Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Pin topography

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Pin topography”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Pin topography"

Niemczewska-Wójcik, Magdalena, i Artur Wójcik. "Stereometric and Tribometric Studies of Polymeric Pin and Ceramic Plate Friction Pair Components". Materials 14, nr 4 (9.02.2021): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040839.

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Two complementary approaches should be used for the full characterisation of friction pair components. The first approach consists of stereometric studies of machined as well as worn surface topography of the friction components with multiple measurement methods used. The second approach, tribometric studies, enables the tribological characteristics of the friction pair. This work presents the complete characterisation of polymeric pin and ceramic plate friction pair components based on studies with the use of three research instruments: an interference microscope, a scanning electron microscope and a tribological tester. The results of the studies showed that the same treatment conditions used for different but similar ceramic materials did not provide exactly the same characteristics of both the machined and worn surface topography. Moreover, the results showed that the material properties and machined surface topography of the ceramic component significantly affected the friction coefficient and linear wear as well as the wear intensity of the polymeric component. Connecting the two approaches, stereometric studies and tribometric studies, allowed for a better identification of the wear mechanism of the polymeric pin (i.e., abrasion, fatigue and adhesion wear) and the kind of wear products (polymeric material).

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Prajapati, Deepak K., i Mayank Tiwari. "Use of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to Determining Surface Parameters, Friction and Wear during Pin-on-Disc Tribotesting". Key Engineering Materials 739 (czerwiec 2017): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.739.87.

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In tribological analysis of machine elements (such as gears, ball/roller bearings etc.), surface roughness plays very important role, ultimately it affects the friction coefficient, wear, rolling contact fatigue (micro pitting) and other failure mechanisms. Surface geometry and topography changes with time (number of cycles) during rolling/sliding motion of contacting surfaces. So, it is important to show the variation of surface topography parameter during wear process. This work presents the evolution of roughness parameters, wear and friction coefficient during pin-on-disc tribotesting under dry condition. The test is performed using pin on disc apparatus under room temperature condition. The pin (25mm long, 6mm diameter) is made of medium carbon steel (AISI 1038) whereas the disc (165mm diameter, 8mm thickness) is made of high carbon steel (SAE 52100). This works demonstrates the potential of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for prediction of roughness parameters, friction coefficient and wear coefficient. Experimental results obtained from wear testing are compared with those obtained using artificial neural network (ANN) analysis. A very good agreement in results suggests that a well trained neural network is capable to predict the parameters in wear process.

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Chlipala, Mateusz, Johannes Schneider i Volker Schulze. "Experimental Analysis of Microstructured Steel Surfaces for Wet Tribological Applications in the Low Velocity Regime". Conference Papers in Science 2015 (5.05.2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/387830.

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The surface topography plays an important role in the design of a function-optimised surface. Therefore, the influence of topography with microsized structures produced by laser surface texturing (LST) is experimentally examined under lubricated sliding conditions. The structured specimens were made of AISI 51200 (DIN 100Cr6) hardened to about 800 HV. Concerning the requirements of tribological testing without any debris caused by the preprocessing, the structuring was carried out using a picosecond laser system (Trumpf TruMicro) with 6 ps pulse duration. A laboratory pin-on-disc tribometer (Plint TE-92 HS) was used for the tests, which were run under wet conditions with counterbodies made of bronze and steel at a nominal contact pressure of up to 4 MPa and sliding speeds between 0.04 and 2.0 m/s. Furthermore, start-stop cycles with accelerating and decelerating shares were used to simulate an automotive start-stop system. In the tribological experiments, a significant reduction of the friction coefficient was observed compared to sliding pairs without microstructured pin surfaces. Whereas no measureable wear occurred on the steel pins and discs, the bronze discs showed a significant amount of wear and the microstructures on the pin surfaces mated against bronze discs were almost completely filled with wear debris.

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Syahrullail, Samion, i Noorawzi Nuraliza. "Effect of Surface Roughness Parameters and Surface Texture for Reduced Friction". Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (listopad 2014): 572–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.572.

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The aim of the present research was to investigate the possibility of contact surfaces with reduced friction using surface roughness analysis. For this purpose, various aluminum pin samples with different lubricant using different sliding speed values were prepared. To evaluate influence of roughness parameters on friction and wear, lubricated pin-on-disk tests were carried out under different speed contact conditions. Test results show that surfaces with high values surface roughness results in reduced friction. To investigate the effect of surface topography on surface roughness parameters and consequently on friction, real roughness profiles were virtually altered to achieve virtually textured surfaces.

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Edachery, Vimal, V. Swamybabu, H. Rajneesh i Satish V. Kailas. "Friction, Scuffing and Transfer Layer Formation in Lubricated Sliding of EN31 Steel and Tungsten Carbide (WC): Surface Topography Effects". Key Engineering Materials 901 (8.10.2021): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.901.182.

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Surface topographies play a critical role in controlling friction, surface damage and transfer layer formation in engineering applications; hence understanding this is of great importance. In this work, experimental studies were carried out to understand the influence of surface topography on friction, scuffing and transfer layer formation in completely immersed lubricated sliding interactions. For this, sliding experiments were carried out in sphere on flat configuration using EN31 steel flats and Tungsten Carbide pin countersurface. Perpendicular and parallel surface topographies were induced onto the steel flats. Experiments were conducted at high normal loads of 1000N, 2000N and 3000N. The results show that Surface topography has a significant influence on the frictional response. When the topography directionality was perpendicular to the sliding direction, scuffing was observed only at a high load of 3000N. A ‘peak friction’ was also observed during the occurrence of scuffing. When the directionality in topography was parallel to sliding direction, scuffing and surface damage occurred from 2000N itself, accompanied by a high amount of transfer layer formation. This can be attributed to the directionality of parallel topography, which displaces away the lubricant during sliding interaction, creating metal-to-metal contact and hence leading to scuffing and higher transfer layer formation.

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Supadee, Laddawan, Santi Chatruprachewin, Chaba Suriya-Amaranont i Wisut Titiroongruang. "Corrosion Characterization of High Moment Magnetic Material Coated with Diamond-Like Carbon". Advanced Materials Research 811 (wrzesień 2013): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.811.171.

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In order to increase data storage density of hard drive, DLC overcoat thickness was decreased to allow read/write head to come closer to magnetic alloy of the disk, andwith maintaining the main purpose of the overcoat to provide good corrosion and mechanical protection for the underlying magnetic recording film under unfavorably environmental conditions and occasional reactions. Base on that the edges of topography will be weak point for deposition films cause of shadow effect during the process, its hard that deposition atomic will stay at the concave and convex of topography. DLC coverage performance at the edge of 3D topography becomes high sensitive with limited DLC films thickness. Currently the 3D profile of magnetic material that needs to protect with DLC, is about 2 nanometers with subnanometres DLC thickness. The enormous of data shrew corrosion pattern was usually happened at the edge of topography. Thus, the accelerated test or indirect methodology was applied for DLC integrity. This investigation was explore the methodology to verify the weakness of DLC films especially at the topography edges which is difficult for any direct metrology tools can pursue. With pore resistance, which related to the film structure, the electrochemical impedance indicated that DLC/Si3N4 is a suitable choice to against corrosion. However topography surface influence to DLC coverage. Controllable surface for DLC deposition also needed well defined. Two types of step height was created as 1 nm and 2 nm on (100) silicon substrate. The 20Å DLC film thickness was deposited on the silicon substrate with promised technique, Filtered Cathodic Vacuum Arch (FCVA). After this process the aluminum (Al) was deposited on the surface of DLC film by using evaporation technique. The silicon substrate was driven to Al surface thro pin holes on the DLC film at 577OC. To detect the pin holes on the DLC film, the aluminum layer was removed by using wet etch chemical process. The SEM image indicates that the square pitting at the edge of DLC film obtained for 2nm step height was around 2nm depth. The latest experiment in this investigation to characterize 2.3 T magnetic moment material degradation with DLC/Si3N4 coating, was performed with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and AFM. The material with DLC overcoat after exposed to H2SO4 for 30 min, polarization resistance was increased for 2 times from uncoated material. Alternative charge transfer capacitance was reduced as desirable charge current.

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Thompson, R., J. Song, A. Zheng i J. Yen. "Cartridge Case Signature Identification Using Topography Measurements and Correlations. Unification of Microscopy and Objective Statistical Methods". Izvestiya of Saratov University. Economics. Management. Law 12, nr 3 (2012): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2012-12-3-60-60.

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A comparison microscope employing the standard optical comparison method and confocal microscopy with subsequent cross correlation topography analysis were used to correctly identify cases fired from a set of ten (10) consecutively made pistol slides. The mathematical identifications were based on the breech face impression without the firing pin aperture shear marks. Fifteen (15) unknown cartridge cases were compared to test fired cartridge case sets from the consecutively manufactured slides.

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Ohyanagi, Takasumi, Chen Bin, Takashi Sekiguchi, Hirotaka Yamaguchi i Hirofumi Matsuhata. "EBIC Analysis of Breakdown Failure Point in 4H-SiC PiN Diodes". Materials Science Forum 615-617 (marzec 2009): 707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.615-617.707.

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The breakdown failure points in the 4H-SiC PiN diodes were analyzed by the electron beam induced current (EBIC). We focused on the failure, which showed the avalanche breakdown, and we determined the failure points by an emission microscopy. We observed the basal plane dislocation around the failure point and at measured temperatures below 200K we found the dark spots in the EBIC. However, in the X-ray topography image, no spots were found around the dislocations. We therefore think that these spots originated from the metal contamination. The electric field was multiplied due to a permittivity change, and this multiplication caused the avalanche breakdown.

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Liu, Chao Xun, Shi Hong Lu, Wei Miao, Pan Feng Song i Tian Rui Wu. "Experimental Study on Ultrasonic Shot Peening Forming and Surface Properties of AALY12". Advanced Materials Research 1094 (marzec 2015): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1094.339.

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Ultrasonic shot peening (USP) on AALY12 sheet was studied. Several parameters (arc heights, surface roughness, surface topography and micro hardness) with different USP process parameters were measured. The research proposes that radius of curvature of shot peened sheet increases with time and electric current decreasing, while increases with pin diameter increasing, and radius of curvature reaches a saturation level after a specific processing time and electric current. An empirical model of the relationship between radius of curvature and pin diameter, electric current, time was also obtained. The research shows that the increment of surface and vertical micro hardness of material is more obvious with longer time and higher value of electric current, which can be up to 20% and 28% respectively.

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Shin, Kwonsik, Dongsu Kim, Hyunchul Park, Minkyung Sim, Hyunwoo Jang, Jung Inn Sohn, Seung Nam Cha i Jae Eun Jang. "Artificial Tactile Sensor With Pin-type Module for Depth Profile and Surface Topography Detection". IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 67, nr 1 (styczeń 2020): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2019.2912788.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Pin topography"

Tse, Yuk-hang Jessica, i 謝毓衡. "Application of surface electromyography topography in low back pain rehabilitation". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/208612.

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The management of low back pain (LBP) has long been a challenge as it is a highly prevalent disease worldwide due to the lack of an apparent etiology and a conclusive therapeutic treatment. Heterogeneous groups of LBP patients with diverse medical backgrounds also complicate the problem. A clinical threshold is demanded to match the patients and treatments appropriately in order to maximize the treatment success rate. Besides, the assessments of disability and pain perception due to LBP made by self-evaluated questionnaires in current clinical setting are highly susceptible to subjective feeling and the memory of patients. LBP and spasm are closely related but little is known for the underlying physiology, especially the musculature of LBP patients with spasm. These problems exacerbate the difficulty in LBP rehabilitation further. Surface electromyography (sEMG) topography is a cutting- edge technology to assess the lumbar muscle in vivo non-invasively by illustrating the distribution of global muscle activity visually. sEMG topography has the potential application as an objective assessment tool for LBP rehabilitation. In present study, sEMG topography was used to address 1) the prognostic value of sEMG topography on LBP rehabilitation, 2) the establishment and validation of a clinical classification threshold for identification of LBP patients who are responsive to exercise therapy and 3) the investigation of sEMG topography in accordance with the physiological outcomes (functional disability, pain perception and spasm). Forty-five healthy subjects and fifty patients with chronic non-specific LBP were enrolled to the study. sEMG test was conducted to every subject under the motions of lumbar flexion and extension in order to gather the myoelectric signals by a 16-channel sEMG. Various sEMG topographic parameters (sEMG parameters) were developed for quantitative analysis of sEMG topography. They were Root-Mean-Square-Difference of Relative Area (RMSD RA), Relative Width (RMSD RW) and Relative Height (RMSD RH) at flexion and extension. Results showed that sEMG parameters were of significant prognostic value for LBP patients towards exercise therapy. A clinical threshold of 0.21 was proposed and validated based on the geometric calculation of RMSD RA and RMSD RW at flexion and extension. The threshold was substantiated to increase the success rate of exercise therapy from 46% to 86% when the value measured by sEMG topography was below 0.21. sEMG parameters were found significantly associated with disability and pain perception in a positive manner. Severer disability and pain perception were represented by larger values of sEMG parameters. sEMG topography demonstrated symmetric patterns for patients with or without spasms on bilateral sides of lumbar muscles. The symmetry in sEMG topography evinced the consistency of the musculature of bilateral lumbar muscles while the lost of symmetry might indicate malfunction of lumbar muscles unilaterally. To conclude, this study corroborated versatile roles of sEMG topography in LBP rehabilitation as a prognosis, clinical threshold, and objective measurement. The findings of this study have paved the way of sEMG topography for future application in clinical setting. A study of larger scale would be recommended to complement the present findings.
published_or_final_version
Orthopaedics and Traumatology
Master
Master of Philosophy

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Yuan, Chuqing. "Topographic Pattern Directed Phase Separation in PAN/PMMA Blend Thin Films". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1525754114090085.

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Fairweather, Luke. "Mechanisms of supra MTD topography generation and the interaction of turbidity currents with such deposits". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=215569.

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Mass-transport deposits (MTDs) are virtually ubiquitous on the modern seafloor and common in ancient slope successions. Their upper surfaces are often irregular due to surface topography, which may vary significantly in wavelength and geometry. Turbidity currents are highly sensitive to topography, resulting in the modification of their density and velocity profiles during topographic interaction, thus affecting their depositional architecture. It is therefore expected that supra-MTD turbidite systems are also affected so. Previous analysis of the upper surface of MTDs and conformable overlying turbidite systems suggests that the upper surface of MTDs support irregularities that vary in wavelength, from 10 m to greater than 1000 m, by which longer length-scales may compartmentalise turbidite systems. But such studies do not investigate in detail the mechanisms by which topography is generated and the effect of the three-dimensional form of topography on supra-MTD turbidite systems. This study therefore addresses these aspects by the application of spectral analysis methods, synthetic modelling of three-dimensional topography, and architectural and lithofacies relationships of turbidite systems with the upper surface of MTDs, illustrated using an ancient slope succession cropping out at Cerro Bola, Argentina, and a modern deepwater system of the Sabah slope, offshore Brunei. In this thesis, an analytical model is described that characterises the three-dimensional form of the upper surface of MTDs in to two types: isolated topographic highs (termed positive topography) and isolated topographic lows (termed negative topography), which describe topography with a low and high degree of confinement, respectively. The geometry of these 'types' of topography are illustrated to vary significantly depending on the variability in the confinement across the surface in question, the degree of anisotropy and the obliquity of the flow direction to its orientation, which are similarly quantified using the analytical model described. Such topographic variability and anisotropy are demonstrated to relate to horizontal variations in thickness of the underlying MTD, generated by various mechanisms, including: internal structure, basal shear surface topography and post-emplacement creep and compaction. Each mechanism may support a variety of wavelengths that typically vary in length-scale and are generated simultaneously upon syn- and post-MTD emplacement. As a consequence, a turbidity current may interact with multiple length-scales of topography that might be produced contemporaneously with deposition. Topographic interaction may therefore not occur over the same length-scale as topographic ponding and, thus, supra-MTD ponded turbidite systems may have vertical and horizontal facies transitions that occur over similar length and height scales to the underlying topography despite ponding over a longer wavelength. Due to the three-dimensional complexity and variability of MTD topography, facies and architectures of supra-MTD reservoirs cannot be generalised in two-dimensions or extrapolated with ease into the third-dimension from isolated exposures/data.

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Jess, Scott. "Resolving the timing of major erosion events along the West Greenland-Baffin-Bylot continental margins". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=239479.

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Continental passive margins exhibit high elevation topography in many localities across the globe. The source and age of much of this topography remains a subject of great debate within the wider community, with numerous theories being presented, including significant post-rift uplift and isostatically preserved rift anks. Establishing the mechanisms that generate topography and the onshore evolution across passive margins is vital in understanding regional geological histories and their wider development. The passive margins of the NW Atlantic realm exhibit high elevation topography topped with low relief summits. The origin of this topography is debated, with both 3 km of uplift in the post-rift stage and the isostatic preservation of Cretaceous rift anks being suggested within the literature. The work of this thesis aims to resolve this debate by establishing the timing and source of uplift across the region and determining the onshore evolution prior to, during and after rifting with the application of apatite low temperature thermochronology. Contemporary analytical and modelling techniques are utilised to generate thermal histories from across both central West Greenland and SE Baffin Island, helping to de ne how the modern landscape has formed. Results from this work outline an onshore history dominated by uplift in the Cretaceous and exhumation throughout the Cenozoic. Basement samples from SW Greenland exhibit protracted cooling throughout the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, implying low rates of exhumation have been apparent throughout. Within the Nuussuaq Basin, centralWest Greenland, thermal histories display reheating i through the Late Cretaceous/Palaeogene and cooling to present, consistent with events outlined in the basin's stratigraphy and implying uplift of the topography is likely the result of extrusive volcanism and an isostatic response to the unroo ng of the lithosphere. Spatial trends in data and thermal histories across SE Ba n Island imply much of the landscape is shaped by rift ank uplift along its SE coastline, driving exhumation of the region throughout the Cenozoic. Collectively these results suggest the elevated topography of the NW Atlantic realm is the result of rift related uplift in the Cretaceous, magmatism and widespread exhumation throughout the Cenozoic, preserved by isostatic exure. This interpretation of the region's onshore history contributes greatly to our understanding of the NW Atlantic's geological evolution. The results highlight the role of extensional tectonism, exhumation and isostasy in shaping both margin's landscapes and helps to determine the principal characteristics of the wider extensional system and the evolution of the o shore domain. Moreover, these conclusions have a wider relevance to the evolution of passive margins across the North Atlantic, improving our understanding of how topography across other margins, such as of East Greenland, Norway and the UK, has formed.

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Stock, Gregory Morgan. "Topographic evolution and climate change in the Sierra Nevada, California, deduced from isotopic studies of cave deposits /". Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Craig, Jessica. "Distribution of deep-sea bioluminescence across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Mediterranean Sea : relationships with surface productivity, topography and hydrography". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=186379.

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Bioluminescence is widespread in the deep sea. In this study, the density of bioluminescent zooplankton (BL) in the deep Mediterranean Sea (MS) and at the Mid- Atlantic Ridge (MAR) was measured using low light video cameras, including a novel Image intensified Charge coupled device for Deep-sea research (ICDeep). Sampling across the MS was undertaken to assess the potential optical interference from bioluminescent zooplankton at sites under consideration for the construction of a large volume deep-sea neutrino telescope. This revealed a general decrease in deep pelagic BL densities from the western to the eastern MS. Deep mesopelagic (500- 1000 m depth) BL density was significantly correlated (p430 urn] densities from 100 to 5 mab attwo sites south of the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone. At 2500 m depth on the MAR, a rate of naturally occurring bioluminescent events was observed to be 155 times higher (3.1 min+) than literature based predictions, prompting a reappraisal of the visual environment in relation to complex topography of the deep-sea floor.

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Garza, Mario Nicholas. "Biophysical and Climate Analysis of the Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) Infestations in the Crown of the Continent, 1962 to 2014". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/75134.

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Mountain pine beetles (Dendroctonus ponderosae) are native insects that have decimated millions of hectares of mature pine (Pinaceae) forests in western North America. The purpose of this study is to investigate biophysical and climatic correlates of Mountain Pine Beetle (MPB) insect outbreaks in the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem (CCE) from 1962 to 2014 using Aerial Detection Survey (ADS) and climate data. Specific objectives were: 1) to develop statistical models to determine how selected biophysical correlates (slope, aspect, elevation, and latitude) and 2) to understand how local and global climate variables relate to the extent of the MPB infestations in the CCE, and 3) to contextualize the results of the models with historical climate data. Overall, the major findings of this study are: 1) despite its limitations, the ADS data seems suitable for analysis of beetle damage with respect to climate and topographic factors, on a regional scale, 2) there appears to be a link between local biophysical factors and winter precipitation and TPA within the CCE, and 3) a combination of a negative-phase PDO and La Niña is important in forecasting a decline in MPB spread, during a given year. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to explore spatio-temporal patterns of MPB outbreaks using biophysical factors, and both local and global climate variables, over a fifty-year timespan in the CCE. In the future, additional geospatial analyses may enable a landscape assessment of factors contributing to variability of MPB infestation and damage as this insect continues to spread.
Master of Science

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Siu, Hiu-fai, i 蕭曉暉. "Quantitative lumbar surface EMG topographic analysis: comparison between normal and low back pain patients". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4327870X.

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Siu, Hiu-fai. "Quantitative lumbar surface EMG topographic analysis comparison between normal and low back pain patients /". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B4327870X.

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Wang, Qing. "Impacts of climate, topography, and weathering profile on vadose zone hydrology and coastal pine plantation management : a multi-scale investigation, Southeast Queensland, Australia". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2008. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/20657/1/Wang_Qing_Thesis.pdf.

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Exotic pine plantations are a major landuse within the coastal lowlands of southeast Queensland, extending from close to the shoreline to the hinterland ranges. These plantations are within a sub-tropical climatic zone, and in most years, the summers are appreciably wetter than the winters. This terrain, in general, has been highly weathered and the soils are poor in nutrients. Environmental factors such as the climate, topography and weathering profile (including soil) are found to be important controls on vadose zone hydrology, which, in turn, has a great impact on tree growth and consequently on the design of management practices. This research project takes a holistic approach to investigate the influence of these environmental factors at different scales, and is designed to fulfil the following objectives: (1) To build a spatial model of forest productivity for the entire Tuan Toolara State Forest (TTSF), southeast Queensland, by analysing the spatial patterns of many environmental variables that may have controls on soil water distribution. (2) To determine how some of these environmental factors are responsible for the development of water-logging and soil salinisation by examining in detail an area of low site index that is severely affected by these two processes. (3) To develop a model to assess the risks of water-logging spatially and temporally. A multiple regression model was constructed to predict the forest productivity (measured by the value of site index, the average dominant tree height at 25 years of age). The independent variables were derived from a digital elevation model (elevation, slope, curvature, hillshade, flow accumulation and distance to streams), γ-ray spectrometry (potassium, thorium and uranium), and interpolated rainfall. The model explained up to 60% of the variance in the site indices and produced predictive maps of site index for two species: P. elliottii Engelm. and Queensland hybrid, a P. elliottii × P. caribaea Morelet hybrid. The model also identified the lowest site index area at the northern Tuan State Forest (NTSF), likely due to a greater risk of water-logging and salinisation. The NTSF area is of low relief and, therefore, the focus has been on the vertical controls of deep weathering profile. The methodology included setting up a network of groundwater bores screened at different depths within the weathering profile, characterising the profile (mineralogy, EC, and pH) and the groundwaters within it (water levels, physico-chemical parameters, major and minor ions). It is found that water-logging is caused by perched groundwater formed on top of the ferricrete or mottled saprolite after prolonged rainfall. Localised salinisation is related to the discharge of brackish groundwater occurring within the mottled saprolite. The deep aquifer within the coarse saprolite is fresh and not responsible for salinisation, a situation that differs from many other settings in Australia. The ability of using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) computer model to simulate soil water balance and to assess the risks of water-logging was tested in a selected catchment in the TTSF. The model successfully simulated stream flow at 2 weirs for a period of 6 years; the achieved R2 were 0.752 and 0.858, respectively. Long-term simulation for a 30-year period showed that there are pronounced seasonal patterns in rainfall and evapotranspiration as well as in soil water. For mature plantation with slopes of 3-15%, the mean annual duration of water-logging ranged from 161 days in the humus podzols, to 110 days in the gleyed podzolic, and to 90 days in the yellow podzolics. The outcomes of this research suggest that forest management can be strongly supported by understanding the impacts of these environmental factors (e.g. climate, topography and weathering profile) on vadose zone hydrological processes; the selection of optimum approach will depend on the research objective or purpose. The models and analytical tools that were developed or tested here have the potential to be successfully applied elsewhere if the input data are available.

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Książki na temat "Pin topography"

Professor, Koga Yoshihiko, Nagata Ken i Hirata Koichi, red. Brain topography today: Proceedings of the III Pan-Pacific Conference on Brain Topography (BTOPPS III), Tokyo Bay, Japan, April 1-4, 1997. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1998.

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3D stereo topographic map of Utah, 1996. Utah Geological Survey, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/pi-41.

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Survey, United States Geological. Pine Grove Mills quadrangle, Pennsylvania: 7.5 minute series (topographic). For sale by the Survey, 1999.

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Topographic map of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah. Utah Geological Survey, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/pi-49.

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Survey, United States Geological. Hinckley quadrangle, Minnesota--Pine Co., 1991: 7.5 minute series (topographic). For sale by the Survey, 1995.

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Freeman, Robert. EEG topographic differences between dissociation and distraction during cold pressor pain. 1994.

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United States Geological Survey. Digger Pine Flat quadrangle, California--Tehama Co: 7.5 minute series (topographic). For sale by the Survey, 1996.

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United States Geological Survey. Pia Oik quadrangle, Arizona--Pima Co., 1996: 7.5 minute series (topographic). For sale by the Survey, 2000.

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Schibler, Jörg. Zooarchaeological results from Neolithic and Bronze Age wetland and dryland sites in the Central Alpine Foreland. Redaktorzy Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers i Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.6.

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A small but very diverse structured landscape, a high degree of preservation of archaeological findings and structures because of waterlogged conditions, and very precise dendrochronological dating are the advantages of the archaeological and archaeozoological situation in Switzerland. These opportunities allow differentiating the topographic, environmental, and cultural conditions that influenced and shaped the role of domestic and wild animals in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Because of the proximity to the Alps, unfavourable weather conditions had a strong impact on agricultural production, resulting frequently in a more intense use of wild resources. Therefore, during the Neolithic, but even in the Bronze Age, hunting played periodically an important role. On the other hand, the topographic situation, the extent of open landscapes resulting from human clearances, as well as cultural influences, are responsible for the variable importance of different domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, goat, and pig.

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Pavlides, Nicolette A. The Hero Cults of Sparta. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350198074.

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This book examines the hero-cults of Sparta on the basis of the archaeological and literary sources. Nicolette Pavlides explores the local idiosyncrasies of a pan-Hellenic phenomenon, which itself can help us understand the place and function of heroes in Greek religion. Although it has long been noted that hero-cult was especially popular in Sparta, there is little known about the cults, both in terms of material evidence and the historical context for their popularity. The evidence from the cult of Helen and Menelaos at the Menelaion, the worship of Agamemnon and Alexandra/Kassandra, the Dioskouroi, and others who remain anonymous to us, is viewed as a local phenomenon reflective of the developing communal and social consciousness of the polis. What is more, through an analysis of the typology of cults, it is concluded that in Sparta, the boundaries of the divine/heroic/mortal were fluid, which allowed a great variation in the expression of cults. The votive patterns, topography, and architectural evidence permit an analysis of the kinds of offerings to hero-cults and an evaluation of the architecture that housed such cults. Due to the material and spatial distribution of the votive deposits, it is argued that Sparta had a large number of hero shrines scattered throughout the polis, which attests to an enthusiastic and long-lasting local votive practice at a popular level. This book examines the hero-cults of Sparta on the basis of the archaeological and literary sources. It aims to present the local idiosyncrasies of a pan-Hellenic phenomenon, which itself can help us understand the place and function of heroes in Greek religion. Although it has long been noted that hero-cults were especially popular in Sparta, there is little known about the cults, both in terms of material evidence and the historical context for their popularity. The votive patterns, topography, and architectural evidence permit an analysis of the kinds of offerings to hero-cults and an evaluation of the architecture that housed such cults. Due to the material and spatial distribution of the votive deposits, it is argued that Sparta had a large number of hero shrines scattered throughout the polis, which attests to an enthusiastic and long-lasting local votive practice at a popular level. The evidence from the cult of Helen and Menelaos at the Menelaion, the worship of Agamemnon and Alexandra/Kassandra, the Dioskouroi, and others who remain anonymous to us, is viewed as a local phenomenon reflective of the developing communal and social consciousness of the polis. What is more, through an analysis of the typology of cults, it is concluded that in Sparta, the boundaries of the divine/heroic/mortal were fluid, which allowed a great variation in the expression of cults.

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Części książek na temat "Pin topography"

Cohen, Kenneth L., i Nancy K. Tripoli. "Photogrammetric Index Method (PIM) System of Astigmatism Analysis and Its Use in Surgery for Astigmatism". W Corneal Topography, 165–80. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2766-3_13.

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Chen, Junkai, Wenxue Gao, Xiangjun Hao, Zheng Wei, Xiaojun Zhang i Zhaochen Liu. "Multilateral Boundary Blasting Theory of High and Steep Slope in Open Pit Mine and Its Application". W Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 347–57. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1260-3_32.

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AbstractAt present, the blasting theory of high and steep rock slope mainly focuses on flat terrain, ignoring the influence of micro-terrain boundary factors on blasting effect, which leads to excessive blasting energy and affects the stability of slope. Therefore, based on the theory of multilateral boundary rock blasting, this paper deduces the calculation formula of blasting charge for high and steep rock slope under multilateral boundary conditions, and verifies it with field test. The results show that: (1) The multilateral boundary charge calculation formula directly includes micro-topography boundary conditions and blasting effect, and the rock blasting theory is based on the interaction of blasting energy provided by explosives and potential energy in medium, which effectively improves the energy utilization rate of explosives. (2) The influence of surplus blasting energy on the surrounding environment under different boundary conditions is controlled, and the explosive explosion effect is effectively controlled, so that a stable high and steep slope of open pit mine is formed after blasting.

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Sindou, Marc, M. Chiha i P. Mertens. "Anatomical Findings in Microsurgical Vascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia. Correlations Between Topography of Pain and Site of the Neuro-Vascular Conflict". W Advances in Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery 11, 125–27. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9419-5_27.

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"Topography". W Encyclopedia of Pain, 3976. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28753-4_102353.

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"Dendritic Topography". W Encyclopedia of Pain, 883. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28753-4_200544.

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Toma Bane Karash, Emad, i Mohammad Takey Elias Kassim. "The Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Aluminum Alloy (AA 6061 T6) Under the Effect of Friction Stirs Processing". W Recent Advancements in Aluminum Alloys [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109590.

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The following chapter study the friction stir processes (FSP) is used to improve the surface characteristics of the alloy AA6061-T6 on the surface topography, hardness, tension mechanical characteristics, and microstructures of aluminum alloy, the impacts of friction stir process tool travel and rotation speeds were investigated. All friction stir processes (FSW) in this investigation used a cylindrical tool without a pin that had a 20 mm diameter, rotated at different rotating speeds 800, 1000, 1250, and 1600 rpm, and at different travel speeds 32, 63, and 80 mm per minute. The examination of the current study’s data and the test results showed that in stir friction processes, hardness rises with cutting depth. The study of the crystal structure showed that the hardness increased by twice as much for two stages as it did for one stage. Additionally, it was observed that as cutting depth increased, the size of the granules representing engineering defects grew smaller. Additionally, in the case of two stages, the ratio of granule size to friction was twice as high as in the case of one step. According to the results, using a single-stage friction stir process increased yield strength by 18% and tensile strength by 9.5%, while using a two-stage friction stir process increased yield strength by 20.4% and tensile strength by 11.5% when compared to metal basis.

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Black, Helen K. "The Topography of Suffering". W Soul Pain, 1–26. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315223698-1.

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"Non-topographic". W Encyclopedia of Pain, 2303. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28753-4_201484.

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Harvey, N. Robert, i Sylvia H. Wilson. "Topographic Anatomy and Physiologic Considerations". W Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Medicine, redaktor Jinlei Li, 3–16. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197518519.003.0001.

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Abstract The ability to select the optimal regional technique requires a detailed understanding of anatomy and local anesthetic properties. Anatomic knowledge must include gross surface anatomy as it corresponds with neurologic innervation and include basic neurologic anatomy. Further, neuraxial blocks require an intricate knowledge of the dermatomal distribution where analgesia is needed, combined with the posterior anatomic landmarks that will guide correct needle placement to deliver targeted analgesia. In the same way, comprehension of peripheral nerve and plexus anatomy is also needed to ensure that anesthetic coverage is maximized and analgesia optimized during placement of plexus, peripheral nerve block, or fascial blocks. Similarly, various factors may impact both the onset and duration of neuraxial and peripheral techniques. In this regard, comprehension of local anesthetic characteristics, basic nerve properties, and the risks and benefits of different regional techniques is needed. Ultimately the regional technique, local anesthetic type, and local anesthetic dose and volume will depend on patient factors and procedure factors.

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Milne, Alisoun. "Demography, topography and mental health problems in later life". W Mental Health in Later Life, 7–32. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447305729.003.0002.

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Chapter 1 offers an overview of the UK’s socio-demographic and policy context. The UK has an ageing population that is increasingly diverse and heterogenous. Whilst for many older people health outcomes have vastly improved since the introduction of the welfare state, prevalence of ill health does increase with advancing age. The number of older people living with dementia is 850,000, a figure expected to rise to over 2 million by 2051. Disability, pain, chronic physical illness and dementia are risk factors for both depression and suicide. It is estimated that 30 per cent of older people have ‘depressive symptoms’ and that 1 in 8 of all suicides relate to older people. 4 per cent of older people suffer from ‘anxiety disorder’. Although not mental health problems as such, a growth of the number of older people experiencing isolation and loneliness, problem alcohol issues and social exclusion are contributors. In terms of policy, all four UK nations, have specific policies relating to dementia, on the one hand, and policies relating to preventing and treating functional mental health problems on the other. The former tends to be older age focused whilst the latter extends across the whole adult lifespan.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Pin topography"

Sedlacˇek, Marko, Bojan Podgornik i Jozˇe Vizˇintin. "Modeling of Surface Topography for Reduced Friction". W ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59369.

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The aim of the present research was to investigate surface topography in terms of different surface roughness parameters and to correlate surface topography change to friction of contact surfaces. For this purpose, different 100Cr6 plate samples with different surface topography were prepared. Using different grades and combinations of grinding and polishing samples with similar Ra values, but different Rku and Rsk values were obtained. To evaluate influence of roughness parameters on friction and wear, dry and lubricated pin-on-disc tests were carried out under different contact conditions. Test results indicate that high Rku and negative Rsk values lead to decrease in friction. To investigate the effect of surface texturing on surface roughness parameters, real roughness profiles were virtually altered to achieve virtually textured surfaces. Using NIST SMATS softgauge for calculation of surface roughness parameters, virtually altered roughness profiles were investigated in terms of texture size, shape and spacing, and their influence on surface roughness parameters, especially on skewness and kurtosis. Lower diameter, higher spacing and wedge-shaped dimples reflect in higher Rku and more negative Rsk parameters.

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Huffaker, Diana L., Rodger M. Walser i Michael F. Becker. "Correlation of surface topography and coating damage with changes in the responsivity of silicon PIN photodiodes". W Boulder - DL tentative, redaktorzy Harold E. Bennett, Lloyd L. Chase, Arthur H. Guenther, Brian E. Newnam i M. J. Soileau. SPIE, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.57213.

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Menezes, Pradeep L., Kishore, Y. Sasidhar i Satish V. Kailas. "Role of Surface Topography on Friction and Transfer Layer Formation: A Study Using Inclined Scratch Test". W World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63999.

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Tribological interaction between two contacting surfaces is influenced by many factors such as relative motion, normal load, environment, and lubrication apart from surface characteristics of the mating surfaces. Though surface characteristics such as roughness was dealt by many researchers for decades, the other important characteristic of surfaces, surface topography, has not got its share of attention. In the present investigation, basic studies were conducted using Inclined Scratch Tester to understand the role of surface topography on friction and transfer layer formation. A tribological couple made of copper pin against EN8 flat was used in the tests. Two surface parameters of steel flats — roughness and texture — were varied in tests. Care was taken to ensure that the surface roughness, measured along the scratch direction, had similar values for different textures, namely Unidirectional, 8-ground, and Random. It was observed that the transfer layer formation and the coefficient of friction along with its two components, namely adhesion and plowing, are controlled by the nature of surfaces and are independent of surface roughness. The plowing component of friction was highest for the surface that promotes plane strain conditions near the surface and was lowest for the surface that promotes plane stress conditions near the surface.

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Beaudoin, Felix, Wei-Hang Chen, Pietro Babighian, Yuting Wei, Ernesto Gene de la Garza, Nimisha C. Sreenivasan i Lili Cheng. "Yield and Failure Analysis of 14nm On-Chip MIMCAP". W ISTFA 2018. ASM International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2018p0295.

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Abstract A BEOL compatible Metal-Insulator-Metal capacitor (MIMCAP) was successfully developed for GlobalFoundries 14nm technology node, and subsequently introduced on customer designs as decoupling capacitors. The lead production silicon wafers with MIMCAP showed good functionality at wafer SORT functional test. However, upon testing more wafers, it became evident that the wafer center was impacted by abnormal scan logic fallout. The observed yield loss did not correlate with the MIMCAP scribe line Health Of Line (HOL) structures and the failure root cause could not be directly pin pointed to the MIMCAP process integration. Product scan diagnostic was performed and several systematic failing logical nets were identified. Subsequent failure analysis showed open via contacts in the MIMCAP vicinity. A detailed layout analysis of the FA confirmed weak-points and repeating logic nets allowed identifying a chip design topography issue resulting in a narrower process window compared to the scribe line MIMCAP HOL structure. Thanks to this knowledge the MIMCAP process was further optimized and the wafer center fallout was fully recovered in volume production.

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Wimmer, Markus A., Valentina Ngai i Joachim Kunze. "Europium as a Candidate Staining Material to Determine Polyethylene Wear". W ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15376.

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Current protocols employed to measure wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) utilize gravimetric and/or topographic measurement techniques. However, these methods may be subject to error due to creeping and fluid absorption capabilities of polyethylene. A novel process designed to avoid these errors was developed using Europium (Eu) as a tracer material to quantify polyethylene wear. Eu is a rare earth element that does not naturally occur in the human body and can be quantified using ICP-MS. By combining a solution of Eu – stearate with nascent UHMWPE powder, 9.5 mm diameter pins were molded and subjected to pin-on-disk testing. Samples of the testing lubricant were obtained at regulated intervals. These samples were analyzed for Eu quantification, which were then compared with the gravimetric pin measurements.

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Hu, Yong, Joseph N. F. Mak i Kdk Luk. "Application of Surface EMG Topography in Low Back Pain Rehabilitation Assessment". W 2007 3rd International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cne.2007.369733.

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Pottirayil, Anirudhan, Pradeep L. Menezes i Satish V. Kailas. "Correlating the Features of Topography to Friction by Sliding Experiments". W ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59071.

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Friction can influence the quality of the finished product to a large extent in certain manufacturing processes. Sheet metal forming is a particular case, where the friction between the hard-die and the relatively soft work-piece can be extremely important. Under such conditions, topography of the harder surface can influence the resistance to traction at the interface. This paper discusses about the correlation between certain features of the surface topography and coefficient of friction based on experiments involving sliding of a few soft metal pins against a harder material. A brief description of the experimental procedure and the analysis are presented. A hybrid parameter which encapsulates both the amplitude features as well as the relative packing of peaks is shown to correlate well with the coefficient of friction.

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Rios, Pedro Gabriel Marcomini, Heloisa Queiroz Carneiro da Silva, Felipe Adolfo Kuriyama Massari, Marina Ferreira Martins i Matheus Assunção Souza Fernandes. "Analgesic potentiation in post-traumatic occipital neuralgia, a case report". W XIV Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.141s1.519.

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Context: Occipital neuralgia is characterized as uni or bilateral pain in the topography of the occipital nerve. The condition may be harrowing or acute and worsens with digital pressure on the back of the neck. The pain appears in the distribution of the greater (GON), minor (LON), and third (TON) occipital nerves. Besides that, it may radiate to the retro-orbital region and angle of the mandible, and it can be associated with paresthesias. A less common cause is direct head trauma, and it is believed that the mechanism for its development is the injury or entrapment of the nerve fibers due to post-traumatic fibrosis. The conservative treatment consists of antiepileptics, tricyclic antidepressants, or antipsychotics. In addition, it includes anesthetic blockade of the GON, LON, and TON guided by ultrasonography of the skull, which is an essential option for treatment and identifies the presence of entrapment of the quoted structures. We present the case of a 37-year-old man, a victim of physical aggression with traumatic brain injury, without previous comorbidities or use of daily medications, who developed occipital neuralgia after the event. Cranial computed tomography showed occipital depression in the topography of the GON. Due to the absence of neurological alterations, the medical team chose conservative treatment with phenytoin. As the pain persisted, the professionals performed a hydro section and suboccipital block with anesthesia, resulting in improvements.

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Bashash, Saeid, Reza Saeidpourazar i Nader Jalili. "Development of a High-Speed Laser-Free Atomic Force Microscopy". W ASME 2009 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2009-2742.

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To reduce the cost and improve the speed of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in molecular scale imaging of materials, we propose a laser-free AFM scheme augmented with an accurate control strategy for its scanning axes. It employs a piezoresistive sensing device with a high level of accuracy to avoid using the bulky and expensive laser interferometer. Change in the resistance of piezoelectric layer due to the deflection of microcantilever caused by the variation of surface topography is monitored through a Wheatstone bridge. Hence, it captures the surface topography without the use of laser and with nanometer scale accuracy. To improve the speed of imaging, however, a Lyapunov-based robust adaptive control strategy is implemented in the 2-DOF scanning stage. It has been demonstrated in an earlier publication that this control framework has superior performance over the conventional PID controllers typically used in commercial AFMs. The paper, then, demonstrates a set of experiments on a standard AFM calibration sample with 200 nm stepped topography. Results indicate accurate imaging of the sample up to the frequency of 30 Hz, for a 16μm×16μm scanning area, proving the feasibility of less costly and high speed AFM-based metrology.

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Deng, Tao, Jing Gong, XiaoPing Li, Yu Zhang, Yanan Yao i Qing Quan. "A Dynamic Simulation Study of Overpressure for Pigging Process". W 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90354.

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With the method of characteristic (MOC) and analysis for the dynamic state of trapped air, this study could be performed on the basic theory of gas-liquid two phase unsteady flow, and cavitation and bubble dynamics, to obtain the overpressure value during pigging. For a long slope pipeline, a severe rupture occurred in the vicinity of a drainage pipe during a segmental pigging process. In contrast to earlier accidents induced by hydraulic transients, the unique combination of topography and geometry of the drainage pipe was a key factor. Generally, a pipeline profile complexity has a significant effect on both the liquid-fill flow behavior and the state of trapped air, both of which are factors contributing to cavitation and water hammer. Pigging is a common technological process that has been studied for many years, but has rarely been analyzed by hydraulic transient methods with consideration for pig motion in a pipeline. From local data, it is shown that transient pig motion has a huge influence on operating conditions, especially outlet pressure. The purpose of this study was to identify the damage mechanism. Following extensive study, it was determined that cavitation and vapor cavity collapse cause instantaneous overpressure due to the interaction of topography, geometry of the drainage pipe, and pig motion. It would be rather difficult to simulate the pig motion by a conventional MOC and the simple water hammer equation for the collapse of large vapor cavities at a high point. Therefore, a new approach which describes the moving boundary with a dual-grid model has been implemented, along with an explicit solution procedure.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Pin topography"

Bracewell, Jeff, i Jane Carlson. Coastal topography change at Padre Island National Seashore, Texas: 2017–2021 data summary. National Park Service, marzec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrds-2293032.

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In May and June 2017, April 2019, and May 2021, the Gulf Coast Network (GULN) collected coastal topography data at Padre Island National Seashore (PAIS) as a part of the NPS Vital Signs Monitoring Program. Monitoring was conducted following methods detailed in Monitoring Coastal Topography at Gulf Coast Network Parks: Protocol Implementation Plan (PIP; Bracewell 2017). Key findings from this effort are as follows: A fixed set of 23 topographic transects distributed along the Gulf shore were surveyed. The most accelerated change in profile area occurred in the transect groups located near Mile Markers 15 and 37. This is likely due to the impacts from Hurricane Hanna. The transects on the south end of Padre Island National Seashore near Mansfield Channel showed short-term losses in profile area (2019 to 2021) that are less than the longer-term losses (2017 to 2021). The transect nearest the channel showed substantial recovery, which is related to the deposition of dredged material. This project is in the early phases of implementation and will benefit from future surveys to better understand the influence of slight changes in survey timing and other environmental variations.

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MacGregor, W. I., T. Schwarzhoff i K. Mehta. A scheme for PIV visual card topography. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.800-104.

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Bracewell, Jef. Coastal topography change at Gulf Islands National Seashore, Texas: 2018–2021 data summary. National Park Service, maj 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrds-2293377.

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In the spring of 2018 and 2021, the Gulf Coast Network collected coastal topography data at Gulf Islands National Seashore as a part of the NPS Vital Signs Monitoring Program. Monitoring was conducted following methods detailed in Monitoring Coastal Topography at Gulf Coast Network Parks: Protocol Implementation Plan (PIP; Bracewell 2017). Key findings from this effort are as follows: In Florida, the Perdido Key unit showed higher losses in profile area as well as retreat in dune crest and shoreline position than in the Fort Pickens unit. Because of unfavorable weather conditions and a compressed survey window, six of 16 transects in Mississippi were not surveyed in 2021. The highest rates of loss in profile area on Horn Island were at the western end. Three pilot monitoring transects were added in 2021 at Fort Pickens area, updrift, or east of the Gulf Coast Network's established effort. This expands survey coverage about 3 kilometers (1.9 miles [mi]) and incorporates a portion of the narrower, washover-prone section of the unit. This project is in the early phases of implementation and will benefit from future surveys to better understand the influence of slight changes in survey timing and other environmental variations.

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Bracewell, Jeff. Coastal topography change at Gulf Islands National Seashore, Florida and Mississippi: 2018–2021 data summary—version 1.1. National Park Service, sierpień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2293995.

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Бабець, Євген Костянтинович, Ірина Петрівна Антонік, Ірина Євгенівна Мельникова i Антон Всеволодович Петрухін. nfluence of Mining and Concentration Works Activity on Land Resources. Petroșani, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3120.

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The research provides assessment of current and longer-term consequences of iron ore open pit mining for land resources of adjacent areas. There are applied methods of analysis of fund materials; comparison of topographic sheets and special maps, visual observation, soil testing, laboratory analyses and statistic processing of data obtained. It is revealed that facilities of iron ore mining and concentration waste accumulation (dumps and tailing ponds) are destructive factors for the local lithosphere, dust chemical contamination being the basic one. The steps aimed at reducing negative impacts of technogenic objects of the mining and raw material complex on the environment are under study.

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Rich, P. M., W. A. Hetrick i S. C. Saving. Characterization of vegetation properties: Canopy modeling of pinyon-juniper and ponderosa pine woodlands; Final report. Modeling topographic influences on solar radiation: A manual for the SOLARFLUX model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), grudzień 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/90166.

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