Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Pietro Nigro”

Las micosis superficiales son infecciones fúngicas que comprometen el estrato córneo, las estructuras anexiales o ambos, sin invadir más profundamente. Incluyen la pitiriasis versicolor, la dermatitis seborreica, la tinea nigra, la piedra blanca y la piedra negra. Producen lesiones clínicas variadas según el sitio afectado y el agente causal. Generalmente, producen poca o ninguna reacción inmunitaria; por lo tanto, su tratamiento usualmente incluye medidas y medicamentos tópicos, y solo en casos muy graves o resistentes, requieren fármacos sistémicos.

At the end of the Middle Ages, the friar Dominican Peter Schwarz (Petrus Nigri) wrote The shield of the Thomists (Clipeus thomistarum). It is a handly book of philosophy in which he presents the main thesis of thomist school, between them is the theory of active intellect.

RÉSUMÉLes analyses pollinique et macrofossile de sédiments de deux lacs des environs de Mont-Saint-Pierre (Gaspésie), l'un dans la vallée côtière, l'autre sur le plateau, permettent de reconstituer l'histoire postglaciaire de la végétation dans deux situations physiographiques contrastées. Seul le plateau a été colonisé par une végétation initiale de type toundra (> 10 400 ans BP), pendant que la vallée était encore en partie ennoyée par la mer de Goldthwait. L'afforestation du plateau fut caractérisée d'abord par des populations de Picea sp., accompagné de Populus sp. et Larix laricina, puis par un envahissement progressif par Abies balsamea et Betula papyrifera. La baisse de la représentation pollinique de l'aulne vert (Alnus cf. crispa), maximale durant l'afforestation, paraît être un indicateur assez fidèle de la fermeture de la couverture forestière. Cette phase se termine vers 9000 ans BP sur le plateau. Le rythme de l'afforestation a été différent dans la vallée. Des taxons héliophiles s'y sont maintenus plus longtemps, ce qui peut être relié à l'activité des versants abrupts qui flanquent la vallée. Malgré des variations de l'abondance relative des arbres, la sapinière à bouleau blanc a sans doute occupé le plateau depuis 9000 ans BP environ. Par contre, la végétation de la vallée s'est passablement modifiée jusque vers 5000 à 4500 ans BP, par la migration successive de Betula alleghaniensis, de Pinus strobus, de Fraxinus nigra, dAcer saccharum et d'Ulmus americana. L'implantation progressive de ces arbres relativement thermophiles est à l'origine de la diversité du paysage actuel de la vallée. Ces reconstitutions permettent d'écarter l'hypothèse de Dansereau (1944) selon laquelle les érablières à Acer saccharum de la Gaspésie seraient des groupements hérités de l'optimum climatique de l'Holocène moyen, au cours duquel les érablières auraient été largement répandues sur le territoire. Les données montrent que ces érablières datent de l'Holocène Supérieur, la migration d'Acer saccharum ayant sans doute été freinée par des barrières topo-climatiques entraînant une discontinuité prononcée des habitats pouvant accueillir cette espèce.

Species of Ophiopogon Ker-Gawl (aztec grass, monkey grass, mondo grass, and snake's beard) are versatile, evergreen, grass-like perennials used in a variety of landscape situations. The nursery/landscape industry commonly recognizes the Ophiopogon species O. japonicus (Linn. f.) Ker-Gawl and O. plansicapus Nakai, with O. clarkei Hook. f., O. intermedius D. Don, O. graminifolius (L.) Wehrh., O. jaburan (Sieb.) Lodd., O. kansuensis Bat., and O. ohwii Okuyama available, but often misidentified and marketed under other names. Additional taxa are being introduced through botanic gardens and plant expeditions by horticulturists. A taxonomic treatment by the author of liriopogons cultivated in the southeastern United States had been in progress for nearly 15 years. Plants bearing the name O. graminifolius included additional misidentified species of Liriope Lour. and Ophiopogon. Plants bearing the name O. chingii Wang and Chang did not bear inflorescences, but vegetatively appear to be equivalent to O. graminifolius. Plants bearing the name O. mairei H. Lév. and O. wallichianus (Kunth) J.D. Hook. were misidentified as Liriope exiliflora (L.H. Bailey) H.H. Hume. Additional taxa available in botanic gardens included O. bockianus Diels., O. bodnieri H. Lév., O. checkiangensis Koiti Kimura and Migo, O. chingii, and O. marmoratus Pierre ex L. Rodr. Plants bearing the name O. parviflorus (Hook. f.) Hara died without producing reproductive structures; thus, identification to even genus was unattainable. Ophiopogon arabicus Hort., O. nigra Hort., and O. nigrescens Hort. were invalid names used in the trade for O. planiscapus. This treatment includes original morphological descriptions from data obtained in the study, observational notes, and a table with a key to segregation of taxa.

Species of Ophiopogon Ker-Gawl (aztec grass, monkey grass, mondo grass, and snake's beard) are versatile, evergreen, grass-like perennials used in a variety of landscape situations. The nursery/landscape industry commonly recognizes the Ophiopogon species O. japonicus (Linn. f.) Ker-Gawl and O. plansicapus Nakai, with O. clarkei Hook. f., O. intermedius D. Don, O. graminifolius (L.) Wehrh., O. jaburan (Sieb.) Lodd., O. kansuensis Bat., and O. ohwii Okuyama available, but often misidentified and marketed under other names. Additional taxa are being introduced through botanic gardens and plant expeditions by horticulturists. A taxonomic treatment by the author of liriopogons cultivated in the southeastern United States had been in progress for nearly 15 years. Plants bearing the name O. graminifolius included additional misidentified species of Liriope Lour. and Ophiopogon. Plants bearing the name O. chingii Wang and Chang did not bear inflorescences, but vegetatively appear to be equivalent to O. graminifolius. Plants bearing the name O. mairei H. Lév. and O. wallichianus (Kunth) J.D. Hook. were misidentified as Liriope exiliflora (L.H. Bailey) H.H. Hume. Additional taxa available in botanic gardens included O. bockianus Diels., O. bodnieri H. Lév., O. checkiangensis Koiti Kimura and Migo, O. chingii, and O. marmoratus Pierre ex L. Rodr. Plants bearing the name O. parviflorus (Hook. f.) Hara died without producing reproductive structures; thus, identification to even genus was unattainable. Ophiopogon arabicus Hort., O. nigra Hort., and O. nigrescens Hort. were invalid names used in the trade for O. planiscapus. This treatment includes original morphological descriptions from data obtained in the study, observational notes, and a table with a key to segregation of taxa.

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Abstract In this chapter, we review cutaneous diseases caused by a variety of fungal pathogens infecting the skin, hair, and nails. These diseases are divided into the following classification based on level of invasion, host inflammatory response, and pathogen: (1) superficial mycoses, (2) dermatophytoses, (3) cutaneous disease caused by nondermatophyte moulds, and (4) cutaneous candidiasis. Superficial mycoses are characterized by fungal invasion into the superficial stratum corneum with little to no inflammatory response. Dermatophytoses are caused by dermatophytes, which are a closely related group of fungi that invade the full thickness of the stratum corneum and result in a host-mediated immune response. Several nondermatophyte moulds produce infections that mimic dermatophytoses. Cutaneous candidiasis results from invasion of deep layers of the skin by members of the Candida genus. Superficial mycoses are fungal infections of the skin and hair that invade only the most superficial layers and cause little or no inflammatory response. These mycoses include the malassezioses, tinea nigra, blacpiedra, and white piedra. Superficial invasion of the nail plate, so-called white superficial onychomycosis, is discussed in the Dermatophytoses section.

Carsten Bolm of RWTH Aachen developed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 8920) an Ir catalyst that effected hydrogenation of trisubstituted enones such as 1 with high ee. Benjamin List of the Max-Planck-Institut Mülheim devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 13862) an organocatalyst for the enantioselective reduction of nitro acrylates such as 3 with the Hantzsch ester 4. Gregory C. Fu of MIT optimized (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 12645) a Ni catalyst for the enantioselective arylation of propargylic halides such as 6. Both enantiomers of 6 were converted to the single enantiomer of 8. Michael C. Willis of the University of Oxford established (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 17232) that hydroacylation with a Rh catalyst was selective for one enantiomer of the allene 9, delivering 11 in high ee. Similarly, José Luis García Ruano of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid found (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 6836) that one enantiomer of racemic 13 reacted selectively with the enantiomerically- pure anion 12, to give 14 in high diastereomeric excess. Ei-chi Negishi of Purdue University described (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 4311) the Zr-catalyzed asymmetric carboalumination (ZACA reaction) of the alkene 15 to give the useful chiron 16. David W. C. MacMillan of Princeton University developed (Science 2008, 322, 77) an intriguing visible light-powered oxidation-reduction approach to enantioselective aldehyde alkylation. The catalytic chiral secondary amine adds to the aldehyde to form an enamine, that then couples with the radical produced by reduction of the haloester. Two other alkylations were based on readily-available chiral auxiliaries. Philippe Karoyan of the Université Pierre et Marie Curie observed (Tetrahedron Lett . 2008, 49, 4704) that the acylated Oppolzer camphor sultam 20 condensed with the Mannich reagent 21 to give 22 as a single diastereomer. Andrew G. Myers of Harvard University developed the pseudoephedrine chiral auxiliary of 23 to direct the construction of ternary alkylated centers. He has now established (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 13231) that further alkylation gave 24, having a quaternary alkylated center, in high diastereomeric excess.

Human actions on the natural environment cannot always be considered as impacts resulting from their behavior to survive. Many of these activities have caused irreversible damage and changes in the landscape, flora, and fauna. By contrast, several actions, carried out “a priori” with the best intention, to help in the conservation of species considered in danger, have caused a dangerous decompensation. Aid for the recovery of some species of birds has led to their overpopulation. The artificial contributions of food, always in the same places, have caused an excessive increase in the number of griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus), which has produced the reduction of other endangered species, such as the black stork (Ciconia nigra) and the Bonelli’s eagle (Aquila fasciata), which have been displaced from the rocks in which they nested due to the harassment of a greater number of vultures. Besides, vultures are attacking domestic livestock at the most defenseless times, such as during calving. Greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) has become out of control in numbers in Europe. The two classic breeding areas, La Camargue (France) and La Laguna de Fuente de Piedra (Spain) have produced an enormous annual number of individuals that are distributed among the few lagoons of Mediterranean Europe. The wetlands are devastated by the flamingo, which removes the mud and prevents sunlight from reaching the underwater vegetation, turning these lagoons into dead water, having to be abandoned (temporarily) by most aquatic species, including the flamingo. The shortage of food resources of natural origin, for such a disproportionate number, has caused the flamingo to invade the rice fields, accepting its grain as a substitute for the invertebrates that it habitually consumed, and which are now scarce. The same is the case with the white stork (Ciconia ciconia) in southern Europe. The increase in their population has reduced the number of reptiles and amphibians, bringing several of their species to the brink of extinction. Storks have varied their prey spectrum, consuming carrion, and preying on Montagu’s harrier (Circus pygargus) brood. In these cases, and many others, the theory of “the more the better” is not valid. If we want to make the protection of some species compatible with the conservation of others, it seems necessary to redirect some situations …