Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Piro language”

Cilj istraživanja doktorske disertacije je bio da se ukonitnuitetu ispita sadržaj ukupnih fenola, fenolnih kiselina ianitoksidativna aktivnost (antiradikalska aktivnost na DPPH ihidroksil radikale) u toku proizvodnje slada i piva (u ječmu,namočenom ječmu, zelenom sladu, sladu, sladovini, ohmeljenojsladovini, sladovini tokom fermentacija, mladom pivu i pivu)proizvedenih od tri priznate sorte pivskog ječma: NS 525, NS565 i NS 583.Sadržaj ukupnih fenola u uzorcima ječma je bio: NS 525 -0,76; NS 565 - 0,75 i NS 583 - 0,70 mg GAE/g suve materije.Sadržaj ukupnih fenola u svim proizvednim sladovima (0,96;0,94 i 0,91 mg GAE/g suve materije za NS 525; NS 565 i NS583) je bio viši od sadržaja u ječmu. Sorta NS 525 je imalanajviši sadržaj ukupnih fenola tokom svih faza sladovanja, doksu sorte NS 565 i NS 583 imale niže sadržaje ukupnih fenola.Najniži sadržaj ukupnih fenola imala je sorta NS 583.U svim ispitivanim sortama ječma ferulna, p-kumarinska ivanilinska kiselina su bile dominantne u uzorcima ječma,tokom sladovanja i u proizvedenom sladu.Sadržaj ukupnih fenolnih kiselina u ječmu je iznosio za sortuNS 525 - 200,98; NS 565 - 184,10 i za NS 583 – 177,27 μg/g suvematerije. Sadržaj ukupnih fenolnih kiselina je rastao kod svihispitivanih sorti tokom močenja i dostigao maksimum u tokuprvog dana klijanja za NS 525 – 548,31; NS 565 – 518,65 i NS583 – 517,17 μg/g suve materije. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazalida je proces sladovanja imao značajan uticaj na sadržajpojedinačnih i ukupnih fenolnih kiselina.Sorta NS 525 je imala najvišu antiradikalsku aktivnost naDPPH radikale (EC50 za NS 525 - 0,658; NS 565 - 0,667 i NS583 - 0,758 mg/ml) što pokazuje da sorta ječma ima uticaja naantiradikalsku aktivnost na DPPH radikale. Za ispitivane sorteječma, antiradikalska aktivnost na DPPH radikale se povisilaznačajno tokom močenja. U proizvedenim sladovimaantiradikalska aktivnost na DPPH radikale bila je viša nego uječmu. Trend porasta i smanjenja antiradikalske aktivnosti naDPPH radikale tokom sladovanja je bio isti za sve ispitivanesorte ječma.Antiradikalska aktivnost na hidroksil radikale, izražena kaoEC50 vrednost, u ispitivanim sortama ječma je iznosila: NS 525– 0,352; NS 565 – 0,385 i NS 583 – 0,455 mg/ml. Može sezaključiti da je sorta NS 525 imala najvišu antiradikalskuaktivnost na hidroksil radikale. Antiradikalska aktivnost nahidroksil radikale se znatno povisila tokom močenja. Uproizvedenom sladu je antiradikalska aktivnost na hidroksilradikale bila viša nego u ječmu. Trend porasta i smanjenjaantiradikalske aktivnosti na hidroksil radikale tokomsladovanja je bio isti za sve ispitivane sorte ječma.Sorta NS 525 je imala najviši sadržaj ukupnih fenola kao inajvišu antioksidativnu aktivnost tj. DPPH i hidroksilantiradikalsku aktivnost. Ovi rezultati pokazuju da sortaječma može da utiče na antiradikalske osobine slada. Sorta NS525 je imala najviši sadržaj ukupnih fenola, ukupnih fenolnihkiselina i najvišu antiradikalsku aktivnost na DPPH i hidroksilradikale u toku sladovanja.U svim proizvedenim sladovinama, ohmeljenim sladovinama ipivima, ferulna, p-kumarinska, vanilinska i sinapinska kiselinasu imale najviše sadržaje. Sadržaj svih ispitivanih fenolnihkiselina je povišen nakon hmeljenja. Najviši ukupni sadržajfenolnih kiselina je odreñen u ohmeljenim sladovinama (NS525 - 461,41, NS 565 - 426,22 i NS 583 - 423,56 μg/100ml).Sadržaj ukupnih fenolnih kiselina je u svim proizvedenimpivima bio niži u odnosu na odgovarajuće ohmeljene sladovine.U sladovini proizvedenoj iz slada NS 525 je odreñena najvišaantiradikalska aktivnost na DPPH i hidroksil radikale štoukazuje da antiradikalska aktivnosti komponenti slada imauticaja na antiradikalsku aktivnost proizvedene sladovine. Uispitivanim sladovinama, nakon hmeljenja se znatno povisilaantiradikalska aktivnost na DPPH i hidroksil radikale.Antiradikalska aktivnost na DPPH i hidroksil radikale sesmanjila tokom glavne i naknadne fermentacije.U sladovini proizvedenoj od slada NS 525 sa najvišimsadržajem ukupnih fenola i ukupnih fenolnih kiselinaodreñena je najviša antiradikalska aktivnost na DPPH ihidroksil radikale. Tokom proizvodnje piva sadržaj ukupnihfenola se blago smanjio, što ukazuje da je proces proizvodnjeimao uticaja na njihov sadržaj. Trend smanjenjaantiradikalske aktivnosti na DPPH i hidroksil radikaleodgovara smanjenju sadržaja ukupnih fenola i ukupnihfenolnih kiselina tokom procesa proizvodnje piva.Primenjena GC-MS metoda za odreñivanje sadržaja fenolnihkiselina tokom procesa proizvodnje slada i piva se pokazalakao osetljiva, specifična i dobre ponovljivosti. Može seprimeniti za odreñivanje sadržaja fenolnih kiselina u ječmu,namočenom ječmu, zelenom sladu, sladu, sladovini, ohmeljenojsladovini, tokom fermentacije i u pivu.Sadržaj ukupnih fenola, fenolnih kiselina i antioksidativnaaktivnost slada, koji se koristi za proizvodnju piva, imajuznačajan uticaj na antioksidativnu aktivnost piva.Razumevanje promena sadržaja fenolnih kiselina iantioksidativne aktivnosti tokom proizvodnje slada i piva moženam pružiti vredne informacije o zaštiti endogenihantioksidanata u proizvodnji piva. Na taj način mogu seproizvoditi piva sa višom antioksidativnom aktivnošću i prematome i povišenom otpornošću prema lipidnoj oksidaciji istarenju piva.
Studies carried out in the frame of the doctorial thesisaimed at continuous determination of the content oftotal phenolics, phenolic acids and antioxidant activity(antiradical activity on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals)during malt and beer production (in barley, steepedbarley, green malt, malt, wort, hopped wort,fermenting wort, green beer, and beer) produced fromthree accepted brewer’s barley varieties: NS 525, NS565, and NS 583.The total phenolics content in the barley samples was0.76 for NS 525, 0.75 for NS 565 and 0.70 mg GAE/gdry matter (d.m.) for NS 583. Higher content of totalphenolics was determined in the malt samples incomparison with the barley samples: (0.96, 0.94, and0.91 mg GAE/g d.m. for NS 525, NS 565, and NS 583,respectively). Variety NS 525 was the highest in totalphenolics content during all stages of malting whencompared to the other varieties. The lowest content oftotal phenolics was found in the variety NS 583.In all examined samples, ferulic, p-coumaric andvanillic acid dominated in the barley samples, duringmalting and in the produced malts.Content of total phenolic acids in the barley sampleswas 200.98 for NS 525, 184.10 for NS 565 and 177.27mg/g d.m. for NS 583. During steeping, the content oftotal phenolic acids increased for all samples reachingthe maximum at the first day of germination (NS 525 –548.31; NS 565 – 518.65, and NS 583 – 517.17 μg/gd.m.). The obtained results revealed that the maltingprocess had significant impact on the content of totaland individual phenolic acids.Variety NS 525 showed the highest antiradical activityon DPPH radicals (EC50 for NS 525 was 0.658, for NS565 0.667, and for NS 583 0.758 mg/ml) indicating thatbarley variety influences the antiradical activity onDPPH radicals. Antiradical activity on DPPH radicalssignificantly increased during steeping for allinvestigated barley varieties. Higher antiradicalactivity on DPPH radicals was determined inproduced malts when compared to correspondingbarley varieties. Similar increasing and decreasingtrends in the antiradical activity on DPPH radicalsduring malting were observed in all investigatedbarley varieties.The antiradical activity on hydroxyl radicals,expressed as EC50 value, in investigated barleyvarieties, was: 0.325 for NS 525, 0.385 for NS 565, and0.455 mg/ml for NS 583. It can be concluded thatbarley variety NS 525 showed the highest antiradicalactivity on hydroxyl radicals. The antiradical activityon hydroxyl radicals significantly increased duringsteeping. Higher antiradical activity on hydroxylradicals was determined in produced malts whencompared to corresponding barley varieties. Similarincreasing and decreasing trends in the antiradicalactivity on hydroxyl radicals during malting wereobserved in all investigated samples.Variety NS 525 had the highest content of totalphenolics and exhibited the highest antioxidantactivity that is antiradical activity on DPPH andhydroxyl radicals. These results suggest that varietycan influence the malt antiradical properties. VarietyNS 525 was the highest in total phenolics content, totalphenolic acids content and antiradical activity onDPPH and hydroxyl radicals during malting.The highest contents of ferulic, p-coumaric, vanillic,and sinapic acids were determined in all wort, hoppedwort and beer samples. Increased contents of allphenolic acids were observed after hopping. Thehighest content of total phenolic acids was determinedin the hopped worts (461.41 for NS 525, 426.22 for NS565, and 423.56 μg/100 ml for NS 583. The beerscontained less total phenolic acids when compared tothe corresponding hopped worts.Wort produced from NS 525 malt showed the highestantiradical activity on DPPH and hydroxyl radicalswhich indicates that the antiradical activity of maltcomponents affects the antiradical activity in producedwort. After hopping, antiradical activity on DPPH andhydroxyl radicals significantly increased in all worts.The antiradical activity on DPPH and hydroxylradicals decreased during primary and secondaryfermentation.Wort produced from NS 525 malt contained thehighest total phenolic content, total phenolic acidscontent and showed the highest antiradical activity onDPPH and hydroxyl radicals. During beer production,content of total phenolic compounds slightly decreasedwhich indicates that production process had aninfluence on their content. Similar decreasing trendsbetween the antiradical activity on DPPH andhydroxyl radicals and the contents of total phenolicsand total phenolic acids during beer production wereobserved.The applied GC-MS method for determination ofphenolic acids contents during malt and beerproduction was sensitive, specific and had goodrepeatability. It can be used for determination ofphenolic acids content in barley, steeped barley, greenmalt, malt, wort, hopped wort, during fermentationand in beer.The content of total phenolics, phenolic acids andantioxidant activity of malt used for beer productionhave significant influence on the beer antioxidantactivity. Understanding how the phenolic acids andantioxidant activity change during malt and beerproduction can provide valuable information aboutthe protection of endogenous antioxidants in beerproduction. In this way, the production of beer withenhanced antioxidant activity is possible and thereforehigher resistance to lipid oxidation and longer shelflifecould be introduced.

Les documents retranscrits dans ce travail sont inédits. Il s’agit de 128 lettres manuscrites conservées à l’Archivio di Stato de Florence dans les fonds Signori, Dieci di Balia, Otto di Pratica, Cart. Legazioni e commissarie, missive e responsive 31, Dieci di Balia, Cart. Responsive 57 et 59 et Signori, Cart. Responsive 10 à 14. Piero Soderini et Cosimo dei Pazzi, envoyés en ambassade en France auprès de Louis XII, écrivent à la République du Lys entre le 16 juillet 1498 et le 8 octobre 1499. Le contenu de leurs plis a été retranscrit d’après des critères de modernisation précis. L’apparat critique permet de souligner d’éventuelles erreurs et offre une comparaison des différentes versions retrouvées, lorsque cela est le cas. Les notes explicatives apportent des éclaircissements d’ordre linguistique et des précisions sur l’identité des personnages dont il est question, sur les lieux mentionnés ou les événements auxquels il est fait référence. L’étude de ce recueil nous permet d’affirmer que l’écriture d’ambassade, outil de la République, est représentative du langage politique qui naît et se développe dès la chute des Médicis, en 1494. Elle est un moyen de dire la politique, dans le principal but de convaincre pour agir. Le langage diplomatique est l’expression d’une langue commune aux historiographes ou historiens contemporains, aux écrits de chancellerie ou encore aux œuvres théoriques de Machiavel
Documents transcribed in this work are unpublished. They are 128 handwritten letters preserved in the Archivio di Stato of Florence in the funds Signori, Dieci di Balia, Otto di Pratica, Cart. Legazioni e commissarie, missive e responsive 31, Dieci di Balia, Cart. Responsive 57 and 59 and Signori, Cart. Responsive 10 to 14. Piero Soderini and Cosimo dei Pazzi, sent in embassy in France to Louis XIIth king of France, write to the Republic of Florence between the July 16, 1498 and theOctober 8, 1499. The content of their letters has been transcribed thanks to specific criteria of modernization. The critical apparatus helps to point out prospective errors and offers a comparison of the different versions found, when such is the case. The explanatory notes provide a clarification of language and details concerning the identity of the characters cited or on the places and events mentioned. Thanks to this study we can say that the embassy writing, tool of the Republic, is representative of the political language that was born and developed after the overthrow of the Medici dynasty in 1494. It is a way of saying policy, whose main purpose is to convince in order to act. The diplomatic language is the expression of a language shared by contemporary historians, the writings of Chancery and the theoretical works of Machiavelli

La recherche d'une borne supérieure au temps d'exécution d'un programme est une partie essentielle du processus de vérification de systèmes temps-réel critiques. Les programmes de tels systèmes ont généralement des temps d'exécution variables et il est difficile, voire impossible, de prédire l'ensemble de ces temps possibles. Au lieu de cela, il est préférable de rechercher une approximation du temps d'exécution pire-cas ou Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET). Une propriété cruciale de cette approximation est qu'elle doit être sûre, c'est-à-dire qu'elle doit être garantie de majorer le WCET. Parce que nous cherchons à prouver que le système en question se termine en un temps raisonnable, une surapproximation est le seul type d'approximation acceptable. La garantie de cette propriété de sûreté ne saurait raisonnablement se faire sans analyse statique, un résultat se basant sur une série de tests ne pouvant être sûr sans un traitement exhaustif des cas d'exécution. De plus, en l'absence de certification du processus de compilation (et de transfert des propriétés vers le binaire), l'extraction de propriétés doit se faire directement sur le code binaire pour garantir leur fiabilité. Toutefois, cette approximation a un coût : un pessimisme - écart entre le WCET estimé et le WCET réel - important entraîne des surcoûts superflus de matériel pour que le système respecte les contraintes temporelles qui lui sont imposées. Il s'agit donc ensuite, tout en maintenant la garantie de sécurité de l'estimation du WCET, d'améliorer sa précision en réduisant cet écart de telle sorte qu'il soit suffisamment faible pour ne pas entraîner des coûts supplémentaires démesurés. Un des principaux facteurs de surestimation est la prise en compte de chemins d'exécution sémantiquement impossibles, dits infaisables, dans le calcul du WCET. Ceci est dû à l'analyse par énumération implicite des chemins ou Implicit Path Enumeration Technique (IPET) qui raisonne sur un surensemble des chemins d'exécution. Lorsque le chemin d'exécution pire-cas ou Worst-Case Execution Path (WCEP), correspondant au WCET estimé, porte sur un chemin infaisable, la précision de cette estimation est négativement affectée. Afin de parer à cette perte de précision, cette thèse propose une technique de détection de chemins infaisables, permettant l'amélioration de la précision des analyses statiques (dont celles pour le WCET) en les informant de l'infaisabilité de certains chemins du programme. Cette information est passée sous la forme de propriétés de flot de données formatées dans un langage d'annotation portable, FFX, permettant la communication des résultats de notre analyse de chemins infaisables vers d'autres analyses. Les méthodes présentées dans cette thèse sont inclues dans le framework OTAWA, développé au sein de l'équipe TRACES à l'IRIT. Elles usent elles-mêmes d'approximations pour représenter les états possibles de la machine en différents points du programme
The search for an upper bound of the execution time of a program is an essential part of the verification of real-time critical systems. The execution times of the programs of such systems generally vary a lot, and it is difficult, or impossible, to predict the range of the possible times. Instead, it is better to look for an approximation of the Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET). A crucial requirement of this estimate is that it must be safe, that is, it must be guaranteed above the real WCET. Because we are looking to prove that the system in question terminates reasonably quickly, an overapproximation is the only acceptable form of approximation. The guarantee of such a safety property could not sensibly be done without static analysis, as a result based on a battery of tests could not be safe without an exhaustive handling of test cases. Furthermore, in the absence of a certified compiler (and tech- nique for the safe transfer of properties to the binaries), the extraction of properties must be done directly on binary code to warrant their soundness. However, this approximation comes with a cost : an important pessimism, the gap between the estimated WCET and the real WCET, would lead to superfluous extra costs in hardware in order for the system to respect the imposed timing requirements. It is therefore important to improve the precision of the WCET by reducing this gap, while maintaining the safety property, as such that it is low enough to not lead to immoderate costs. A major cause of overestimation is the inclusion of semantically impossible paths, said infeasible paths, in the WCET computation. This is due to the use of the Implicit Path Enumeration Technique (IPET), which works on an superset of the possible execution paths. When the Worst-Case Execution Path (WCEP), corresponding to the estimated WCET, is infeasible, the precision of that estimation is negatively affected. In order to deal with this loss of precision, this thesis proposes an infeasible paths detection technique, enabling the improvement of the precision of static analyses (namely for WCET estimation) by notifying them of the infeasibility of some paths of the program. This information is then passed as data flow properties, formatted in the FFX portable annotation language, and allowing the communication of the results of our infeasible path analysis to other analyses

Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Maria Teresa Carthery-Goulart
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência e Cognição, 2017.
Uma série de modelos e hipóteses já foram propostas para descrever como o cérebro processa figuras de linguagem. Uma questão central no debate dessa temática é se a compreensão de figuras de linguagem configura um tipo especial de material linguístico que desvie dos processos comuns de processamento da linguagem (literal), demandando mecanismos adicionais para a compreensão. A técnica de potencial relacionado a evento (ERP), focado no marcador eletrofisiológico N400, tem sido a ferramenta mais comum para obtenção de evidências sobre o acesso ao sentido figurativo, fornecendo indícios sobre como se comportam as etapas do curso de processamento figurativo em comparação ao literal. No entanto, algumas controvérsias sobre o seu uso podem surgir pela interpretação da funcionalidade do N400 e quais tipos de variáveis têm potencial de influenciar os níveis desse marcador. A presente dissertação é dividida em dois estudos, o primeiro teve como objetivo verificar e sumarizar os usos da componente N400 em uma revisão crítica da literatura sobre quais tipos de processos o N400 indexa. O segundo estudo foi feito em abordagem experimental com o objetivo de investigar o curso temporal do processamento semântico de verbos empregados de forma figurativa. Os participantes foram submetidos a uma tarefa de julgamento de plausibilidade de três tipos de sentenças (metafóricas, idiomáticas e literais), em que foram registrados os tempos de reação e, simultaneamente, as respostas eletrofisiológicas para cada condição. Os dados comportamentais demonstraram que o processamento de sentenças idiomáticas é mais rápido que as demais condições e que as metáforas foram a condição com maior demanda de tempo de processamento. Os resultados do EEG mostraram que as sentenças idiomáticas não apresentaram a deflexão negativa característica do N400, por outro lado, as metafóricas e literais apresentaram grandes picos de N400, mas sem diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre si. Os resultados evidenciam que não há efeito de figuratividade na janela temporal do N400, mas indicam possíveis efeitos mais tardios do julgamento do sentido figurado relacionados com os tempos de reação. Esses resultados dão suporte a hipótese de Saliência Graduada e Teoria do Mapeamento Conceitual, além disso, a dissertação como um todo fornece evidências que corroboram com a visão de acesso lexical do N400.
A number of models and hypotheses have been proposed to describe how the brain process figurative language. A central question is whether the comprehension of figurative language configures a special kind of linguistic material that deviates from the common mechanism of language processing (literal), so demanding additional processing for the comprehension. The event-related potential (ERP) technique, focused on the N400 electrophysiological marker, has been the most common way for obtaining evidence on the access to the figurative meaning. However, some controversies over its use may arise from the interpretation of the N400 functionality and which types of variables have been considered confounding factors of this potential. The present dissertation is divided in two studies: the first one aimed at verifying and summarizing the uses of the N400 component in a critical review of the literature on what types of processes the N400 indexes. The second study was done in an experimental approach aimed to investigating the temporal course of the semantic processing of verbs used figuratively. The participants undertook a plausibility judgment task of three conditions of sentences (metaphorical, idiomatic and literal), in which the reaction times were recorded and, simultaneously, electrophysiological responses. In the behavioral study, it was observed that the processing of idiomatic sentences is much faster than two other conditions, and the metaphors are longer than literal. The EEG results showed that the idiomatic sentences did not present the negative deflection characteristic of the N400; on the other hand, the metaphorical and literal ones presented large peaks of N400, but without significant statistical differences between them. The results show that there is no figurative effect in the N400 temporal window, but they indicate possible later effects of the judgment of the figurative sense, related to reaction times. Our study provides evidence that metaphorical processing has no literal content differences in the first processing window. These results support the hypothesis of Graduated Salience and Conceptual Mapping Theory, in addition, the dissertation as a whole provides evidence that corroborate with the lexical access view of the N400.

This article opens up an important but overlooked chapter in the political and diplomatic history of Florence, as well as that of fifteenth-century Franco-Italian relations more broadly. In late 1461, the city of Florence elected ambassadors to go to France to congratulate King Louis XI on his accession to the throne. Intended as a purely ceremonial mission, the Florentine diplomat Piero de' Pazzi ignored his commission and pursued policies that explicitly promoted French interests in Italy. By doing so, Piero sought to improve the standing of his own family, both domestically and abroad, at the expense of the Medici regime in Florence and the anti-French Italian League that the Medici supported. This article offers for the first time a full investigation of a surprisingly early example of tensions between the Medici and the Pazzi, tensions that famously erupted in the Pazzi Conspiracy of 1478.

The way we read and interpret literature is frequently influenced by factors that operate beyond the scope of the average reader's awareness. In this thesis, selected works by two Wayuu writers, Estercilia Simanca Pushaina and Vicenta Maria Siosi Pino, are analyzed and interpreted in an attempt to unveil some of these behind-the-scenes agents and issues, as well as explore how the stories' classification in the children's literature genre reveals a deep-rooted colonial tendency to infantilize indigenous individuals in contemporary Colombia. Despite the fact that the two authors, both mestizo women who self-identify with the Wayuu indigenous group of northern Colombia, prefer to write short stories that highlight the child and adolescent experience, the implicit themes and the complexity of their texts reject the "children's story" label that has been imposed on their literature. Furthermore, this thesis discusses how the two authors utilize the colonial trope of the Indian-as-child to their advantage by capsizing the imagery, thus rejecting the original power of the symbol and claiming it as their own. The first section of this investigation provides certain contextual specifics related to the cultural and social environment of the Wayuu indigenous group, particularly regarding that experienced by women. The second chapter includes an explanation of the impact a book's genre and its "paratext" may have on the reception and interpretation of these texts, and additionally proposes that the colonial practice of infantilizing indigenous people appears in both the assignment of genre as well as in several extratextual elements surrounding the stories. Chapter three offers an in-depth analysis of five selected pieces of the Wayuu authors' writing and explores how the texts may be read on multiple levels. This close reading reveals several examples of overt criticism towards the hegemonic society as well as displays instances of a more subtle rebellion; both explicit and implicit messages effectively expose and protest the current conditions of abuse, oppression and injustice that continue to anguish the Wayuu people.

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In this work, we analyse the approach to linguistic variation in classroom by Portuguese Language teachers from 6th to 9th grades of Elementary School in P? de Serra city, Bahia. The main objective is to analyze how these teachers deal with the phenomenon of variation, what they understand about this process and how this knowledge is transmitted to the students. To this end, our research is based on theoretical and methodological postulates of Variationist Sociolinguistics (LABOV, 2008 [1972]; MOLLICA, 2003; among others) and Educational Sociolinguistics (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2004, 2005; GORSKI & COELHO, 2009; COELHO etalii, 2015). The results permit to see that there was a small change in some of the aspects analyzed, for example, those relating to linguistic discrimination and the concept of "error" adopted in Portuguese Language classes. However, there is still a great need to rethink pedagogical practice of teaching and learning Portuguese language concerning the work with the linguistic variation in classroom, in order to understand its meaning in the educational process.
Este trabalho analisa a abordagem da varia??o lingu?stica em sala de aula por professores de L?ngua Portuguesa do 6? ao 9? anos do Ensino Fundamental da cidade de P? de Serra ? BA. O principal objetivo do trabalho ? analisar como os professores em quest?o lidam com o fen?meno da varia??o, o que entendem sobre esse processo e como esse conhecimento ? transmitido aos alunos. Para tanto, a pesquisa fundamenta-se em postulados te?ricos e metodol?gicos da Sociolingu?stica Variacionista (LABOV, 2008 [1972]; MOLLICA, 2003; entre outros) e da Sociolingu?stica Educacional (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2004, 2005; GORSKI e COELHO, 2009; COELHO et alii, 2015). Os resultados encontrados permitem constatar que houve uma pequena mudan?a em alguns dos aspectos analisados, por exemplo, naqueles referentes ao preconceito lingu?stico e ? concep??o de ?erro? adotada nas aulas de L?ngua Portuguesa. No entanto ainda h? uma grande necessidade de se repensar a pr?tica pedag?gica de ensino-aprendizagem de L?ngua Portuguesa concernente ao trabalho com a varia??o lingu?stica em sala de aula, no sentido de compreender o seu significado no processo educacional.

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The purpose of this work is to identify the occurrence of noises that affect the communication process, with accounting statements working as businesses language within the process of account rendering between the social work entities and the City Hall of the City of Tabo??o da Serra - City Council of Social Work (CMAS) and City Hall of Tabo??o da Serra (PMTS). In order to do that, it is based on studies that suggest the existence of a relationship between the accounting process, as business language, and the communication theory, with emphasis on the noises that may interfere in any communication process. The investigation tries to identify the occurrence of noises according to the perception of the users of accounting statements, issues - social work entities and receivers - CMAS and PMTS. The reason for carrying out this research comes from the study carried out by the Commission of Guidance Analysis and Inspection COAF/CMAS, where it was detected that the majority of the registered entities had their registrations cancelled or suspended because of problems with the account rendering and research carried out at CMAS, where it was observed the difficulty of the CMAS in establishing and maintaining partnerships with the social work entities in the city. The communication theory reveals that, some times, the level of knowledge of the issuer and the receiver, the social and cultural context where both of them are inserted, the channel used, the content of the message are responsible for problems that occur in the communication process. Therefore, this theory establishes parameters to determine if the communicative act takes place efficiently and effectively. As the main purpose of accounting is the supply of useful information for taking decisions, if accounting statements are not understood, it means that noises took place during the process and that the communicative act did not fully take place. In order to avoid or diminish the harmful effects of the noise it is essential to know where and how they take place.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a ocorr??ncia de ru??dos que comprometem o processo de comunica????o, sendo as demonstra????es cont??beis atuantes como linguagem de neg??cios no processo de presta????o de contas entre as entidades assistenciais e o Poder P??blico do Munic??pio de Tabo??o da Serra - Conselho Municipal de Assist??ncia Social (CMAS) e Prefeitura Municipal de Tabo??o da Serra (PMTS). Para tanto, baseou-se em estudos que sugerem existir rela????o entre o processo cont??bil, enquanto linguagem de neg??cios e a teoria da comunica????o, com ??nfase aos ru??dos que podem intervir em qualquer processo de comunica????o. A investiga????o buscou identificar a incid??ncia de ru??dos segundo a percep????o dos usu??rios das demonstra????es cont??beis, emissores - entidades assistenciais e receptores - CMAS e PMTS. A motiva????o desta pesquisa adv??m de estudo realizado pela Comiss??o de Orienta????o An??lise e Fiscaliza????o COAF/CMAS, neste estudo detectado que a maioria das entidades cadastradas estava com seus registros cancelados ou suspensos por problemas com as presta????o de contas e pesquisa realizada no pr??prio CMAS, onde foi detectado a dificuldade que este tem encontrado em formar e manter parcerias com as organiza????es de assist??ncia social do munic??pio. A teoria da comunica????o vem revelar que, por vezes, o n??vel de conhecimento do emissor e do receptor, o contexto s??cio-cultural em que ambos se encontram o canal utilizado, o conte??do da mensagem s??o respons??veis por problemas ocasionados no processo de comunica????o. Portanto, essa teoria estabelece par??metros para avaliar se o ato comunicativo ocorre com efici??ncia e efic??cia. Conclui-se que, como o objetivo principal da contabilidade ?? o fornecimento de informa????es ??teis para a tomada de decis??es, se as demonstra????es cont??beis n??o forem compreendidas, significa que ru??dos ocorreram durante o processo e que o ato comunicativo n??o ocorreu plenamente. Para evitar ou minimizar os efeitos nocivos do ru??do ?? imprescind??vel conhecer onde e como eles ocorrem.

Dans le domaine des systèmes critiques, l'analyse des temps d'exécution des programmes est nécessaire pour planifier et ordonnancer au mieux différentes tâches et par extension pour dimensionner les systèmes. La durée d'exécution d'un programme dépend de divers facteurs comme ses entrées ou le matériel utilisé. Or cette variation temporelle pose problème dans les systèmes temps-réel dans lesquels il est nécessaire de dimensionner précisément les temps processeur alloués à chaque tâche, et pour cela, connaître leur temps d'exécution au pire cas. Au sein de l'équipe TRACES à l'IRIT, nous cherchons à calculer une borne supérieure à ce temps d'exécution au pire cas qui soit la plus précise possible. Pour cela, nous travaillons sur le graphe de flot de contrôle d'un programme qui représente un sur-ensemble des ses exécutions possibles, que nous accompagnons d'annotations sur des comportements spécifiques du programme susceptibles de réduire la sur-approximation de notre estimation. Dans les outils destinés au calcul du temps d'exécution au pire cas des programmes, les annotations sont habituellement exprimées et intégrées grâce à des langages d'annotation spécifiques. Nous proposons d'utiliser des automates appelés automates d'annotation de flot en lieu et place de ces langages, afin de fonder non seulement l'expression, mais également l'intégration d'annotations dans l'analyse sur des bases formelles. Nous présentons ces automates enrichis de contraintes, de variables et d'une hiérarchie et nous montrons comment ils supportent les divers types d'annotations utilisés dans le domaine de l'analyse du temps d'exécution au pire cas. Par ailleurs, l'intégration des annotations dans une analyse se fait habituellement par l'association de contraintes numériques au graphe de flot de contrôle. Les automates que nous présentons supportent cette méthode mais leur expressivité offre également de nouvelles possibilités d'intégration basées sur le dépliage du graphe de flot de contrôle. Nous présentons des résultats expérimentaux issus de la comparaison de ces deux méthodes qui montrent comment le dépliage de graphe peut améliorer la précision de l'analyse. A terme, ce gain de précision dans l'estimation du temps d'exécution au pire cas permettra de mieux exploiter le matériel sans faire courir de risques à l'utilisateur ou au système
In the domain of critical systems, the analysis of execution times of programs is needed to schedule various task at best and by extension to dimension the whole system. The execution time of a program depends on multiple factors such as entries of the program or the targeted hardware. Yet this time variation is an issue in real-time systems where the duration is required to allow correct processor time to each task, and in this purpose, we need to know their worst-case execution time. In the TRACES team at IRIT, we try to compute a safe upper bound of this worst-case execution time that would be as precise as possible. In order to do so, we work on the control flow graph of a program that represents an over-set of its possible executions and we combine this structure with annotations on specific behaviours of the program that might reduce the over-approximation of our estimation. Tools designed to compute worst-case execution times of programmes usually support the expression and the integration of annotations thanks to specific annotation languages. Our proposal is to replace these languages with a type of automata named flow fact automata so that not only the expression but also the integration of annotations in the analysis inherit from the formal basis of automata. Based on these automata enriched with constraints, variables and a hierarchy, we show how they support the various annotation types used in the worst-case execution time domain. Additionally, the integration of annotations in an analysis usually lead to associate numerical constraint to the control flow graph. The automata presented here support this method but their expressiveness offers new integration possibilities based on the partial unfolding of control flow graph. We present experimental results from the comparison of these two methods that show how the graph unfolding can improve the analysis precision. In the end, this precision gain in the worst-case execution time will ensure a better usage of the hardware as well as the absence of risks for the user or the system itself

Subtitling is a discipline within the Audiovisual Translation (AVT) field that requires some special techniques and strategies to channel the information from a multichannel and polisemiotic document into a written text within the screen. It’s a constrained translation that demands an additional effort to convey the content and the form of the source text into the target one. The aim of this paper is to analyse whether the model of the kernel sentences and clausal ranks of the generative-transformational grammar would work as a more systematic method to extract the essential information of the audiovisual text and organize it in more concise and reduced units of text, i. e., the subtitles. We will also analyse whether this linguistic approach will be enough to meet our objective or if, on the other hand, other extralinguistic aspects intervene. The texts we will be using for our study are Roy Andersson’s commentary on three deleted scenes of his film “Songs from the second floor” and the documentary Den lilla människans storhet, a behind-the-scenes or making-of on the same feature.

Les analyses statiques de pire temps d’exécution sont utilisées pour garantir les délais requis pour les systèmes critiques. Afin d’estimer des bornes précises sur ces temps d’exécution, ces analyses temporelles nécessitent des considérations sur la (micro)- architecture. Habituellement, ces modèles de micro-architecture sont construits à la main à partir des manuels des processeurs. Cependant, les initiatives du matériel libre et les langages de description de matériel de haut niveau (HCLs), permettent de réaborder la problématique de la génération automatique de ces modèles de micro-architecture, et plus spécifiquement des modèles de pipeline. Nous proposons un workflow qui vise à construire automatiquement des modèles de chemin de données de pipeline à partir de conceptions de processeurs décrites dans des langages de contruction de matériel (HCLs). Notre workflow est basé sur la chaine de compilation matériel Chisel/FIRRTL. Nous construisons au niveau de la représentation intermédiaire les modèles de pipeline du chemin de données. Notre travail vise à appliquer ces modèles pour prouver des propriétés liées à la prédictibilité temporelle. Notre méthode repose sur la vérification formelle. Les modèles générés sont ensuite traduits en modèles formels et intégrés dans une procédure existante basée sur la vérification de modèles pour détecter les anomalies de temps. Nous utilisons le langage de modélisation et de vérification TLA+ et expérimentons notre analyse avec plusieurs processeurs RISC-V open-source. Enfin, nous faisons progresser les études en évaluant l’impact de la génération automatique à l’aide d’une série de critères synthétiques
Static worst-case timing analyses are used to ensure the timing deadlines required for safety-critical systems. In order to derive accurate bounds, these timing analyses require precise (micro-)architecture considerations. Usually, such micro-architecture models are constructed by hand from processor manuals.However, with the open-source hardware initiatives and high-level Hardware Description Languages (HCLs), the automatic generation of these micro-architecture models and, more specifically, the pipeline models are promoted. We propose a workflow that aims to automatically construct pipeline datapath models from processor designs described in HCLs. Our workflow is based on the Chisel/FIRRTL Hardware Compiler Framework. We build at the intermediate representation level the datapath pipeline models. Our work intends to prove the timing properties, such as the timing predictability-related properties. We rely on the formal verification as our method. The generated models are then translated into formal models and integrated into an existing model checking-based procedure for detecting timing anomalies. We use TLA+ modeling and verification language and experiment with our analysis with several open-source RISC-V processors. Finally, we advance the studies by evaluating the impact of automatic generation through a series of synthetic benchmarks

In the world of Big Data analytics, there is a series of tools aiming at simplifying programming applications to be executed on clusters. Although each tool claims to provide better programming, data and execution models—for which only informal (and often confusing) semantics is generally provided—all share a common under- lying model, namely, the Dataflow model. Using this model as a starting point, it is possible to categorize and analyze almost all aspects about Big Data analytics tools from a high level perspective. This analysis can be considered as a first step toward a formal model to be exploited in the design of a (new) framework for Big Data analytics. By putting clear separations between all levels of abstraction (i.e., from the runtime to the user API), it is easier for a programmer or software designer to avoid mixing low level with high level aspects, as we are often used to see in state-of-the-art Big Data analytics frameworks. From the user-level perspective, we think that a clearer and simple semantics is preferable, together with a strong separation of concerns. For this reason, we use the Dataflow model as a starting point to build a programming environment with a simplified programming model implemented as a Domain-Specific Language, that is on top of a stack of layers that build a prototypical framework for Big Data analytics. The contribution of this thesis is twofold: first, we show that the proposed model is (at least) as general as existing batch and streaming frameworks (e.g., Spark, Flink, Storm, Google Dataflow), thus making it easier to understand high-level data-processing applications written in such frameworks. As result of this analysis, we provide a layered model that can represent tools and applications following the Dataflow paradigm and we show how the analyzed tools fit in each level. Second, we propose a programming environment based on such layered model in the form of a Domain-Specific Language (DSL) for processing data collections, called PiCo (Pipeline Composition). The main entity of this programming model is the Pipeline, basically a DAG-composition of processing elements. This model is intended to give the user an unique interface for both stream and batch processing, hiding completely data management and focusing only on operations, which are represented by Pipeline stages. Our DSL will be built on top of the FastFlow library, exploiting both shared and distributed parallelism, and implemented in C++11/14 with the aim of porting C++ into the Big Data world.

O UMLP surge com a ideia de acabar com os problemas de comunicação na sociedade médica, criando um léxico unificado de termos médicos. Os termos são extraídos de fontes cuja fidelidade seja garantida (Wikipédia, Wikcionário, Priberam, Médicos de Portugal, DeCS, Glossário Medico). Em particular são criados sistemas de extracção de informação para cada uma das fontes de informação. Uma vez extraídos os termos uma vez extraídos são analisados, corrigidos e é criado um léxico unificado. Uma vez o léxico unificado é preciso criar plataformas capazes de levar até ao utilizador o acesso à informação, plataformas essas que têm que ser simples, práticas, intuitivas e visualmente agradáveis. É então criado o Escul@pio, uma plataforma colaborativa de acesso ao UMLP, também disponivel a partir de dispositivos móveis.

The thesis focuses on the semantic analysis of the advertisement of different Czech beer brands which have been on the market for the last twenty years. The theoretical part consists of the interpretation of marketing strategies and psychology and decodes the typical advertising language and content of chosen advertisements. The thesis also deals with the history of beer, brewery and law restrictions of advertising alcoholic products.

I ‘caratteri’ e gli ‘esemplari’ della prosa dell’ermetismo sono ricostruiti in questa tesi attraverso un’ottica semantica. L’endiadi di ascendenza macriana suggerisce di assumere con ‘caratteri’ i motivi, gli stilemi, i moduli sintattici e melodici che sono alla base della Weltanschauung ermetica, con ‘esemplari’ i modelli e paradigmi offerti da ciascuna delle prose selezionate (Al di qua d’una sera di Alessandro Parronchi, Biografia a Ebe di Mario Luzi, La sposa bambina di Alfonso Gatto e La donna miriade di Piero Bigongiari). Se poniamo l’accento su ‘caratteri’, si evidenzia il piano delle scelte condivise; se lo spostiamo su ‘esemplari’, si configura il livello delle opzioni individuali; il reciproco rapporto può essere sintetizzato dall’equazione caratteri : esemplari = langue : parole. Un quadro d’insieme dunque che si forma grazie a modelli di lingua simili ma con caratteristiche proprie. Si sa che la semantica illumina sul modo di pensare e di concepire la realtà in una lingua; applicata a una koiné letteraria, aiuta a delineare l’immaginario che ne fa da sfondo. Per pervenire quindi al sistema linguistico della prosa ermetica è utile muovere dai singoli atti di parole con cui i diversi autori hanno tradotto le stesse immagini, mettendo in risalto analogie e discordanze ed estrapolando una radice comune. Il percorso dell’analisi lessicale procede in senso inverso rispetto al processo compositivo, perché si sposta dall’asse sintagmatico a quello paradigmatico, ossia dalla combinazione definitiva risale alla selezione preliminare dei significanti. L’iter metodologico ha coinvolto a livello del significato la scomposizione del tessuto linguistico delle opere in unità minori (temi o motivi), a livello del significante l’individuazione dei lemmi base e delle occorrenze e la successiva ricomposizione e accordo tramite le corrispondenze apparenti o sotterranee. Occorre sottolineare, infatti, che l’importanza di un lemma non sempre corrisponde al numero delle occorrenze, spesso la sua forza di attrazione semantica convoglia nella stessa orbita metafore e espressioni analogiche sostitutive (piano paradigmatico) o influenza le parole contigue (piano sintagmatico) dando vita a strutture modulari ricorrenti. Proprio in questa direzione si è rivelato fondamentale il confronto con le raccolte poetiche coeve (Avvento notturno, I giorni sensibili, La figlia di Babilonia e Morto ai paesi), che ha permesso di cogliere lo specifico della prosa grazie allo scarto delle soluzioni offerte in poesia. È per esempio il caso di sera, il cui campo semantico si articola nelle liriche intorno a un trinomio ricorrente (iride-vetro-luna), mentre nelle prose conduce ad associazioni iconico-linguistiche diverse, pur continuando ad agire a livello nascosto. La dimensione persefonica della donna presenta invece coerenza figurativa nei due canoni, avvalendosi delle stesse categorie identificative sovraordinate (caduta/raccolta-fiori-mani per Proserpina, respicere-ophis-passus per Euridice). Proprio l’indagine semantica condotta sistematicamente in direzione comparatistica (confronto tra le prose) e intergenerica (parallelo con le liriche) costituisce un modo nuovo e alternativo di accostarsi ai temi e alla lingua dell’ermetismo. La ricerca considera in maniera unitaria semantica, stilistica, melodia e ritmo, che toccano spesso un fondo comune illuminandosi a vicenda. Anche le strutture melodiche, come quelle semantiche e stilistiche, presentano la stessa vis trasgressiva nei confronti della tradizione. E se per le prime due, soprattutto sul piano della poesia, l’intento divergente è stato ampiamente dimostrato, per le ultime l’ipotesi d’infrazione normativa è avanzata (e comprovata) qui per la prima volta. Di rado le unità melodiche si adeguano fedelmente ai modelli canonici, rispettandone scansioni sillabiche e rapporto tra i membri, mentre si rivelano coerenti nel sottolineare l’innalzamento della tensione emotiva e l’aderenza a situazioni inconsuete. Allontanandosi dagli stilemi ermetici (per esempio nel progredire da Stasi a Una lettera dieci anni dopo in Biografia a Ebe), la tendenza diversiva si appiattisce, a favore di una prosa maggiormente mimetica, e la struttura melodica tende a livellarsi ai moduli standard. Estendendo lo sguardo dal piano sincronico a quello diacronico, appare degna di nota la ricostruzione completa delle varianti di Biografia a Ebe (finora attestata a livello della terza e della settima sequenza) insieme alla congettura che dalla ristampa della Sposa bambina siano espunte soprattutto le espressioni di idillio, gli ‘infrapensieri’ e le connotazioni affettive troppo forti. Il lavoro è organizzato in due sezioni, la prima volta a esplorare tempo e spazio, la seconda ispirata alla categoria dell’assenza. La coordinata temporale è ricostruita attraverso le ore del giorno, i movimenti degli astri e dei pianeti, l’alternanza delle stagioni; il concetto di spazio si presenta nell’accezione materica per estendersi ai luoghi del cuore e ai paesaggi reali. Tramite gli slittamenti d’identità della donna, l’assenza assume le ultime frontiere della metamorfosi e del transfert prima di tradursi definitivamente nella morte. L’assenza si specifica quindi come conseguenza della caducità, che ne è l’inscindibile premessa. Lo spartiacque tra prima e seconda parte è segnato anche dall’apparato delle occorrenze, collocato in appendice ai quattro capitoli iniziali, nei quali le parole-chiave corrispondono in maniera puntuale al motivo esaminato. Come in poesia anche in prosa la gamma prediletta delle ore cade nella fascia serale-notturna. Per la sera le valenze semantiche si modulano lungo il senso di confine e di appercezione in Al di qua di una sera, d’incontro che si trasforma in solitudine e morte in Biografia a Ebe, di coincidenza degli opposti nella Donna miriade, di cornice e rivelazione della Solitaria nella Sposa bambina. Per la notte le sfumature includono travaglio e turbamento in Biografia a Ebe e nella Donna miriade, evasione ed erosione del quotidiano nella Sposa bambina e nella Donna miriade, prodigio e morte in Al di qua di una sera, Biografia a Ebe e La sposa bambina. Dal tempo notturno risulta inseparabile il topos della luna, che nella prosa conserva i tre aspetti di lievità, sospensione, incantesimo consacrati dalla tradizione, mentre nella lirica se ne discosta. Il motivo si rivela particolarmente idoneo a svelare la cifra stilistica di ogni autore anche in presenza del medesimo artificio retorico. La duplicatio è realizzata, ad esempio, in Al di qua di una sera con ripetizione a contatto e rafforzativo («la luna, la luna stessa»), nella Donna miriade con semplice geminatio e vocativo («tu nascosta giri nel cielo, luna luna»), nella Sposa bambina con inusuali forme copulative («Era la luna, la luna beata»). Le stagioni presentano un processo oscillante tra persistenza e mutevolezza dei caratteri, per cui, più che per un’identità propria, si distinguono per l’interna dialettica. Sono viste in cammino, proiettate verso la scoperta del tempo successivo, oppure impegnate a proteggere fino all’ultimo le peculiarità. Non a caso in tutti i quattro testi compaiono i nomi dell’autunno e della primavera, periodi di passaggio per eccellenza. Non emerge una stagione in particolare, solo nella Sposa bambina le ricorrenze accordano la preferenza all’estate. Gli elementi materici non mostrano una corrispondenza biunivoca tra archetipo e immaginario di ciascuna prosa; più di un dato empedocleo, infatti, si ritrova alla base dell’universo elementale della stessa opera. In Parronchi spicca l’acqua morta della fontana unita al fuoco del tramonto; in Luzi la terra, nell’accezione di radicamento/sradicamento dell’exemplum evangelico, e l’aria come medium che predispone alla metamorfosi; in Bigongiari l’acqua stagnante della laguna e l’aria che si congiunge al fuoco nel vento urens; in Gatto il mare, fonte di vita ma al contempo causa di morte, e la terra connessa al senso dell’abbandono e dell’esilio. A interrompere l’indagine sincronica, s’interpone l’excursus sulle varianti di Biografia a Ebe e della Sposa bambina, ‘rivisitate’ a distanza di tempo (1983 e 1963) dagli autori. Dal testo di Luzi emerge un ricorrente trinomio variantistico: soppressione, sostituzione, inserimento; in quello di Gatto prevale la soppressione con rari inserimenti. L’ipotesi che il capitolo cerca di dimostrare è che le espressioni ritoccate siano quelle maggiormente marcate dallo stigma dell’ermetismo. L’immagine della donna è tratteggiata ricorrendo alla categoria della trascorrenza, che innesca in verticale la metamorfosi incrociando le mitiche figure di Proserpina e Euridice; in orizzontale il transfert scambiando l’identità con le altre figure del racconto. Si assiste in questo caso a una complessa forma di commutazione, modellata sulla mise en abîme: duplicazione semplice, duplicazione all’infinito e duplicazione paradossale. La donna ermetica, di cui spicca da sempre l’assenza per unanime consenso della critica, è resa ora doppiamente assente perché anche in presenza è continuamente contesa dalla sovrapposizione di altre figure. La caducità, legata a doppio nodo dall’assenza, si rivela categoria pervasiva dalle valenze polisemiche, che acquista una curvatura astrologica (eclisse, alternanza del giorno e della notte, susseguirsi di stagioni, crepuscolo) in Al di qua di una sera, esistenziale (metafisica di mistero e morte) in Biografia a Ebe, di alterazione (febbre e delirio) nella Donna miriade, di morte (come tema di un racconto, rievocazione di figure scomparse o inserto allusivo) nella Sposa bambina.