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Zamora, David L., Donald C. Thill i Robert E. Eplee. "An Eradication Plan for Plant Invasions". Weed Technology 3, nr 1 (marzec 1989): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00031225.
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An eradication plan is needed to counteract the increasing number of invasions by new plant species and the cost of resulting control programs. An eradication plan includes early detection of new species, assessment of the invader's noxious potential, surveys, understanding of the invader's biology, and technology incorporated into a strategy to eliminate the species and to revegetate invasion sites. Early detection increases the probability of successfully eradicating invading plants. Key factors in determining a plant's noxious potential are similarities among the climates of the invaded area and endemic population, the plant's history of spread, and its ability to germinate. Surveys are necessary to detect new species and to assess their threat. Reliable surveys depend on using proper methods and tactics. Population dynamics indicate the stage of a plant's life cycle most vulnerable to eradication treatments, the time to deplete viable propagules from the soil, and the strategy to stop spread. Eradication technology is based on a plant's population dynamics and must eliminate every plant from an infestation. The survey data, population dynamics, and eradication technology are combined into an eradication strategy that must stop spread, prevent reproduction, and deplete viable propagules from the soil. An effective eradication strategy specifies where and when to apply treatments, quarantine measures, criteria to assess progress, steps to prevent further invasions, and cost appraisals.
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Mackelprang, Rebecca, i Peggy G. Lemaux. "Genetic Engineering and Editing of Plants: An Analysis of New and Persisting Questions". Annual Review of Plant Biology 71, nr 1 (29.04.2020): 659–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-081519-035916.
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Genetic engineering is a molecular biology technique that enables a gene or genes to be inserted into a plant's genome. The first genetically engineered plants were grown commercially in 1996, and the most common genetically engineered traits are herbicide and insect resistance. Questions and concerns have been raised about the effects of these traits on the environment and human health, many of which are addressed in a pair of 2008 and 2009 Annual Review of Plant Biology articles. As new science is published and new techniques like genome editing emerge, reanalysis of some of these issues, and a look at emerging issues, is warranted. Herein, an analysis of relevant scientific literature is used to present a scientific perspective on selected topics related to genetic engineering and genome editing.
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Schulze, Waltraud X., Kristian W. Sanggaard, Ines Kreuzer, Anders D. Knudsen, Felix Bemm, Ida B. Thøgersen, Andrea Bräutigam i in. "The Protein Composition of the Digestive Fluid from the Venus Flytrap Sheds Light on Prey Digestion Mechanisms". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 11, nr 11 (12.08.2012): 1306–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/mcp.m112.021006.
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The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is one of the most well-known carnivorous plants because of its unique ability to capture small animals, usually insects or spiders, through a unique snap-trapping mechanism. The animals are subsequently killed and digested so that the plants can assimilate nutrients, as they grow in mineral-deficient soils. We deep sequenced the cDNA from Dionaea traps to obtain transcript libraries, which were used in the mass spectrometry-based identification of the proteins secreted during digestion. The identified proteins consisted of peroxidases, nucleases, phosphatases, phospholipases, a glucanase, chitinases, and proteolytic enzymes, including four cysteine proteases, two aspartic proteases, and a serine carboxypeptidase. The majority of the most abundant proteins were categorized as pathogenesis-related proteins, suggesting that the plant's digestive system evolved from defense-related processes. This in-depth characterization of a highly specialized secreted fluid from a carnivorous plant provides new information about the plant's prey digestion mechanism and the evolutionary processes driving its defense pathways and nutrient acquisition.
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Mockler, T. C., H. Guo, H. Yang, H. Duong i C. Lin. "Antagonistic actions of Arabidopsis cryptochromes and phytochrome B in the regulation of floral induction". Development 126, nr 10 (15.05.1999): 2073–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.10.2073.
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The Arabidopsis photoreceptors cry1, cry2 and phyB are known to play roles in the regulation of flowering time, for which the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We have previously hypothesized that phyB mediates a red-light inhibition of floral initiation and cry2 mediates a blue-light inhibition of the phyB function. Studies of the cry2/phyB double mutant provide direct evidence in support of this hypothesis. The function of cryptochromes in floral induction was further investigated using the cry2/cry1 double mutants. The cry2/cry1 double mutants showed delayed flowering in monochromatic blue light, whereas neither monogenic cry1 nor cry2 mutant exhibited late flowering in blue light. This result suggests that, in addition to the phyB-dependent function, cry2 also acts redundantly with cry1 to promote floral initiation in a phyB-independent manner. To understand how photoreceptors regulate the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive development, we examined the effect of sequential illumination by blue light and red light on the flowering time of plants. We found that there was a light-quality-sensitive phase of plant development, during which the quality of light exerts a profound influence on flowering time. After this developmental stage, which is between approximately day-1 to day-7 post germination, plants are committed to floral initiation and the quality of light has little effect on the flowering time. Mutations in either the PHYB gene or both the CRY1 and CRY2 genes resulted in the loss of the light-quality-sensitive phase manifested during floral development. The commitment time of floral transition, defined by a plant's sensitivity to light quality, coincides with the commitment time of inflorescence development revealed previously by a plant's sensitivity to light quantity - the photoperiod. Therefore, the developmental mechanism resulting in the commitment to flowering appears to be the direct target of the antagonistic actions of the photoreceptors.
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Penna, Suprasanna, i Sushma Naithani. "Understanding the plant's response to global climate change using Omics". Current Plant Biology 29 (styczeń 2022): 100241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpb.2022.100241.
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EICHLIN, THOMAS D., OONA S. DELGADO, LORRAINE W. STRATHIE, COSTAS ZACHARIADES i JOSE CLAVIJO. "Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, a new species (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) for the biological control of Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson (Asteraceae)". Zootaxa 2288, nr 1 (12.11.2009): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2288.1.2.
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A new species of Sesiidae, Carmenta chromolaenae Eichlin, is described to make the name available to researchers evaluating the moth's potential for biological control of its host plant, Chromolaena odorata, in South Africa and other parts of the plant's invasive range. This clearwing moth species was reared from the host plant in Venezuela. The adult moth, including the male and female genitalia, larva, and pupa are described and illustrated. Its biology and possible use as a control agent are discussed.
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Rao, Marada Srinivasa, S. Praveen Kumar i Konda Srinivasa Rao. "A Review on Detection of Medical Plant Images". International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, nr 4 (4.05.2023): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i4.6381.
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Both human and non-human life on Earth depends heavily on plants. The natural cycle is most significantly influenced by plants. Because of the sophistication of recent plant discoveries and the computerization of plants, plant identification is particularly challenging in biology and agriculture. There are a variety of reasons why automatic plant classification systems must be put into place, including instruction, resource evaluation, and environmental protection. It is thought that the leaves of medicinal plants are what distinguishes them. It is an interesting goal to identify the species of plant automatically using the photo identity of their leaves because taxonomists are undertrained and biodiversity is quickly vanishing in the current environment. Due to the need for mass production, these plants must be identified immediately. The physical and emotional health of people must be taken into consideration when developing drugs. To important processing of medical herbs is to identify and classify. Since there aren't many specialists in this field, it might be difficult to correctly identify and categorize medicinal plants. Therefore, a fully automated approach is optimal for identifying medicinal plants. The numerous means for categorizing medicinal plants that take into interpretation based on the silhouette and roughness of a plant's leaf are briefly précised in this article.
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-, Prabhavathi, i Anuradha Mal. "Nutraceutical properties of Vinca rosea". Biomedicine 42, nr 3 (3.07.2022): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.51248/.v42i3.1459.
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Vinca rosea (C. roseus), a member of the Apocynaceae family, is a popular medicinal plant found in many countries. It's gaining popularity because it's been discovered to have a variety of phytochemicals having a wide range of biological actions, such as free radicle scavenging, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, antifungal, and cancer-fighting properties. The most important alkaloids isolated from vinca plant is vincristine and vinblastine. These were the first anticancer medicines obtained from plants to be tested in clinical trials. New indole alkaloids have recently been identified from this plant, including human cancer cell lines which were efficiently suppressed in vitro by 14', 15'-didehydrocyclovinblastine, 17-deacetoxyvinamidine, and 17-deacetoxycyclovinblastine. This plant is high in alkaloids and other secondary metabolites. Vindoline, vindolidine, vindolicine, and vindolinine are some of the important alkaloids found in the leaf extracts of V. rosea which showed anti-diabetic activity in vitro. These findings imply that C. rosea remains a potential bioactive chemical source that warrants more investigation. This study gives a summary of the plant's botanical features, its traditional and current medical uses and phytochemical profiles. In addition, the extracts and bioactive components generated from this plant's supposed health advantages were investigated in order to establish its potential as medicinal agents.
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Baumann, Thomas W. "Some thoughts on the physiology of caffeine in coffee: and a glimpse of metabolite profiling". Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 18, nr 1 (marzec 2006): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202006000100017.
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Human beings enjoy the flavor and stimulating activity of a cup of coffee without knowing that by doing so, they are part of a 'food web' and receive signals coffee plants build to improve their struggle for life. This review is centered in the first part on the purine alkaloid caffeine and its physiological role in the coffee plant's life cycle. Many of the thoughts and ideas presented here are plain speculation, because the real research revealing the secrets of plant physiology such as e.g. the formation of the coffee bean with all its ingredients, has just started. The recent achievements in molecular biology made it possible to tackle and answer new questions regarding the regulation of secondary metabolism in the coffee plant organs at selected stages of their development. Brazilian research groups have much contributed to the recent progress in molecular biology and physiology of coffee. Among them was Maro R. Söndahl, in commemoration of whom this article has been written. Thus, the second part reports on the very first steps Maro and I made together into a very new field of coffee, that is metabolite profiling. The outcome was amazing and gives an idea of the great potential of this technique to map in future the complex network of the coffee metabolom.
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A., Arul Marcel Moshi, Ravindran D., Sundara Bharathi S.R., Padma S.R., Indran S. i Divya D. "Characterization of natural cellulosic fiber extracted from Grewia damine flowering plant's stem". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 164 (grudzień 2020): 1246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.225.
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Assaad, Farhah F., Yoann Huet, Ulrike Mayer i Gerd Jürgens. "The Cytokinesis Gene KEULE Encodes a Sec1 Protein That Binds the Syntaxin Knolle". Journal of Cell Biology 152, nr 3 (5.02.2001): 531–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.152.3.531.
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KEULE is required for cytokinesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. We have positionally cloned the KEULE gene and shown that it encodes a Sec1 protein. KEULE is expressed throughout the plant, yet appears enriched in dividing tissues. Cytokinesis-defective mutant sectors were observed in all somatic tissues upon transformation of wild-type plants with a KEULE–green fluorescent protein gene fusion, suggesting that KEULE is required not only during embryogenesis, but at all stages of the plant's life cycle. KEULE is characteristic of a Sec1 protein in that it appears to exist in two forms: soluble or peripherally associated with membranes. More importantly, KEULE binds the cytokinesis-specific syntaxin KNOLLE. Sec1 proteins are key regulators of vesicle trafficking, capable of integrating a large number of intra- and/or intercellular signals. As a cytokinesis-related Sec1 protein, KEULE appears to represent a novel link between cell cycle progression and the membrane fusion apparatus.
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Dodd, Antony N., i Alex A. R. Webb. "In a plant's own sweet time: Sugar and circadian rhythms". Biochemist 36, nr 2 (1.04.2014): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03602008.
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Rotation of the Earth on its axis causes 24-h cycles in many features of the environment. Circadian rhythms generate a cellular measure of the time of day, providing a biological adaptation to daily changes in the environment. Plants need light to power photosynthesis in order to grow and reproduce, yet sunlight is only available for part of the 24-h day. It may therefore come as no surprise that circadian rhythms are extraordinarily important for plants. Experiments with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana demonstrated that circadian rhythms increase plant productivity and photosynthesis1. Extension to other plant species is revealing how circadian rhythms are crucial for, and can be used to manipulate, agronomic traits of crops. Understanding and controlling the molecular bases for circadian regulation is therefore a crucial part of developing more productive crops for the next century.
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Salsabila, Sherin Dien, Suwirmen Suwirmen i Zozy Aneloi Noli. "Application of Centella asiatica extract as Biostimulant on Growth of Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC)". Jurnal Biologi Tropis 23, nr 2 (9.03.2023): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v23i2.4806.
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Research on the effect of pegagan (Centella asiatica) extract as a biostimulant on the growth of kale plants (Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC) was conducted from April 2022 to August 2022 in the Greenhouse and Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Andalas, Padang. This study aims to determine the effect of giving Pegagan extract as a biostimulant that can improve the quality of kale plant leaves and the concentration of Pegagan extract that can increase the growth of kale plants. The method used in this research was an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and five replicates. Treatments included the following amounts of Pegagan extract: A. (0 mg/l), B. (12.5 mg/l), C. (25 mg/l), D. (50 mg/l), and E. (100 mg/l). The results showed that several concentrations of Pegagan extract had different effects on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll of kale plants. However, it did not give different effects on plant growth parameters, namely plant height, number of leaves, root length, wet weight, and dry weight of kale plants. Based on the proximate analysis, the application of Pegagan extract has not been able to influence the quality of the kale plant's water, ash, fat, carbohydrate, and vitamin C. Still, it can affect kale plants' protein and crude fiber content.
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Roberson, Amanda, Carla Spence i Harsh P. Bais. "Underground communication: Belowground signalling mediates diverse root–root and root–microbe interactions". Biochemist 36, nr 5 (1.10.2014): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03605032.
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Plants are stationary organisms, generally restricted to one location for the duration of their growth and development, which is why the need for clear means of information exchange becomes paramount. Above-ground, plants readily emit pungent volatile substances to signal danger of eminent attack to their relatives or to attract the enemy of their enemies. However, most plant communication is occurring below the ground, where plants are secreting compounds from their roots to send messages to neighbouring plants, microbes and insects in the rhizosphere. Although we think of plants as silent and autonomous, they are actually having very complex and specific conversations to communicate with kin, shape their microbiome, and deter invasive plants and pathogens from taking up residence. Rather than blindly fumbling through the soil matrix in hopes of encountering the conditions for ideal growth, plant roots are actively exploring and modulating their surroundings. Root communication is not only critical in terms of an individual plant's success, but it is becoming clear that this activity has consequences to plant populations at the community and ecosystem scale. This article discusses belowground plant communication via root secretion and the resulting ecological significance.
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Moghadamtousi, Soheil Zorofchian, Muhamad Noor Alfarizal Kamarudin, Chim Kei Chan, Bey Hing Goh i Habsah Abdul Kadir. "Phytochemistry and Biology of Loranthus parasiticus Merr, a Commonly Used Herbal Medicine". American Journal of Chinese Medicine 42, nr 01 (styczeń 2014): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x14500025.
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Loranthus parasiticus Merr (L. parasiticus) is a member of Loranthaceae family and is an important medicinal plant with a long history of Chinese traditional use. L. parasiticus, also known as Sang Ji Sheng (in Chinese), benalu teh (in Malay) and baso-kisei (in Japanese), is a semiparasitic plant, which is mostly distributed in the southern and southwestern regions of China. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of L. parasiticus and to highlight the needs for further investigation and greater global development of the plant's medicinal properties. To date, pharmacological studies have demonstrated significant biological activities, which support the traditional use of the plant as a neuroprotective, tranquilizing, anticancer, immunomodulatory, antiviral, diuretic and hypotensive agent. In addition, studies have identified antioxidative, antimutagenic, antiviral, antihepatotoxic and antinephrotoxic activity. The key bioactive constituents in L. parasiticus include coriaria lactone comprised of sesquiterpene lactones: coriamyrtin, tutin, corianin, and coriatin. In addition, two proanthocyanidins, namely, AC trimer and (+)-catechin, have been recently discovered as novel to L. parasiticus. L. parasiticus usefulness as a medicinal plant with current widespread traditional use warrants further research, clinical trials and product development to fully exploit its medicinal value.
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Kamble, Nitin Uttam, i Manoj Majee. "PROTEIN l-ISOASPARTYL METHYLTRANSFERASE (PIMT) in plants: regulations and functions". Biochemical Journal 477, nr 22 (27.11.2020): 4453–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20200794.
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Proteins are essential molecules that carry out key functions in a cell. However, as a result of aging or stressful environments, the protein undergoes a range of spontaneous covalent modifications, including the formation of abnormal l-isoaspartyl residues from aspartyl or asparaginyl residues, which can disrupt the protein's inherent structure and function. PROTEIN l-ISOASPARTYL METHYLTRANSFERASE (PIMT: EC 2.1.1.77), an evolutionarily conserved ancient protein repairing enzyme (PRE), converts such abnormal l-isoaspartyl residues to normal l-aspartyl residues and re-establishes the protein's native structure and function. Although originally discovered in animals as a PRE, PIMT emerged as a key PRE in plants, particularly in seeds, in which PIMT plays a predominant role in preserving seed vigor and viability for prolonged periods of time. Interestingly, higher plants encode a second PIMT (PIMT2) protein which possesses a unique N-terminal extension, and exhibits several distinct features and far more complexity than non-plant PIMTs. Recent studies indicate that the role of PIMT is not restricted to preserving seed vigor and longevity but is also implicated in enhancing the growth and survivability of plants under stressful environments. Furthermore, expression studies indicate the tantalizing possibility that PIMT is involved in various physiological processes apart from its role in seed vigor, longevity and plant's survivability under abiotic stress. This review article particularly describes new insights and emerging interest in all facets of this enzyme in plants along with a concise comparative overview on isoAsp formation, and the role and regulation of PIMTs across evolutionary diverse species. Additionally, recent methods and their challenges in identifying isoaspartyl containing proteins (PIMT substrates) are highlighted.
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Guignard, Maïté S., Michael J. Crawley, Dasha Kovalenko, Richard A. Nichols, Mark Trimmer, Andrew R. Leitch i Ilia J. Leitch. "Interactions between plant genome size, nutrients and herbivory by rabbits, molluscs and insects on a temperate grassland". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, nr 1899 (20.03.2019): 20182619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2619.
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Angiosperm genome sizes (GS) vary ca 2400-fold. Recent research has shown that GS influences plant abundance, and plant competition. There are also tantalizing reports that herbivores may select plants as food dependent on their GS. To test the hypothesis that GS plays a role in shaping plant communities under herbivore pressure, we exploit a grassland experiment that has experimentally excluded herbivores and applied nutrient over 8 years. Using phylogenetically informed statistical models and path analyses, we show that under rabbit grazing, plant species with small GS generated the most biomass. By contrast, on mollusc and insect-grazed plots, it was the plant species with larger GS that increased in biomass. GS was also shown to influence plant community properties (e.g. competitive strategy, total biomass) although the impact varied between different herbivore guilds (i.e. rabbits versus invertebrates) and nutrient inputs. Overall, we demonstrate that GS plays a role in influencing plant–herbivore interactions, and suggest potential reasons for this response, which include the impact of GS on a plant's response to different herbivore guilds, and on a plant's nutrient quality. The inclusion of GS in ecological models has the potential to expand our understanding of plant productivity and community ecology under nutrient and herbivore stress.
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COTEȚ, Gheorghe, Aurelia DIACONU i Alina PARASCHIV. "RESEARCH ON ADDITIONAL FERTILIZATION IN EARLY POTATO CROP ON SAND SOIL". "Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture Montanology Cadastre Series " 52, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aamc.v52i1.1320.
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The early potato is one of the most profitable crops. It must be cultivated only in those areas where the environmental factors are favorable for achieving large productions, and the southern area of Oltenia meets the necessary conditions required by the plant's biology. The researches followed the efficiency of the foliar fertilization as well as the behavior of the early potato plants regarding the realized production, depending on the administered dose. The use of foliar fertilizers on early potato has led to increased yields in all variants. By applying the ATON ZN product, the production of tubers achieved in 2021, of 36266 Kg/ha, was superior to the untreated control by 11100 Kg/ha, which means an increase of 44.1%. By applying the SEACTIV SILVER product, the production of tubers achieved in 2021, of 32166 Kg/ha, was superior to the untreated control by 7000 Kg/ha, which means an increase of 27.8%. The increase in production was achieved due to the increase in the average weight of the tubers from the variant treated with SEACTIV SILVER, which was statistically assured as distinctly significant positive.
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Shimizu, K. K., i K. Okada. "Attractive and repulsive interactions between female and male gametophytes in Arabidopsis pollen tube guidance". Development 127, nr 20 (15.10.2000): 4511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.20.4511.
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Sexual reproduction in plants, unlike that of animals, requires the action of multicellular haploid gametophytes. The male gametophyte (pollen tube) is guided to a female gametophyte through diploid sporophytic cells in the pistil. While interactions between the pollen tube and diploid cells have been described, little is known about the intercellular recognition systems between the pollen tube and the female gametophyte. In particular, the mechanisms that enable only one pollen tube to interact with each female gametophyte, thereby preventing polysperm, are not understood. We isolated female gametophyte mutants named magatama (maa) from Arabidopsis thaliana by screening for siliques containing half the normal number of mature seeds. In maa1 and maa3 mutants, in which the development of the female gametophyte was delayed, pollen tube guidance was affected. Pollen tubes were directed to mutant female gametophytes, but they lost their way just before entering the micropyle and elongated in random directions. Moreover, the mutant female gametophytes attracted two pollen tubes at a high frequency. To explain the interaction between gametophytes, we propose a monogamy model in which a female gametophyte emits two attractants and prevents polyspermy. This prevention process by the female gametophyte could increase a plant's inclusive fitness by facilitating the fertilization of sibling female gametophytes. In addition, repulsion between pollen tubes might help prevent polyspermy. The reproductive isolations observed in interspecific crosses in Brassicaceae are also consistent with the monogamy model.
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Soppe, W. J., L. Bentsink i M. Koornneef. "The early-flowering mutant efs is involved in the autonomous promotion pathway of Arabidopsis thaliana". Development 126, nr 21 (1.11.1999): 4763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.21.4763.
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The transition to flowering is a crucial moment in a plant's life cycle of which the mechanism has only been partly revealed. In a screen for early flowering, after mutagenesis of the late-flowering fwa mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, the early flowering in short days (efs) mutant was identified. Under long-day light conditions, the recessive monogenic efs mutant flowers at the same time as wild type but, under short-day conditions, the mutant flowers much earlier. In addition to its early-flowering phenotype, efs has several pleiotropic effects such as a reduction in plant size, fertility and apical dominance. Double mutant analysis with several late-flowering mutants from the autonomous promotion (fca and fve) and the photoperiod promotion (co, fwa and gi) pathways of flowering showed that efs reduces the flowering time of all these mutants. However, efs is completely epistatic to fca and fve but additive to co, fwa and gi, indicating that EFS is an inhibitor of flowering specifically involved in the autonomous promotion pathway. A vernalisation treatment does not further reduce the flowering time of the efs mutant, suggesting that vernalisation promotes flowering through EFS. By comparing the length of the juvenile and adult phases of vegetative growth for wild-type, efs and the double mutant plants, it is apparent that efs mainly reduces the length of the adult phase.
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Meng, Yizhi, Yaxin Li, Cheryl D. Galvani, Guixia Hao, James N. Turner, Thomas J. Burr i H. C. Hoch. "Upstream Migration of Xylella fastidiosa via Pilus-Driven Twitching Motility". Journal of Bacteriology 187, nr 16 (15.08.2005): 5560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.16.5560-5567.2005.
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ABSTRACT Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited nonflagellated bacterium that causes economically important diseases of plants by developing biofilms that block xylem sap flow. How the bacterium is translocated downward in the host plant's vascular system against the direction of the transpiration stream has long been a puzzling phenomenon. Using microfabricated chambers designed to mimic some of the features of xylem vessels, we discovered that X. fastidiosa migrates via type IV-pilus-mediated twitching motility at speeds up to 5 μm min−1 against a rapidly flowing medium (20,000 μm min−1). Electron microscopy revealed that there are two length classes of pili, long type IV pili (1.0 to 5.8 μm) and short type I pili (0.4 to 1.0 μm). We further demonstrated that two knockout mutants (pilB and pilQ mutants) that are deficient in type IV pili do not twitch and are inhibited from colonizing upstream vascular regions in planta. In addition, mutants with insertions in pilB or pilQ (possessing type I pili only) express enhanced biofilm formation, whereas a mutant with an insertion in fimA (possessing only type IV pili) is biofilm deficient.
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Adams, Sally, i Isabelle A. Carré. "Downstream of the plant circadian clock: output pathways for the control of physiology and development". Essays in Biochemistry 49 (30.06.2011): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0490053.
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The plant circadian clock controls many aspects of growth and development, allowing an individual to adapt its physiology and metabolism in anticipation of diurnal and seasonal environmental changes. Circadian regulation of hormone levels and hormonal signalling modulates many features of development, including daily growth patterns and the breaking of seed dormancy. The clock also plays a role in seasonal day-length perception, allowing plants to optimally time key development transitions, such as reproduction. Moreover, the clock restricts (gates) the sensitivity of a plant's response to environmental cues, such as light and stress, to specific times of the day, ensuring that the plant can distinguish between normal fluctuations and longer-term changes. The central oscillator controls many of these output pathways via rhythmic gene expression, with several of the core clock components encoding transcription factors. Post-transcriptional processes are also likely to make an important contribution to the circadian regulation of output pathways. The plant circadian clock plays a role in regulating fitness, hybrid vigour and numerous stress responses. Thus elucidating the complexities of the circadian output mechanisms and their regulation may provide new avenues for crop enhancement.
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Abd Said ALJALALY, Suad, i Amel Abd Said ALJALALY. "SOME MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS OF TOMATO PLANTS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE ADDITION OF PHOSPHATE ROCK AND SODIUM CHLORIDE AND THEIR INTERACTIONS". MINAR International Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology 05, nr 02 (1.06.2023): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8234.15.10.
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A (Factorial experiment), Expermant design was Completely Randomized (C.R.D.),2 × 4 × 3, which included 24 experimental units. It was carried out, during the growing season 2017-2018, in one fieldes of the Botanical Garden of the (Department of biology), in the College (Education for Pure Sciences - Ibn Al-Haytham), University of Baghdad. The research aimed to find out the effect of phosphate rock added to the plant growth medium, at the level of 5 grams, and the zero level that is adding phosphate rock (as a source of the element phosphorus) on some vegetative characteristics of the tomato plant, namely plant height, root length, wet and dry weight of the root and shoot group, Tomato plants grown in medium to which sodium chloride solution was added, and at concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 (mM.L-1), as well as the control treatment, which is the zero concentration of NaCl. The study confirmed the positive effect of adding phosphate rock, increasing the averages and values of the studied traits, increasing the plant's ability to withstand the stress of sodium chloride when adding phosphate rock, and reducing the effect of sodium chloride, which causes a significant decrease in the studied plant traits
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Bhosale, Kishor, i Bharat Shinde. "Effect of AM fungi during salt stress on biochemical content in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)". Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 11, nr 2 (30.04.2023): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2023.11(2).297.305.
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Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a highly-grown spice crop; its aromatic rhizomes are commercially important due to its high importance in the diet as a spice and some medicinal values. Irrigation methods in India increase salt content in the soil. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi assist plants under salt stress. However, the vital role of mycorrhizal fungi in ginger salt tolerance has not been evaluated yet and needs to emphasize on its evaluation. The present investigation was conducted to assess the efficacy of AM fungi on ginger plants grown under different salt concentrations. In the current investigation level of Chlorophyll, nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, Proteins, Proline, reducing sugars, and total soluble carbohydrates contents have been evaluated to estimate the Growth and biochemical parameters. The study revealed that AM fungi significantly contributed to the salt stress tolerance of Ginger plants. Statistical analysis found an enormously significant correlation between growth parameters and salt tolerance. Pearson correlation coefficient has been used as testimony, resulting in a positive correlation of the use of AM fungi on ginger plant's Growth and biochemical contents.
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Bardhan, Kirti, Larry M. York, Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Vipulkumar Parekh, Suchismita Jena i Mansi N. Pandya. "Can smart nutrient applications optimize the plant's hidden half to improve drought resistance?" Physiologia Plantarum 172, nr 2 (20.01.2021): 1007–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppl.13332.
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Cavrak, Vladimir V., Nicole Lettner, Suraj Jamge, Agata Kosarewicz, Laura Maria Bayer i Ortrun Mittelsten Scheid. "How a Retrotransposon Exploits the Plant's Heat Stress Response for Its Activation". PLoS Genetics 10, nr 1 (30.01.2014): e1004115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004115.
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Francis, Ardath, Stephen J. Darbyshire, Anne Légère i Marie-Josée Simard. "The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 151. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, nr 7 (listopad 2012): 1359–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-076.
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Francis, A., Darbyshire, S. J., Légère, A. and Simard, M.-J. 2012. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 151. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 1359–1380. Stork's bill, Erodium cicutarium, is an annual weed of the geranium family (Geraniaceae), native to Mediterranean Europe, North Africa and western Asia. It has spread widely to temperate regions of both hemispheres, in particular to semi-arid ranges and prairies where it is frequently a dominant weed. In western Canada, it has increased in importance as a weed of cereal, canola, legume, sugarbeet and potato crops, particularly with the adoption of conservation tillage, and is both a field weed and seed contaminant of forage crops. The species had been sporadically collected in Québec since 1874 from cultivated fields (oats, potatoes, corn), but it recently appeared in experimental plots grown in corn, soybean, and red clover in eastern Québec, suggesting its potential as a serious weed. Outside of Canada, it is found in a range of crops, and has been host to viral, fungal and insect pathogens that can cause damage to crops and pastures. The plant's early germination, rapid growth and prolific seed production give it a competitive advantage in crops. In spring crops, the weed may be past the stage for optimal control by the time that the crop has reached the stage when herbicides are normally applied. Control may consequently require an extensive and often costly integrated weed management system. In semi-arid grazing areas it probably displaced some native vegetation, but has also become an important forage plant and a source of food for native wildlife. Its antioxidant and other chemical properties have drawn attention to potential medicinal and other beneficial uses.
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Stahl, Yvonne, i Rüdiger Simon. "Peptides and receptors controlling root development". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, nr 1595 (5.06.2012): 1453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0235.
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The growth of a plant's root system depends on the continued activity of the root meristem, and the generation of new meristems when lateral roots are initiated. Plants have developed intricate signalling systems that employ secreted peptides and plasma membrane-localized receptor kinases for short- and long-range communication. Studies on growth of the vascular system, the generation of lateral roots, the control of cell differentiation in the root meristem and the interaction with invading pathogens or symbionts has unravelled a network of peptides and receptor systems with occasionally shared functions. A common theme is the employment of conserved modules, consisting of a short signalling peptide, a receptor-like kinase and a target transcription factor, that control the fate and proliferation of stem cells during root development. This review intends to give an overview of the recent advances in receptor and peptide ligand-mediated signalling involved in root development.
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Naveed, Khalid, i Hanu R. Pappu. "Susceptibility of Arabidopsis Ecotypes to Infection by Iris yellow spot virus". Plant Health Progress 13, nr 1 (styczeń 2012): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2012-0714-01-rs.
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Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV; genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae) is a serious constraint for onion production in the United States and several other parts of the world. A few experimental indicator hosts were reported for IYSV but there is no report of infection of Arabidopsis by IYSV. Establishing IYSV infection in onion by mechanical inoculation has so far proven to be inefficient resulting in numerous escapes. Using Arabidopsis thaliana as a host for studies on the biology and tospovirus-host interactions has an advantage of the plant's small genome size, short life cycle, and a genome that has been sequenced. Several ecotypes were evaluated for their susceptibility to IYSV and identified some where IYSV produces localized infection. Together with wild type and various mutants, the IYSV-Arabidopsis system could be useful for studying host-tospovirus interactions. Accepted for publication 12 June 2012. Published 14 July 2012.
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Hayrapetyan, A. M., A. G. Ghukasyan, A. H. Muradyan, L. J. Martirosyan i Z. H. Hovakimyan. "Palynological, karyological and eco-physiological features of Microcnemum coralloides of Armenian flora". Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 14, nr 4 (6.10.2023): 531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022376.
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The nature of pollen grains and karyotype morphology are important bases in the task of clarifying relationships and they are considered to be of significant value in observing the effects of environmental and climatic factors on plants. The investigations of the palynological, as well as karyological and physiological data regarding to M. coralloides, as one of the rarest species of the Armenian flora, were conducted for the first time using light and scanning electronic microscopy. In Armenia the only remaining population of this species is currently located in the Ararat valley salt marshes to the south-east of Ararat town. In the Red Book of Plants of the Republic of Armenia the species M. coralloides is presented in the category EN (Endangered species). Description of the pollen grain and karyotype of the Armenian population of M. coralloides subsp. anatolicum collected from the vicinity of Ararat town are provided in the article. The study of the water regime, transpiration intensity and photosynthesis, as well as plastid pigments were also conducted. Comparative analysis between Armenian and Iranian specimens of the subspecies M. coralloides subsp. anatolicum showed some discrepancies in pollen features, as well as karyological data, which indicate some specificity of the population growing on the territory of Armenia. The diversity and intersections in pollen traits can be attributed to either natural variability within a population (plasticity), or they may be influenced by genetic differences among populations and closely related species. The physiological data highlights specialized adaptations of M. coralloides subsp. anatolicum for managing water resources, reducing transpiration, and performing photosynthesis in the high salinity conditions of the Ararat Plain. This showcases the plant's remarkable resilience and adaptability to its specific ecological niche, emphasizing the interplay between environment and biology.
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Zhang, Shengrui, Klaus Apel i Chanhong Kim. "Singlet oxygen-mediated and EXECUTER-dependent signalling and acclimation of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to light stress". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, nr 1640 (19.04.2014): 20130227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0227.
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Plants respond to environmental changes by acclimation that activates defence mechanisms and enhances the plant's resistance against a subsequent more severe stress. Chloroplasts play an important role as a sensor of environmental stress factors that interfere with the photosynthetic electron transport and enhance the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). One of these ROS, singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), activates a signalling pathway within chloroplasts that depends on the two plastid-localized proteins EXECUTER 1 and 2. Moderate light stress induces acclimation protecting photosynthetic membranes against a subsequent more severe high light stress and at the same time activates 1 O 2 -mediated and EXECUTER-dependent signalling. Pre-treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings with moderate light stress confers cross-protection against a virulent Pseudomonas syringae strain. While non-pre-acclimated seedlings are highly susceptible to the pathogen regardless of whether 1 O 2 - and EXECUTER-dependent signalling is active or not, pre-stressed acclimated seedlings without this signalling pathway lose part of their pathogen resistance. These results implicate 1 O 2 - and EXECUTER-dependent signalling in inducing acclimation but suggest also a contribution by other yet unknown signalling pathways during this response of plants to light stress.
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Ramadan, Taha, Suzan A. Sayed, Amna K. A. Abd-Elaal i Ahmed Amro. "The combined effect of water deficit stress and TiO2 nanoparticles on cell membrane and antioxidant enzymes in Helianthus annuus L." Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 28, nr 2 (luty 2022): 391–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12298-022-01153-z.
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AbstractNanotechnology has become one of the several approaches attempting to ameliorate the severe effect of drought on plant's production and to increase the plants tolerance against water deficit for the water economy. In this research, the effect of foliar application of TiO2, nanoparticles or ordinary TiO2, on Helianthus annuus subjected to different levels of water deficit was studied. Cell membrane injury increased by increasing the level of water deficit and TiO2 concentration, and both types of TiO2 affected the leaves in analogous manner. Ord-TiO2 increased H2O2 generation by 67–240% and lipid peroxidation by 4–67% in leaves. These increases were more than that induced by Nano-TiO2 and the effect was concentration dependent. Proline significantly increased in leaves by water deficit stress, reaching at 25% field capacity (FC) to more than fivefold compared to that in plants grown on full FC. Spraying plants with water significantly decreased the activities of enzymes in the water deficit stressed roots. The water deficit stress exerted the highest magnitude of effect on the changes of cell membrane injury, MDA, proline content, and activities of CAT and GPX. Nano-TiO2 was having the highest effect on contents of H2O2 and GPX activity. In roots, the level of water deficit causes highest effect on enzyme activities, but TiO2 influenced more on the changes of MDA and H2O2 contents. GPX activity increased by 283% in leaves of plants treated with 50 and 150 ppm Nano-TiO2, while increased by 170% in those treated with Ord-TiO2, but APX and CAT activities increased by 17–197%, in average, with Ord-TiO2. This study concluded that Nano-TiO2 didn’t ameliorate the effects of drought stress on H. annuus but additively increased the stress, so its use in nano-phytotechnology mustn’t be expanded without extensive studies.
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Shi, Xiaobin, Huipeng Pan, Wen Xie, Qingjun Wu, Shaoli Wang, Yang Liu, Yong Fang, Gong Chen, Xiwu Gao i Youjun Zhang. "Plant Virus Differentially Alters the Plant's Defense Response to Its Closely Related Vectors". PLoS ONE 8, nr 12 (31.12.2013): e83520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083520.
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Pandharikar, Gaurav, Jean-Luc Gatti, Jean-Christophe Simon, Pierre Frendo i Marylène Poirié. "Aphid infestation differently affects the defences of nitrate-fed and nitrogen-fixing Medicago truncatula and alters symbiotic nitrogen fixation". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, nr 1934 (2.09.2020): 20201493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1493.
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Legumes can meet their nitrogen requirements through root nodule symbiosis, which could also trigger plant systemic resistance against pests. The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum , a legume pest, can harbour different facultative symbionts (FS) influencing various traits of their hosts. It is therefore worth determining if and how the symbionts of the plant and the aphid modulate their interaction. We used different pea aphid lines without FS or with a single one ( Hamiltonella defensa , Regiella insecticola, Serratia symbiotica ) to infest Medicago truncatula plants inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti (symbiotic nitrogen fixation, SNF) or supplemented with nitrate (non-inoculated, NI). The growth of SNF and NI plants was reduced by aphid infestation, while aphid weight (but not survival) was lowered on SNF compared to NI plants. Aphids strongly affected the plant nitrogen fixation depending on their symbiotic status, suggesting indirect relationships between aphid- and plant-associated microbes. Finally, all aphid lines triggered expression of Pathogenesis-Related Protein 1 ( PR1 ) and Proteinase Inhibitor (PI) , respective markers for salicylic and jasmonic pathways, in SNF plants, compared to only PR1 in NI plants. We demonstrate that the plant symbiotic status influences plant–aphid interactions while that of the aphid can modulate the amplitude of the plant's defence response.
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Biernaskie, Jay M., i Robert J. Gegear. "Habitat assessment ability of bumble-bees implies frequency-dependent selection on floral rewards and display size". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, nr 1625 (21.08.2007): 2595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0705.
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Foraging pollinators could visit hundreds of flowers in succession on mass-flowering plants, yet they often visit only a small number—potentially saving the plant from much self-pollination among its own flowers (geitonogamy). This study tests the hypothesis that bumble-bee ( Bombus impatiens ) residence on a particular plant depends on an assessment of that plant's reward value relative to the overall quality experienced in the habitat. In a controlled environment, naive bees were given experience in a particular habitat (all plants having equal nectar quality or number of rewarding flowers), and we tested whether they learn about and adaptively exploit a new habitat type. Bees' residence on a plant (number of flowers probed per visit) was eventually invariant to a doubling of absolute nectar quality and increased only slightly with a doubling of absolute flower number in the habitat. These results help to explain why pollinators are quick to leave highly rewarding plants and suggest that the fitness of rewarding plant traits will often be frequency dependent. One implication is that geitonogamy may be a less significant constraint on the evolution of rewarding traits than generally supposed.
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Wang, RR C., X. M. Li i N. J. Chatterton. "Loss of heterozygosity and accelerated genotype fixation in rice hybrids". Genome 42, nr 5 (1.10.1999): 789–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-061.
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Loss of heterozygosity is reported in rice hybrids of a particular heritage. Hybrids derived from a plant selected from the Chinese rice cultivar 'Zhongxin No. 1' exhibited somatic variations as evidenced by having both segregating and uniform panicle rows in F2 progenies. F3 plants from uniform F2 rows were found to be homozygous for all 14 RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) markers, of which two co-dominant markers were located on chromosome 2 and five other markers were on five different chromosomes. RAPD markers unique to either parent were present or absent in all F2 plants within some panicle rows, yet segregated in a Mendelian manner in other panicle rows. The molecular data suggest that somatic cells in these hybrids do not always contain both parental homologues of some chromosomes. These findings support the hypothesis that somatic chromosome pairing and recombination lead to loss of heterozygosity and non-identical daughter cells following mitosis. Sequential mitotic assortment of chromosome homologues of a plant's genome can lead to homozygous or nearly homozygous somatic cells that eventually develop into reproductive cells. As a result of this unique mechanism in rice hybrids derived from Zhongxin No. 1, uniform or less-segregating progenies can be identified from F2 or F3 panicle rows at a much higher frequency than normally expected. This phenomenon can be utilized to shorten the breeding cycle of rice, or other crops when plants containing gene(s) for mitotic pairing are identified, or when the genes are isolated from rice and effectively transferred into other crops.Key words: LOH, in vivo somatic variation, homozygous F2, RAPD, apomixis.
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Cheng, Mei-Chun, Praveen Kumar Kathare, Inyup Paik i Enamul Huq. "Phytochrome Signaling Networks". Annual Review of Plant Biology 72, nr 1 (17.06.2021): 217–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-024221.
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The perception of light signals by the phytochrome family of photoreceptors has a crucial influence on almost all aspects of growth and development throughout a plant's life cycle. The holistic regulatory networks orchestrated by phytochromes, including conformational switching, subcellular localization, direct protein-protein interactions, transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulations, and translational and posttranslational controls to promote photomorphogenesis, are highly coordinated and regulated at multiple levels. During the past decade, advances using innovative approaches have substantially broadened our understanding of the sophisticated mechanisms underlying the phytochrome-mediated light signaling pathways. This review discusses and summarizes these discoveries of the role of the modular structure of phytochromes, phytochrome-interacting proteins, and their functions; the reciprocal modulation of both positive and negative regulators in phytochrome signaling; the regulatory roles of phytochromes in transcriptional activities, alternative splicing, and translational regulation; and the kinases and E3 ligases that modulate PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs to optimize photomorphogenesis.
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Peck, Melicent C., Robert F. Fisher i Sharon R. Long. "Diverse Flavonoids Stimulate NodD1 Binding to nod Gene Promoters in Sinorhizobium meliloti". Journal of Bacteriology 188, nr 15 (1.08.2006): 5417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00376-06.
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ABSTRACT NodD1 is a member of the NodD family of LysR-type transcriptional regulators that mediates the expression of nodulation (nod) genes in the soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. Each species of rhizobia establishes a symbiosis with a limited set of leguminous plants. This host specificity results in part from a NodD-dependent upregulation of nod genes in response to a cocktail of flavonoids in the host plant's root exudates. To demonstrate that NodD is a key determinant of host specificity, we expressed nodD genes from different species of rhizobia in a strain of S. meliloti lacking endogenous NodD activity. We observed that nod gene expression was initiated in response to distinct sets of flavonoid inducers depending on the source of NodD. To better understand the effects of flavonoids on NodD, we assayed the DNA binding activity of S. meliloti NodD1 treated with the flavonoid inducer luteolin. In the presence of luteolin, NodD1 exhibited increased binding to nod gene promoters compared to binding in the absence of luteolin. Surprisingly, although they do not stimulate nod gene expression in S. meliloti, the flavonoids naringenin, eriodictyol, and daidzein also stimulated an increase in the DNA binding affinity of NodD1 to nod gene promoters. In vivo competition assays demonstrate that noninducing flavonoids act as competitive inhibitors of luteolin, suggesting that both inducing and noninducing flavonoids are able to directly bind to NodD1 and mediate conformational changes at nod gene promoters but that only luteolin is capable of promoting the downstream changes necessary for nod gene induction.
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Gazzarrini, Sonia, i Allen Yi-Lun Tsai. "Hormone cross-talk during seed germination". Essays in Biochemistry 58 (15.09.2015): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0580151.
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Hormones are chemical substances that can affect many cellular and developmental processes at low concentrations. Plant hormones co-ordinate growth and development at almost all stages of the plant's life cycle by integrating endogenous signals and environmental cues. Much debate in hormone biology revolves around specificity and redundancy of hormone signalling. Genetic and molecular studies have shown that these small molecules can affect a given process through a signalling pathway that is specific for each hormone. However, classical physiological and genetic studies have also demonstrated that the same biological process can be regulated by many hormones through independent pathways (co-regulation) or shared pathways (cross-talk or cross-regulation). Interactions between hormone pathways are spatiotemporally controlled and thus can vary depending on the stage of development or the organ being considered. In this chapter we discuss interactions between abscisic acid, gibberellic acid and ethylene in the regulation of seed germination as an example of hormone cross-talk. We also consider hormone interactions in response to environmental signals, in particular light and temperature. We focus our discussion on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Bont, Zoe, Marc Pfander, Christelle A. M. Robert, Meret Huber, Erik H. Poelman, Ciska E. Raaijmakers i Matthias Erb. "Adapted dandelions trade dispersal for germination upon root herbivore attack". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, nr 1921 (26.02.2020): 20192930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2930.
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A plant's offspring may escape unfavourable local conditions through seed dispersal. Whether plants use this strategy to escape insect herbivores is not well understood. Here, we explore how different dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale agg.) populations, including diploid outcrossers and triploid apomicts, modify seed dispersal in response to root herbivore attack by their main root-feeding natural enemy, the larvae of the common cockchafer Melolontha melolontha. In a manipulative field experiment, root herbivore attack increased seed dispersal potential through a reduction in seed weight in populations that evolved under high root herbivore pressure, but not in populations that evolved under low pressure. This increase in dispersal potential was independent of plant cytotype, but associated with a reduction in germination rate, suggesting that adapted dandelions trade dispersal for establishment upon attack by root herbivores. Analysis of vegetative growth parameters suggested that the increased dispersal capacity was not the result of stress flowering. In summary, these results suggest that root herbivory selects for an induced increase in dispersal ability in response to herbivore attack. Induced seed dispersal may be a strategy that allows adapted plants to escape from herbivores.
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Diana, Sariwulan, Ana Ratna Wulan i Sri Anggraeni. "LITERASI TUMBUHAN LANGKA MAHASISWA PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI SEBAGAI HASIL TUGAS MINI RISET PERKULIAHAN BIOLOGI TUMBUHAN". EDUSAINS 11, nr 1 (28.06.2019): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/es.v11i1.11660.
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RARE PLANT LITERACY FOR BIOLOGICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS AS A RESULT OF THE TASK OF MINI RESEARCH AbstractIndonesia is known as one of the mega biodiversity countries, but ironically biodiversity in Indonesia has actually decreased, so that there are around 240 species of plants already included in the list of endangered plants. Therefore a movement is needed to educate the academic community, in this case Biology Education students through lecture assignments about endangered plant literacy. Thus the problem in this study is how the literacy of endangered plants of Biology Education students as a result of mini research in plant biology lectures. This research is a descriptive research. The research instruments included a mini research assessment sheet, which included aspects of the accuracy of determining plant species which included endangered categories, descriptions of morphology, classification and benefits of these plants. Biology Education students are assigned to survey, inventory and observe endangered plants in West Java. Overall endangered plant literacy of Biology Education students is good, but the aspect that is still lacking is in determining plant species in endangered categories. One of the plants found in Sukabumi area is Cynometra cauliflora including vulnerable plants. Need to develop assignments and assessments to assess endangered plant literacy of students to be more comprehensive. AbstrakIndonesia dikenal sebagai salah satu negara mega biodiversitas tetapi ironisnya keanekaragaman hayati di Indonesia justeru mengalami penurunan, sehingga ada sekitar 240 jenis tumbuhan sudah masuk dalam daftar tumbuhan langka. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan suatu gerakan untuk mengedukasi masyarakat akademis, dalam hal ini mahasiswa Pendidikan Biologi melalui tugas perkuliahan tentang literasi tumbuhan langka. Dengan demikian masalah yang diangkat pada penelitian ini adalah bagaimana literasi tumbuhan langka mahasiswa Pendidikan Biologi sebagai hasil tugas mini riset perkuliahan biologi tumbuhan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif. Instrumen penelitian meliputi lembar penilaian mini riset, yang meliputi aspek ketepatan penentuan spesies tumbuhan yang termasuk kategori langka, deskripsi morfologi, klasifikasi dan manfaat tumbuhan tersebut. Mahasiswa Pendidikan Biologi ditugaskan untuk mensurvey, menginventarisasi dan mengobservasi tumbuhan langka yang berada di daerah Jawa Barat. Secara keseluruhan literasi tumbuhan langka mahasiswa Pendidikan Biologi termasuk baik, tetapi aspek yang masih kurang sekali adalah pada penentuan spesies tumbuhan dalam kategori langka. Salah satu tumbuhan yang ditemukan di daerah Sukabumi adalah Cynometra cauliflora termasuk tumbuhan berstatus rawan. Perlu pengembangan penugasan dan asesmennya untuk menilai literasi tumbuhan langka mahasiswa agar lebih komprehensif.
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Tolin, Serena, Giorgio Arrigoni, Anna Rita Trentin, Sonja Veljovic-Jovanovic, Micaela Pivato, Bernd Zechman i Antonio Masi. "Biochemical and quantitative proteomics investigations in Arabidopsisggt1mutant leaves reveal a role for the gamma-glutamyl cycle in plant's adaptation to environment". PROTEOMICS 13, nr 12-13 (czerwiec 2013): 2031–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201200479.
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Lev, Sophie, Ruthi Hadar, Paolo Amedeo, Scott E. Baker, O. C. Yoder i Benjamin A. Horwitz. "Activation of an AP1-Like Transcription Factor of the Maize Pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus in Response to Oxidative Stress and Plant Signals". Eukaryotic Cell 4, nr 2 (luty 2005): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.4.2.443-454.2005.
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ABSTRACT Redox sensing is a ubiquitous mechanism regulating cellular activity. Fungal pathogens face reactive oxygen species produced by the host plant's oxidative burst in addition to endogenous reactive oxygen species produced during aerobic metabolism. An array of preformed and induced detoxifying enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalases, and peroxidases, could allow fungi to infect plants despite the oxidative burst. We isolated a gene (CHAP1) encoding a redox-regulated transcription factor in Cochliobolus heterostrophus, a fungal pathogen of maize. CHAP1 is a bZIP protein that possesses two cysteine-rich domains structurally and functionally related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae YAP1. Deletion of CHAP1 in C. heterostrophus resulted in decreased resistance to oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide and menadione, but the virulence of chap1 mutants was unaffected. Upon activation by oxidizing agents or plant signals, a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-CHAP1 fusion protein became localized in the nucleus. Expression of genes encoding antioxidant proteins was induced in the wild type but not in chap1 mutants. Activation of CHAP1 occurred from the earliest stage of plant infection, in conidial germ tubes on the leaf surface, and persisted during infection. Late in the course of infection, after extensive necrotic lesions were formed, GFP-CHAP1 redistributed to the cytosol in hyphae growing on the leaf surface. Localization of CHAP1 to the nucleus may, through changes in the redox state of the cell, provide a mechanism linking extracellular cues to transcriptional regulation during the plant-pathogen interaction.
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Guimarães, Aretha Franklin, Luciano Carramaschi de Alagão Querido, Polyanne Aparecida Coelho, Paola Ferreira Santos i Rubens Manoel dos Santos. "Unveiling neotropical serpentine flora: a list of Brazilian tree species in an iron saturated environment in Bom Sucesso, Minas Gerais". Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 41 (6.11.2019): e44594. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v41i1.44594.
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Serpentine soils are those holding at least of 70% iron-magnesium compounds, which make life intolerable for many species. Although plant's adaptation to environmental toughness is widely studied in tropics, virtually nothing is known about Brazilian serpentine flora. Our aim was to bring up and characterize the serpentine flora in Bom Sucesso, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. We performed expeditions utilizing rapid survey sampling method to identify the arboreal compound in the area. Plants within circumference at breast high (CBH) up to 15,7 cm were included in our study. A specialist identified all the individuals to species level. We found 246 species located in 59 botanical families. Fabaceae, Myrtaceae and Melastomataceae were the most representative families in the area. Serpentine areas usually present a few species capable to survive to adverse conditions, contrasting the high number found in our study. To our knowledge, this is the first floristic survey in serpentine areas in the neotropics, reinforcing the need for more studies about plant diversity in those areas. It seems that serpentinites is not the key factor influencing plant diversity in the neotropics. The high diversity found in our study strengthens serpentine areas as a place for conservation concern.
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Navamani Jayachandran, Divya, Boopathi Kadhirvel, Lavanya Anbazhagan, Geetha Anbazhagan, Pradeep Vishnuram i Reddy Prasad. "Performance evaluation and comparative study of three 52-kW PV plants in India: a case study". F1000Research 12 (31.08.2023): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.134731.1.
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Developing countries like India are rapidly transitioning from traditional energy sources to sustainable energy sources, due to the increase in demand and the depletion of fossil fuels. Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems attract many investors, organizations, and institutions for deployment. This article studies and compares the performance evaluations of three 52-kW PV plants installed at an educational institution, SRMIST (SRM Institute of Science and Technology), in Tamil Nadu, India. This site receives an annual average temperature of 28.5°C and an average global horizontal irradiation of 160 kWh/m2/m. The prediction model for the 52-kW power plant is obtained using solar radiation, temperature, and wind speed. Linear regression model-based prediction equations are derived using the Minitab 16.2.1 software, and the results are compared with the real-time AC energy yield acquired from the three 52-kW plants for the year 2020. Furthermore, this 52-kW plant is designed using PVsyst V7.1.8 version software. The simulation results are compared with the energy yield from the plants in 2020 to identify the shortfall in the plant performance. The loss analysis for the plant is performed by obtaining the loss diagram from the PVsyst software. This study also proposes a methodology to study the commissioned PV plant's performance and determine the interaction between variables such as direct and diffused solar radiations, air temperature, and wind speed for forecasting hourly produced power. This article will motivate researchers to analyze installed power plants using modern technical tools.
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Liu, Min, Stephen G. Compton, Fo-En Peng, Jian Zhang i Xiao-Yong Chen. "Movements of genes between populations: are pollinators more effective at transferring their own or plant genetic markers?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, nr 1808 (7.06.2015): 20150290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0290.
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The transfer of genes between populations is increasingly important in a world where pollinators are declining, plant and animal populations are increasingly fragmented and climate change is forcing shifts in distribution. The distances that pollen can be transported by small insects are impressive, as is the extensive gene flow between their own populations. We compared the relative ease by which small insects introduce genetic markers into their own and host-plant populations. Gene flow via seeds and pollen between populations of an Asian fig species were evaluated using cpDNA and nuclear DNA markers, and between-population gene flow of its pollinator fig wasp was determined using microsatellites. This insect is the tree's only pollinator locally, and only reproduces in its figs. The plant's pollen-to-seed dispersal ratio was 9.183–9.437, smaller than that recorded for other Ficus . The relative effectiveness of the pollinator at introducing markers into its own populations was higher than the rate it introduced markers into the plant's populations (ratio = 14 : 1), but given the demographic differences between plant and pollinator, pollen transfer effectiveness is remarkably high. Resource availability affects the dispersal of fig wasps, and host-plant flowering phenology here and in other plant–pollinator systems may strongly influence relative gene flow rates.
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Gupta, Sonal, i Ashwini A. Waoo. "Effect of salinity stress on phytochemical characteristics of Centella asiatica". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, nr 2 (18.06.2022): 684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i2.3387.
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Salinity is one of the predominant abiotic stresses which affects plant growth by inducing excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that leads to oxidative damage of plant cells. Plants alleviate salinity stress by regulating intracellular concentrations of various phytochemicals like phenol, tannin, antioxidants, etc. The present work aimed to study the impact of salt stress on the production of various phytochemicals like phenol, tannin, flavonoids, antioxidants, total protein content, etc. The Salt stress response of the test plant Centella asiatica was studied by irrigating variant concentrations (50mM, 100mm, 150mm, 200mM, 250mm) of salt (NaCl). The phytochemical activity of the plants grown under salinity stress was estimated by using an appropriate biochemical assay. Comparative analysis of the photochemical activity of the test plants in comparison with the control revealed that various phytochemicals were increased in response to salt stress. Salt stress increased the levels of antioxidants from 10.79 to 14.31 μg/ml), phenol from 30.8 to 43.3 in μg/ml, flavonoids (from 490 to 683.33 in μg/ml), tannin from 55.5 to 64.5 in μg/ml, and proteins from 5720 to 6080 in μg/ml in the C. asiatica plants. To sum up, salt stress elicited phytochemical accumulation in the C. asiatica plant, thereby improving the plant's growth by enhancing its resistance to salt stress. This finding may play an important role in the sustainable cultivation of commercially important crops like C. asiatica.
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McNickle, Gordon G., Miquel A. Gonzalez-Meler, Douglas J. Lynch, Jennifer L. Baltzer i Joel S. Brown. "The world's biomes and primary production as a triple tragedy of the commons foraging game played among plants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, nr 1842 (16.11.2016): 20161993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1993.
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Plants appear to produce an excess of leaves, stems and roots beyond what would provide the most efficient harvest of available resources. One way to understand this overproduction of tissues is that excess tissue production provides a competitive advantage. Game theoretic models predict overproduction of all tissues compared with non-game theoretic models because they explicitly account for this indirect competitive benefit. Here, we present a simple game theoretic model of plants simultaneously competing to harvest carbon and nitrogen. In the model, a plant's fitness is influenced by its own leaf, stem and root production, and the tissue production of others, which produces a triple tragedy of the commons. Our model predicts (i) absolute net primary production when compared with two independent global datasets; (ii) the allocation relationships to leaf, stem and root tissues in one dataset; (iii) the global distribution of biome types and the plant functional types found within each biome; and (iv) ecosystem responses to nitrogen or carbon fertilization. Our game theoretic approach removes the need to define allocation or vegetation type a priori but instead lets these emerge from the model as evolutionarily stable strategies. We believe this to be the simplest possible model that can describe plant production.
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KEMAL, RAHMAT AZHARI, ERIC BERNARDUS L. SANDJAJA, AUDI PUTRA SANTOSA i JEREMIAS IVAN. "Short Communication: Identification of Mildew Locus O (MLO) genes in Durio zibethinus genome corresponding with the Powdery Mildew disease". Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, nr 6 (9.10.2018): 2204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190628.
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Kemal RA, Sandjaja EBL, Santosa AP, Ivan J. 2018. Short Communication: Identification of Mildew Locus O (MLO) genes in Durio zibethinus genome corresponding with the Powdery Mildew disease. Biodiversitas 19: 2204-2212. Mildew Locus O (MLO) is a protein consisting of seven transmembrane domains and appears in the various type of plants. MLO proteins are classified into seven clades. It is known that specific clades have different roles in a plant. MLOs from Clades IV and V have been linked to plant's susceptibility to Powdery Mildew (PM) disease. This study aimed to provide an overview of MLO genes present in durian (Durio zibethinus) genome. Bioinformatic analyses were conducted to analyze the phylogeny and structure of MLO genes and proteins in durian. The result showed that there were 20 putative DzMLO genes in durian, encoding 39 putative DzMLO proteins. Durian MLOs belong to Clade I-VI with one protein belongs to Clade IV and five proteins belong to Clade V. Those six MLO proteins shared a common motif in C-terminal and second intracellular domains. Putative alternative splicing and differential expressions were observed among Clade V DzMLO genes. These findings will facilitate the functional characterization of MLO genes and proteins in durian. Functional studies, especially on C-terminal and second intracellular domains, need to be conducted to elucidate the role of MLO in PM susceptibility in durian.
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Biernaskie, Jay M. "Evidence for competition and cooperation among climbing plants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, nr 1714 (8.12.2010): 1989–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1771.
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A plant's best strategy for acquiring resources may often depend on the identity of neighbours. Here, I ask whether plants adjust their strategy to local relatedness: individuals may cooperate (reduce competitiveness) with kin but compete relatively intensely with non-kin. In a greenhouse experiment with Ipomoea hederacea , neighbouring siblings from the same inbred line were relatively uniform in height; groups of mixed lines, however, were increasingly variable as their mean height increased. The reproductive yield of mixed and sibling groups was similar overall, but when adjusted to a common mean height and height inequality, the yield of mixed groups was significantly less. Where this difference in yield was most pronounced (among groups that varied most in height), mixed groups tended to allocate more mass to roots than comparable sibling groups, and overall, mixed groups produced significantly fewer seeds per unit mass of roots. These results suggest that, from the group perspective, non-kin may have wasted resources in below-ground competition at the expense of reproduction; kin groups, on the other hand, displayed the relative efficiency that is expected of reduced competitiveness.