of the lasting effects of plant invasions on ecosystems and provides valuable guidance for future ecological management.
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Ward, Sarah M., John F. Gaskin i Linda M. Wilson. "Ecological Genetics of Plant Invasion: What Do We Know?" Invasive Plant Science and Management 1, nr 1 (styczeń 2008): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-07-022.1.
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AbstractThe rate at which plant invasions occur is accelerating globally, and a growing amount of recent research uses genetic analysis of invasive plant populations to better understand the histories, processes, and effects of plant invasions. The goal of this review is to provide natural resource managers with an introduction to this research. We discuss examples selected from published studies that examine intraspecific genetic diversity and the role of hybridization in plant invasion. We also consider the conflicting evidence that has emerged from recent research for the evolution of increased competitiveness as an explanation for invasion, and the significance of multiple genetic characteristics and patterns of genetic diversity reported in the literature across different species invasions. High and low levels of genetic diversity have been found in different invading plant populations, suggesting that either selection leading to local adaptation, or pre-adapted characteristics such as phenotypic plasticity, can lead to aggressive range expansion by colonizing nonnative species. As molecular techniques for detecting hybrids advance, it is also becoming clear that hybridization is a significant component of some plant invasions, with consequences that include increased genetic diversity within an invasive species, generation of successful novel genotypes, and genetic swamping of native plant gene pools. Genetic analysis of invasive plant populations has many applications, including predicting population response to biological or chemical control measures based on diversity levels, identifying source populations, tracking introduction routes, and elucidating mechanisms of local spread and adaptation. This information can be invaluable in developing more effectively targeted strategies for managing existing plant invasions and preventing new ones. Future genetic research, including the use of high throughput molecular marker systems and genomic approaches such as microarray analysis, has the potential to contribute to better understanding and more effective management of plant invasions.
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Oswalt, Christopher M., Songlin Fei, Qinfeng Guo, Basil V. Iannone III, Sonja N. Oswalt, Bryan C. Pijanowski i Kevin M. Potter. "A subcontinental view of forest plant invasions". NeoBiota 24 (16.01.2015): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.24.4526.
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Over the last few decades, considerable attention has focused on small-scale studies of invasive plants and invaded systems. Unfortunately, small scale studies rarely provide comprehensive insight into the complexities of biological invasions at macroscales. Systematic and repeated monitoring of biological invasions at broad scales are rare. In this report, we highlight a unique invasive plant database from the national Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the United States Forest Service. We demonstrate the importance and capability of this subcontinental-wide database by showcasing several critical macroscale invasion patterns that have emerged from its initial analysis: (1) large portion of the forests systems (39%) in the United States are impacted by invasive plants, (2) forests in the eastern United States harbor more invasive species than the western regions, (3) human land-use legacies at regional to national scales may drive large-scale invasion patterns. This accumulated dataset, which continues to grow in temporal richness with repeated measurements, will allow the understanding of invasion patterns and processes at multi-spatial and temporal scales. Such insights are not possible from smaller-scale studies, illustrating the benefit that can be gained by investing in the development of regional to continental-wide invasion monitoring programs elsewhere.
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Zavialova, Liudmyla V., Vira V. Protopopova, Oksana O. Kucher, Liubov E. Ryff i Myroslav V. Shevera. "Plant invasions in Ukraine". Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 9, nr 4 (1.12.2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/environ-2021-0020.
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Abstract We present a comprehensive review of the plant invasions of 42 alien species and their impact on vegetation cover in Ukraine. Among these species, those currently posing the greatest threat to the environment have been identified. The structural features of this group were analyzed. In the life form spectrum the phanerophytes and therophytes are dominant, in the ecological spectrum the mesophytes are dominant, and kenophytes predominate at the time of immigration. Among the examined species, plants of North American origin predominate, agriophytes prevail by their degree of naturalization, and ergasiophytes are predominant by their way of entry. The participation of invasive species in natural and anthropogenic plant communities and biotopes was analyzed. These species are a stable component of grasses, scrub and forest habitats. Most of these invasive plants (33 species) are observed in anthropogenic habitats (I). Slightly fewer species of the studied group prefer habitat types E (25), F and G (22 each), although the largest invasions are observed exactly in these biotopes. Invasive species are characterized by eurytopicity. Four species have the greatest ecological plasticity, each of these is found in six types of habitats: Ailanthus altissima (B, F, G, I, J, H), Amaranthus retroflexus (C, E, F, G, I, J), Opuntia humifusa (B, E, F, G, H, I) and Xanthium albinum (B, C, E, F, G, I). Erigeron canadensis is found in five habitat types (C, E, F, G, I). The studied group is characterized by an insignificant regional specificity of the species composition, high invasive potential and stability of population reproduction.
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Wang, Yupin, Songlin Fei, Zhiyao Tang, Yuanfeng Sun, Guoping Chen, Xiangping Wang, Shaopeng Wang i Jingyun Fang. "Alien woody plant invasions in natural forests across China". Journal of Plant Ecology 14, nr 5 (31.03.2021): 749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtab029.
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Abstract Aims Alien plant invasion has become a major global environmental issue, causing severe economic and ecological damages. Severe invasions have been reported in some regions of China. However, most studies have been conducted at local and provincial levels, and the overall degree of invasion in natural forests across China remains unclear. Here, we explored the biogeographic patterns and their environmental and socioeconomic controls of the invaded alien woody plants in natural forests across the country. Methods We compiled the data of 3573 natural forest plots across the mainland China and mapped spatial distribution of alien woody plant invasion. We also used logistic regression models to identify the key socioeconomic and environmental factors that were associated with the observed invasion patterns. Important Findings We found that only 271 plots among 3573 natural forest plots were invaded by alien woody plants, accounting for 7.58% of all plots. Among all 2825 woody plant species across all plots surveyed, only 5 alien species (0.177%) were found. Both human activities and climate factors were related to the observed invasion patterns. Since China’s natural forests are mostly located in remote mountainous areas with limited human disturbance, alien woody plant invasions are less than those reported in North America and Europe. However, with the development of transportation and increased economic activities in mountainous areas, more invasions by alien plants may be expected in the future. Therefore, proactive management and policy making are desired to prevent or slow down the invasion processes.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Plant invasions"
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Reichard, Sarah H. "Assessing the potential of invasiveness in woody plants introduced to North America /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5534.
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Dawson, Wayne. "Explaining alien plant invasions using Amani Botanical Garden in NE Tanzania". Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Restricted: no access until June 8, 2010, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=26082.
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Hutchison, Melissa Alice Sarah. "Interactions between habitat fragmentation and invasions: factors driving exotic plant invasions in native forest remnants, West Coast, New Zealand". Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3218.
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Habitat fragmentation and biological invasions are widely considered to be the most significant threats to global biodiversity, and synergistic interactions between these processes have the potential to cause even greater biodiversity loss than either acting alone. The objective of my study was to investigate the effects of fragmentation on plant communities in native forest fragments, and to examine potential interactions between these effects and invasions by exotic plants at multiple spatial scales. I examined edge, area and landscape effects on plant invasions using empirical data from fragmented landscapes on the West Coast of New Zealand. My research revealed significant interactions between the amount of native forest cover in the landscape and the strength of edge and area effects on plant communities in forest fragments. The dominance of exotic plants in the community was highest at forest edges and decreased towards fragment interiors, however the interiors of very small fragments were relatively more invaded by exotic plants than those in larger fragments, reflecting a significant interaction between edge and area effects. Similarly, exotic dominance increased in more heavily deforested landscapes, but this effect was only apparent in very small fragments (<2 ha). The combined effects of small fragment size and low forest cover in the landscape appear to have promoted invasions of exotic plants in very small remnants. I explored the mechanisms underlying edge-mediated invasions in forest fragments and examined whether propagule availability and/or habitat suitability may be limiting invasions into fragments. Experimental addition of exotic plant propagules revealed that landscape forest cover interacted with edge effects on germination, growth and flowering rates of two short-lived, herbaceous species, and this appeared to be driven by elevated light and soil phosphorus levels at edges in heavily deforested landscapes. I also examined the role of traits in influencing plant responses to forest fragmentation. Different traits were associated with exotic invasiveness in edge and interior habitats of forest fragments, indicating that the traits promoting invasiveness were context dependent. Traits also had a major influence on responses of native plants to forest fragmentation, with generalist species appearing to benefit from fragmentation, as they can utilise both forest and open habitats, whereas native forest specialists have been negatively impacted by fragmentation.
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Bishop, Tara Boyce. "Of Fire, Mammals, and Rain: Mechanisms of Plant Invasions". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8572.
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Biological invasions are driving environmental state changes on a global scale. Exotic plant species must be successful at passing several abiotic and biotic filters to establish and disrupt the native plant community assembly. Understanding where exotic plants are on a regional scale and being able to characterize how exotic plants are generally interacting with their environment is crucial information for exotic species management (chapter 1). In the western United States human-related activities are augmenting the spread of exotic plant species by increasing the ignitions of wildfire. Wildfire can lead to nutrient pulses through the removal of intact native communities and returning some mineral content into the soil. Exotic plant species that have traits that efficiently acquire nutrients accompanied by rapid growth rates may outcompete native plants. In chapters 2, 3, and 4 experimental fires demonstrated that the direct effect of fire may not be as critical as the potential indirect effects of fire such as altering the behavior of consumers (chapter 2) and reducing competition (chapters 3 and 4). In the Mojave desert, rodent consumers can have strong top-down effects on plant community assembly through foraging selection preferences. Life history traits such as seedling and seed size can lead to differential herbivory and positively benefit some plant species while inhibiting others (chapter 1) which could indirectly alter plant-plant interactions. Plant competition is a biotic filter than can determine establishment success or failure. Species that with rapid growth rates and plastic growth responses are likely to be able to capitalize on fluctuations in available resources. In the Great Basin, forecasts in climate change models predict that precipitation timing will lead to heavier fall rains and more rain than snow in the winter. Water availability is one of the main limiting factors in semi-arid and arid ecosystems where native plants have adaptive traits to maximize resource use. The interaction of wildfire and changes in climate, specifically timing of precipitation is critical to understand to be able to predict and protect against increasing wildfire frequency and severity. In chapter three, the responses by a key exotic annual grass, Bromus tectorum, and keystone native perennial shrub Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis, were positive for increased early fall precipitation but much more pronounced for B. tectorum. Exotic annual plants are able to respond to changes in timing of fall precipitation and have extreme growth which leads to superior competitive abilities through interference and priority effects (chapter 4). Native plants can compete with exotics but the magnitude of the effects are diminished compared to the negative interaction from exotics. Together these findings demonstrate that across several regions exotic annual grasses are capable of passing through abiotic filters and disrupting biotic interactions of the native plant community. This is likely to lead to increased spread of exotic annual species and may indicate potential and availability of fine fuel production supporting increases in size and frequency of wildfires in the western United States.
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Harris, Kyle Robert. "Arthropod assemblages in a savanna invaded by Opuntia stricta (Cactaceae) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac/thesis/available/etd-11292009-211107.
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Parker, John. "Plant-herbivore interactions consequences for the structure of freshwater communities and exotic plant invasions /". Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2005. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-11182005-131013/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006.Mark E. Hay, Committee Chair ; Julia Kubanek, Committee Member ; Joseph Montoya, Committee Member ; J. Todd Streelman, Committee Member ; David M. Lodge, Committee Member. Includes bibliographical references.
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Scharfy, Deborah. "Exotic plant invasions : importance of functional traits for soil characteristics and plant-soil feedback /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=18308.
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Parker, John D. "Plant-herbivore interactions : consequences for the structure of freshwater communities and exotic plant invasions". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/9460.
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Invasive exotic species threaten native biodiversity, alter ecosystem structure and function, and annually cost over $100 billion in the US alone. Determining the ecological traits and interactions that affect invasion success are thus critical for predicting, preventing, and mitigating the negative effects of biological invasions. Native herbivores are widely assumed to facilitate exotic plant invasions by preferentially consuming native plants and avoiding exotic plants. Here, I use freshwater plant communities scattered broadly across the Southeastern U.S. to show that herbivory is an important force driving the ecology and evolution of freshwater systems. However, native consumers often preferentially consume rather than avoid exotic over native plants. Analyses of 3 terrestrial datasets showed similar patterns, with native herbivores generally preferring exotic plants. Thus, exotic plants appear defensively nave against these evolutionarily novel consumers, and exotic plants may escape their coevolved, specialist herbivores only to be preferentially consumed by the native generalist herbivores in their new ranges. In further support of this hypothesis, a meta-analysis of 71 manipulative field studies including over 100 exotic plant species and 400 native plant species from terrestrial, aquatic, and marine systems revealed that native herbivores strongly suppressed exotic plants, while exotic herbivores enhanced the abundance and species richness of exotic plants by suppressing native plants. Both outcomes are consistent with the hypothesis that prey are susceptible to evolutionarily novel consumers. Thus, native herbivores provide biotic resistance to plant invasions, but the widespread replacement of native with exotic herbivores eliminates this ecosystem service, facilitates plant invasions, and triggers an invasional meltdown. Consequently, rather than thriving because they escape their co-evolved specialist herbivores, exotic plants may thrive because their co-evolved generalist herbivores have stronger negative effects on evolutionarily nave, native plants.
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Chandler, Brad James. "The effects of disturbance and deer herbivory on plant invasions". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3852.
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Despite the negative impacts invasive plants can impose on forest communities and
the potential for these impacts to increase with global change, little has been done in
New Zealand to examine what facilitates the establishment and spread of these
species within native beech (Nothofagus solandri) forest. This study examines the role
which forest canopy gaps and deer herbivory have on the dispersal, germination,
establishment and spread of invasive plant species within the Nothofagus forests of
the Hopkins and Huxley valleys, near Twizel, New Zealand. Propagule dispersal was
enhanced by the presence of a gap in the above canopy, resulting in an increased
number of seeds being caught on the sticky traps in these plots (159 compared to only
2 in the control plots). Seed bank samples were assessed by germination in a
glasshouse for one year. The invasive seed bank was larger in the fenced plots and
conversely to the other results of this study, the presence of a canopy gap had no
effect on the size of the seed bank. Aboveground cover of these invasive plants was
primarily driven by the existence of a canopy gap, suggesting that canopy gaps are the
main cause of plant invasions into Nothofagus forest (9% mean cover in the gap plots
compared to 0% in the control and fence plots). However, there was a further increase
in the aboveground cover of these invasive plants where a deer exclusion fence was
situated around the perimeter of an open canopy plot (27.5% mean cover in the gap
fence plots compared to 9% in the gap plots). Thus, suggesting that deer herbivory
could be decreasing the abundance of invasive plants in areas of forest where gaps
have been created. The canopy gaps allowed invasive plants to spread back into the
forest away from the openings but only for a short distance, as in all cases invasive
plants were absent by 6-7m from the plot edge. This localised establishment and
spread of invasive plants where canopy gaps have been created could pose a threat to
New Zealand’s native Nothofagus forests, as many small populations spread out
across a landscape can cause more ecosystem adversity than larger single populations.
If not kept in check these invaders could increase further with global change however,
if herbivory is assisting in the control of plant invasions management strategies for
both invasive plants and introduced deer may need to be revised.
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Moodley, Desika. "Determinants of introduction and invasion success for Proteaceae". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79851.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Successful biological invasions take place when species introduced to regions outside their natural dispersal range overcome several barriers and establish, persist, proliferate and spread potentially resulting in major threats to biodiversity. The success of invasive alien plants depends on species-specific traits and characteristics of the introduced environment. In this thesis I explore which species traits are important and which environmental barriers need to be overcome for an invasion to occur using Proteaceae as a test case. Firstly, I assessed the global introduction history and invasion ecology of Proteaceae - a large plant family with many taxa that have been widely disseminated by humans, but with few known invaders. This revealed that at least 402 species (i.e. 24% of 1674 species in this family) are known to have been moved by humans out of their native ranges, 58 species (14%) have become naturalized and 8 species (2%) are invasive. The probability of naturalization was greatest for species with large native range sizes, low susceptibility to Phytophthora root-rot disease, larger seeds, mammal-dispersed seeds and those with the capacity to resprout after fire or other disturbances. The probability of naturalized species becoming invasive was greater for species with larger range sizes, species used as barrier plants, taller species, species with smaller seeds, serotinous species, and those that regenerated mainly through re-seeding. Secondly, I looked at mechanisms underlying naturalization on a regional scale, using species which are not already classified as major invaders. At least 26 non-native Proteaceae species have been introduced to, and are cultivated in, South Africa. Propagule pressure facilitated the naturalization of Hakea salicifolia populations in climatically suitable areas, but in suboptimal climates human-mediated land disturbance and land management activities are important for naturalization. Similar drivers are important for naturalization of other alien Proteaceae: a long residence time, fire regimes, poor land management, and propagule pressure were important mechanisms for naturalization. Thirdly, I determined whether reproduction, which in part drives propagule pressure, serves as a barrier for naturalization. I examined several Australian Proteaceae species introduced to South Africa and observed that all species were heavily utilized by native nectar-feeding birds and insects. The five Banksia species that were assessed are self-compatible but four species have a significantly higher reproductive output when pollinators visit inflorescences. Fruit production in H. salicifolia does not differ between naturally-pollinated and autonomously-fertilized flowers. Moreover, no significant difference in fruit production was observed between the five pollination treatments (i.e. natural, pollen-supplementation, autonomous, hand-selfed and hand-crossed treatments) and naturalized and non-naturalized populations. However, pollen limitation was detected in non-naturalized populations which received fewer pollinator visits than naturalized populations. Thus, reproduction limits but is not a fundamental barrier to invasion for H. salicifolia. I conclude that reproductive success of the studied Proteaceae, which is a key barrier determining invasiveness, is not limited by autonomous seed set or mutualisms in the introduced range. In this thesis I highlight biogeographical characteristics, a set of life-history traits and ecological traits as important determinants of invasiveness. These traits are in turn dependent on the stage of invasion. Characteristics of the recipient environment are also important drivers of invasions. This study provides a better understanding of plant invasions in general, but the patterns and processes of invasions highlighted in this thesis will be particularly useful for the current and future management of alien Proteaceae in South Africa and elsewhere, as well as, other species that are adapted to Mediterranean and nutrient poor ecosystems. For example, combining traits of invasiveness and susceptible environments will help to identify which non-native species pose a high risk of becoming invasive (e.g. species with large home ranges and barrier plants) and which conditions in the target area are likely to facilitate or exacerbate invasions (e.g. strong climate match and high propagule pressure).
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suksesvolle biologiese indringing vind plaas wanneer ʼn spesie geïntroduseer word in ʼn area buite sy natuurlike verspreidings area, sekere versperrings oorkom, vestig, bly voortbestaan, vermenigvuldig en versprei en potensieel ʼn groot bedreiging inhou vir biodiversiteit. Die sukses van uitheemse indringer plante hang af van spesifieke kenmerke van die spesie en kenmerke van die omgewing waarin dit geïntroduseer word. In hierdie tesis maak ek gebruik van Proteaceae om te ondersoek watter kenmerke is belangrik en watter omgewing versperrings moet oorkom word vir indringing om plaas te vind. Ten eerste assesseer ek die wêreldwye introduksie geskiedenis en indringers ekologie van Proteaceae – ʼn groot plant familie wat wyd gebruik word deur mense, maar met min indringer spesies. Dit het gewys dat mense ten minste 402 spesies (dus 24% van die 1674 spesies in die familie) uit die inheemse areas verskuif het, 58 spesies (14%) genaturaliseer het en 8 spesies (2%) indringers geword het. Die moontlikheid van naturalisasie was die grootste vir spesies met ʼn groot inheemse streek, lae vatbaarheid vir Phytophthora wortelvrot, groter sade, dier verspreide sade en die met ʼn vermoë om weer uit te spruit na ʼn vuur of ander versteuring. Die moontlikheid van genaturaliseerde spesies om indringers te word, was groter vir spesies met groter streek grootte, spesies wat as versperring plante gebruik word, hoër spesies, spesies met kleiner sade, serotiniese spesies, en die wat hoofsaaklik voortbestaan as saadspruiters. Tweedens, het ek gekyk na onderliggende meganismes op ʼn regionale skaal, deur gebruik te maak van spesies wat nie alreeds as belangrike indringers geklassifiseer is nie. Ten minste 26 nie-inheemse Proteaceae spesies is alreeds geïntroduseer en word gekultiveer in Suid Afrika. Propaguul druk fasiliteer die naturalisering van Hakea salicifolia populasies in areas met geskikte klimaat, terwyl in areas met ʼn sub optimale klimaat, versteurings deur mense en grond bestuurs aktiwiteite belangrik is vir naturalisering. Die selfde drywers is belangrik vir die naturalisering van ander uitheemse Proteaceae: lang verblyftyd, vuur bestel, swak land bestuur en propaguul druk. Derdens het ek bepaal of reproduksie, wat gedeeltelik propaguul druk dryf, ʼn versperring is vir naturalisasie. Ek het gekyk na verskeie Australiese Proteaceae spesies wat geïntroduseer is in Suid Afrika, en het gevind dat al die spesies besoek word deur inheemse nektar etende voëls en insekte. Die vyf Banksia spesies wat geassesseer is, kan self bestuif, maar vier van die spesies het ʼn betekenisvolle hoër reproduksie wanneer bloeiwyses deur bestuiwers besoek word. Vrug produksie verskil nie tussen natuurlik bestuifde en self bestuifde blomme in H. salicifolia nie. Verder was daar geen verskil tussen vrug produksie van die vyf bestuiwings behandelinge (naamlik: natuurlik, stuifmeel bygevoeg, self, hand self en hand kruis) en tussen genaturaliseerde en nie genaturaliseerde populasies. Ewenwel, stuifmeel beperking is gevind in nie-genaturaliseerde populasies wat egter ook minder besoeke ontvang het dan die genaturaliseerde populasies. Dus, reproduksie kan die verspreiding beperk maar is nie ʼn fundamentele versperring vir indringing van H. salicifolia nie. My konklusies is dat die reproduktiewe sukses, wat andersins ʼn sleutel versperring is vir indringing, in die bestudeerde Proteaceae nie beperk word deur outonomiese saad produksie of mutualismes in die geïntroduseerde gebied nie. In hierdie tesis beklemtoon ek die biogeografiese karakters, lewens geskiedenis kenmerke en ekologiese kenmerke as belangrike bepalers van indringing. Hierdie kenmerke is op hulle beurt weer afhanklik van die stadium van indringing. Karakters van die ontvangende omgewing is ook belangrike dryfvere van indringing. Hierdie studie verbeter hoe ons plant indringing in die algemeen verstaan, maar die patrone en prosesse van indringing wat beklemtoon word in hierdie tesis sal besonder bruikbaar wees vir huidige en toekomstige bestuur van uitheemse Proteaceae in Suid Afrika en op ander plekke, asook vir ander spesies wat aangepas is tot Mediterreense en nutriënt arm ekosisteme. Byvoorbeeld, die kombinasie van kenmerke van indringing en vatbare omgewings sal help om te identifiseer watter uitheemse spesies ʼn hoë risiko inhou om ʼn indringer te word (byvoorbeeld spesies met ʼn groot streek grootte en versperring spesies) en watter kondisies in die teiken area die waarskynlikste indringing fasiliteer of vererger (byvoorbeeld sterk klimaat ooreenstemming en hoë propaguul druk).
Książki na temat "Plant invasions"
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Traveset, Anna, i David M. Richardson, red. Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0000.
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Abstract This book contains 23 chapters divided into seven parts. Part I reviews the key hypotheses in invasion ecology that invoke biotic interactions to explain aspects of plant invasion dynamics; and reviews models, theories and hypotheses on how invasion performance and impact of introduced species in recipient ecosystems can be conjectured according to biotic interactions between native and non-native species. Part II deals with positive and negative interactions in the soil. Part III discusses mutualistic interactions that promote plant invasions. Part IV describes antagonistic interactions that hinder plant invasions, while part V presents the consequences of plant invasions for biotic interactions among native species. In part VI, novel techniques and experimental approaches in the study of plant invasions are shown. In the last part, biotic interactions and the management of ecosystems invaded by non-native plants are discussed.
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Clements, David R., Mahesh K. Upadhyaya, Srijana Joshi i Anil Shrestha, red. Global Plant Invasions. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89684-3.
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Foxcroft, Llewellyn C., Petr Pyšek, David M. Richardson i Piero Genovesi, red. Plant Invasions in Protected Areas. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7750-7.
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Heger, Tina. Zur Vorhersagbarkeit biologischer Invasionen: Entwicklung und Anwendung eines Modells zur Analyse der Invasion gebietsfremder Pflanzen. Berlin: Institut für Ökologie der TU Berlin, 2004.
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Petr, Pyšek, red. Plant invasions: General aspects and special problems. Amsterdam: SPB Academic Pub., 1995.
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Luken, James O., i John W. Thieret, red. Assessment and Management of Plant Invasions. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1926-2.
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Tripathi, Sachchidanand, Rahul Bhadouria, Priyanka Srivastava, Rishikesh Singh i Daizy R. Batish, red. Plant Invasions and Global Climate Change. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5910-5.
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1955-, Luken James O., i Thieret John W, red. Assessment and management of plant invasions. New York: Springer, 1997.
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Urbisz, Alina. Occurrence of temporarily-introduced alien plant species (ephemerophytes) in Poland: Scale and assessment of the phenomenon. Katowice: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 2011.
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A, Stapleton C., i Parks Canada Atlantic Region, red. The distribution and potential for invasiveness of some non-native vascular plants in Northern Cape Breton. Halifax, N.S: Parks Canada, Atlantic Region, 1998.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Plant invasions"
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Brock, Kelsey C., i Curtis C. Daehler. "Island Plant Invasions". W Global Plant Invasions, 253–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89684-3_12.
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Pyšek, Petr, Jan Pergl, Wayne Dawson, Franz Essl, Holger Kreft, Patrick Weigelt, Marten Winter i Mark van Kleunen. "European Plant Invasions". W Global Plant Invasions, 151–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89684-3_7.
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Montero-Castaño, Ana, i Anna Traveset. "Pollination interactions promoting plant invasions." W Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 67–89. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0067.
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Abstract Most plant species rely on, or benefit from, animal pollination. Therefore, pollination interactions are expected to play a key role in the reproduction and invasion success of non-native plants in their new areas. Understanding this role will allow us to better predict certain plant invasions. Also, it will allow us to explore the potential of invasion management measures based on disrupting or avoiding pollination interactions. In this chapter we review the available information on reproductive systems and their degree of dependence on animal-mediated pollination of non-native plant species. We review the characteristics of resident pollinators feeding on non-native plants and the different environmental setups that allow or impede non-native plants to reproduce in their new areas. Finally, we explore the scarce literature on invasion management measures based on disrupting pollination interactions and discuss their potentiality. Evidence so far shows that animal pollination does not usually act as an effective barrier to invasion. Most introduced plants are able to receive suitable pollination service from resident pollinators, while others are able to minimize their reliance on pollinators through different mechanisms (e.g. selfing or asexual reproduction). The environmental settings where the introduction occurs (for instance, the presence of neighbours with similar or dissimilar flower morphologies), can play an important role on the success or failure of non-native plants overcoming reproductive barriers. Although it seems that most introduced plants do not face pollination barriers, we consider that, for certain species, the disruption or avoidance of pollination interactions as control or prevention measures deserve further exploration.
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Joshi, Srijana, Bharat Babu Shrestha, Lily Shrestha, Irfan Rashid i Steve Adkins. "Plant Invasions in Mountains". W Global Plant Invasions, 279–300. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89684-3_13.
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Richardson, David M., Arne B. R. Witt, Jan Pergl, Wayne Dawson, Franz Essl, Holger Kreft, Mark van Kleunen, Patrick Weigelt, Marten Winter i Petr Pyšek. "Plant Invasions in Africa". W Global Plant Invasions, 225–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89684-3_11.
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Shrestha, Bharat B., Arne B. R. Witt, Shicai Shen, Anzar A. Khuroo, Uttam B. Shrestha i Alireza Naqinezhad. "Plant Invasions in Asia". W Global Plant Invasions, 89–127. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89684-3_5.
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Young, Stephen L., Sarah Kimball i Stephen J. Novak. "Invasion of Plant Communities". W Global Plant Invasions, 29–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89684-3_2.
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Cavieres, Lohengrin A. "The role of plant-plant facilitation in non-native plant invasions." W Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 138–52. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0138.
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Abstract Biological invasions are one the most important drivers of the current environmental changes generating important biodiversity losses. Although several hypotheses have been proposed to understand the mechanisms underpinning biological invasions, most of them relate to negative interactions among native and invasive species, where the capacity for many invasive species to reduce diversity is often attributed to a greater competitiveness. However, neighbouring species can also show facilitative interactions, where the presence of one species can facilitate another directly by improving environmental conditions or indirectly through negative effects on a third party species. This chapter reviews the scientific literature on plant invasion, seeking examples of where facilitative interactions either among native and non-native plant species or among non-native species were demonstrated. There are several examples of native species that directly facilitate a non-native species, while examples of native species having a negative effect either on a native or a non-native species that compete with a target non-native, generating a net indirect facilitative effect of the native on the target non-native, are less numerous. Direct facilitation among non-native species has been reported as part of the 'invasional meltdown' phenomenon (Chapter 8, this volume). There are cases where non-native species can have a negative effect on a native species that competes with a target non-native, generating a net indirect facilitative effect among the non-natives. Finally, a non-native species can have a direct facilitative effect on native species, which might have important implications in restoration.
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Seebens, Hanno, Franz Essl, Philip E. Hulme i Mark van Kleunen. "Development of Pathways of Global Plant Invasions in Space and Time". W Global Plant Invasions, 53–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89684-3_3.
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Clements, David R., Mahesh K. Upadhyaya, Srijana Joshi i Anil Shrestha. "Global Plant Invasions on the Rise". W Global Plant Invasions, 1–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89684-3_1.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Plant invasions"
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Takala, Jouni, Matti Laehdeniemi i Juha T. Tanttu. "Infrared monitoring of plant damage and herbivore invasions". W SPIE's 1995 Symposium on OE/Aerospace Sensing and Dual Use Photonics, redaktor Sharon A. Semanovich. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.204874.
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Ben, Somers, i Gregory P. Asner. "Monitoring plant invasions in Hawaiian rainforests through multi-temporal unmixing". W IGARSS 2014 - 2014 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2014.6947343.
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Shesteperov, A. A., i E. S. Starostina. "PARASITOCENOTIC ASPECTS IN PHYTOPARASITOLOGY". W THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. VNIIP – FSC VIEV, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6050437-8-2.2024.25.462-468.
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The term "microparasitocenosis" proposed by A. P. Markevich, who combined parasitizing forms of resident microflora of the organism and parasites that entered from external environment. Viruses, viroids, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, phytohelminths, phytoparasitic mites and insects form the parasitocenosis in a macroorganism (plant) and represent a damaging complex that contributes to pathological changes in the macroorganism. The intention to simplify complex biological processes as much as possible has led to artificial isolation of any single pathogen. This turned out to be necessary and effective in studying causative agents of dangerous plant parasite infections. But it turned out to be inconsistent for associated infections and invasions since complex diseases develop when they are combined with other phytoparasites. Their synergism contributes to high harmfulness of complex diseases. Unfortunately, the problem of plant parasite infection and invasion has not been sufficiently studied in phytoparasitology. As defined, plant parasitism has boundaries from positive to neutral interactions of other types that are precisely outlined by pathogenicity. Harmfulness is exactly what can explain centuries-old hostility towards parasites. We considered the plant parasite cenosis of strawberries that included 27 plant parasites and 25 pathogens. The discovery of relationships between phytopathogens and phytoparasites has resulted in a qualitative change in cognitive tools and the interpretation of various pathogenic process phases. Based on systemic analysis, phytoparasites at different levels (plants, plant populations, biocenosis) are considered not as a mechanical population but as an integral system that functions under specific laws. Systemic quality of the plant parasitic cenosis appears in its interactions with other organisms.
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Mukaromah, Laily. "Alien plant invasions in relation to environmental and disturbance factors: Insights from Mediterranean Island". W INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOLOGY AND APPLIED SCIENCE (ICOBAS). AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5115673.
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Gaskin, John. "Finding intraspecific information and precise origins of plant invasions: Current and upcoming molecular methods". W 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.109222.
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Chcherbak, A., R. Konoplya i P. Markina. "INVASIONS OF ADVENTIVE PLANTS IN SEGETAL ECOSYSTEMS OF DONBASS AND PROBLEMS OF PRESERVING AUTOCHTHONOUS PHYTOBIOTA". W Reproduction, monitoring and protection of natural, natural-anthropogenic and anthropogenic landscapes. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/rmpnnaal2021_278-282.
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The results of studying the invasiveness of adventive plants in segetal ecosystems of the Donetsk physical-geographical region are presented. It was found that most of the segetal plant species are adventive. More than 54% of species are included outside the desire of man. Introduced, and then feral, there were 38,8%, another 6,6 % spread doth from culture and spontaneously. By the degree of naturalization, epecophytes prevail, and by the time of introduction - kenophytes. The most common types of American (68) and Mediterranean (36) origin. The core of the adventive fraction of the flora is comprised of invasive species, which have actively and massively spread throughout the region.
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Phan, Cuong H., Hiep X. Huynh i Alexis Drogoul. "An Agent-Based Approach to the Simulation of Brown Plant Hopper (BPH) Invasions in the Mekong Delta". W Communication Technologies, Research, Innovation, and Vision for the Future (RIVF). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rivf.2010.5633134.
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Gupta, Amrita, Mehrdad Farajtabar, Bistra Dilkina i Hongyuan Zha. "Discrete Interventions in Hawkes Processes with Applications in Invasive Species Management". W Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/470.
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The spread of invasive species to new areas threatens the stability of ecosystems and causes major economic losses. We propose a novel approach to minimize the spread of an invasive species given a limited intervention budget. We first model invasive species spread using Hawkes processes, and then derive closed-form expressions for characterizing the effect of an intervention action on the invasion process. We use this to obtain an optimal intervention plan based on an integer programming formulation, and compare the optimal plan against several ecologically-motivated heuristic strategies used in practice. We present an empirical study of two variants of the invasive control problem: minimizing the final rate of invasions, and minimizing the number of invasions at the end of a given time horizon. The optimized intervention achieves nearly the same level of control that would be attained by completely eradicating the species, but at only 60-80\% of the cost.
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Protasov, A., A. Sylaieva, T. Novoselova i I. Morozovskaya. "Benthic and periphytic invertebrate contour groups in techno-ecosystems of power plants of Ukraine". W Xth International Conference of Zoologists. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/icz10.2021.10.
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Based on many years of research experience of water techno-ecosystems of thermal and nuclear power plants a brief review of the main patterns of formation of the composition, cenotic structure, elements of the functional organization of benthos and periphyton communities was made. It was shown that the composition of zoobenthos and zooperiphyton in some cooling ponds, other technical water bodies and watercourses was quite rich. In addition, due to the rather intensive invasive process, the list of taxa is constantly expanding. Species of tropical and subtropical origin have been recorded. Of particular importance is the invasion of species that may be the cause of bio-hindrances in the operation of power plant equipment. Techno-ecosystems have been studied to varying degrees. One of the most studied for a long time are the cooling ponds of Khmelnitsky and Chernobyl nuclear power plants. Hydrobiological research and monitoring at the first one has been carried out for more than 20 years. It was found that the influence of biotic invasion (invasion of Dreissenidae) may have a significant impact, comparable to extreme technogenic factors, on both the ecosystem and technical water supply facilities. The stages of contourisation and decontourisation processes in the Khmelnitsky NPP techno-ecosystem were established. At the Chernobyl NPP cooling pond, studies were carried out during all periods of the existence of the reservoir and the power plant, until the process of uncontrolled pond descent and transforming it into a unique wetland. Based on the obtained data, practical recommendations relating to the organization of hydrobiological and environmental monitoring, as well as reducing biological hindrances and improving the reliability of power plant equipment have been developed.
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Lach, Lori. "Invasion biology and ant-plant systems in Australia". W 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.91856.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaporty organizacyjne na temat "Plant invasions"
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Harms, Nathan, Judy Shearer, James Cronin i John Gaskin. Geographic and genetic variation in susceptibility of Butomus umbellatus to foliar fungal pathogens. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), sierpień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41662.
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Large-scale patterns of plant invasions may reflect regional heterogeneity in biotic and abiotic factors and genetic variation within and between invading populations. Having information on how effects of biotic resistance vary spatially can be especially important when implementing biological control because introduced agents may have different Impacts through interactions with host-plant genotype, local environment, or other novel enemies. We conducted a series of field surveys and laboratory studies to determine whether there was evidence of biotic resistance, as foliar fungal pathogens, in two introduced genotypes (triploid G1, diploid G4) of the Eurasian wetland weed, Butomus umbellatus L. in the USA. We tested whether genotypes differed in disease attack and whether spatial patterns in disease incidence were related to geographic location or climate for either genotype. After accounting for location (latitude, climate), G1 plants had lower disease incidence than G4 plants in the field (38% vs. 70%) but similar pathogen richness. In contrast, bioassays revealed G1 plants consistently received a higher damage score and had larger leaf lesions regardless of pathogen. These results demonstrate that two widespread B. umbellatus genotypes exhibit different susceptibility to pathogens and effectiveness of pathogen biological controls may depend on local conditions.
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Pavlovic, Noel, Barbara Plampin, Gayle Tonkovich i David Hamilla. Special flora and vegetation of Indiana Dunes National Park. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302417.
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The Indiana Dunes (comprised of 15 geographic units (see Figure 1) which include Indiana Dunes National Park, Dunes State Park, and adjacent Shirley Heinze Land Trust properties) are remarkable in the Midwest and Great Lakes region for the vascular plant diversity, with an astounding 1,212 native plant species in an area of approximately 16,000 acres! This high plant diversity is the result of the interactions among postglacial migrations, the variety of soil substrates, moisture conditions, topography, successional gradients, ?re regimes, proximity to Lake Michigan, and light levels. This richness is all the more signi?cant given the past human alterations of the landscape resulting from logging; conversion to agriculture; construction of transportation corridors, industrial sites, and residential communities; ?re suppression; land abandonment; and exotic species invasions. Despite these impacts, multiple natural areas supporting native vegetation persist. Thus, each of the 15 units of the Indiana Dunes presents up to eight subunits varying in human disturbance and consequently in ?oristic richness. Of the most signi?cant units of the park in terms of number of native species, Cowles Dunes and the Dunes State Park stand out from all the other units, with 786 and 686 native species, respectively. The next highest ranked units for numbers of native species include Keiser (630), Furnessville (574), Miller Woods (551), and Hoosier Prairie (542). The unit with lowest plant richness is Heron Rookery (220), with increasing richness in progression from Calumet Prairie (320), Hobart Prairie Grove (368), to Pinhook Bog (380). Signi?cant natural areas, retaining native vegetation composition and structure, include Cowles Bog (Cowles Dunes Unit), Howes Prairie (Cowles Dunes), Dunes Nature Preserve (Dunes State Park), Dunes Prairie Nature Preserve (Dunes State Park), Pinhook Bog, Furnessville Woods (Furnessville), Miller Woods, Inland Marsh, and Mnoke Prairie (Bailly). Wilhelm (1990) recorded a total of 1,131 native plant species for the ?ora of the Indiana Dunes. This was similar to the 1,132 species recorded by the National Park Service (2014) for the Indiana Dunes. Based on the nomenclature of Swink and Wilhelm (1994), Indiana Dunes National Park has 1,206 native plant species. If we include native varieties and hybrids, the total increases to 1,244 taxa. Based on the nomenclature used for this report?the Flora of North America (FNA 2022), and the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS 2022)?Indiana Dunes National Park houses 1,206 native vascular plant species. As of this writing (2020), the Indiana Dunes is home to 37% of the species of conservation concern in Indiana (241 out of 624 Indiana-listed species): state extirpated = 10 species, state endangered = 75, and state threatened = 100. Thus, 4% of the state-listed species in the Indiana Dunes are extirpated, 31% endangered, and 41% threatened. Watch list and rare categories have been eliminated. Twenty-nine species once documented from the Indiana Dunes may be extirpated because they have not been seen since 2001. Eleven have not been seen since 1930 and 15 since 1978. If we exclude these species, then there would be a total of 1,183 species native to the Indiana Dunes. Many of these are cryptic in their life history or diminutive, and thus are di?cult to ?nd. Looking at the growth form of native plants, <1% (nine species) are clubmosses, 3% (37) are ferns, 8% (297) are grasses and sedges, 56% (682) are forbs or herbs, 1% (16) are herbaceous vines, <1% (7) are subshrubs (woody plants of herbaceous stature), 5% (60) are shrubs, 1% (11) are lianas (woody vines), and 8% (93) are trees. Of the 332 exotic species (species introduced from outside North America), 65% (219 species) are forbs such as garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), 15% (50 species) are graminoids such as phragmites (Phragmites australis ssp. australis), 2% (seven species) are vines such as ?eld bindweed (Convulvulus arvensis), <1% (two species) are subshrubs such as Japanese pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis), 8% (28 species) are shrubs such as Asian bush honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.), 1% (three species) are lianas such as oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus), and 8% (23 species) are trees such as tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissimus). Of the 85 adventive species, native species that have invaded from elsewhere in North America, 14% (11 species) are graminoids such as broom sedge (Andropogon virginicus), 57% (48 species) are forbs such as fall phlox (Phlox paniculata), 5% (six species) are shrubs such as Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus), 3% (two species) are subshrubs such as holly leaved barberry (Berberis repens), 1% (one species) is a liana (trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), 3% two species) are herbaceous vines such as tall morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), and 17% (15 species) are trees such as American holly (Ilex opaca). A total of 436 species were found to be ?special? based on political rankings (federal and state-listed threatened and endangered species), species with charismatic ?owers, and those that are locally rare.
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Wilsey, Brian J., i David Losure. Plant Species Effects on Diversity and Weed Invasion Resistance in Restored Grasslands. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2558.
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Wilsey, Brian J., i David Losure. Plant Species Effects on Diversity and Weed Invasion Resistance in Restored Grasslands. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-710.
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Epiphan, Jean, i Steven Handel. Trajectory of forest vegetation under contrasting stressors over a 26-year period, at Morristown National Historical Park: Focused condition assessment report. National Park Service, marzec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2297281.
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The Jockey Hollow section and the New Jersey Brigade Area of Morristown National Historical Park (MORR) are predominantly comprised of upland oak-hickory forests that have regrown over the past 200 years from previous land uses. The forest is being damaged by two major stressors, a large population of white-tailed deer and an abundance of non-native, invasive shrubs and herbaceous species. This study explores changes to the forest over 26 years and suggests management techniques to avoid future degradation. The forest is typical of many upland stands in the region, and studies here would be applicable to many lands controlled by the National Park Service and to many public and private land owners. In 1995, 18 vegetation experimental plots were established in the forest, each 20 x 20 m. Ten plots were in areas that had no non-native, invasive plants. The other eight plots had invasive species. All trees, shrubs and a sampling of herbs were recorded in each of the 18 plots. At that time, no GPS technology was available and handwritten maps were used to record locations. The plots were revisited and resurveyed in 2001; however, only 13 plots were found. This 2021 study is a new survey of the plot conditions. The investigators were able to relocate 17 of the original plots. New GPS locations were recorded for these 17 plots to facilitate future studies. The goal of the study was to test if changes over 26 years in forest conditions differed between the original invaded plots as compared to the uninvaded plots. Also, these data will allow us to measure the progress of invasion into previously uninvaded areas. Together, these results will allow the forest managers to focus attention on the most aggressive plant invaders and to understand the fate of this forest type that is being challenged by deer and non-native plants. Over the last 26 years there has been no hunting for deer here. Also, the plots were not within the few deer exclosures at MORR; deer were able to enter the landscape from surrounding heavily wooded areas. Data were collected in four layers of vegetation – mature trees, saplings, shrubs, and herbaceous groundcovers. The mature trees in the invaded forest plots demonstrated declining trends. The species richness declined by 6%, the average number of trees declined by 30%, white ash and flowering dogwood had the most losses, and basal area did not increase over time because very few new saplings grew into mature tree sizes. The uninvaded plots’ mature trees also revealed a 20% declined in richness, number of trees declined by 18%, the greatest losses occurred for red maple and black birch, but basal area increased slightly due to growth of large persisting trees. Saplings in the invaded forest experienced declines over the 26 years. Species richness declined by 38%, number of native saplings decreased by 44%, and number of invasive saplings increased by 600%. In the uninvaded forest, the conditions and trends were variable. Richness decreased by 21%, no invasive saplings found, number of native saplings increased by 37% (due to increases in American beech). With American beech excluded, the number of native saplings decreased by 60%. In both forest types, the declining number of native saplings was primarily caused by excessive deer damage. For the shrub layer in invaded plots, Japanese barberry stems increased by 122% by 2001 and 276% by 2021. Barberry became the dominant species. Similarly, wineberry stands increased 486% in 2001 and 157% for 2021. It is now the second most common species. However, in the uninvaded plots there was no significant increase in the number of barberry stems and wineberry was not present in 1995 or 2001, and only averaged 1.5 stems per plot in 2021. Neither species has a significant presence now and eradication is possible. A major finding is that the process of invasion of these shrubs over 26 years is very slow. For the herbaceous plants, in the invaded plots there was a sharp decrease in cover by 2021 due to the competitive impact by the abundant invasive shrubs. The invasive Japanese stiltgrass declined 86% in cover and native Carex (sedge) species declined by 78%. In the uninvaded forest plots, stiltgrass was present in very low amounts and did not increase significantly over 26 years. The number of quadrats with any stiltgrass only increased from 3 to 5 over the 26 years. These data show that stiltgrass invades slowly in the uninvaded plots, but in the invaded plots it was greatly replaced by invasive shrubs. Overall, the rate of change of the native herb cover was slow. Together, these data suggest that currently uninvaded forest areas can be protected by monitoring and rigorously eliminating any initial invasions by non-native shrubs and herbs. Once these species reach a significant presence in number of stems or cover in a plot they explode in number. Early intervention when invasive plants first appear is the most practical management tool. Reduction of deer density will also increase the reproductive potential and sustainability of our main forest tree species. Planting of new young canopy tree species, with protection from deer, can retard the ability of invasive plants to begin new populations.
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Wilson, Thomas E., Avraham A. Levy i Tzvi Tzfira. Controlling Early Stages of DNA Repair for Gene-targeting Enhancement in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, marzec 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697124.bard.
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Gene targeting (GT) is a much needed technology as a tool for plant research and for the precise engineering of crop species. Recent advances in this field have shown that the presence of a DNA double-strand break (DSB) in a genomic locus is critical for the integration of an exogenous DNA molecule introduced into this locus. This integration can occur via either non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) into the break or homologous recombination (HR) between the broken genomic DNA and the introduced vector. A bottleneck for DNA integration via HR is the machinery responsible for homology search and strand invasion. Important proteins in this pathway are Rad51, Rad52 and Rad54. We proposed to combine our respective expertise: on the US side, in the design of zincfinger nucleases (ZFNs) for the induction of DNA DSBs at any desired genomic locus and in the integration of DNA molecules via NHEJ; and on the Israeli side in the HR events, downstream of the DSB, that lead to homology search and strand invasion. We sought to test three major pathways of targeted DNA integration: (i) integration by NHEJ into DSBs induced at desired sites by specially designed ZFNs; (ii) integration into DSBs induced at desired sites combined with the use of Rad51, Rad52 and Rad54 proteins to maximize the chances for efficient and precise HR-mediated vector insertion; (iii) stimulation of HR by Rad51, Rad52 and Rad54 in the absence of DSB induction. We also proposed to study the formation of dsT-DNA molecules during the transformation of plant cells. dsT-DNA molecules are an important substrate for HR and NHEJ-mediatedGT, yet the mode of their formation from single stranded T-DNA molecules is still obscure. In addition we sought to develop a system for assembly of multi-transgene binary vectors by using ZFNs. The latter may facilitate the production of binary vectors that may be ready for genome editing in transgenic plants. ZFNs were proposed for the induction of DSBs in genomic targets, namely, the FtsH2 gene whose loss of function can easily be identified in somatic tissues as white sectors, and the Cruciferin locus whose targeting by a GFP or RFP reporter vectors can give rise to fluorescent seeds. ZFNs were also proposed for the induction of DSBs in artificial targets and for assembly of multi-gene vectors. We finally sought to address two important cell types in terms of relevance to plant transformation, namely GT of germinal (egg) cells by floral dipping, and GT in somatic cells by root and leave transformation. To be successful, we made use of novel optimized expression cassettes that enable coexpression of all of the genes of interest (ZFNs and Rad genes) in the right tissues (egg or root cells) at the right time, namely when the GT vector is delivered into the cells. Methods were proposed for investigating the complementation of T-strands to dsDNA molecules in living plant cells. During the course of this research, we (i) designed, assembled and tested, in vitro, a pair of new ZFNs capable of targeting the Cruciferin gene, (ii) produced transgenic plants which expresses for ZFN monomers for targeting of the FtsH2 gene. Expression of these enzymes is controlled by constitutive or heat shock induced promoters, (iii) produced a large population of transgenic Arabidopsis lines in which mutated mGUS gene was incorporated into different genomic locations, (iv) designed a system for egg-cell-specific expression of ZFNs and RAD genes and initiate GT experiments, (v) demonstrated that we can achieve NHEJ-mediated gene replacement in plant cells (vi) developed a system for ZFN and homing endonuclease-mediated assembly of multigene plant transformation vectors and (vii) explored the mechanism of dsTDNA formation in plant cells. This work has substantially advanced our understanding of the mechanisms of DNA integration into plants and furthered the development of important new tools for GT in plants.
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Yurkonis, Kathryn Anne, Brian J. Wilsey i Kirk A. Moloney. The Effect of Plant Distribution on Diversity and Exotic Species Invasion in Prairie Restoration. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-473.
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Бєлик, Юлія Вільєвна, Василь Миколайович Савосько i Юрій Вікторович Лихолат. Taxonomic Composition and Synanthropic Characteristic of Woody Plant Community on Petrovsky Waste Rock Dumps (Kryvorizhzhya). КДПУ, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3640.
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The study of taxonomic composition and ecological characteristics of wood species on devastated lands as a theoretical basis for the phytomelioration of environment remains relevant nowadays. It was discovered 32 species, 25 genera and 15 families in the course of the analysis of woody plant community from devastated lands of Petrovsky waste rock dumps. Among them, allochthonous species (59.38%) have an advantage over autochthonous (40.63%) according to the quantitative indicators. It was established, hemiapophytes predominate among apophytesspecies andneophytes predominate among anthropophytesaccording to the time of entry, according to the method of invasion ergasiophytes, according to the degree of adaptation ergasiophytes and agriophytes. The results of our analysis indicate that the investigated woody plant communitycorresponds to the conditions of localization.
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Stefanoni, Pablo. En Venezuela, "Todo está muy normal". Fundación Carolina, październik 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/ac_17.2022.
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La situación venezolana se ha venido transformando en el plano interno y externo. Se observa una consolidación de Nicolás Maduro en el poder, en medio de un esfuerzo del gobierno bolivariano por mostrar que el país salió del pozo, pese a las sanciones económicas. La coyuntura política latinoamericana y la invasión rusa de Ucrania han cambiado también el contexto geopolítico internacional. Con negociaciones en varios planos entre Caracas y Washington, la oposición —al igual que el debilitado “gobierno encargado”— busca reposicionarse en el nuevo escenario —y reorganizarse internamente— con vistas a las presidenciales de 2024.
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Seggane, Musisi. AFROCENTRICITY: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. Afya na Haki Institute, lipiec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.63010/j48nfur.
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To understand today, we need to know what happened yesterday; then we can plan for tomorrow. The topic of Afrocentricity is big, all encompassing, covering all aspects of life of a people. One cannot do justice to it in a single paper; it covers all disciplines. This, therefore, can only be the first, to start a series of future papers on this emotive subject. As an inaugural paper it will present and discuss Afrocentricity from a historical perspective. It will be presented in four sections: I. Introduction: Definitions, philosophy and purpose of Afrocentricity. II. Brief History Of Africa: Origins of humanity, civilization, movements, migrations, empires and kingdoms III. Things Fall Apart: European invasion, slavery and dehumanization of the African, colonization. IV. Africa Today: Resistance, Independence, Post-colonial Africa, Decolonization and Decoloniality.