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Gordon, Thomas R., Dorothy Okamoto, Andrew J. Storer i David L. Wood. "Surfactants Improve the Susceptibility of Five Landscape Pines to Pitch Canker Disease, Caused by Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini". HortTechnology 9, nr 1 (styczeń 1999): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.9.1.132.
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Pitch canker, caused by Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini, causes branch die-back and stem cankers in many species of pine. Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don), one of the most widely planted pines in the world, is extremely susceptible to pitch canker. Four other pine species, which might serve as alternatives to Monterey pine in landscape settings, were found to be relatively resistant, based on the size of lesions resulting from branch inoculations under greenhouse conditions. Of these species, Japanese black pine (P. thunbergiana Franco) was the most resistant, followed by Canary Island pine (P. canariensis Sweet ex K. Spreng), Italian stone pine (P. pinea L.), and Aleppo pine (P. halepensis Mill.). Consistent with these findings, a field survey conducted in Alameda County, Calif., revealed Monterey pine to have the highest incidence of infection, with significantly lower levels in Aleppo, Canary Island, and Italian stone pines. Japanese black pine was not observed in the survey area.
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Gordon, Thomas R., Dorothy Okamoto, Andrew J. Storer i David L. Wood. "Susceptibility of Five Landscape Pines to Pitch Canker Disease, Caused by Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini". HortScience 33, nr 5 (sierpień 1998): 868–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.5.868.
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Pitch canker, caused by Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini, causes branch dieback and stem cankers in many species of pine. Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don), one of the most widely planted pines in the world, is extremely susceptible to pitch canker. Four other pine species, which might serve as alternatives to Monterey pine in landscape settings, were found to be relatively resistant, based on the size of lesions resulting from branch inoculations under greenhouse conditions. Of these species, Japanese black pine (P. thunbergiana Franco) was the most resistant, followed by Canary Island pine (P. canariensis Sweet ex K. Spreng), Italian stone pine (P. pinea L.), and Aleppo pine (P. halepensis Mill.). Consistent with these findings, a field survey conducted in Alameda County, Calif., revealed Monterey pine to have the highest incidence of infection, with significantly lower levels in Aleppo, Canary Island, and Italian stone pines. Japanese black pine was not observed in the survey area.
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Brglez, Ana, Barbara Piškur i Nikica Ogris. "Patogenost izolatov izbranih vrst gliv na Pinus sylvestris L. IN P. nigra Arnold". Acta Silvae et Ligni 132 (2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20315/asetl.132.1.
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The pathogenicity of eight selected fungal isolates (Corinectria fuckeliana, Diaporthe eres, Diplodia pinea, Fusarium sp. 1 and 2, Fusicolla sp., Nectria dematiosa and Tympanis sp.), isolated from diseased pines in Slovenia in 2020 and 2021, was tested on seedlings of Scots and Austrian pine. We inoculated a total of 115 pine seedlings (including the control group), regularly checked their health status and performed re-isolations from necrotic margins at the first signs of desiccation. Re-isolations were successful only when inoculated with Diplodia pinea, Diaporthe eres and Fusarium sp. 2. The average length of necrosis in Scots pine seedlings inoculated with D. pinea, Di. eres and Tympanis sp. was significantly different from that of the control group (p < 0.05). In Austrian pine seedlings, the average length of necrosis differed significantly between the control group and seedlings inoculated with the fungi D. pinea and Tympanis sp. (p < 0.05).
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Chhin, Sophan, i Gregory Dahle. "Using Acoustic Tomography to Infer Stem Wood Quality of Pine Forests Affected by a Fungal Pathogen in Different Latitudinal Regions and Plantation Densities". Ecologies 4, nr 3 (5.08.2023): 512–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecologies4030033.
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Diplodia pinea is a fungal pathogen that causes Diplodia shoot blight in pines and is widely spread in red pine (Pinus resinosa) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) forests in Michigan. The objective of this study was to examine whether infection with D. pinea compromises wood quality in pine stands. Acoustic data was collected using an acoustic tomographer from the stem region at breast height (1.3 m) of red pine and jack pine trees across two categories of forest health condition (control vs. Diplodia-affected), in two latitudinal regions (Lower Peninsula vs. Upper Peninsula), and two levels of initial stand density (low vs. high). The acoustic data was used to infer the wood quality (i.e., density) in these two tree species since material of higher density generally has higher sound velocity rates. Red pine had significantly higher wood quality (i.e., higher sound velocities) in the Upper Peninsula region compared to the Lower Peninsula region. Within each latitudinal region, red pine sound velocities did not show significant differences between forest health condition or initial stand density levels. Jack pine showed no significant differences in sound velocities across the treatment categories. The results indicate that latitudinal region appears to have more impact on red pine wood quality than the influence of forest health condition (presence of Diplodia shoot blight) or initial stand density. All analyzed factors (latitudinal region, forest health condition, and stand density) did not have a significant impact on the wood quality of jack pine.
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Stanosz, G. R., D. R. Smith, S. W. Fraedrich, R. E. Baird i A. Mangini. "Diplodia pinea, the Cause of Diplodia Blight of Pines, Confirmed in Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi". Plant Disease 93, nr 2 (luty 2009): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-2-0198c.
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Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) is the major commercial pine species cultivated in the Gulf Coast Region of the southern United States. Symptoms of Diplodia shoot blight (including yellow and brown needles and resin-soaked, dead, small twigs), pycnidia with conidia typical of Diplodia pinea on blighted shoots, and damaged, immature seed cones were observed during the summer of 2007 in loblolly pine seed orchards near Ward, AL, Winn Parish, LA, and Moselle, MS. Similar conidia also were obtained from pycnidia on opened seed cones of longleaf pine (P. palustris) collected on the campus of Mississipi State University, Starkville. Pure cultures obtained from specimens collected at each location were confirmed as D. pinea using species-specific PCR primers (3) that allow differentiation of D. pinea from the similar pine shoot blight pathogen D. scrobiculata. Isolates from loblolly pines in Alabama (07-58), Louisiana (07-38), and Mississippi (06-45) were used individually to inoculate potted 6- to 7-month-old loblolly pine seedlings grown from seed in a greenhouse in each of two independent trials. Elongating terminal shoots of seedlings to be inoculated were wounded by removing a needle fascicle ∼2 cm below the shoot apex. A 4-mm-diameter plug cut from an actively growing colony on water agar (WA) was placed on the wound, mycelium side toward the stem. Noncolonized WA plugs were placed in the same manner on similarly wounded control seedlings and nonwounded control seedlings also were used. Parafilm was wrapped around the shoots to hold the agar plugs in place and was removed after 1 week. Each of the five isolate-treatment combinations was applied to seven (trial 1) or eight (trial 2) seedlings (35 and 40 seedlings per trial, respectively). One week after inoculation, small, brown lesions were visible at the point of inoculation on stems of most of the inoculated seedlings. At 25 days after inoculation, all inoculated seedlings exhibited needle browning and stem cankers ranging from 0.6 cm to 9.0 cm long (mean 2.5 cm) that girdled and killed distal portions of the shoots of ∼25% of the inoculated seedlings in each trial. Wounded control and nonwounded control seedlings did not develop symptoms. Stem segments including the point of inoculation (or comparable segments of wounded and nonwounded control seedlings) were excised, surface disinfested, and incubated on tannic acid agar with sterile red pine needles. D. pinea was cultured from all inoculated seedlings and also from one wounded control seedling. Although occurrence of D. pinea on Cedrus spp. is included in an index (1), to our knowledge this is the first confirmed report of D. pinea on pines in Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi. The degree of risk presented by D. pinea to loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and other pine species native to the southern United States when grown in their native ranges is unknown. Reports of Diplodia shoot blight of southern U.S. pines when grown as exotics in the southern hemisphere (4) and the potential for epidemics to develop suddenly under severe weather conditions (2,4) justify additional studies to evaluate the potential for damage to these hosts in their native ranges. References: (1) Anonymous. Page 333 in: Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. Agric. Handb. 165, U.S. Dep. Agric. Washington, DC, 1960. (2) T. H. Nicholls and M. E. Ostry. Plant Dis. 74:54, 1990. (3) D. R. Smith and G. R. Stanosz. Plant Dis. 90:307, 2006. (4) W. J. Swart and M. J. Wingfield. Plant Dis. 75:761, 1991.
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Brown, James H., Valerie B. Cruickshank, Walter P. Gould i Thomas P. Husband. "Impact of Gypsy Moth Defoliation in Stands Containing White Pine". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 5, nr 2 (1.06.1988): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/5.2.108.
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Abstract Heavy infestations of gypsy moth in Rhode Island forests in 1981 and 1982 caused the greatest defoliation and mortality of white pines in stands where pines were mixed with oaks. White pine basal area losses were greatest (33.7%) in oak stands where white pine occurs as an understory (oak-pine). In stands where pines shared the canopy with oaks (pine-oak), white pine basal area losses were 12.7%, and in pure pine stands, losses were 7.3%. Losses were nearly 5, 4 and 9 times those observed in control stands for oak-pine, pine-oak, and pine stands, respectively. Results indicate that in oak-pine stands, cutting practices that encourage the growth of understory white pines to canopy positions where trees are less vulnerable to defoliation should be a first priority of management. North. J. Appl. For. 5:108-111, June 1988.
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Fredericksen, Todd S., H. Lee Allen i Thomas R. Wentworth. "Competing Vegetation and Pine Growth Response to Silvicultural Treatments in a Six-Year-Old Piedmont Loblolly Pine Plantation". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 15, nr 3 (1.08.1991): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/15.3.138.
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Abstract Combinations of two levels of site preparation (chop vs. shear, pile, and disk) with two levels of herbicide application (annual applications vs. none) resulted in distinct communities of competing vegetation, as well as differential pine growth in a six-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation in the North Carolina Piedmont. Chopping resulted in communities dominated by hardwood tree species, while shear-pile-disk led to a more even distribution among competing plant growth forms. Herbicide treatment reduced the overall amount of vegetation substantially, but dramatically increased the relative abundance of certain species, many of which are known to be resistant to the herbicides used. Trees, especially hardwoods, had a significant negative impact on the current growth increment of planted pines. No significant relationships were detected between pine growth and amounts of other growth forms of competing vegetation, such as forbs, grasses, shrubs, or vines. Shear-pile-disk-treated plots had higher species richness, evenness, and diversity than chopped plots, particularly on plots not treated with herbicide. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):138-144.
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Bellot, Marina, Anna Teixidó, Antoni Torrell, Neus Aletà i Cristian Gómez-Canela. "Residues of Deltamethrin in Pine Needles and Pine Nuts of Catalonia (Spain)". Molecules 28, nr 24 (12.12.2023): 8050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248050.
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In recent years, recurrent droughts have weakened stone pine (Pinus pinea) forests and facilitated the emergence of harmful pests and diseases, including the Leptoglossus occidentalis. The production of stone pine nuts has declined over the past five years. To control this hemipteran pest, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide called deltamethrin is being tested. However, it is necessary to estimate the residue left by these treatments in forest stands. Therefore, a fast and robust analytical procedure was developed based on QuEChERS clean-up extraction, followed by gas chromatography coupled with an electron capture detector. This optimized method can detect residual concentrations of deltamethrin in pine nuts and pine needles up to 0.1 and 6 μg kg−1, respectively, with a limit of quantification of 0.4 and 20 μg kg−1. Great recoveries (between 84 and 102%) were obtained for both matrices, and no matrix effect was observed. The results showed that two weeks after spraying, the deltamethrin content in the needles of stone pines decreased by up to 75%, and after nine months, its presence was like that of nontreated trees.
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Mathiasen, Robert L., i Carolyn M. Daugherty. "Susceptibility of Foxtail Pine and Western White Pine to Limber Pine Dwarf Mistletoe in Northern California". Western Journal of Applied Forestry 16, nr 2 (1.04.2001): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/16.2.58.
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Abstract This study confirms that foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana) should be classified as an occasional host and western white pine (P. monticola) as a secondary host of limber pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium cyanocarpum) in northern California. Thirty temporary circular plots (6 m radius) were established around dominant, severely infected western white pines near Mount Eddy, Trinity County, CA. Within these plots, species, diameter at 1.3 m above the ground, and dwarf mistletoe rating (6 class system) were determined for each live tree over 1.37 m in height. Thirty-five and 75% of the foxtail pines and western white pines, respectively, sampled near large, severely infected western white pines were infected. None of the Low's fir (Abies lowiana) or Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi) observed in the plots were infected, and these species are classified as immune to limber pine dwarf mistletoe. West. J. Appl.For. 16(2):58–60.
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Byrne, Stephen V., Thomas R. Wentworth i Sarah M. Nusser. "A moisture strain index for loblolly pine". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, nr 1 (1.01.1987): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-004.
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Seedlings of Pinustaeda L. were planted in 1982 on a clear-cut site in the northeastern Piedmont of North Carolina. Two intensities of site preparation (chopping and shear–pile–disk) were applied in the previous year, and seedlings were maintained under three intensities of cultural practice (no treatment, application of herbicides, and hand weeding) for control of successional vegetation regrowth. Both site preparation and cultural practice significantly affected pine performance (relative growth rate) and predawn leaf water potentials. Soil water potentials showed no significant treatment effects, even during a severe drought in the summer of 1983. An index of moisture strain for the pine seedlings was developed by regressing predawn leaf water potentials of individual pines against the mean leaf water potentials of all pines using data collected on 5 days in the summer of 1983. This index accounted for 55% of the variation in pine performance. The predictive value of the index resulted from its integration of a variety of stress factors and was probably enhanced by its application during a dry growing season.
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Fujia, Zhang, Zhang Fujia, Yasuhiro Mori, Zhang Fujia, Yasuhiro Mori, Yuji Tsutsumi, Zhang Fujia, Yasuhiro Mori, Yuji Tsutsumi i Ryuichiro Kondo. "A rapid in vitro bioassay system for testing resistance factors of pine trees to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus". Nematology 15, nr 6 (2013): 665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002709.
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Understanding resistance mechanisms to pine wilt disease is essential to a successful breeding programme because plant selection cannot always guarantee absolute resistance against every isolate of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. To examine resistance factors in Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii, we devised a novel in vitro bioassay system in which we tested proliferation of pine wood nematodes co-cultured with wood slices or methanol extracts from pines. Proliferation of pine wood nematodes was inhibited in assays with fresh wood slices from resistant Japanese black pines but not with susceptible pine or without wood slices (control). When resistant wood slices were extracted by methanol, the inhibition effect of proliferation of pine wood nematodes was diminished, whereas methanol extraction from susceptible wood slices did not affect the proliferation. To verify whether nematode proliferation was inhibited by pine extracts, methanol extracts were loaded on paper disks and used in the assay. Populations of pine wood nematodes were significantly suppressed when methanol extracts originated from a resistant pine, but not from a susceptible pine. These results strongly suggest that methanol extracts from resistant pine trees contain the inhibitors of pine wood nematode proliferation. This bioassay system is available not only for identifying inhibitors of pine wood nematode proliferation but also for rapid screening of resistant pines.
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Rice, Adrianne V., Markus N. Thormann i David W. Langor. "Mountain pine beetle associated blue-stain fungi cause lesions on jack pine, lodgepole pine, and lodgepole × jack pine hybrids in Alberta". Canadian Journal of Botany 85, nr 3 (marzec 2007): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-014.
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Mountain pine beetles ( Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins; (MPB)) have spread into lodgepole × jack pine hybrid ( Pinus contorta Douglas × Pinus banksiana Lambert) forests in Alberta and are predicted to spread into jack pine forests. Their success in these forests is uncertain but will be influenced by multiple factors, including the ability of their associated blue-stain fungi to colonize the trees and the health of the encountered trees. Healthy and dwarf mistletoe infected pines at three sites across Alberta (one site per pine species) were inoculated with three isolates each of Grosmannia clavigera (Robinson-Jeffrey and Davidson) Zipfel, de Beer and Wingfield and Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx. Both fungi grew and caused lesions on all hosts, suggesting that MPB will not be limited by a lack of fungal growth. Both fungi caused longer lesions in jack and hybrid pines than in lodgepole pines, indicating that susceptibility varies among hosts and is greater in the novel systems than in the co-evolved one. G. clavigera caused longer lesions than O. montium in hybrids and lodgepole pines, while the two species caused similar-sized lesions on jack pine. Intraspecific variation was high in G. clavigera, with one isolate producing much shorter lesions than the other two. Dwarf mistletoe infestation had little effect on infection lesion length.
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Six, Diana L., Mark Vander Meer, Thomas H. DeLuca i Peter Kolb. "Pine engraver (Ips pini) Colonization of Logging Residues Created Using Alternative Slash Management Systems in Western Montana". Western Journal of Applied Forestry 17, nr 2 (1.04.2002): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/17.2.96.
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Abstract In this study, we observed effects of various slash treatments on pine engraver colonization. Five slash treatments (slash-free, chipped, small piles, large piles, scattered) were replicated five times at each of two sites, one consisting mainly of ponderosa pine and the other predominantly lodgepole pine. No pine engravers were found in slash-free or chipped slash treatments at either site. At the ponderosa pine site, significantly more pine engraver attacks and galleries were found in the scattered slash treatment than in small and large pile treatments. A significantly greater number of invertebrate natural enemies were also found in the scattered slash treatment, where they were approximately six to nine times as abundant as in the small pile and large pile treatments, respectively. No pine engravers were observed colonizing slash in the lodgepole pine treatments where slash was in an advanced stage of drying. At both sites, the use of a feller buncher–delimber during harvest increased the rate of drying of slash, reducing its suitability for pine engraver colonization. West. J. Appl. For. 17(2):96–100.
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Mathiasen, R., i C. Daugherty. "First Report of Limber Pine Dwarf Mistletoe (Arceuthobium cyanocarpum) on Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana) from California". Plant Disease 94, nr 1 (styczeń 2010): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-1-0134c.
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Limber pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium cyanocarpum (A. Nelson ex Rydberg) Coulter & Nelson; Viscaceae) severely parasitizes limber pine (Pinus flexilis James) and several other white pines, including western white pine (P. monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) and whitebark pine (P. albicaulis Engelm.), over an extensive geographic range in the western United States (1). However, limber pine dwarf mistletoe has not been previously reported on sugar pine (P. lambertiana Dougl.), another white pine found within the range of limber pine dwarf mistletoe (1). In August 2009, we found a sugar pine infected with limber pine dwarf mistletoe approximately 0.8 km northeast of Tahquitz Peak in the San Jacinto Mountains, California (33°45′24′′N, 116°40′24′′W; elevation 2,640 m). The infected sugar pine was 13 inches (33 cm) in diameter and had 13 infections on five of its lower branches. Ten of the infections were producing mature male and female mistletoe plants with open flowers or developing fruits, respectively. Two of the infected branches were forming witches' brooms in response to infection by limber pine dwarf mistletoe. The infected sugar pine was growing within 3 m of four limber pines severely infected with limber pine dwarf mistletoe. The male and female plants produced on the infected sugar pine were morphologically identical to those growing on the infected limber pines. Limber pine dwarf mistletoe can be distinguished from sugar pine dwarf mistletoe (A. californicum Hawksw. & Wiens), the principal dwarf mistletoe parasitizing sugar pine in California, by its smaller plants (mean height 3 cm versus 8 cm) and flowering period (August to September versus June to July). In an attempt to determine the relative susceptibility of sugar pine to limber pine dwarf mistletoe, we conducted a survey of the infested limber pine stand. Because there were no additional sugar pines growing in the area, it was impossible to assess the general susceptibility of sugar pine to limber pine dwarf mistletoe, but the production of many mature plants from 10 of the infections on the sugar pine suggests this tree species may be highly susceptible. However, this is currently the only known location where sugar pine co-occurs with limber pine dwarf mistletoe (1), so assessing the susceptibility of sugar pine to this dwarf mistletoe will depend on locating additional sites where they co-occur. It should be noted also that previous surveys in the San Jacinto Mountains failed to detect infection by limber pine dwarf mistletoe on sugar pine (1). Specimens of limber pine dwarf mistletoe on sugar pine were collected and deposited at the Deaver Herbarium (ASC), Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff (Accession No. 92697). To our knowledge, this is the first report of limber pine dwarf mistletoe parasitizing sugar pine. References: (1) F. G. Hawksworth and D. Wiens. USDA For. Serv. Agric. Handb. 709, 1996.
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Hunt, D. W. A., G. Lintereur, S. M. Salom i K. F. Raffa. "PERFORMANCE AND PREFERENCE OF HYLOBIUS RADIUS BUCHANAN, AND H. PALES (HERBST) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ON VARIOUS PINUS SPECIES". Canadian Entomologist 125, nr 6 (grudzień 1993): 1003–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1251003-6.
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AbstractThe weevils Hylobius radicis Buchanan and Hylobius pales (Herbst) survived to adulthood more frequently, developed more rapidly, and weighed more as adults when reared on diet containing ground phloem from Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L., or red pine, Pinus resinosa Aiton, than from jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., or eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L. In feeding tests, both weevils preferred Scots pine, although jack pine was preferred over red and white pine. When reared on diets containing phloem from red pines which had received various amounts of nitrogenous fertilizer, H. radicis and H. pales performed significantly better at elevated concentrations of nitrogen. Hylobius radicis adults exhibited a feeding preference for twigs from red pines containing elevated nitrogen concentrations.
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Esch, Evan D., John R. Spence i David W. Langor. "Saproxylic beetle (Coleoptera) diversity in subalpine whitebark pine and lodgepole pine (Pinaceae) trees killed by mountain pine beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)". Canadian Entomologist 148, nr 5 (11.03.2016): 556–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2016.3.
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AbstractWhitebark pine,Pinus albicaulisEngelmann (Pinaceae), a foundational species of North American subalpine ecosystems, is endangered across its range and continued decline is inevitable. Little is known about the invertebrate fauna associated with this species which, if specific to whitebark pine, may also be threatened or endangered. We compared the composition of saproxylic beetle assemblages associated with whitebark pine and co-occurring lodgepole pine,Pinus contorta latifolia(Engelmann) Critchfield (Pinaceae), recently killed by mountain pine beetle (MPB),Dendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in subalpine forests in Alberta, Canada. Redundancy and rarefaction analyses revealed that beetle assemblage composition was influenced by snag class (i.e., time since death) but differed little among the two pine species within snag classes. However, a subset of the assemblage known to be associated with the MPB differed significantly in composition between the two pines. No common species were exclusively associated with whitebark pines; however, seven species were rarely collected only on whitebark pine. With the possible exception of these rare species, felling and burning infested whitebark pines to control the MPB will not likely endanger saproxylic beetles associated with this tree.
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Cale, Jonathan A., Jennifer G. Klutsch, Christien B. Dykstra, Brosnon Peters i Nadir Erbilgin. "Pathophysiological responses of pine defensive metabolites largely lack differences between pine species but vary with eliciting ophiostomatoid fungal species". Tree Physiology 39, nr 7 (16.03.2019): 1121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz012.
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Abstract Phytopathogenic ophiostomatoid fungi are common associates of bark beetles and contribute to beetle-associated mortality of trees. Mountain pine beetle outbreaks in Canada are facilitating novel associations between its vectored fungi (Grosmannia clavigera, Leptographium longiclavatum and Ophiostoma montium) and jack pine. How the induced defense-related metabolite responses of jack and lodgepole pines vary in response to the fungi is unknown. Understanding this variation is important to clarifying pine susceptibility to and the physiological impacts of infection. We used a comparative metabolite profiling approach to investigate the defense-related signaling, carbon utilization/mobilization, and synthesis responses of both pines to the fungi. Both pine species largely exhibited similar metabolite responses to the fungi. The magnitude of pine metabolite responses positively reflected pathogen virulence. Our findings indicate that pines can recognize and metabolomically respond to novel pathogens, likely due to signals common between the novel fungi and fungi coevolved with the pine. Thus, jack pine is likely as susceptible as lodgepole pine to infections by each of the MPB-vectored fungi. Furthermore, the magnitude of the metabolite responses of both pines varied by the eliciting fungal species, with the most virulent pathogen causing the greatest reduction in carbohydrates and the highest accumulation of defensive terpenes.
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Esch, Evan D., David W. Langor i John R. Spence. "Gallery success, brood production, and condition of mountain pine beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) reared in whitebark and lodgepole pine from Alberta, Canada". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, nr 4 (kwiecień 2016): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0351.
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Breeding pairs of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) were introduced into freshly cut bolts of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson) in the laboratory. Brood adults emerging from the bolts were collected and galleries were dissected to compare reproductive success, brood production, and adult condition between the two pines. Beetles were more likely to establish egg galleries that produced brood in lodgepole pine than in whitebark pine. Larval gallery density per centimetre of egg gallery was significantly higher in whitebark pine than in lodgepole pine; however, egg galleries also tended to be shorter in whitebark pine bolts, and consequently, brood adults emerging production per gallery did not differ between the two host species. Female body size, mass, and fat content of brood adults and survival from larva to adult did not differ between beetles reared in the two hosts. Though this no-choice assay did not simulate the sequence of events occurring during host selection, these results are consistent with other data suggesting that beetles could be less likely to attack whitebark pines in southwestern Alberta. Whitebark pines that are attacked will produce brood in similar numbers and condition as those from lodgepole pines.
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Oblinger, B. W., D. R. Smith i G. R. Stanosz. "An Ornamental Swiss Stone Pine (Pinus cembra) in Wisconsin is a Host of the Shoot Blight Pathogen Diplodia pinea". Plant Disease 93, nr 8 (sierpień 2009): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-8-0845b.
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Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra) is a slow-growing, hardy tree native to high-mountain regions of Europe from the Alps to the Carpathians. It also is planted as an ornamental in North America. Shoot blight and branch dieback were observed in the fall of 2008 on a single, 25- to 30-year-old Swiss stone pine growing on the University of Wisconsin–Madison campus. This tree is located between two mature Austrian pines (P. nigra) that exhibit symptoms of Diplodia blight and show signs of the conifer pathogen Diplodia pinea. Approximately 20% of the Swiss stone pine shoots were affected with needles and stems killed before full elongation. Symptom development appeared to have progressed from tips into older portions of branches with several years' growth often heavily resinous and necrotic. Five samples each of needles, stems, and cones bearing erumpent, black pycnidia were collected for microscopic examination. Each sample yielded conidia consistent with those of D. pinea (2). Using tannic acid agar (TAA) (1) on which autoclaved pine needles were placed to induce sporulation, this fungus was cultured from all 15 samples. The identity of the pathogen was confirmed as D. pinea with species-specific PCR primers (4) that allow differentiation from the similar fungus D. scrobiculata. Single-conidial isolate 09-03 from the affected Swiss stone pine was used to inoculate potted seedlings of this species in a greenhouse. Growing shoots of 12 seedlings were wounded by removing a needle fascicle and then were inoculated by placing on the wound a 5-mm-diameter plug cut from an actively growing colony on water agar (WA). Noncolonized WA plugs were placed on five wounded control seedlings, and five nonwounded control seedlings were used. Seedlings were covered with plastic bags to maintain high humidity for 2 weeks and then the bags were removed. The initial symptom, present 1 week after inoculation, was chlorosis of the bases of current-year needles near the point of inoculation. Affected needles became necrotic and pycnidia were visible on some by 10 days after inoculation. Needle chlorosis, necrosis, and dark discoloration of vascular tissue had developed on 11 of 12 inoculated seedlings by 6 weeks after inoculation, but not on wounded or nonwounded control seedlings. At that time, one or more symptomatic needles and a stem segment from each inoculated seedling and comparable material from control seedlings were surface disinfested and placed on TAA. The pathogen was cultured from needles of 10 of 12 inoculated seedlings and from stems of all inoculated seedlings. The fungus was not cultured from needles of control seedlings, but was cultured from stems of 2 of 10 control seedlings, one wounded and one nonwounded. D. pinea often severely damages species in the Pinus subgenus Diploxylon (two- and three-needle pines), but it is much less frequently reported as a cause of damage to hosts in the subgenus Haploxylon (five-needle pines), which includes Swiss stone pine. Although an unidentified Diplodia species was listed among fungi cultured from a healthy shoot of P. cembra (3), to our knowledge this is the first report of D. pinea as a pathogen of Swiss stone pine. References: (1) J. T. Blodgett et al. For. Pathol. 33:395, 2003. (2) E. Punithalingam and J. M. Waterston. No. 273 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 1970. (3) G. R. Schnell. Eur. J. For. Pathol. 17:19, 1987. (4) D. R. Smith and G. R. Stanosz. Plant Dis. 90:307, 2006.
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Nesmith, Jonathan C. B., Micah Wright, Erik S. Jules i Shawn T. McKinney. "Whitebark and Foxtail Pine in Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks: Initial Assessment of Stand Structure and Condition". Forests 10, nr 1 (7.01.2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10010035.
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The Inventory & Monitoring Division of the U.S. National Park Service conducts long-term monitoring to provide park managers information on the status and trends in biological and environmental attributes including white pines. White pines are foundational species in many subalpine ecosystems and are currently experiencing population declines. Here we present results on the status of whitebark and foxtail pine in the southern Sierra Nevada of California, an area understudied relative to other parts of their ranges. We selected random plot locations in Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon national parks using an equal probability spatially-balanced approach. Tree- and plot-level data were collected on forest structure, composition, demography, cone production, crown mortality, and incidence of white pine blister rust and mountain pine beetle. We measured 7899 whitebark pine, 1112 foxtail pine, and 6085 other trees from 2012–2017. All factors for both species were spatially highly variable. Whitebark pine occurred in nearly-pure krummholz stands at or near treeline and as a minor component of mixed species forests. Ovulate cones were observed on 25% of whitebark pine and 69% of foxtail pine. Whitebark pine seedlings were recorded in 58% of plots, and foxtail pine seedlings in only 21% of plots. Crown mortality (8% in whitebark, 6% in foxtail) was low and significantly higher in 2017 compared to previous years. Less than 1% of whitebark and zero foxtail pine were infected with white pine blister rust and <1% of whitebark and foxtail pine displayed symptoms of mountain pine beetle attack. High elevation white pines in the southern Sierra Nevada are healthy compared to other portions of their range where population declines are significant and well documented. However, increasing white pine blister rust and mountain pine beetle occurrence, coupled with climate change projections, portend future declines for these species, underscoring the need for broad-scale collaborative monitoring.
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Joyner, Karen L., Xiao-Ru Wang, J. Spencer Johnston, H. James Price i Claire G. Williams. "DNA content for Asian pines parallels New World relatives". Canadian Journal of Botany 79, nr 2 (1.02.2001): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-151.
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This hypothesis is based on an observed correlation between DNA content and thermal regime for fish, zooplankton, salamanders, and some flowering plants. The Asian pine results provided no support for the latitudinal hypothesis; Asian tropical pine species did not have smaller genomes than their temperate or boreal relatives. DNA content of haploid megagametophyte tissue varied from 21.85 pg/C for hard pine Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc. to 29.59 pg/C for soft pine Pinus bungeana Zucc. Pinus merkusii Jung. & De Vriese (29.63 pg/C) was the exceptional hard pine, with a genome size larger than many soft pines. The mean DNA content of Asian soft pines exceeded Asian hard pines (Δ 3.22 pg/C), a parallel to the previously reported trends for New World pines. No continental effect was detected. Based on 46 pines species sampled in centers of species diversity in Asian and the New World, soft pines had mean DNA content which exceeded hard pines by 4.97 pg/C.Key words: gymnosperms, conifers, laser flow cytometry, megagametophytes, C values, phylogeny.
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Erbilgin, Nadir, Andrew J. Storer, David L. Wood i Thomas R. Gordon. "Colonization of cut branches of five coniferous hosts of the pitch canker fungus by Pityophthorus spp. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in central, coastal California". Canadian Entomologist 137, nr 3 (czerwiec 2005): 337–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n04-074.
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AbstractPitch canker of pines (Pinus spp.) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) (Pinaceae) is caused by the fungus Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg et O'Donnell. In California, infections by F. circinatum occur largely through wounds caused by insects. Field experiments were initiated to determine whether the colonization activities of twig beetles, Pityophthorus spp. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), could explain the incidence of pitch canker on Monterey pine (P. radiata D. Don), Bishop pine (P. muricata D. Don), ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa var. ponderosa Dougl.), knobcone pine (P. attenuata Lemm.), and Douglas-fir. Asymptomatic branches were cut from each of four pairs of tree species (Monterey–Bishop, Monterey–ponderosa, Monterey–knobcone, Monterey–Douglas-fir) at four sites and attached to the lower canopy of both heterospecific and conspecific host trees (total of four combinations per pair). After 10 weeks, branches were collected and placed in rearing tubes in the laboratory. Emerging insects were identified and placed on a Fusarium-selective medium. Monterey, Bishop, and ponderosa pines were more heavily infested by Pityophthorus spp. than Douglas-fir and knobcone pine. Furthermore, more Pityophthorus beetles emerged from Monterey pine branches placed in Monterey pine canopies than from Monterey pine branches placed in Bishop or ponderosa pine canopies, indicating that reduced emergence (colonization) was caused by the hetero specific host. Relatively fewer insects emerged from sites containing either Monterey and knobcone pines or Monterey pine and Douglas-fir. Fusarium circinatum was not isolated from emerging Pityophthorus spp. Susceptibility of the five host species, based on mean lesion lengths resulting from mechanical inoculations, varied significantly. The longest lesions were on Monterey pine and the shortest were on ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir. The low incidence of pitch canker on Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine in nature compared with that on Monterey, Bishop, and knobcone pines may be explained by the low colonization by twig beetles and the greater resistance of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine to this disease, compared with the other three hosts.
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Ekramoddoullah, Abul K. M., Doug Taylor i Barbara J. Hawkins. "Characterisation of a fall protein of sugar pine and detection of its homologue associated with frost hardiness of western white pine needles". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, nr 7 (1.07.1995): 1137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-126.
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A 19-kDa protein of sugar pine (named Pinl I; i.e., protein I of Pinuslambertiana Dougl.) was detected in increasing amounts in the fall. This protein was separated by SDS–PAGE and also by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Pinl I was composed of two acidic isoforms. This protein was subjected to N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. The two isoforms had an identical N-terminal amino acid sequence. The N-terminal peptide was synthesized and purified, and the purity of the synthetic peptide was greater than 95%. The peptide was conjugated to a carrier protein, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Rabbits were immunized with peptide–KLH and the antipeptide antibody was purified from the crude antisera by immunoaffinity chromatography. The antibody was shown to bind specifically to PinI I. This anti-Pin I I antibody was used in a Western immunoblot to detect the homologues of Pin1 1 in two other five-needled pines: western white pine (Pinusmonticola Dougl.; named Pinm III) and eastern white pine (Pinusstrobus L.). The antibody was also used to monitor the seasonal variation of Pinm III in western white pine needles. Pinm III was shown to be associated with overwintering of western white pine seedlings. A significant correlation was observed between the frost hardiness of western white pine foliage and the content of Pinm III.
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Lee, Kwang Hee, Yeon Ju Seo i Soo Chul Kim. "Dendro-anatomical Study for Identification of Pine at Korea". Journal of Conservation Science 38, nr 2 (30.04.2022): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12654/jcs.2022.38.2.04.
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This study identified Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) and exotic pines (Pinus resinosa, Pinus sylvestris) with a similar anatomical structure using a dendro-anatomical method that applied dendrochronology, tracheid length, and uniseriate ray cell size. Korean red pine samples were collected from 13 national parks, while exotic pine samples were secured from two wood importers. Tracheid length was measured by distinguishing earlywood from latewood, and uniseriate ray height and cell number were determined. As the exotic pine tree-ring chronology was consistent with the foreign standard tree-ring chronology and displayed high statistical significance, the country and region where the pine samples had been felled and the exact felling date were confirmed. According to the results, which compared tracheid length and uniseriate ray size, no difference was observed between the Korean red and Russian pines. However, the tracheid length of the Russian pines turned out to be slightly longer than the length of the Korean red pine. Additional research securing a larger number of exotic pines (P.resinosa, P.sylvestris) is required to yield more accurate results in the future.
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Hamer, David. "Excavation of Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) Middens by Bears (Ursus spp.) in Limber Pine (Pinus flexilis) Habitat in Banff National Park, Alberta". Canadian Field-Naturalist 130, nr 4 (29.03.2017): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v130i4.1918.
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Bears (Ursus spp.) in North America eat the seeds of several pines (Pinus spp.), including Limber Pine (P. flexilis E. James). Information on use of Limber Pine in Canada is limited to a report of three bear scats containing pine seeds found in Limber Pine stands of southwestern Alberta. After my preliminary fieldwork in Banff National Park revealed that bears were eating seeds of Limber Pine there, I conducted a field study in 2014–2015 to assess this use. Because bears typically obtain pine seeds from cone caches (middens) made by Red Squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), I described the abundance, habitat characteristics, and use by bears of Red Squirrel middens in and adjacent to Limber Pine stands at six study sites. On Bow River escarpments, I found abundant Limber Pines (basal area 1–9 m2/ha) and middens (0.8 middens/ha, standard deviation [SD] 0.2). Of 24 middens, 13 (54%) had been excavated by bears, and three bear scats composed of pine seeds were found beside middens. Although Limber Pines occurred on steep, xeric, windswept slopes (mean 28°, SD 3), middens occurred on moderate slopes (mean 12°, SD 3) in escarpment gullies and at the toe of slopes in forests of other species, particularly Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). At the five other study sites, I found little or no use of Limber Pine seeds by bears, suggesting that Limber Pine habitat may be little used by bears unless the pines are interspersed with (non-Limber Pine) habitat with greater forest cover and less-steep slopes where squirrels establish middens. These observations provide managers with an additional piece of information regarding potential drivers of bear activity in the human-dominated landscape of Banff National Park’s lower Bow Valley.
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Mohatt, Katherine R., Cathy L. Cripps i Matt Lavin. "Ectomycorrhizal fungi of whitebark pine (a tree in peril) revealed by sporocarps and molecular analysis of mycorrhizae from treeline forests in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem". Botany 86, nr 1 (styczeń 2008): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-107.
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Whitebark pine ( Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) is unique as the only stone pine in North America. This species has declined 40%–90% throughout its range owing to blister rust infection, mountain pine beetle, fire suppression, and global climate change. However, intact mature and old growth forests still exist in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) at high timberline elevations. This study addresses the urgent need to discover the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi critical to this tree species before forests are further reduced. A study of mature whitebark pine forests across five mountain ranges in the Northern GYE confirmed 32 ECM species of fungi with the pine by sporocarp occurrence in pure stands or by identification of mycorrhizae with ITS-matching. Boletales and Cortinariales ( Cortinarius ) comprise 50% of the species diversity discovered. In Boletales, Suillus subalpinus M.M. Moser (with stone pines), Suillus sibericus Singer (stone pines), Rhizopogon evadens A.H. Sm. (five-needle pines), Rhizopogon spp. (pines) and a semi-secotioid Chroogomphus sp. (pines) are restricted to the hosts listed and are not likely to occur with other high elevation conifers in the GYE. The ascomycete generalist, Cenococcum geophilum Fr., was the most frequent (64%) and abundant (51%) ECM fungus on seedling roots, as previously reported for high elevation spruce-fir and lower elevation lodgepole pine forests in the GYE. The relative importance of the basidiomycete specialists and the ascomycete generalist to whitebark pine (and for seedling establishment) is not known, however this study is the first step in delineating the ECM fungi associated with this pine in peril.
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James, Randall, Ned Tisserat i Tim Todd. "Prevention of Pine Wilt of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) with Systemic Abamectin Injections". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32, nr 5 (1.09.2006): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2006.025.
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We examined the efficacy of the insecticide/nematicide abamectin to prevent pine wilt disease caused by the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Pinewood nematode movement was inhibited (>80% death or paralysis) following a 48 hr exposure to abamectin concentrations as low as 0.1 μL a.i. per L (100 ppb). A commercial formulation of abamectin (Avid™) was injected into Scots pine using a pressurized systemic trunk injection tube (STIT) technique. Fifteen to 30 mL (0.45 to 0.90 fl oz) of Avid per STIT could be injected into the trees in less than 1 hr. Trees were successfully injected throughout February, March, and April at temperatures above 4.4°C (40°F). Survival after 1 year of 10 cm diameter (4 in) at breast height (dbh) Scots pines injected with Avid and subsequently inoculated with pinewood nematode was higher (75%) than in pines injected with water (42%). Similarly, survival after 3 years of large Scots pines (30 to 60 cm [12 to 24 in] dbh)] injected with Avid and exposed to a natural epidemic of pine wilt was higher (96%) than in noninjected pines (33%) or those injected with water (71%). These results indicate that preventive injections of Scots pine with Avid are effective in protecting against pine wilt disease.
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Zhang, Wei, Yongxia Li, Long Pan, Xuan Wang, Yuqian Feng i Xingyao Zhang. "Pine chemical volatiles promote dauer recovery of a pine parasitic nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus". Parasitology 147, nr 1 (17.09.2019): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182019001264.
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AbstractPinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a pine parasitic nematode, poses a serious threat to its host pine forests globally. When dispersal-stage larvae 4 (dauer, DL4) of B. xylophilus enters the new pine, it moults into propagative adult (dauer recovery) and reproduces quickly to kill the host pine. Here, we found pine chemical volatiles, rather than the common dauer recovery factors of nematodes (e.g. suitable temperatures, nutrient availability or density), promote B. xylophilus dauer recovery. The results showed that volatilization of chemicals in host pines could attract DL4 and promote DL4 recovery. To identify which chemicals promote this process, we determined the stimulated activity of the main volatiles of pines including six monoterpenes and two sesquiterpenes. Results showed that all the six monoterpenes promoted dauer recovery, especially β-pinene and β-myrcene, but the two sesquiterpenes have no effect on the transformation. Furthermore, β-pinene performed gradient effects on dauer recovery. We hypothesized that when DL4 infect pine trees, the pine volatiles released from the feeding wounds are used as chemical signals for DL4 transformation to adult to reproduce and rapidly kill the pines. Our study identified the B. xylophilus dauer recovery chemical signal and may contribute to preventing pine wilt disease.
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Medina-Torres, Byron, Mathieu Jonard, Melina Rendón i Anne-Laure Jacquemart. "Effects of Pine Plantation on Native Ecuadorian Páramo Vegetation". Forests 13, nr 9 (16.09.2022): 1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13091499.
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Exotic pine plantations, installed mainly for timber production and carbon sequestration purposes, cover an ever-expanding area of equatorial and tropical regions; however, their economic and environmental benefits are under debate due to their potential negative effects on native plant species conservation. The native understory plant species richness and cover under pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) plantations were compared with natural grasslands in the Ecuadorian Páramo. We analyzed the vegetation in four zones: Antisana (8-year-old pines), Cajas (16-year-old pines), Tisaleo (41-year-old pines) and Cotopaxi (53-year-old pines). The total understory plant cover decreased between 29% and 90% under pine plantations in all zones. The mean species richness in the pine plantations decreased by 44% in Antisana, Cajas and Tisaleo but not in Cotopaxi. Pine plantations strongly reduced the abundance of herbaceous light-demanding species (59%), except small herbs whose cover increased under pine (17.6%). Shrub cover was also negatively affected in Tisaleo and Cotopaxi (7.4%). Pine afforestation effects on Páramo vegetation depend mainly on canopy cover which changes with age and growing conditions (altitude) and secondarily on the vegetation state at the time of planting, resulting from land use history and ecological conditions. The pine effect was therefore more pronounced in the young and dense plantations of Antisana and Cajas than in the old and open stand of Cotopaxi, whose understory vegetation was more similar to that of grasslands.
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Jung, Ji Young, Si Young Ha Yang i Jae-Kyung Yang. "Neuronal cell protective effects of phenolic compounds derived from steam exploded nematode-infected pine". BioResources 19, nr 3 (30.05.2024): 4749–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.3.4749-4762.
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Pine wilt disease is one of the most serious forest diseases that kills pine trees. Most of the nematode-infected pines are fumigated or locally incinerated and are thus not appropriately utilized. This study explored methods to utilize abandoned nematode-infected pines. The chemical compositions of healthy and nematode-infected pines were analyzed, and the neuroprotective effects of phenolic compounds extracted after steam explosion treatment were investigated. In terms of chemical composition, the nematode-infected pine chips suffered more damage from the steam explosion treatment than the healthy pine chips. In addition, the total phenolic compound content showed a clear difference depending on the presence of infection and steam explosion conditions. The maximum total phenolic compound content of extracted ethanol was found when the nematode-infected pine chip was subjected to steam explosion with a severity factor (Ro) of 3.82. The steam exploded pine extract of 10 μg/mL inhibited glutamate-induced early apoptotic cell death compared to cells treated with 10 mM glutamate alone. These results suggested that steam-exploded pine can be used as an effective natural material for neuronal cell protection.
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Escudero, A., F. Pérez-García i A. L. Luzuriaga. "Effects of light, temperature and population variability on the germination of seven Spanish pines". Seed Science Research 12, nr 4 (grudzień 2002): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ssr2002116.
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AbstractMost Pinus species are obligate seeders. Thus, knowledge of germination characteristics can help in the understanding, prediction and manipulation of the regeneration and dynamics of pine forests. Seven pine species with contrasting habitat preferences and different genetic pairwise distances are present in the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands: P. halepensis, P. nigra, P. pinaster, P. pinea, P. sylvestris, P. uncinata and P. canariensis. These seven pine species comprise an exceptional experimental set to test some questions related to germination traits, such as: (1) What are the effects of light and temperature on germination, taking into account interpopulation variability? (2) Is there any association of germination traits with habitat (montane versus lowland) preferences? and (3) What is the relationship between germination traits and the genetic distance between pine species? P. nigra, P. sylvestris and P. uncinata seeds showed faster germination rates. Seeds of P. nigra and P. sylvestris reached high total germination percentages in every temperature and light treatment, suggesting an opportunistic germination strategy. Unlike montane pines, lowland pines did show significant effects of temperature on germination response: final germination was higher between 15°C and 20°C than at warmer and alternating temperatures. Relatively low temperatures associated with the winter rainy season would favour germination of most of these species. Nested models showed that population variability was the main source of variation in germination response. Thus, there is no phylogenetic control of the germination response and, surprisingly, germination traits were not related to habitat preferences. As a consequence, we believe that studies of the germination characteristics of a pine species should consider different populations.
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BERTIN, SABRINA, FILIPPO ILARDI, CRISTIANO SCAPINI, SAURO SIMONI i PIO FEDERICO ROVERSI. "ALIEN PEST TOUMEYELLA PARVICORNIS (COCKERELL) (HEMIPTERA: COCCIDAE) ON PINUS PINEA L.: SHORT TIME EVALUATION OF ENDOTHERAPIC TREATMENT". Redia 105 (1.06.2022): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19263/redia-105.22.02.
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The Pine Tortoise Scale Toumeyella parvicornis (Cockerell) is native to North America and was found for the first time in Italy in 2014, in Campania Region. This alien species gradually colonized woods and urban areas in Latium and subsequently moved northward in Tuscany and Abruzzo, and southward in Apulia. The scale was responsible for severe damages on the Stone Pine Pinus pinea L., a conifer representing an element of great importance in the Italian landscape and included in the Area Natura 2000 Network for its significant naturalistic interest. Heavy attacks of T. parvicornis on P. pinea cause a progressive defoliation on the canopies, and the plants quickly decline and are often irreversibly compromised. Such severe symptoms prompted studies for seeking control strategies with a low environmental impact that are suitable in urban areas. In this context, the National Reference Institute for Plant Protection was commissioned by the Italian Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies to verify the potential of endotherapic methods against T. parvicornis. The effect of abamectin distributed by trunk injection technology (Nuovo Metodo Corradi®) was experimentally evaluated from April to October 2021 in a park in Rome (Central Italy) on 72 pine trees that showed strong and homogeneous scale infestations. 0.9 ml of a commercial product containing abamectin at 18.37 g/l concentration was injected per cm of plant diameter at breast height (dbh) through holes that were 6 mm in diameter and 6-7 cm in depth. This treatment provided an efficient control of T. parvicornis infestations on the pine trees throughout the growing season. The presence of mature females on the one-years-old twigs significantly decreased in treated pines from April to July (about 2 females/twig on average) and to October (about 1.8 females/twig) compared to the control untreated pines (about 40 and 14 females/twig in July and October, respectively). These results showed that a single endotherapic treatment with abamectin can efficiently reduce the populations of T. parvicornis at low density levels at least 25 weeks after the trunk injection. The treated pines also visibly appeared to recover from the severe infestation symptoms and no injury and bark lesions ascribable to the trunk drilling were observed. Key Words: Pine Tortoise Scale, trunk injection, abamectin, urban area.
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Blodgett, J. T., i K. F. Sullivan. "First Report of White Pine Blister Rust on Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine". Plant Disease 88, nr 3 (marzec 2004): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.3.311a.
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White pine blister rust caused by Cronartium ribicola was introduced into North America in the early 20th century and is spreading throughout the range of five-needle pines. In northern Colorado, this pathogen was first observed in 1998 on limber pine (Pinus flexilis) (1). It has not been reported on Rocky Mountain or Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata and P. longaeva, respectively) in nature. However, Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine is susceptible to the disease when artificially inoculated (2). In October 2003, a Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine was found infected with C. ribicola in the Great Sand Dunes National Monument, Alamosa County, Colorado. Seven branch cankers were observed on the tree. Cankers ranged in length from 15 to 41 cm and were estimated to be approximately 5 to 7 years old. Distinct C. ribicola branch symptoms were observed, including flagging, spindle-shaped swellings, and 6 mm long aecial scars. A branch was deposited at the Colorado State Herbarium. Microscopic examination of spores within remnant aecial blisters revealed aeciospores characteristic of C. ribicola (yellow-orange, ellipsoid, verrucose, and 19 × 25 μm). Cankers were only observed on one bristlecone pine. However, most limber pines in the area were infected with C. ribicola, including a limber pine less than 1 m from the infected bristlecone pine. To our knowledge, this is the first report that shows Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine can become infected naturally, and the pathogen is further south in Colorado on limber pine than previously reported. These observations suggest the need for a more complete investigation of this disease on bristlecone pines. References: (1) D. W. Johnson and W. R. Jacobi. Plant Dis. 84:595, 2000. (2) B. R. Stephan, Allg. Forst Z. 28:695, 1985.
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Maloy, Otis C. "White Pine Blister Rust". Plant Health Progress 2, nr 1 (styczeń 2001): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2001-0924-01-hm.
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White pine blister rust is probably the most destructive disease of five-needle (white) pines in North America. The rust fungus cannot spread from pine to pine but requires an alternate host, Ribes species, to complete the disease cycle. Several management tools might enable the reestablishment of western white pine stands. Accepted for publication 20 September 2001. Published 24 September 2001.
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Laflamme, G., i R. Blais. "Resistance of Pinus banksiana to the European race of Gremmeniella abietina". Phytoprotection 81, nr 2 (12.04.2005): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706199ar.
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In the early 1980s, more than 90% of mortality caused by Gremmeniella abietina, European race, was recorded in red pine (Pinus resinosa) plantations 200 km northwest of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Surrounding jack pines (Pinus banksiana) did not appear to be affected. Consequently, foresters began to plant the affected areas with jack pine seedlings. In 1988, plots of 100 jack pines were established in three of the four selected plantations. As reference, red pine seedlings were planted in 1989 under similar conditions in the fourth plantation. Observations were carried out annually from 1989 to 1992. Mortality of red pine seedlings reached 70% in 1992 while all jack pines on the three experimental sites were free of the disease except for a tip blight, a distinctive feature allowing race identification in the field. The North American race symptoms were present at a very low incidence, but began to increase on site I in 1992. More than 10 years after planting, the jack pine trees still show resistance to the European race of G. abietina while all the red pines died.
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McNab, W. Henry. "Preliminary Evidence that Intraspecific Competition Increases Size of Restoration-Planted Pitch and Shortleaf Pines in a Mixed-Hardwood Clearcut in the Southern Appalachians". Forest Science 67, nr 4 (27.04.2021): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxab011.
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Abstract Oak-pine (Quercus L. - Pinus L.) forest communities on low ridges in the southern Appalachian Mountains are losing diversity as mature pitch (P. rigida Mill.) and shortleaf (P. echinata Mill.) pines die and do not regenerate under a hardwood canopy. Restoration of biodiversity by planting pine seedlings is well known, but little is known regarding whether the configuration of planted seedlings affects growth and subsequent size (diameter at breast height, dbh) as trees age. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that pines growing in groups of two or more trees respond with increased growth (expressed by dbh) to intraspecific competition with other pines compared to single trees subjected only to interspecific competition with surrounding hardwoods. For 13-year-old pitch and shortleaf pines, trees were larger in dbh when occurring in groups than trees occurring singly. Regression indicated that intraspecific competition accounted for 16% of the dbh variation of pitch pine and 29% for shortleaf pine. This study originated from chance observations in a small study of pine restoration. If a designed study confirms these results, resource managers could restore biodiversity with reduced site disturbance and establishment costs by planting pine seedlings in small groups rather than rows.
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Harley, Grant L., Henri D. Grissino-Mayer i Sally P. Horn. "Fire history and forest structure of an endangered subtropical ecosystem in the Florida Keys, USA". International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, nr 3 (2013): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf12071.
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We focussed on the influence of historical fire and varied fire management practices on the structure of globally endangered pine rockland ecosystems on two adjacent islands in the Florida Keys: Big Pine Key and No Name Key. We reconstructed fire history in two stands from fire scars on South Florida slash pines (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. densa Little & Dor.) that were accurately dated using dendrochronology, and quantified stand structure to infer successional trajectories. Fire regimes on Big Pine Key and No Name Key over the past 150 years differed in fire return interval and spatial extent. Fire scar analysis indicated that fires burnt at intervals of 6 and 9 years (Weibull median probability interval) on Big Pine Key and No Name Key with the majority of fires occurring late in the growing season. On Big Pine Key, pine recruitment was widespread, likely due to multiple, widespread prescribed burns conducted since 2000. No Name Key experienced fewer fires than Big Pine Key, but pines recruited at the site from at least the 1890s through the 1970s. Today, pine recruitment is nearly absent on No Name Key, where fire management practices since 1957 could result in loss of pine rockland habitat.
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Yang, Rong-Cai, Zhihong Ye i Yasu Hiratsuka. "Susceptibility of Pinus contorta - Pinus banksiana complex to Endocronartium harknessii: host-pathogen interactions". Canadian Journal of Botany 77, nr 7 (5.11.1999): 1035–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-095.
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Lodgepole (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Lound.) and jack (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) pines occur sympatrically and hybridize in central and northwestern Alberta, providing opportunities for studying unique ecological and evolutionary interactions. We conducted a greenhouse inoculation experiment to investigate interactions between 40 populations of lodgepole and jack pines and their putative hybrids across this hybrid zone and two sources of the western gall rust fungus, Endocronartium harknessii (J.P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka, one from lodgepole pine and the other from jack pine. Rust susceptibility and height were assessed when the seedlings were 6 months and 1 year old. Lodgepole pine and the hybrids were significantly more susceptible to the rust infection than jack pine. Jack pine grew significantly faster than the hybrids and lodgepole pine. In addition, the seedlings infected with spores from lodgepole pine grew significantly slower than those with spores from jack pine. While the overall rust scores indicated that spores from lodgepole pine was more virulent to the hosts than those from jack pine, both spore sources were better adapted to their own host species, causing significant spore source × host group interactions. However, such host specificity in the western gall rust is far from stabilized (equilibrium) because of continued gene exchanges among the two parental species and their hybrids.Key words: Pinus contorta - Pinus banksiana complex, western gall rust, natural hybridization, coevolutionary genetics.
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An, Yibo, Yongxia Li, Ling Ma, Dongzhen Li, Wei Zhang, Yuqian Feng, Zhenkai Liu, Xuan Wang, Xiaojian Wen i Xingyao Zhang. "The Changes of Microbial Communities and Key Metabolites after Early Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Invasion of Pinus massoniana". Plants 11, nr 21 (26.10.2022): 2849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11212849.
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Pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a worldwide pest of pine trees, spreading at an alarming rate and with great ecological adaptability. In the process of causing disease, the nematode causes metabolic disorders and changes in the endophytic microbial community of the pine tree. However, the changes at the pine nidus during early nematode invasion have not been well studied, especially the differential metabolites, in Pinus massoniana, the main host of B. xylophilus in China. In this study, we analyzed the endophytic bacterial and fungal communities associated with healthy and B. xylophilus-caused wilted pine trees. The results show that 1333 bacterial OTUs and 502 fungal OTUs were annotated from P. massoniana stem samples. The abundance of bacterial communities in pine trees varies more following infection by B. xylophilus, but the abundance changes of fungal communities are less visible. There were significant differences in endophytic microbial diversity between wilted and healthy P. massoniana. In wilted pine trees, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidia were differential indicators of bacterial communities, whereas, in healthy pine trees, Rhizobiales in the Proteobacteria phylum were the major markers of bacterial communities. Meanwhile, the differential markers of fungal communities in healthy pines are Malasseziales, Tremellales, Sordariales, and Fusarium, whereas Pleosporaceae is the key marker of fungal communities in wilted pines. Our study examines the effect of changes in the endophytic microbial community on the health of pine trees that may be caused by B. xylophilus infection. In parallel, a non-targeted metabolomic study based on liquid mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technology was conducted on pine trees inoculated with pine nematodes and healthy pine trees with a view to identifying key compounds affecting early pine lesions. Ultimately, 307 distinctly different metabolites were identified. Among them, the riboflavin metabolic pathway in pine trees may play a key role in the early pathogenesis of pine wood nematode disease.
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Fonda, Richard W. "Burning Characteristics of Needles from Eight Pine Species". Forest Science 47, nr 3 (1.08.2001): 390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/47.3.390.
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Abstract Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi), longleaf pine (P. palustris), and south Florida slash pine (P. elliottii var. densa) are fire resisters. Trees of these species are able to survive the direct effects of wildfires. Monterey pine (P. radiata), knobcone pine (P. attenuata), sand pine (P. clausa), and jack pine (P. banksiana) are fire evaders. Trees of these species are killed by wildfire, but species survive on the postfire site via seed germination. Needles were burned in a 2×2 factorial experiment to compare these eight species, all of which are prominent in fire-related communities. The experiment tested two factors—fire adaptive strategy (resisters vs. evaders), geographic region (western vs. eastern United States)—and interactions between those two factors. Flame height, flame time, ember time, burn time, percent fuel combusted, and mean rate of weight loss were measured. Longleaf pine, ponderosa pine, and south Florida slash pine had the highest values for flame height, percent fuel combusted, and mean rate of weight loss. Knobcone pine and Monterey pine had the longest ember time and burn time. Sand pine and jack pine had the longest flame time. Resisters tested highest in flame height, percent fuel combusted, and mean rate of weight loss. Evaders had greater flame and burn times. Western pines were significantly greater than eastern pines in all burning characteristics except flame time and mean rate of weight loss. Significant interactions between fire adaptive strategy and geographic region existed for all burning characteristics except mean rate of weight loss. The interaction was accounted for primarily by differences between western evaders, which had some of the highest values for each characteristic, and eastern evaders, which had some of the lowest values. FOR. SCI. 47(2):390–396.
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Zhao, Tao, i Bo Långström. "Performance ofTomicus yunnanensisandTomicus minor(Col., Scolytinae) onPinus yunnanensisandPinus armandiiin Yunnan, Southwestern China". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/363767.
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Pine shoot beetles,Tomicus yunnanensisKirkendall and Faccoli andTomicus minorHartig (Col., Scolytinae), have been causing substantial mortality to Yunnan pine (Pinus yunnanensisFranch) in Yunnan, southwestern China, whereas only a few Armand pine (Pinus armandiiFranch) were attacked by the beetles. In order to evaluate the suitability ofP. armandiias host material for the twoTomicus, adults of bothTomicuswere caged on living branches and felled logs of the two pines during shoot feeding and trunk attack phase, respectively. More beetles survived on the living branches ofP. yunnanensisthan onP. armandii.Tomicus yunnanensisandT. minorproduced similar progeny in the logs of the two pines. The sex ratio and developmental period were not affected by host species, but the brood beetles emerging from Armand pine weighed less than those from Yunnan pine, suggesting thatP. armandiiare less suitable to be host ofT. yunnanensisandT. minor.
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Highsmith, Maxine T., John Frampton, David O'Malley, James Richmond i Martesa Webb. "Susceptibility of parent and interspecific F1 hybrid pine trees to tip moth damage in a coastal North Carolina planting". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, nr 5 (1.05.2001): 919–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-022.
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Tip moth damage among families of parent pine species and their interspecific F1 hybrids was quantitatively assessed in a coastal planting in North Carolina. Three slash pine (Pinus elliotti var. elliotti Engelm.), two loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), and four interspecific F1 hybrid pine families were used. The F1 hybrids were as susceptible to damage by Nantucket pine tip moth (Rhyacionia frustrana (Comst.)), as was their susceptible loblolly pine parent. Their phenotypes support a dominant or partially dominant mode of inheritance for susceptibility. The phenotype of one slash pine family was not statistically different from the phenotypes of the loblolly and F1 hybrid pines. The high susceptibility of that one slash pine family appeared to be intrinsic, even though slash pine is considered resistant to tip moth damage. Tip moth damage on the two other slash pine families was significantly lower.
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Haywood, James D. "Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Response to Weed Control in Central Louisiana". Weed Technology 2, nr 4 (październik 1988): 490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00032322.
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Herbaceous weed control was studied on a loblolly pine planting site in central Louisiana. Pine growth was enhanced without eradicating weeds; reducing weed biomass about 50% increased the mean inside bark volume of loblolly pine saplings 53% on the weeded treatments compared to the untreated control after five growing seasons in the field. Pines receiving both preplant weed control with glyphosate or disking and postplant weed control with a series of yearly treatments (1982, atrazine plus simazine; 1983, atrazine plus oxyfluorfen; 1984, hexazinone; and 1985, hexazinone) had 62% greater volume than pines on the preplant-only treatments. So, the best gains in loblolly pine volume required postplant weed control.
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Hunt, Ellis V., i J. David Lenhart. "Fusiform Rust Trends in East Texas". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 10, nr 4 (1.11.1986): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/10.4.215.
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Abstract Four surveys of pine plantations in East Texas between 1969 and 1984 indicate that fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) infection rates are increasing on slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and either decreasing or about constant on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Currently, stem infections occur on about 1 in 2 slash pines and 1 in 14 loblolly pines. South. J. Appl. For. 10:215-216, Nov. 1986.
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Rutherford, T. A., i J. M. Webster. "Distribution of pine wilt disease with respect to temperature in North America, Japan, and Europe". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, nr 9 (1.09.1987): 1050–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-161.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In regions of North America and Japan where the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchusxylophilus, and its insect vectors occur, pine wilt disease in susceptible pines appears to be expressed only where the mean air temperature exceeds 20 °C for protracted periods. In these warm areas, susceptible pines grow disease-free only at the cooler, high elevations. Pines resistant to pine wilt transcend the 20 °C temperature threshold without becoming diseased. There are no reports of susceptible pines dying of pine wilt in those regions of Europe, North America, or Japan where mean summer air temperatures are less than 20 °C, despite the presence of pinewood nematode and its vectors in these regions. Bursaphelenchusxylophilus is found throughout most of North America; has been reported from Siberia, China, and France; and is regarded as an introduced pathogen in Japan. We hypothesize that it occurs throughout most taiga forests of the northern hemisphere where predominantly cool climates prevent widespread expression of pine wilt disease. The cool climates of much of Europe, North America, and Asia mitigate against the occurrence of pine wilt disease should B. xylophilus be inadvertently introduced. Susceptible pines that are transplanted from cool to warm regions will be at risk to the disease.
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Kinn, D. N., i M. J. Linit. "Temporal Relationship Between Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and Pinewood Nematode Infestations in Southern Pines". Journal of Entomological Science 27, nr 3 (1.07.1992): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-27.3.194.
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The incidence of feeding scars of the cerambycid vectors of the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickel) on twigs of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.) pines in central Louisiana was determined. Feeding scars on twigs taken from pines felled at random were compared to those on twigs taken from pines adjacent to southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) infestations. Additionally, the presence of pinewood nematode in trees attacked by southern pine beetle was followed through the course of beetle development. Significantly more cerambycid feeding scars were present on twigs of trees located near the advancing edge of a southern pine beetle infestation than on twigs not adjacent or near any known southern pine beetle infestation. From 82 to 100% of the trees sampled adjacent to bark beetle infestations had been fed upon by cerambycids. Pinewood nematodes were recovered from 79% of these trees. The incidence of nematodes in the boles of trees attacked by southern pine beetles increased as immature beetles entered their later instars. The highest incidence of nematodes was from trees recently vacated by southern pine beetles. Trees killed by the southern pine beetle may thus serve as reservoirs for the pinewood nematode and its cerambycid vectors and lead to the infestation of adjacent trees and facilitate subsequent SPB colonization.
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Song, Yifan, Ge Yan i Guangfu Zhang. "Light Competition Contributes to the Death of Masson Pines of Coniferous-Broadleaf Mixed Forests in Subtropical China". Forests 13, nr 1 (8.01.2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13010085.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In the process of subtropical forest succession, it has long been recognized that population decline of Masson pines in coniferous-broadleaf mixed forest is caused by shading from broadleaf trees. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying the interaction between them. Here, we first chose two sets of Masson pine plots approximately aged 60 years in subtropical mountainous areas in eastern China (i.e., pure coniferous forest vs. coniferous-broadleaf mixed forest). Then, we measured and compared tree height, diameter at breast height, first branch height (FBH), live crown ratio (LCR) of Masson pines between the two sets of plots, and also determined the difference in growth performance of Masson pines relative to their neighboring broadleaf trees in the mixed forest stand. Compared with plots in pine forests, Masson pines in mixed plots had lower tree height and crown breadth, higher FBH, lower LCR, and leaf area. Furthermore, the difference of mean FBH between reference trees (Masson pines) and their neighboring trees (i.e., broadleaf trees) in mixed forest plots was greater than that in pine forest plots, and the ratio of LCR between Masson pines and their neighbors (0.46) in mixed forest was significantly smaller than in pine forest (1.05), indicating that those broadleaf trees around Masson pines probably affected their growth. The mean distance between Masson pines and neighboring trees (1.59 m) in mixed forest plots was significantly shorter than in pine forest plots (2.77 m) (p < 0.01), suggesting that strong competition may occur between reference trees and their neighbors. There was a significant difference in the ratio of crown volume between reference tree Masson pine and its neighboring trees in mixed forests (p < 0.01), indicating that the ratio of biomass synthesis to consumption of pines was much lower than their nearby broadleaf trees in mixed forest. Our results have demonstrated for the first time that Masson pines’ population decline is affected by shade-tolerant broadleaf late-successional species, which can be primarily attributed to the distinctive light transmittance of dominant species nearby (pure pine vs. mixed forest). This study provides a new perspective for future studies on the mechanism of forest succession.
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Ong, K., S. Hill, D. R. Smith i G. R. Stanosz. "Shoot Blight Caused by Diplodia pinea on Afghan and Austrian Pines in Texas". Plant Disease 91, nr 8 (sierpień 2007): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-8-1056c.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Shoot blight was observed on ornamental Afghan (Pinus eldarica) and Austrian pines (P. nigra) at several sites in metropolitan Dallas, TX in the summer of 2005. Shoots were stunted, cankered, often resinous, sometimes curled or crooked at the tips, and bore brown needles that often had been killed before full elongation. Pycnidia on necrotic needles, stems, and cones of each host species yielded conidia characteristic of the fungus Diplodia pinea. Individual conidia and hyphal tip transfers produced pure cultures confirmed as D. pinea using a species-specific PCR assay (1), which allows differentiation from the similar pine shoot blight pathogen D. scrobiculata. Five isolates (three from Afghan pine and two from Austrian pine) were tested for pathogenicity by inoculation of potted 1-year-old Afghan pine seedlings obtained from the Texas Forest Service Nursery. Elongating terminal shoots were wounded by removing a needle pair approximately 2 cm below the shoot apex. A 4-mm-diameter plug cut from an actively growing culture on water agar (WA) was placed fungus side down on the wound. Noncolonized WA plugs were placed on similarly wounded control seedlings. Nonwounded control seedlings also were used. Parafilm was wrapped around the shoots to hold the agar plugs in place and was removed 2 weeks later. Each treatment was applied to four seedlings. Five weeks after inoculation, 9 of the 20 inoculated seedlings (including at least one inoculated with each isolate) exhibited dieback of shoot tips. One wounded control seedling exhibited slight tip dieback, no other nonwounded or wounded control seedlings developed symptoms. Segments of shoots were harvested, surface disinfested, and incubated on WA to determine the presence of the pathogen. The pathogen was reisolated from 11 of the 20 inoculated seedlings but not from any control seedlings. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. pinea as a cause of shoot blight of Afghan pine and the first substantiated report of the occurrence of D. pinea in Texas. Although widely distributed in much of eastern North America, reports of the presence of D. pinea in the other southern gulf coast states of Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi, as well as the western states of Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah, are lacking. Reference: (1) D. R. Smith and G. R. Stanosz. Plant Dis. 90:307, 2006.
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Bradley, Joshua C., i Rodney E. Will. "Comparison of biomass partitioning and transpiration for water-stressed shortleaf, loblolly, and shortleaf × loblolly pine hybrid seedlings". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, nr 10 (październik 2017): 1364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0167.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Hybridization between shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) has dramatically increased and may threaten the genetic integrity of shortleaf pine. Shortleaf pine is presumed to be more drought tolerant than loblolly pine, but the drought hardiness of the hybrid pine is not known. We determined biomass partitioning in response to water stress and measured whole-plant transpiration of shortleaf, loblolly, and hybrid pine seedlings. Water stress decreased total seedling biomass, increased biomass partitioning to foliage, and decreased biomass partitioning to coarse roots. Shortleaf pine seedlings partitioned more biomass to coarse roots than loblolly pine, and hybrid pine was intermediate between the parent species. We found no differences in the level of soil moisture at which seedlings of different species began to limit transpiration. Our results suggest that the transpiration response of shortleaf pine and hybrid pine is similar to that of loblolly pine when exposed to water stress. However, greater partitioning to coarse root may allow shortleaf and hybrid pines to better withstand drought due to greater potential belowground carbohydrate supply.
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Correia, Alexandra, António Galla, Alexandra Nunes i João Pereira. "Ecological Interactions between Cork Oak (Quercus suber L.) and Stone Pine (Pinus pinea L.): Results from a Pot Experiment". Forests 9, nr 9 (1.09.2018): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9090534.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Portuguese cork oak (Quercus suber L.) extended mortality and lack of regeneration have been the drivers of important changes in the traditional cork oak woodlands (savanna-like) montado. The decrease in tree cover fosters the mixture with stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) for pine-nut production providing shelter for oak regeneration. The use of nurse species, namely pines, to help Quercus spp. regeneration is known, but whether cork oak could be favoured by the mixture with stone pine remains a question. A pot experiment with cork oak (Qs) and stone pine (Pp) growing in inter-(Qs×Pp) and intraspecific mixtures (Qs×Qs, Pp×Pp) combinations and in monocultures, was installed in a greenhouse in Lisbon, Portugal. Morphological measurements of above- and belowground biomass components were carried out in 3 harvesting campaigns at 4, 8 and 11 months. Leaf nitrogen content and mycorrhizal symbiotic formations were quantified. During the seedling stage and under comfort water and nutrient conditions, the root growth and morphology of Qs and Pp showed contrasting patterns, suggesting complementary soil exploitation interactions in interspecific mixtures and potential competition in intraspecific mixtures. The mixture of Qs with Pp seems to be advantageous in the first stages of plant growth as Pp develop abundant mycorrhizae symbiosis formations which elicit mycorrhization of Qs plants coexisting in the same pot. This study suggests that stone pine can potentially help in establishing cork oak as seedlings, possibly facilitating nutrient uptake through mycorrhizae. However, complementary field studies are needed.