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Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / PLANE STRAIN CONDITION

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „PLANE STRAIN CONDITION”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 11 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "PLANE STRAIN CONDITION"

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Nath, S. K. Deb. "Analytical Solution of Mixed Boundary Value Problems Using the Displacement Potential Approach for the Case of Plane Stress and Plane Strain Conditions". International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 22, nr 2 (24.05.2017): 269–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijame-2017-0016.

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AbstractTwo elastic plate problems made of duralumin are solved analytically using the displacement potential approach for the case of plane strain and plane stress conditions. Firstly, a one end fixed plate is considered in which the rest of the edges are stiffened and a uniform load is applied to the opposite end of the fixed end. Secondly, a plate is considered in which all of the edges are stiffened and a uniform tension is applied at its both ends. Solutions to both of the problems are presented for the case of plane stress and plane strain conditions. The effects of plane stress and plane strain conditions on the solutions are explained. In the case of stiffening of the edges of the plate, the shape of the plate does not change abruptly, which is clearly observed in both of the cases. For the plane strain condition, the plates become stiffer in the loading direction as compared to the plane stress condition. For the plane strain condition, there is a significant variation of the normal stress component, σzzat different sections of the plate. The graphical results, clearly identify the critical regions of the plate for the case of the plane stress and plane strain condition.

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Bukhanko, A. A. "PLASTICITY CONDITION CONNECTED WITH LEVEL LINES OF STRAIN STATE SURFACE FOR DIFFERENT DEFORMATION PROCESSES". Vestnik of Samara University. Natural Science Series 19, nr 9.2 (6.06.2017): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7525-2013-19-9.2-43-54.

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On the basis of the theory of plastic flow the peculiarities of application of plasticity condition connected with level lines of strain state surface for work-hardening incompressible rigid-plastic body at different stressed states realized in the context of plane and axisymmetric strain, plane stressed state are considered. Comparison of the proposed condition with plasticity conditions of Mises and Tresca is carried out on the basis of construction of yield curves in deviatoric plane and in planes corresponding to certain stressed states. It is shown that the proposed plasticity condition describes plastic flow on the edge of Tresca prism in conditions of axisymmetric deformation.

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Cwiekala, Nils, Heinrich Traphöner, Peter Haupt, Till Clausmeyer i A. Erman Tekkaya. "Analytical model of the in-plane torsion test". Acta Mechanica 233, nr 2 (24.01.2022): 641–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00707-021-03129-8.

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AbstractIn research and industry, the in-plane torsion test is applied to investigate the material behaviour at large plastic strains: a sheet is clamped in two concentric circles, the boundaries are twisted against each other applying a torque, and simple shear of the material arises. This deformation is analysed within the scope of finite elasto-plasticity. An additive decomposition of the Almansi strain tensor is derived, valid as an approximation for arbitrary large plastic strains and sufficiently small elastic strains and rotations. Constitutive assumptions are the von Mises yield criterion, an associative flow rule, isotropic hardening, and a physically linear elasticity relation. The incremental formulation of the elasticity relation applies covariant Oldroyd derivatives of the stress and the strain tensors. The assumptions combined with equilibrium conditions lead to evolution equations for the distribution of stresses and accumulated plastic strain. The nonzero circumferential stress must be determined from the equilibrium condition because no deformation is present in tangential direction. As a result, a differential-algebraic-equation (DAE) system is derived, consisting of three ordinary differential equations combined with one algebraic side condition. As an example material, properties of a dual phase steel DP600 are analysed numerically at an accumulated plastic strain of 3.0. Radial normal stresses of 3.1% and tangential normal stresses of 1.0% of the shear stresses are determined. The influence of the additional normal stresses on the determination of the flow curve is 0.024%, which is negligibly small in comparison with other experimental influences and measurement accuracies affecting the experimental flow curve determination.

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NAGASHIMA, Nobuo, i Masao HAYAKAWA. "Strain Distribution Measurement of a Crack Tip under a Plane Strain Condition". TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Series A 79, nr 797 (2013): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.79.23.

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Wanatowski, Dariusz, Jian Chu i Wai Lay Loke. "Drained instability of sand in plane strain". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 47, nr 4 (kwiecień 2010): 400–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t09-111.

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Flowslide or failure of loose granular soil slopes is often explained using liquefaction or instability data obtained from undrained triaxial tests. However, under static loading conditions, the assumption of an undrained condition is not realistic for sand, particularly clean sand. Case studies have indicated that instability of granular soil can occur under essentially drained conditions (e.g., the Wachusett Dam failure in 1907). Laboratory studies on Changi sand by Chu et al. in 2003 have shown that sand can become unstable under completely drained conditions. However, these studies were carried out under axisymmetric conditions and thus, cannot be applied directly to the analysis of slope failures. In this paper, experimental data obtained from plane-strain tests are presented to study the instability behaviour of loose and dense sand under plane-strain conditions. Based on these test data, the conditions for the occurrence of drained instability in plane strain are established. Using the modified state parameter, the conditions for instability under both axisymmetric and plane-strain conditions can be unified. A framework for interpreting the instability conditions of sandy slopes developed under axisymmetric conditions also extends into plane-strain conditions.

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Teranishi, T., i Hironobu Nisitani. "Effectiveness of Non-Linear Crack Mechanics under Plane Strain Conditions". Key Engineering Materials 348-349 (wrzesień 2007): 497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.348-349.497.

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The non-linear crack mechanics (NLCM) is a concept assuring the occurrence of the same phenomena in two cracked bodies under large scale yielding. It has been recognized that NLCM is effective in the cases of plane stress conditions. In this study, it was made clear that NLCM is effective not only in the case of plane stress condition but also in the case of plane strain condition.

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Niu, Hong Tao. "Simulation Method of Tunnel Excavation under Plane Strain Condition". Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (maj 2012): 1753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.1753.

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For a different supporting time hole into subway tunnel excavation, with the initial stress in the surrounding rock in the tunnel and initial stress reverse impose the same release the equivalent of the simulation node, consider themselves lining load conditions in a hole under the formation of linear elastic numerical solution. The analysis indicated that with the increasing of the stress release rate, the hole arch displacement gradually decrease. When the stress release rate is bigger than a value, the hole arch displacement is increase rapidly, this is a marginal value (the biggest permission release rate); Under the identical hole diameter condition, the burying depth is bigger, the biggest permission release rate is bigger; Under the identical burying depth condition, the hole diameter is bigger, the biggest permission release rate is smaller.

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Galyautdinov, Z. R. "DYNAMIC STRENGTH CONDITION OF CONCRETE UNDER PLANE STRESS STATE". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 21, nr 4 (28.08.2019): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-4-138-145.

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Modern calculation models must take into account the dynamic deformation of reinforced concrete. Currently, the main regularities of nonlinear dynamic deformation of reinforced concrete under uniaxial stress state are theoretically analyzed in detail along with a wide range of experimental studies. Properties of concrete under plane stress -strain state and dynamic loading are examined to a lesser extent. This paper proposes the dynamic strength condition for the concrete strength which allows for changing the strain -hardening coefficient of concrete depending on the type of stress -strain state, the ratio of the primary stresses and the deformation rate.

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Dudko, Olga V., i Alexandr A. Mantsybora. "Shock Loading of Heteromodular Elastic Materials under Plane-Strain Condition". Key Engineering Materials 887 (maj 2021): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.887.634.

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The paper discusses the results of mathematical modeling the two-dimensional nonlinear dynamics of heteromodular elastic materials. The resistance of these materials under tension and compression is various. The deformation properties of the heteromodular medium are described within the framework of the isotropic elasticity theory with stress-dependent elastic moduli. In the plane strain case, it is shown that only two types of the nonlinear deformation waves can appear in the heteromodular elastic materials: a plane-polarized quasi-longitudinal wave and a plane-polarized quasi-transverse wave. Basing on obtained properties of the plane shock waves, two plane self-similar boundary value problems are formulated and solved.

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Wu, Qi, Yingjie Zhao, Norimasa Yoshimoto, Jinan Guan, Yukio Nakata, Shintaro Kajiyama i Masayuki Hyodo. "Strain Rate-Dependent Mechanical Response of Hydrate-Bearing Sediments under Plane Strain Condition". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, nr 6 (1.06.2023): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061161.

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Natural gas hydrate has gained significant attention in recent years. To safely and sustainably exploit the natural gas from gas hydrate-bearing sediments, it is crucial to understand the long-term mechanical characteristics of the hydrate reservoir. In this study, the influence of hydrate and fine particles on the strain rate dependence of hydrate-bearing sediments under plane strain conditions has been studied. The experimental results show that the strain rate dependency of the mechanical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments is positively correlated with hydrate saturation instead of the morphology of hydrate in sediments. The residual strength of hydrate-bearing sediments is primarily controlled by the hydrate saturation and is independent of the strain rate. Changes in hydrate saturation and fines content can affect the relationship between the strain rate and shear band angle. Finally, the local volumetric expansion effect of hydrate-bearing sediments without fines content is more significant and shows a strong strain rate dependence characteristic. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the long-term mechanical characteristics of hydrate reservoirs. These insights can contribute to the development of a constitutive model of hydrate-bearing sediments with time dependence in the future, which is meaningful to the exploitation of natural gas hydrate.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "PLANE STRAIN CONDITION"

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Udakara, Deepthi De Silva. "Experimental study of a modified flat dilatometer under plane strain condition". Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22089007.

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Ahmed, Shamheed. "Small strain behaviour of sand under triaxial and plane strain conditions". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436380.

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Zhao, Tao. "Investigation of landslide-induced debris flows by the DEM and CFD". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:316cb3fc-dfc6-4e5a-bc0d-298e298c9c5b.

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In recent years, the increasing impacts of landslide hazards on human lives and lifeline facilities worldwide has advanced the necessity to find out both economically acceptable and useful techniques to predict the occurrence and destructive power of landslides. Though many projects exist to attain this goal, the current investigation set out to establish an understanding of the initiation and propagation mechanisms of landslides via numerical simulations, so that mitigation strategies to reduce the long-term losses from landslide hazards can be made. In this research, the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) have been used to investigate the mechanical and hydraulic behaviour of granular materials involved in landslides. The main challenge is to provide rational analyses of large scale landslides via small scale numerical simulations. To solve this problem, dimensional analyses have been performed on a simple granular column collapse model. The influence of governing dimensionless groups on the debris runout distance and deposit height has been studied for the terrestrial and submerged granular flows. 3D DEM investigations of granular flows in plane strain conditions have been performed in this research. The input parameters of the DEM model have been calibrated by the numerical triaxial tests, based on which, the relationships between the microscopic variables and the macroscopic soil strength properties are analysed. Using the simple granular column collapse model, the influences of column aspect ratio, characteristic strain, model size ratio and material internal friction angle on the runout distance and deposit height of granular materials have been examined. Additionally, the deformation and energy evolution of dry granular materials are also discussed. The DEM-CFD coupling model has been employed to study the mechanical and hydraulic behaviour of highly mobilized terrestrial / submarine landslides. This model has been validated via numerical simulations of fluid flow through a porous soil sample and grain batch sedimentations. The simulations of granular flows in the submerged environment have led to some meaningful insights into the flow mechanisms, such as the mobilization of sediments, the generation and dissipation of excess pore water pressures and the evolution of effective stresses. Overall, this study shows that the proposed numerical tools are capable of modelling the mechanical and hydraulic behaviour of terrestrial and submarine landslides.

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Alabdullah, Jamal [Verfasser], i Tom [Akademischer Betreuer] Schanz. "Testing Unsaturated Soil for Plane Strain Conditions : A New Double-Wall Biaxial Device / Jamal Alabdullah ; Betreuer: Tom Schanz". Weimar : Professur Bodenmechanik, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1115342231/34.

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Matthews, Russell Stuart. "The structural behaviour of brick sewer pipes in soft ground : the examination of brick and reinforced plastic pipes, in granular soil, and under plane strain conditions, using fully non-linear finite element models and a large-scale physical testing prog". Thesis, University of Bradford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287758.

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Wu, Yuan Chien, i 吳元傑. "The Properties of Shear Strength and Consolidation of Composite Soil with Plane Strain Condition". Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63610329953599020536.

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碩士
國立中央大學
土木工程研究所
83
This research conducts consolidation test and consolidated undrain shear test by using plane strain apparatus,and investigates consolidation and shear strength porperities of composite soil.The control variables of experiment are area ratio of improvement,curing time and consolidation pressure. We will further know the share of stress between soft ground and deep mixing pile by comparing major principal stress, intermediate principal stress,excess pore water pressure, deviatoric stress ratio and stress path among these tests. According to the results of consolidation test, it is understood that higher area ratio of improvement or longer curingtime will produce higher improvement effect in decrease of settlement.Also it can decrease the intermediate principal stress while increasing area ratio of improvement or curing time of composite soil. Moreover,the consolidated undrained shear streagth offered the following results.Under the consolidation of higher area ratio of improvement or longer curing time, the composite soil has higher bearing capacity and lower deviatoric stress ratio. While the area ratio of improvement is below 16.75% or curing time is less than 7 days, the intermediate principal stress reaction during shear test has no significant change among these composite soil.The increment of major principal stress, intermediate principal stress and excess pore water pressure will increase while the consolidation pressure increase. Composite soil under shearing is like the effective stress path of overconsolidated clay,and the more curing time and area ratio of improvement the more similar as effective stress path of clay withhigher overconsolidation ratio.

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Kumar, Suresh. "Behavior of stone column foundation under plane strain condition subjected to monotonic and cyclicloading". Thesis, 2018. http://localhost:8080/iit/handle/2074/7752.

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PRAKASH, VED. "EFFECT OF PUNCH PROFILE RADIUS ON SPRINGBACK OF EXTRA DEEP DRAW QUALITY STEEL IN U - BENDING AND IT'S FEA SIMULATION". Thesis, 2016. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/14552.

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Książki na temat "PLANE STRAIN CONDITION"

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Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering., red. On the freestream matching condition for stagnation point turbulent flows. Hampton, VA: Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering, NASA Langley Research Center, 1989.

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Pouillaude, Frédéric. A Space with No Place (Straus and Ecstasy). Tłumacz Anna Pakes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199314645.003.0003.

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This chapter argues that Erwin Straus assigns dance very definitely to the domain of smooth space. Music is dance’s condition of possibility because it establishes the only space that could be adequate to dancing: an acoustic space, both homogeneous and nebulous, in which the directionality of praxis is obliterated. This acoustic space of dance contrasts with the optical space of directed and purposeful movement. The optical space, Straus tells us, is “historical”; the acoustic space, meanwhile, is “presentic.” Dance, as an extension of music, enables this “presentic” relation to space, which Straus calls “ecstasy” or “becoming one.” But ecstasy is only really apparent in dances “which are not yet dances” such as children’s dances, social dances, or primitive dances.

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Vigdor, Steven E. Lucky or Special? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814825.003.0009.

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Chapter 9 sums up the cumulative evidence from preceding chapters and addresses (without resolution) the underlying question of how to interpret the existence of a universe so finely tuned. The chapter’s central science vs. religion theme contrasts conceptions of a Creator, who established conditions for life, with the anthropic principle, which claims that it is inevitable that living observers find physical attributes that are tuned to support life in their universe. The concepts of eternal inflation, the multiverse, and the string theory landscape of myriad possible vacuum states are introduced. The astronomical odds against landing in a universe built on a string theory vacuum capable of supporting life are contrasted with the vastly superior odds of finding a planet in our universe within the habitable zone of a living star. The testability of the multiverse concept is discussed in the framework of Karl Popper’s criterion of scientific falsifiability.

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Ahmed, Ahmed I., Sarah Aldhaheri i Allison Bannick. Inherited Metabolic Diseases (IMDs) and Pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0030.

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Inherited metabolic diseases (IMDs) are rare genetic disorders: clinically heterogeneous, and they can present at any age. With the expanded newborn screening panels, many of the IMDs have been successfully screened. Early diagnosis and treatment of these conditions have led to improved neurological outcomes and overall survival of these individuals, and now many of them are reaching childbearing age. Despite treatment, the potential presence of preexisting organ involvement may not only impact their fertility potentials but also may impose a higher risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Pregnancy leads to an extra strain on maternal metabolism; this may result in the manifestation of symptoms of a previously unknown disease or a progression of a known disease. This chapter will address the possible complications of some inherited disorders of metabolism that are associated with maternal or fetal neurological manifestations such as disorders of energy metabolism (eg, mitochondrial disorders, adult onset urea cycle disorders, ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, amino acidopathies, phenylketonuria (PKU), and impaired fatty acid oxidation disorders). We will provide special emphasis on the available potential treatments and plan of care during pregnancy and postpartum periods.

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Matthews, Russell Stuart. The structural behaviour of brick sewer pipes in soft ground: The examination of brick and reinforced plastic pipes, in granular soil, and under plane strain conditions, using fully non-linear finite element models and a large-scale physical testing programme. Bradford, 1985.

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Weiner, Mark A., i Herbert L. Malinoff. Revising the Treatment Plan and/or Ending Pain Treatment (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0018.

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This chapter describes specifically the population with chronic non-malignant pain whose illness is described as “opioid treatment failures,” perhaps 75% of the total. It addresses one of the most difficult questions in the management of comorbid pain and addiction: termination of opioid therapy. It begins by defining the problem for each patient in terms of strata of risk, and then describes the opioid discontinuation process in both outpatient medical offices and hospital settings. Timelines for discontinuation, including of benzodiazepines, are discussed, as well as the place of buprenorphine during taper or withdrawal. Both the fear of abandonment and the requirement for long-term aftercare are addressed, consistent with psychosocial principles generally accepted for the management of all chronic conditions.

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Cosyns, Bernard, Thor Edvardsen, Krasimira Hristova i Hyung-Kwan Kim. Left ventricle: systolic function. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0020.

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The assessment of left ventricular (LV) systolic function is one of the most important parts of correct diagnosis, selection of treatment strategy or medications, and prediction of prognosis. Although cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is generally accepted as the gold standard in vivo imaging modality for assessing LV systolic function, its practical use is limited due to its limited availability, high cost, and the presence of conditions precluding its performance such as a pacemaker, claustrophobia, and severe arrhythmia. Thus, transthoracic echocardiography is a first-line imaging modality employed in daily practice and has been widely used. Since the first attempts with M-mode approach, remarkable improvements have been made with the advent of two-dimensional echocardiography, and more recently three-dimensional echocardiography, with high accuracy and reproducibility. More sophisticated methodologies such as strain imaging, based on Doppler or speckle tracking techniques, provide a more sensitive and quantitative measurement of myocardial contractility, and are gaining a place in common daily practice. This chapter describes different modalities that have been used for assessment of LV systolic function based on echocardiography, and is grossly composed of two parts: LV global systolic function and LV regional or segmental systolic function. For better application of these conventional and novel methods of assessing LV systolic function, strengths and pitfalls of these techniques should be acknowledged.

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Levashov, Victor K., Nataliya M. Velikaya, Irina S. Shushpanova, Oksana V. Grebnyak, Olga P. Novozhenina i Irina A. Polyakova. Russian civil society and State in the context of the pandemic and parliamentary elections. Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/monogr.978-5-89697-385-0.2021.

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The collective monograph presents the results of the 51st stage of the Russian sociological monitoring "How are you, Russia?" (May-June 2021), reflecting the dynamics of perception the sociopolitical situation in Russia by the main groups and strata of the population. The authors analyze the processes taking place in society in the conditions of the crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic and aggravated socio-political risks, the state of civil society before the elections to the State Duma and the processes of formation of the social state and civil society, the social well-being of Russians in recent years, the dynamics of their attitude to the state, its policy, ensuring the norms of democratic development and the implementation of national projects. For researchers, analysts, teachers, postgraduates, students specializing in the study of socio-political processes, politicians, organizers and activists of election campaigns, management personnel.

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Popadyuk, Tatyana, Saidkhror Gulyamov i Sharafutdin Khashimkhodzhaev, red. IX INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “MANAGERIAL SCIENCES IN THE MODERN WORLD”. EurAsian Scientific Editions, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56948/zajh8343.

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On 9 November 2021, 9th International Scientific-Practical Conference “Managerial Sciences in the Modern World” was opened. This year, the event took place in the online format because of the strained epidemiological situation. A total of about 450 specialists took part in the conference. “Managerial Sciences” has already become a kind of brand, with more than half a dozen different round table discussions, sections”, said Arkady Trachuk, Dean of the Faculty “Higher School of Management” at the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, who moderated the plenary session. He said that the 2021 conference participants included representatives from Latvia, Republic of Fiji, Kuwait, India, Uzbekistan, and Russia. Russia was represented by seven regions: Moscow and Moscow Region, Bryansk-, Tver-, Saratov-, Arkhangelsk regions, Republic of Tatarstan and Krasnodar Territory. Delegates from 25 universities, including 6 foreign higher educational establishments, took part in the sections’ work. The central event of the first day of the conference was a plenary session during which presentations were delivered by representatives of Germany, Slovenia, Uzbekistan and Russia. The plenary session was opened by Arkady Trachuk. His presentation focused on the goals of introducing digital technologies in the Russian industry. The speaker presented the results of the research implemented by a team of scholars from the Department of Management and Innovation at the Faculty “Higher School of Management”. Alexander Brem, Head of Technological Entrepreneurship and Digitalisation at Stifterverband Consulting Company funded by Daimler Foundation (Germany), talked about artificial intelligence as an innovation management technology. The expert is convinced that artificial intelligence will become the core technology to drive the technological development in the 21st century. Jörg Geisler, head of Finance and Risk Management at S-Kreditpartner GmbH, expert on consumer lending at savings banks (Germany), dwelled on an important subject – “Risk management at times of digital innovation” by the example of the banking industry. Samo Bobek, Dean of the Faculty of Economics and Business (FEB) at the University of Maribor, Professor of e-business and information management (Slovenia), delivered a presentation on “Digital transformation impact on business models”. His presentation dealt with digital transformation of business models. Azizjon Bobojonov, Head of International Project Office, Associate Professor of the Department “Digital Economy and Information Technologies” at Tashkent State University of Economics (Republic of Uzbekistan), talked in his presentation “Reinventing the services in the digital age” about new discoveries in the service industry in the epoch of digital transformation. The plenary session was followed by thematic sessions in the following areas: • Change management and leadership • Business strategies and sustainable development • International management and business • Theoretical issues of management • Theory and practice of project management • Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility • Operations and business process management • Strategic financial management • Public sector management and efficiency problems • Major cities and urban agglomerations management • Real sector investment management • Crisis and business continuity management • Systems analysis in management • Knowledge and talent management • Sports digitalisation management • Digital marketing and marketing communications • Shaping innovation strategy in the conditions of the fourth industrial revolution.

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Części książek na temat "PLANE STRAIN CONDITION"

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Ranz, Thomas. "Disc with Circular Inclusion—Plane Strain Condition". W Linear Elasticity of Elastic Circular Inclusions Part 2/Lineare Elastizitätstheorie bei kreisrunden elastischen Einschlüssen Teil 2, 11–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62852-9_3.

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Ranz, Thomas. "Disc with Circular Inclusion—Plane Strain Condition". W Linear Elasticity of Elastic Circular Inclusions Part 2/Lineare Elastizitätstheorie bei kreisrunden elastischen Einschlüssen Teil 2, 11–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72397-2_3.

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Yasin, S. J. M., i F. Tatsuoka. "Stress-Strain Behaviour of a Micacious Sand in Plane Strain Condition". W Soil Stress-Strain Behavior: Measurement, Modeling and Analysis, 263–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6146-2_11.

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Bésuelle, Pierre, i Patrizia Lanatà. "Emergence of Strain Localization in Porous Rocks Characterized by Full-Field Measurement in Plane Strain Condition". W Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 25–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56397-8_4.

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Bésuelle, P., i S. A. Hall. "Characterization of the Strain Localization in a Porous Rock in Plane Strain Condition Using a New True-Triaxial Apparatus". W Advances in Bifurcation and Degradation in Geomaterials, 345–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1421-2_46.

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Kim, Y. S., Y. Tomita i A. Shindo. "Bifurcation and Post-Bifurcation Phenomena of Elastic-Plastic Circular Tubes Subjected to External Shrinking under Plane Strain Condition". W Computational Mechanics ’86, 627–32. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68042-0_86.

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Wada, T., i T. A. Dean. "An Energy Method Analysis of Closed Die Forging Being Filled with Rigid-Plastic Billet in Plane Strain Condition". W Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Matador Conference, 321–26. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09912-2_45.

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Yoshida, S., X. Xiong, T. Matsumoto i M. Yoshida. "Vertical and diagonal pull-out experiments of flip-type ground anchors embedded in dry sand in plane-strain condition". W Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Press-in Engineering 2021, Kochi, Japan, 497–505. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003215226-57.

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Teranishi, T., i Hironobu Nisitani. "Effectiveness of Non-Linear Crack Mechanics under Plane Strain Conditions". W Advances in Fracture and Damage Mechanics VI, 497–500. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-448-0.497.

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Nakanishi, Tomoko M. "Real-Time Water Movement in a Plant". W Novel Plant Imaging and Analysis, 39–72. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4992-6_2.

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AbstractThe next approach to research on water was to measure the small amount of water actually moving within a plant. The best method is to utilize radioisotope (RI)-labeled water and measure the radiation from outside of the plant. However, it is rather difficult to label water, since there are only limited kinds of RI for tracing water.When utilizing 18F to trace water movement, another fundamental question to consider was the features that characterize drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive plants. It is natural to suppose that drought-tolerant plants have strong water absorption; therefore, by analyzing the water absorption mechanism of tolerant plants and by introducing this function to sensitive plants, it might be possible to make the sensitive plants more tolerant.However, when water uptake was studied in naturally developed drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive cowpea, selected from 2000 cowpea plants grown in the field of Africa, the result was unexpected. Under normal conditions, the amount of water absorbed by the drought-tolerant strain was much lower than that absorbed by the sensitive strain, as if showing the low capability of water absorption. When a drought condition was introduced, the tolerant strain began to absorb much more water than usual, whereas the sensitive strain could not absorb as much water as before. This result provided us with an important lesson. Analyzing the mechanism of drought tolerance only by comparing the water absorption of tolerant and sensitive plants might not readily reveal the reason for drought tolerance. The features of the naturally produced plants showed us different mechanisms that might not match our expectations developed in the laboratory.Next, we performed water measurements using 15O-labeled water, which has an extremely short half-life of 2 minutes. Here, we found another astonishing result, which was “water circulation” in the plant internode. A tremendous amount of water was always leaking from xylem cells, which had been regarded as a mere pipe to transfer water from the root to the aboveground parts. In another subsequent study, it was shown that the water flowing out from the xylem was pushing out the water already present in the stem and then returning to the xylem again to move upward. The water velocity in the internode was kept constant, and through simulation, it took less than 20 minutes to exchange the water already present in the stem with newly absorbed water.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "PLANE STRAIN CONDITION"

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Fauziah, M., i H. R. Nikraz. "The behaviour of unsaturated compacted clay under plane strain condition". W GEO-ENVIRONMENT 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/geo080081.

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Lee, Jonah H. "Plane Strain Indentation of Snow at the Microscale". W ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49374.

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Indentation tests are commonly used to characterize terrain properties in tire-terrain interaction. By way of motivation, in order to understand and quantify the sources of uncertainty in tire-snow interaction, we present a new direction of research studying the indentation behavior of snow at the microscale. The mechanical behavior of snow is known to be influenced significantly by its microstructure which can evolve due to environmental conditions. The traction and compaction of snow due to interfacial friction and contact exerted by various parts of the tire thus should also be dependent on snow’s microstructure. Due to the geometric scales of parts of the tire, from sipes to tread blocks, tire-snow interaction is inherently a multi-scale problem ranging from microscale to macroscale. This paper addresses the microscale behavior of medium-density snow (density 387 kg / m3) whose microstructure is obtained via 3-D X-Ray Microtomography (XMT). A physically based, history and rate dependent viscoplastic model for polycrystalline ice was incorporated into a meshfree Material Point Method simulation code using an implicit algorithm on a parallel computer for the indentation of a punch on snow under the plane strain condition at a nominal strain rate of 0.0014 Sec−1. Load/pressure vs. sinkage/strain relationship was obtained and compared with macroscopic pressure-sinkage relationship. Micromechanical behavior of the indentation test was also presented and discussed.

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Lambert, David E., Joseph Weiderhold, John Osborn i Michael V. Hopson. "Dynamic Fragmentation Experiments Under Plane Strain and Uniaxial Stress Conditions". W ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25051.

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The explosively loaded cylinder is further studied as an experimental method to improve dynamic fracture and fragmentation modeling. Details of the cylinder configuration are investigated to prescribe controlled loading conditions of uniaxial stress and plane strain. Commonly used fracture models, e.g. Johnson-Cook, are calibrated with strain at fracture under such controlled conditions. Earlier works by Goto, et al [1] had used thin-walled tubes to provide plane strain loading and shorter “rings” to establish uniaxial stress conditions. This paper extends on that work to look at alternative cylinder dimensions and metals of interest. A tungsten alloy, Aero 224, and a high strength steel, Eglin Steel (ES-1), are the subject metals. Dynamic, continuum-mechanics based modeling and simulations evaluated whether the stress triaxiality conditions are being met as design parameters of cylinder wall-thickness, explosive type, and initiation configuration. Experiments conducted for this effort, reported in greater detail by Weiderhold [2], provided precise measurement of the cylinder expansion process and fragmentation distributions. An explosively driven metal event is usually considered highly transient and multi-dimensional in stress; however, selective design of the system can result in a controlled experimental configuration. The analysis shows that the ductile ES-1 steel cylinder and rings do establish the desired plane strain and uniaxial stress conditions, respectively, as the cylinder expands to failure. Ultra-high speed photography experiments verify the time of fracture and correlate casewall expansion and velocity measurements. The analysis of the tungsten alloy had verified that if the material was capable of achieving at least a 25% strain to failure then the cylinder and rings would be viable controlled loading paths. However, fragments recovered from the explosively driven rings verified that the strain to failure was less than 14% and the triaxiality condition of uniaxial stress was not achieved by then. The data of this fragmentation under controlled loading conditions are to be used to determine coefficients for fracture-models and serve as benchmarks of relevant, dynamic fragmentation processes for future explosive/metal design opportunities.

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Zha, Zhixiang, i Xila Liu. "Analysis of Bond Stress Transfer into Matrix in Anchor Pull-Out Model under Plane Strain Condition". W 2010 International Conference on E-Product E-Service and E-Entertainment (ICEEE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceee.2010.5660910.

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Kang, Sang-Guk, i Kuao-John Young. "Thermo-Mechanical Response of Multi-Layered Cylinders Under Pressure and Thermal Loading With Generalized Plane Strain Condition". W ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63636.

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Multi-layered cylindrical structures subject to pressure and thermal loading are commonly seen in many industries. In this study, the formulas for multi-layered cylinders under pressure and thermal loading are derived with an assumption that the cylinders meet generalized plane strain condition, i.e., there is no external constraint in the axial direction and the axial growths of the cylindrical layers are the same. A numerical solution procedure for double-layered cylinders subject to both pressure and thermal load is developed and implemented in a MathCAD® program. To validate the solution, a finite element model for a double-layered cylinder is prepared with ABAQUS®, and its responses under pressure and thermal loading are compared to those from the MathCAD® program. The algorithm of the method can be extended to three or more layered cylinders.

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Pei, Xianjun, Pingsha Dong, Shaopin Song i David Osage. "A Comprehensive Structural Strain Method Incorporating Strain-Hardening Effects: From LCF to Ratcheting Evaluations". W ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84860.

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As a further extension to the structural strain method first introduced by Dong et al [1], this paper presents an enhanced structural strain method which incorporates material nonlinearity and for two typical weld structures, i.e. weldment with plate sections (e.g. gusset weld or cruciform weld etc.) and weldment with beam sections. (e.g. pipe structures). A modified Ramberg-Osgood is introduced to capture nonlinear stress strain behavior of the material. A set of numerical algorithms is used to deal with complex stress state induced by structural effect such as beam section and plane strain condition. The proposed structural strain method is then applied to analysis of fatigue data of weldment made from different materials including steel, aluminum and titanium. It is shown that the enhanced structural strain method provides a unified way to correlate fatigue life of weldment in both high cycle and low cycle fatigue regime. The method is also used to study ratcheting problem raised up by Bree. A modified Bree diagram is given by considering material nonlinearity.

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Sakakibara, Tatsuo, Satoru Shibuya, Shoji Kato, Masami Nakagawa i Stefan Luding. "Effects of Grain Shape on Mechanical Behaviors of Granular Material under Plane Strain Condition in 3D DEM Analyses". W POWDERS AND GRAINS 2009: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICROMECHANICS OF GRANULAR MEDIA. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3179939.

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Haghgouyan, Behrouz, Ibrahim Karaman, Sameer Jape, Alexandros Solomou i Dimitris C. Lagoudas. "Crack Growth Behavior in NiTi Shape Memory Alloys Under Mode-I Isothermal Loading: Effect of Stress State". W ASME 2018 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2018-8190.

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Fracture behavior in nickel-titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloys (SMAs) subjected to mode-I, isothermal loading is studied using finite element analysis (FEA). Compact tension (CT) SMA specimen is modeled in Abaqus finite element suite and crack growth under displacement boundary condition is investigated for plane strain and plane stress conditions. Parameters for the SMA material constitutive law implemented in the finite element setup are acquired from characterization tests conducted on near-equiatomic NiTi SMA. Virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) is implemented where crack is assumed to extend when the energy release rate at the crack-tip becomes equal to the experimentally obtained material-specific critical value. Load-displacement curves and mechanical fields near the crack-tip in plane strain and plane stress cases are examined. Moreover, a discussion with respect to the crack resistance R-curves calculated using the load-displacement response for plane strain and plane stress conditions is presented.

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Iwata, Koji, Yasuhisa Karakida, Chuanrong Jin, Hitoshi Nakamura i Naoto Kasahara. "Multilayer Kinematic Hardening Model for Carbon Steel and its Application to Inelastic Analyses of an Elbow Subjected to Cyclic In-Plane Bending". W ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45853.

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Carbon steel STS410 (JIS Standard), which is widely used for high pressure piping components, exhibits cyclic hardening under repeated loading. Extreme seismic loading can cause repetitive large strains, eventually leading to the failure of components. For failure assessment of such components, inelastic analyses using cyclic plasticity constitutive models are needed. In this paper, a multilayer kinematic hardening model for cyclic plasticity, equipped with a set of standard stress-strain characteristics, is developed for STS410 under isothermal condition of various temperatures. This model can express not only the nonlinearity of stress-strain relations, but cyclic hardening of a material by introducing a generic stress-strain relation composed of a combination of monotonic and steady state cyclic stress-strain curves. Finite element large deformation elastic-plastic analyses with this model are conducted for a cyclic in-plane bending test of an elbow. The proposed constitutive model predicted well characteristic features of global deformation and local strain behaviors of the elbow.

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Hosseinian, E., G. H. Farrahi i M. R. Movahhedy. "An Analytical Framework for the Solution of Autofrettaged Tubes Under Constant Axial Strain Condition". W ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61573.

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Autofrettage is a technique for introducing beneficial residual stresses into cylinders. Both analytical and numerical methods are used for analysis of the autofrettage process. Analytical methods have been presented only for special cases of autofrettage. In this work, an analytical framework for the solution of autofrettaged tubes with constant axial strain conditions is developed. Material behavior is assumed to be incompressible and two different quadratic polynomials are used for strain hardening in loading and unloading. Clearly, elastic-perfectly plastic and linear hardening materials are special cases of this general model. This material model is convenient for description of the behavior of a class of pressure vessel steels such as A723. The Bauschinger effect is assumed fixed and total deformation theory based upon von-Mises yield criterion is used. An explicit solution for the constant axial strain conditions and its special cases such as plane strain and closed-end conditions is obtained. For open-end condition for which axial force is zero the presented analytical method leads to a simple numerical solution. Finally, results of the new method are compared with those obtained from other analytical and numerical methods and excellent agreement is observed. Since the presented method is a general analytical method, it is believed that it could be used for validation of numerical solutions or analytical solutions for special loading cases.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "PLANE STRAIN CONDITION"

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Rosenfeld. L51686 Effect of Defect Size and Yield to Tensile Ratio on Plastic Deformation Capacity Pipeline Steels. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), styczeń 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010160.

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Micro-alloyed low-carbon linepipe steels offer an advantageous combination of high toughness and a low carbon equivalent (CE or Pcm) for good weldability. The continuing improvements in pipeline steel manufacturing practices have also led to pipeline steels with higher yield to tensile (Y/T) ratios and a corresponding reduction in strain hardening capacity. Potential users of high Y/T ratio pipeline steels are somewhat reluctant to modify their existing specifications. This is because they do not have the required information to judge the performance characteristics of such steels under a wide range of service conditions. This is not surprising knowing that yielding behaviour, and defect tolerance in particular depends not only on toughness but also on the strain hardening capacity. Therefore, the interaction between toughness and strain hardening capacity (or Y/T) for a successful application of high Y/T ratio linepipe steels must be considered. For the pipe fabricator this means that not only the yield strength of the plate, used to make the pipe, must be carefully controlled, but also that the relationship between the mechanical properties of pipe and plate must be known. This study examined the engineering significance of the yield-to-tensile (Y/T) ratio on yielding behavior and defect tolerance of 1-inch thick X70 steels in plate form. Stress-strain characteristics were measured by tensile testing of standard round-bar, full-section square, and wide-plate specimens. The strained condition was tested to determine the effect of cold forming on the Y/T ratio and yielding behavior. Finally, defect tolerance was determined by testing 8-inch wide notched-plate specimens.

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Miller, Timothy C. Mode Mixity Determinations for Interfacial Cracking in Incompressible Materials Under Plane Strain Conditions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, kwiecień 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada409481.

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Thomashow, Linda, Leonid Chernin, Ilan Chet, David M. Weller i Dmitri Mavrodi. Genetically Engineered Microbial Agents for Biocontrol of Plant Fungal Diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696521.bard.

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The objectives of the project were: a) to construct the site-specific integrative expression cassettes carrying: (i) the chiA gene for a 58-kDa endochitinase, (ii) the pyrrolnitrin biosynthesis operon, and (iii) the acdS gene encoding ACC deaminase; b) to employ these constructs to engineer stable recombinant strains with an expanded repertoire of beneficial activities; c) to evaluate the rhizosphere competence and antifungal activity of the WT and modified strains against pathogenic fungi under laboratory and greenhouse conditions; and d) to monitor the persistence and impact of the introduced strains on culturable and nonculturable rhizosphere microbial populations in the greenhouse and the field. The research generally support our concepts that combining strategically selected genes conferring diverse modes of action against plant pathogens into one organism can improve the efficacy of biological control agents. We hypothesized that biocontrol agents (BCAs) engineered to expand their repertoire of beneficial activities will more effectively control soilborne plant pathogens. In this work, we demonstrated that biocontrol activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens Q8r1-96 and Q2-87, both producing the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) effective against the plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani, can be improved significantly by introducing and expressing either the 1.6-kb gene chiA, encoding the 58-kDa endochitinase ChiA from the rhizosphere strain SerratiaplymuthicaIC1270, or the 5.8-kb prnABCDoperon encoding the broad-range antibiotic pyrrolnitrin (Prn) from another rhizosphere strain, P. fluorescens Pf-5. The PₜₐcchiAandPₜₐcprnABCDcassettes were cloned into the integrative pBK-miniTn7-ΩGm plasmid, and inserted into the genomic DNA of the recipient bacteria. Recombinant derivatives of strains Q8r1-96 and Q2-87 expressing the PₜₐcchiA or PₜₐcprnABCD cassettes produced endochitinase ChiA, or Prn, respectively, in addition to 2,4-DAPG, and the recombinants gave significantly better biocontrol of R. solani on beans under greenhouse conditions. The disease reduction index increased in comparison to the parental strains Q8r1-96 and Q2-87 to 17.5 and 39.0% from 3.2 and 12.4%, respectively, in the case of derivatives carrying the PₜₐcchiAcassette and to 63.1 and 70% vs. 2.8 and 12,4%, respectively, in the case of derivatives carrying the PₜₐcprnABCDcassette. The genetically modified strains exhibited persistence and non-target effects comparable to those of the parental strains in greenhouse soil. Three integrative cassettes carrying the acdS gene encoding ACC deaminase cloned under the control of different promoters were constructed and tested for enhancement of plant growth promotion by biocontrol strains of P. fluorescens and S. plymuthica. The integrative cassettes constructed in this work are already being used as a simple and efficient tool to improve biocontrol activity of various PGPR bacteria against fungi containing chitin in the cell walls or highly sensitive to Prn. Some parts of the work (e. g., construction of integrative cassettes) was collaborative while other parts e.g., (enzyme and antibiotic activity analyses) were fully synergistic. The US partners isolated and provided to the Israeli collaborators the original biocontrol strains P. fluorescens strains Q8r1-96 and Q2-87 and their mutants deficient in 2,4-DAPG production, which were used to evaluate the relative importance of introduction of Prn, chitinase or ACC deaminase genes for improvement of the biocontrol activity of the parental strains. The recombinant strains obtained at HUJI were supplied to the US collaborators for further analysis.

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Cialone, H., D. N. Williams i T. P. Groeneveld. L51621 Hydrogen-Related Failures at Mechanically Damaged Regions. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), wrzesień 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010313.

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Leaks attributed to hydrogen-stress cracking (HSC) initiating in regions of mild mechanical damage have been reported in cathodically protected pipe lines constructed from high-strength, microalloyed, controlled-rolled steels. The hydrogen is believed to be present in service from the cathodic potential applied. Laboratory studies were initiated to determine the factors that contributed to those unexpected failures. Strain aging at ambient temperatures as a result of deformation introduced during the mechanical damage, was found to be a significant factor. Smooth-bar specimens that were strained and then aged failed by HSC within one week, whereas specimens that were not strain aged did not fail by HSC. Result: The findings of this research indicate a potential sequence of events which may lead to hydrogen-related failures in regions of mild mechanical damage: (1) Following the damage, ambient-temperature strain aging which promotes sensitivity to HSC takes place in the mechanically damaged region, in a surface layer of the pipe wall which has been subjected to a critical level of strain. The time period for this step would be on the order of several years. (2) Electrochemical conditions which promote hydrogen charging develop at the pipe surface from the cathodic current applied (or possibly corrosion). (3) Local stresses in the mechanically damaged region are elevated above the threshold stress for HSC by the moderate stress concentration provided by the mechanical damage. For the X70 pipe studied, the stress elevation should be at least 20 percent above the nominal hoop stress. (4) An HSC crack initiates and grows in the strain-aged surface layer. (5) The crack propagates further by HSC, through the non-strain-aged portion of the wall, as a result of the high stress concentration at the crack tip. (6) When the crack grows to a critical depth, it propagates rapidly through the wall by overload and causes a leak.

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Madhavan, R., M. K. Yeh, S. Kyriakides i C. D. Babcock. L41041 Pipe Collapse Under External Pressure and Axial Tension (PUPA) Computer Program Manual. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), wrzesień 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011342.

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PUPA is a computer program which predicts the critical loads of a long tube under external pressure and axial tension. The program takes into account the effect of inelastic material behaviour on collapse and could be used for tubes with diameter to thickness ratio as low as 10. The analysis is based on a principle of virtual work type of formulation and the resulting nonlinear equilibrium equations are solved using Newton-Raphson method. The model implemented considers a long tube under generalized plane strain conditions and uniform ovalization. Effect of initial ovality, residual stresses and anisotropic yielding can be included.

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Weeks i Dash Weeks. L52336 Weld Design Testing and Assessment Procedures for High-strength Pipelines Curved Wide Plate Tests. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), grudzień 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010452.

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A variety of mechanical property tests are performed in the design, construction and maintenance phase of a pipeline. Most of the tests are performed by use of small-scale specimens with size typically in the range of a few inches to tens of inches (1 in = 25.4 mm). There are numerous test labs capable of performing most small-scale tests. These tests can be performed effectively under a variety of conditions, e.g., test temperature, strain rate, and loading configuration. More importantly, most routine small-scale tests are performed in accordance with national and international standards, ensuring the consistency of testing procedures. To confirm pipeline designs and validate material performance, it is desirable to test girth welds under realistic service conditions. Full-scale tests can incorporate certain realistic features that small-scale specimens cannot. However, these tests can be time-consuming and expensive to conduct. Very few labs can perform the tests, even with months of start-up and preparation time. There are no generally accepted, consistent test procedures among different test labs. The data acquisition and post-processing may differ from lab to lab, creating difficulties in data comparison. Full-scale tests can only be performed under selected conditions as a supplemental tool to the small-scale tests. The work described in this report focuses on the development of test procedures and instrumentation requirements for curved-wide-plate (CWP) tests. The results of this work can be used for: Developing a test methodology to measure the physical response of a finite-length surface-breaking flaw to axial loads applied to a girth welded line pipe section, Determining the appropriate instrumentation to fully characterize the global stress/strain response of the CWP specimen during loading, Evaluating the applicability of the test methodology for sub-ambient temperatures, and Developing a standardized test procedure for CWP testing with a wide range of test parameters.

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Weeks, Timothy "Dash". DTPH56-13-X-000013 Modern High-Toughness Steels for Fracture Propagation and Arrest Assessment-Phase II. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), wrzesień 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012037.

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NIST work developed processes to identify the stress/strain/crack velocity conditions for unstable high-rate ductile crack propagation found in a full-scale pipeline burst test and duplicate those conditions in a medium-scale test. With modeling to validate conditions and assumptions used in reducing the scale of the tests. A medium-scale test to elucidate material property data necessary to qualify high-strength high-toughness steels based on the correlation to large-scale tests. Parametric determination of the material properties governing fracture propagation or arrest-ability was developed. This will assist researchers to determine a relevant and effective small-scale test (or tests) that provides enough information for material selection, design, reliability, as well as integrity and risk assessment. Pipe evaluated includes API5L X70 and X80 pipe. The strain was measured by a three-dimensional digital image correlation system. This project takes a phased approach with complementary research in successive phases beginning with a road map to systematically fill gaps in knowledge and understanding of the problem of unstable high-rate ductile running failures in pipelines. This report is structured to highlight the problem statement with respect to the current state of the art understanding, define knowledge gaps and present the plan, and progress toward meeting the objective. The following sections specifically cover the effort to develop and inform a constitutive material model necessary for the structural model of the medium-scale test. The material testing required to inform the constitutive material model is presented. Conclusions of this phase of the project are also presented in addition to the proposed work in Phase III of the project.

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Zhao, Bingyu, Saul Burdman, Ronald Walcott i Gregory E. Welbaum. Control of Bacterial Fruit Blotch of Cucurbits Using the Maize Non-Host Disease Resistance Gene Rxo1. United States Department of Agriculture, wrzesień 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699843.bard.

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The specific objectives of this BARD proposal were: (1) To determine whether Rxol can recognize AacavrRxo1 to trigger BFB disease resistance in stable transgenic watermelon plants. (2) To determine the distribution of Aac-avrRxo1 in a global population of Aae and to characterize the biological function of Aac-avrRxo1. (3) To characterize other TIS effectors of Aae and to identify plant R gene(s) that can recognize conserved TIS effectors of this pathogen. Background to the topic: Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbits, caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Aae), is a devastating disease that affects watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and melon (Cucumis melo) production worldwide, including both Israel and USA. Two major groups of Aae strains have been classified based on their virulence on host plants, genetics and biochemical properties. Thus far, no effective resistance genes have been identified from cucurbit germplasm. In this project, we assessed the applicability of a non-host disease resistance gene, Rxol, to control BFB in watermelon. We also tried to identify Aae type III secreted (TIS) effectors that can be used as molecular probes to identify novel disease resistance genes in both cucurbits and Nieotianatabaeum. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We generated five independent transgenic watermelon (cv. Sugar Babay) plants expressing the Rxol gene. The transgenic plants were evaluated with Aae strains AAC001 and M6 under growth chamber conditions. All transgenic plants were found to be susceptible to both Aae strains. It is possible that watermelon is missing other signaling components that are required for Rxol-mediated disease resistance. In order to screen for novel BFB resistance genes, we inoculated two Aae strains on 60 Nieotiana species. Our disease assay revealed Nicotiana tabaeum is completely resistant to Aae, while its wild relative N. benthamiana is susceptible to Aae. We further demonstrated that Nieotiana benthamiana can be used as a surrogate host for studying the mechanisms of pathogenesis of Aae. We cloned 11 TIS effector genes including the avrRxolhomologues from the genomes of 22 Aae strains collected worldwide. Sequencing analysis revealed that functional avrRxol is conserved in group" but not group I Aae strains. Three effector genes- Aave_1548, Aave_2166 and Aave_2708- possessed the ability to trigger an HR response in N. tabacum when they were transiently expressed by Agrobaeterium. We conclude that N. tabacum carries at least three different non-host resistance genes that can specifically recognize AaeTIS effectors to trigger non-host resistance. Screening 522 cucurbits genotypes with two Aae strains led us to identify two germplasm (P1536473 and P1273650) that are partially resistant to Aae. Interestingly, transient expression of the TIS effector, Aave_1548, in the two germplasms also triggered HR-Iike cell death, which suggests the two lines may carry disease resistance genes that can recognize Aave_1548. Importantly, we also demonstrated that this effector contributes to the virulence of the bacterium in susceptible plants. Therefore, R genes that recognize effector Aave1548 have great potential for breeding for BFB resistance. To better understand the genome diversity of Aae strains, we generated a draft genome sequence of the Israeli Aae strain, M6 (Group I) using Iliumina technology. Comparative analysis of whole genomes of AAC001, and M6 allowed us to identify several effectors genes that differentiate groups I and II. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The diversity of TIS effectors in group I and II strains of Aae suggests that a subset of effectors could contribute to the host range of group I and II Aae strains. Analysis of these key effectors in a larger Aae population may allow us to predict which cucurbit hosts may be at risk to BFB. Additionally, isolation of tobacco and cucurbit Rgenes that can recognize Aae type III effectors may offer new genetic resources for controlling BFB.

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Shpigel, Muki, Allen Place, William Koven, Oded (Odi) Zmora, Sheenan Harpaz i Mordechai Harel. Development of Sodium Alginate Encapsulation of Diatom Concentrates as a Nutrient Delivery System to Enhance Growth and Survival of Post-Larvae Abalone. United States Department of Agriculture, wrzesień 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7586480.bard.

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The major bottlenecks in rearing the highly priced gastropod abalone (Haliotis spp.) are the slow growth rate and the high mortality during the first 8 to 12 weeks following metamorphosis and settling. The most likely reason flor these problems is related to nutritional deficiencies in the diatom diet on which the post larvae (PL) feed almost exclusively in captivity. Higher survival and improved growth rate will reduce the considerable expense of hatchery-nursery resisdence time and thereflore the production costs. BARD supported our research for one year only and the support was given to us in order to prove that "(1) Abalone PL feed on encapsulated diatoms, and (2) heterotrophic diatoms can be mass produced." In the course of this year we have developed a novel nutrient delivery system specifically designed to enhance growth and survival of post-larval abalone. This approach is based on the sodium-alginate encapsulation of heterotrophically grown diatoms or diatom extracts, including appetite-stimulating factors. Diatom species that attract the PL and promote the highest growth and survival have been identified. These were also tested by incorporating them (either intact cells or as cell extracts) into a sodium-alginate matrix while comparing the growth to that achieved when using diatoms (singel sp. or as a mixture). A number of potential chemoattractants to act as appetite-stimulating factors for abalone PL have been tested. Preliminary results show that the incorporation of the amino acid methionine at a level of 10-3M to the sodim alginate matrix leads to a marked enhancement of growth. The results ol these studies provided basic knowledge on the growth of abalone and showed that it is possible to obtain, on a regular basis, survival rates exceeding 10% for this stage. Prior to this study the survival rates ranged between 2-4%, less than half of the values achieved today. Several diatom species originated from the National Center for Mariculture (Nitzchia laevis, Navicula lenzi, Amphora T3, and Navicula tennerima) and Cylindrotheca fusiformis (2083, 2084, 2085, 2086 and 2087 UTEX strains, Austin TX) were tested for heterotrophic growth. Axenic colonies were initially obtained and following intensive selection cycles and mutagenesis treatments, Amphora T3, Navicula tennerima and Cylindrotheca fusiformis (2083 UTEX strain) were capable of growing under heterotrophic conditions and to sustain highly enriched mediums. A highly efficient selection procedure as well as cost effective matrix of media components were developed and optimized. Glucose was identified as the best carbon source for all diatom strains. Doubling times ranging from 20-40 h were observed, and stable heterotroph cultures at a densities range of 103-104 were achieved. Although current growth rates are not yet sufficient for full economical fermentation, we estimate that further selections and mutagenesis treatments cycles should result in much faster growing colonies suitable for a fermentor scale-up. As rightfully pointed out by one of the reviewers, "There would be no point in assessing the optimum levels of dietary inclusions into micro-capsules, if the post-larvae cannot be induced to consume those capsules in the first place." We believe that the results of the first year of research provide a foundationfor the continuation of this research following the objectives put forth in the original proposal. Future work should concentrate on the optimization of incorporation of intact cells and cell extracts of the developed heterotrophic strains in the alginate matrix, as well as improving this delivery system by including liposomes and chemoattractants to ensure food consumption and enhanced growth.

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MacDonald, James D., Aharon Abeliovich, Manuel C. Lagunas-Solar, David Faiman i John Kabshima. Treatment of Irrigation Effluent Water to Reduce Nitrogenous Contaminants and Plant Pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, lipiec 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568092.bard.

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The contamination of surface and subterranean drinking water supplies with nitrogen-laden agricultural wastewater is a problem of increasing concern in the U.S. and Israel. Through this research, we found that bacteria could utilize common organic wastes (e.g. paper, straw, cotton) as carbon sources under anaerobic conditions, and reduce nitrate concentrations in wastewater to safe levels. Two species of bacteria, Cellulomonas uda and a Comamonas sp., were required for dentitrification. Celulomonas uda degraded cellulose and reduced nitrate to nitrite. In addition, it excreted soluble organic carbon needed as a food source by the Comamonas sp. for completion of denitrification. We also found that recirculated irrigation water contains substantial amounts of fungal inoculum, and that irrigating healthy plants with such water leads to significant levels of root infection. Water can be disinfected with UV, but our experiments showed that Hg-vapor lamps do not possess sufficient energy to kill spores in wastewater containing dissolved organics. Excimer lasers and Xenon flashlamps do possess the needed power levels, but only the laser had a high enough repetition rate to reliably treat large volumes of water. Ozone was highly efficacious, but it's use as a water treatment is probably best suited to moderate or low volume irrigation systems. This research provides critical data needed for the design of effective water denitrification and/or pathogen disinfection systems for different growing operations.

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