Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Phyto-pharmaceutical products”

Resveratrol (RVT) is a well known phyto-chemical and is widely used in dietary supplements and botanical products. It shows a wide range of pharmacological/beneficial effects. Therefore, it can be a potential candidate to be developed as phyto-pharmaceutical. Multiple diseases are reported to be treated by the therapeutic effect of RVT since it has antioxidant, anti-cancer activity and anti-inflammatory activities. It also has a major role in diabetes, arthritis, cardiac disorder and platelet aggregation etc. The major requirements are establishments regarding safety, efficacy profile and physicochemical characterization. As it is already being consumed in variable maximum daily dose, there should not be a major safety concern but the dose needs to be established for different indications. Clinical trials are also being reported in different parts of the world. Physicochemical properties of the moiety are also well reported. Moreover, due to its beneficial effect on health it leads to the development of some intellectual property in the form of patents.

In this work, the degradation of the pharmaceutical losartan, in simulated fresh urine (which was considered because urine is the main excretion route for this compound) by sonochemistry and UVC/H2O2 individually, was studied. Initially, special attention was paid to the degrading action of the processes. Then, theoretical analyses on Fukui function indices, to determine electron-rich regions on the pharmaceutical susceptible to attacks by the hydroxyl radical, were performed. Afterward, the ability of the processes to mineralize losartan and remove the phyto-toxicity was tested. It was found that in the sonochemical treatment, hydroxyl radicals played the main degrading role. In turn, in UVC/H2O2, both the light and hydroxyl radical eliminated the target contaminant. The sonochemical system showed the lowest interference for the elimination of losartan in the fresh urine. It was established that atoms in the imidazole of the contaminant were the moieties most prone to primary transformations by radicals. This was coincident with the initial degradation products coming from the processes action. Although both processes exhibited low mineralizing ability toward losartan, the sonochemical treatment converted losartan into nonphytotoxic products. This research presents relevant results on the elimination of a representative pharmaceutical in fresh urine by two advanced oxidation processes.

The discovery of antibiotics almost 100 years ago seemed to have forever solved the issue of treating infectious diseases for humanity. However, the avalanche-like growth in antibiotic resistance requires the search for alternative methods of treatment, one of which is treatment with herbal products created according to the phytoneering concept. It is a technology that combines the enormous potential of medicinal plants (phyto) with the knowledge and methodology of modern pharmaceutical research (engineering). The article presents 2 clinical cases of the use of the herbal product Canephron N for the prevention of cystitis and acute urolithiasis common disorders in the practice of a urologist.

This work aims to achieve the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative determination of two hydroxycinnamic acids (ferulic acid and caffeic acid) from standard solutions and from a phyto-homeopathic product using a carbon nanofiber-based screen-printed sensor (CNF/SPE). The two compounds are mentioned in the manufacturer’s specifications but without indicating their concentrations. The stability and reproducibility of the CNF/SPE were found to be effective and the sensitivity was high for both caffeic acid—CA (limit of detection 2.39 × 10−7 M) and ferrulic acid—FA (limit of detection 2.33 × 10−7 M). The antioxidant capacity of the compounds in the analyzed product was also determined by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The electrochemical method was efficient and less expensive than other analytical methods; therefore, its use can be extended for the detection of these phenolic compounds in various dietary supplements or pharmaceutical products.

Abstract Species of the Carapa spp. complex, occurring in the Neotropics, Africa and India, have multiple uses, including timber, with the seed oil being used in phyto-pharmaceutical products and cosmetics. This study aimed to determine the thermal ranges of the germination process, comparing germination criteria used by seed physiologists and seed technologists, and to suggest recommendations for seed quality assessment. Germination was assessed at constant temperatures between 10 ─ 40 °C using three germination criteria: (1) radicle length ≥ 0.5 cm (physiological criterion); (2) epicotyl length ≥ 1 cm; and (3) epicotyl length ≥ 5 cm (criterion for seed quality tests). The base temperature was similar for the three criteria and ranged between 10 ─ 2 °C. The Maguire’s Speed Index indicated 30 °C as most adequate. However, the upper temperature limit differed: for radicle protrusion it was above 40 ºC; and for both epicotyl lengths, it was between 35 ─ 40 °C. Seed coat removal accelerated the germination process of these recalcitrant seeds, and is recommended for seed quality assessment, which allows completion of the germination trial in approximately one month.

Natural products represents an important source of new lead compounds in drug discovery research. Several drugs currently used as therapeutic agents have been developed from natural sources; plant sources are specifically important. In the past few decades, pharmaceutical companies demonstrated insignificant attention towards natural product drug discovery, mainly due to its intrinsic complexity. Recently, technological advancements greatly helped to address the challenges and resulted in the revived scientific interest in drug discovery from natural sources. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various approaches used in the selection, authentication, extraction/isolation, biological screening, and analogue development through the application of modern drug-development principles of plant-based natural products. Main focus is given to the bioactivity-guided fractionation approach along with associated challenges and major advancements. A brief outline of historical development in natural product drug discovery and a snapshot of the prominent natural drugs developed in the last few decades are also presented. The researcher’s opinions indicated that an integrated interdisciplinary approach utilizing technological advances is necessary for the successful development of natural products. These involve the application of efficient selection method, well-designed extraction/isolation procedure, advanced structure elucidation techniques, and bioassays with a high-throughput capacity to establish druggability and patentability of phyto-compounds. A number of modern approaches including molecular modeling, virtual screening, natural product library, and database mining are being used for improving natural product drug discovery research. Renewed scientific interest and recent research trends in natural product drug discovery clearly indicated that natural products will play important role in the future development of new therapeutic drugs and it is also anticipated that efficient application of new approaches will further improve the drug discovery campaign.

Plants are the richest resource of drugs of traditional systems of medicine, nutraceuticals, food supplements, pharmaceutical intermediates, and chemical entities for synthetic drugs due to their therapeutic alkaloidal, flavonoid and terpenoid content. The entire world is very rich in all levels of biodiversity namely, species diversity, genetic diversity and habitat diversity. A vast array of plant species is known to have medicinal value and the use of different parts of several medicinal plants to cure specific ailments has been in trend even before ancient civilization. Herbal medicine is still the mainstay of about 75% of the whole population in rural Africa, and a major part of traditional therapy involves the use of plant extract and their active constituents. The reliance could be attributed to our socio-cultural, socio-economic heritage, lack of basic health care and personnel in every nook and cranny of rural communities. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the most prevalent hereditary disorders with prominent morbidity and mortality. Most of the 2.4 million Nigerians with sickle cell trait belong to lowest cadre of the society; consequently, they cannot afford the high cost of orthodox management of sickle cell disease. As a result, they rely on natural products such as herbs to alleviate the numerous symptoms presented in SCD. The main objective of this chapter is to highlight the potentials of Phyto materials and nutraceuticals in the management of SCD.

Abstract: Kakadu plum (KP), a native Australian fruit, is a rich source of vitamin C, minerals and phenolic compounds. A better understanding of the (phyto)chemical composition and biological properties of KP will facilitate the development of functional KP products for the food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmetic industry. KP is usually harvested wild and hence, its composition and functional properties may vary considerably depending on the cultivar, maturity, environmental conditions as well as post-harvest treatment. The present study aimed to assess the levels of ascorbic acid (AA) and ellagic acid (EA), the main bioactive compounds in KP, in a commercially available freeze-dried KP powder. The functional properties of a polyphenol-enriched extract obtained from this product were also evaluated. AA and EA were quantified by UHPLC_PDA. The polyphenol-enriched extract was tested for in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, using the DPPH radical scavenging assay and agar well diffusion, respectively. Total AA content in the freeze-dried powder was 200 mg/g dry weight (DW) and total EA was 46.6 mg/g DW. The polyphenol-enriched extract had a high DPPH radical scavenging capacity and strong antimicrobial activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Our findings demonstrate that AA and EA, the main bioactive compounds in KP, are retained at high levels in the freeze-dried KP fruit powder. Furthermore, the polyphenol-enriched KP extract has the potential to be used as a natural preservative in the food industry due to its strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

Herbal plants have been the primary source of medicines for humans since ancient times, and currently around eighty per cent of global population depends on traditional medical system. World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that the international market value for herbal products is approximately equivalent to $6.2 billion till the date and is believed to reach up to $5 trillion at the end of 2050. The main objective of the study is to identify the traditional uses of ashwagandha root extracts for health and longevity, keeping focus on pharmaceutical and biochemical scientific evidence to support the validity. National and international journals have been examined for concrete evidence.

Enset (Ensete ventricosum) belongs to family Musaceae is a plant native to Ethiopia, it is often called false banana for its close resemblance to banana plant. Enset is drought-tolerant, multi-purpose crop which has been part of a sustainable cropping system with high agro-biodiversity in Ethiopia. It could improve food and health security in the country especially where other options is low. Enset plant contains starch and other minor/trace elements which contributes in its nutraceutical applications. Starch is major constituents of the plant and play crucial role in pharmaceutical activities including: Tablet binder and disintegrant, Pharmaceutical gelling agent, Sustained release agent. Nutrional values and major food products of enset, namely Koch, amicho and bulla along with medicinal values encompasses; anti-microbial, anti-nematodal diseases of humans, expel of placenta, healing bone fracture are some nutraceutical applications of enset.

Plants are a source of a large number of secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are associated with exclusive subordinate functions ranging from defense to adaptive behavior. Their absence does not necessarily hamper the growth of the organism. However, they enhance their chances of survival against environmental stress. Many plant secondary metabolites are unique sources of active pharmaceutical compounds, flavours, anti-oxidant supplements, cosmetic products, anti-cancer agents, and food additives. This has resulted in great interest in large-scale production and enhanced extensive researches for commercially valuable plant secondary metabolites. Many plant-based drugs are available in the market such as Vinblastine, Tubocurarine, Reserpine, Paclitaxel and Asiaticoside. The article classifies various secondary metabolites on their discrete chemical structure and biological synthesis pathway. It further elaborates on their biological roles and explores their close association with primary metabolites. Additionally, this article further provides an insight into the biochemistry of various prominent secondary metabolites.

ABSTRACTThe current objective of the study is to identify some naturally occurring product from Azadirachta indica and evaluate its binding activity against VP24 protein as Ebola virus target through in silico docking studies. Reported phytoconstituents of Azadirachta indica were prepared for docking evaluation using Brincidofovir as the standard. In silico docking studies were carried out using GLIDE (Grid-based Ligand Docking with Energetics) is a ligand binding program provided by Schrödinger. These results showed that all the selected phytoconstituents showed binding energy ranging between -7.95 kcal/mol to -1.54 kcal/mol when compared with that of the standard (-6.06 kcal/mol). Naturally occurring products Catechin, Epicatechin, Gallic acid and Nimbolide are potential than the standard brincidofovir but Azadirachtin, Margolonone, Mahmoodin, Isomargolonone, Gedunin, Margolone, Nimbidin and Nimbin have low binding affinity towards target when compared with the standard. These molecular docking analyses of phytoconstituents of Azadirachta indica could lead to the further development to identify the potent drugs for the treatment of Ebola virus. KEYWORDS: Azadirachta indica, VP42 protein, Ebola virus, in silico docking.

New antifungal agrochemicals compounds discovering from natural products are a vital goal for the management of plant pathogenic fungi. As present synthetic fungicide used for the treatment of plant pathogenic fungi have negative effects on environment and human health. Therefore, it is need of the day to develop and discover new antifungal substances from natural products. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the extracts of leaves, seeds and twigs of Azadirachta indica using infusion, decoction and microwave extraction techniques. These extracts were subjected to phytochemical quantification, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis and antifungal assays against pathogenic fungi by well diffusion technique. The quantitative of phytochemicals screening showed that leaves had showed high concentrations of bioactive compounds, seeds showed a moderate and twigs observed the least phyto-compounds. The infusion extracts system showed high amount of active compounds, followed by microwave and decoction. Extracts of leaves and seeds showed evidence of inhibition growth of fungi. The spectra of FTIR verified the occurrence of different functional groups such as aromatic compounds, alkanes, alkyl halides, amines, carboxylic acids, phenols, alcohol and amino acids, in the neem extracts. Relevant stakeholders along with the help of policy makers and researchers should build extra understanding regarding the requirement to clinch products of organic fungicides like secure fungus management system.

The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition and to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial effects of the Moroccan Artemisia herba-alba Asso essential oil against foodborne pathogens. The essential oil of Artemisia herba-alba was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity was assessed against three bacterial strains isolated from foodstuff and three bacterial strains referenced by the ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) using the disk diffusion assay and the macrodilution method. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl) method. The fourteen compounds of the Artemisia herba-alba essential oil were identified; the main components were identified as β-thujone, chrysanthenone, α-terpineol, α-thujone, α-pinene, and bornyl acetate. The results of the antibacterial activity obtained showed a sensitivity of the different strains to Artemisia herba-alba essential oil with an inhibition diameter of 8.50 to 17.00 mm. Concerning the MICs (minimum inhibitory concentrations), the essential oil exhibited much higher antibacterial activity with MIC values of 2.5 μl/ml against Bacillus subtilis ATCC and Lactobacillus sp. The essential oil was found to be active by inhibiting free radicals with an IC50 (concentration of an inhibitor where the response is reduced by half) value of 2.9 μg/ml. These results indicate the possible use of the essential oil on food systems as an effective inhibitor of foodborne pathogens, as a natural antioxidant, and for potential pharmaceutical applications. However, further research is needed in order to determine the toxicity, antibacterial, and antioxidant effects in edible products.

Herein, comprehensive data of NMR, MS, IR, and gas chromatography (RI) obtained by GC-MS on commonly used capillary columns of different polarity (non-polar DB-5MS and polar HP-Innowax) of a series of esters of all constitutional isomers of hexanoic acid with a homologous series of ω-phenylalkan-1-ols (phenylmethanol, 2-phenylethanol, 3-phenylpropan-1-ol, 4-phenylbutan-1-ol, and 5-phenylpentan-1-ol) and phenol, in total 48 chemical entities, were collected. The created synthetic library allowed the identification of a new constituent of the P. austriacum essential oil (3-phenylpropyl 2-methylpentanoate). The accumulated spectral and chromatographical data, as well as the established correlation between RI values and structures of regioisomeric hexanoates, provide (phyto)chemists with a tool that will make future identification of related natural compounds a straightforward task.

Shatavari is the most commonly used Ayurvedic herb. Its therapeutic properties are described broadly in Traditional medicinal systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. It's advised both as a typical tonic or a female reproductive tonic. Medicinal plants are good sources of chemical substances like Terpenoids, Phenols, Steroids, Flavonoids, Tannins, and Aromatic Compounds which are widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries. These chemical substances are commonly known as secondary plant metabolites (e.g., specialized products). Opportunity to develop new products presenting few side effects and economic. The name Shatawari means “curer of a hundred diseases” (shat: “hundred”; variety: “curer”). In Ayurveda, classics refer to shelf life as 'Saveeryataavadhi’, which is necessary for physiological and biochemical responses, as well as the secondary metabolic process. Secondary metabolites (SMs) are useful for assessing the quality of therapeutic ingredients. In order to authenticate and develop the standards for this popular single drug WHO guidelines will follow; provided by CCRAS. For the standardization of this drug pharmacognostical and phytochemical parameters will be carried out such as microscopic, extract macroscopy, Protein, sugar, tannins, foreign matter, moisture content, ash value, HPTLC, etc. The standardization of herbal drugs and their bio- constituents are of paramount importance in justifying their acceptability by modern scientific methods.

In this study, a series of galactoside-based molecules, compounds of methyl β-d-galactopyranoside (MDGP, 1), were selectively acylated using 2-bromobenzoyl chloride to obtain 6-O-(2-bromobenzoyl) substitution products, which were then transformed into 2,3,4-tri-O-6-(2-bromobenzoyl) compounds (2–7) with various nontraditional acyl substituents. The chemical structures of the synthesized analogs were characterized by spectroscopic methods and physicochemical and elemental data analyses. The antimicrobial activities of the compounds against five human pathogenic bacteria and two phyto-fungi were evaluated in vitro and it was found that the acyl moiety-induced synthesized analogs exhibited varying levels of antibacterial activity against different bacteria, with compounds 3 and 6 exhibiting broad-spectrum activity and compounds 2 and 5 exhibiting activity against specific bacteria. Compounds 3 and 6 were tested for MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) based on their activity. The synthesized analogs were also found to have potential as a source of new antibacterial agents, particularly against gram-positive bacteria. The antifungal results suggested that the synthesized analogs could be a potential source of novel antifungal agents. Moreover, cytotoxicity testing revealed that the compounds are less toxic. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigation revealed that the lauroyl chain [CH3(CH2)10CO-] and the halo-aromatic chain [3(/4)-Cl.C6H4CO-] in combination with sugar, had the most potent activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Density functional theory (DFT)-calculated thermodynamic and physicochemical parameters, and molecular docking, showed that the synthesized molecule may block dengue virus 1 NS2B/NS3 protease (3L6P). A 150 ns molecular dynamic simulation indicated stable conformation and binding patterns in a stimulating environment. In silico ADMET calculations suggested that the designed (MDGP, 1) had good drug-likeness values. In summary, the newly synthesized MDGP analogs exhibit potential antiviral activity and could serve as a therapeutic target for dengue virus 1 NS2B/NS3 protease.

A worldwide increase in the incidence of fungal infections, emergence of new fungal strains, and antifungal resistance to commercially available antibiotics indicate the need to investigate new treatment options for fungal diseases. Therefore, the interest in exploring the antifungal activity of medicinal plants has now been increased to discover phyto-therapeutics in replacement to conventional antifungal drugs. The study was conducted to explore and identify the mechanism of action of antifungal agents of edible plants, including Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cinnamomum tamala, Amomum subulatum, Trigonella foenumgraecum, Mentha piperita, Coriandrum sativum, Lactuca sativa, and Brassica oleraceae var. italica. The antifungal potential was assessed via the disc diffusion method and, subsequently, the extracts were assessed for phytochemicals and total antioxidant activity. Potent polyphenols were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and antifungal mechanism of action was evaluated in silico. Cinnamomum zeylanicum exhibited antifungal activity against all the tested strains while all plant extracts showed antifungal activity against Fusarium solani. Rutin, kaempferol, and quercetin were identified as common polyphenols. In silico studies showed that rutin displayed the greatest affinity with binding pocket of fungal 14-alpha demethylase and nucleoside diphosphokinase with the binding affinity (Kd, −9.4 and −8.9, respectively), as compared to terbinafine. Results indicated that Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Cinnamomum tamala exert their antifungal effect possibly due to kaempferol and rutin, respectively, or possibly by inhibition of nucleoside diphosphokinase (NDK) and 14-alpha demethylase (CYP51), while Amomum subulatum and Trigonella foenum graecum might exhibit antifungal potential due to quercetin. Overall, the study demonstrates that plant-derived products have a high potential to control fungal infections.

Introduction: Ayurveda, uses various herbs that are converted into different dosage forms mostly in presence of Jala (water) as solvent. In addition to water; seers also advocated certain other solvents for extraction of active principles from the herbs. Works on using traditional solvents other than water in extracting principles from different herbs are not reported till date. Aims: Considering lack of such evidences, an attempt has been made to prepare Nirgundi Ghana (solid extract of Vitex negundo Linn.) in three different solvents i.e. Jala (water), Kanji (sour gruel) and Gomutra (cow’s urine) and analyze respective physico-chemical profiles. Materials and Methods: Ghana was prepared by classical methods described in Ayurveda. The samples were analyzed through relevant physico-chemical parameters. Results: In pharmaceutical study; yield was found more in presence of Kanji and Gomutra. Physico-chemical profiles showed few differences, but in most of the cases, they were insignificant. Conclusion: Based on preliminary physico-chemical profiles, it cannot be ascertained the usefulness of the finished products in therapeutics. Relevant experimental studies to identify and characterize the active phyto-constituents and evaluate therapeutic utilities of the principles extracted into the respective solvents are essential in further studies.Â

AbstractMan has been dependent on vegetation in different forms since antiquity. Plants and trees have been used in the form of medications since the old times. Although the use of plant parts in the form of medicine has been less than that of the plants, therefore today it is necessary to explore some such medicinal trees. Among these, one of these trees is Arjun, whose bark is described also in Ayurveda due to its divine medicinal properties in heart diseases. The present study based on the isolation and analysis of the Phyto-constituents of the stem bark extract of Terminalia arjuna member to the family Combretaceae collected from different agro-climatic zones of India. The samples were subjected to quantitative phytochemical analysis i.e., arjunolic acid, screening by implementing the standard procedure. Observation has shown the presence of arjunolic acid in the stem bark extracts in different fractions obtained by the use of various organic solvents. Therefore, the bark extracts of the chosen plants may function as a good source of components of useful drugs for cardiovascular disorders and may also be used for the preparation of other pharmaceutical products.

RationaleHesperidin (HES) is a well‐known citrus bioflavonoid phyto‐nutraceutical agent with polypharmacological properties. After 2019, HES was widely used for prophylaxis and COVID‐19 treatment. Moreover, it is commonly prescribed for treating varicose veins and other diseases in routine clinical practice. Pharmaceutical impurities and degradation products (DP) impact the drug's quality and safety and thus its effectiveness. Therefore, forced degradation studies help study drug stability, degradation mechanisms, and their DPs. This study was performed because stress stability studies using detailed structural characterization of hesperidin are currently unavailable in the literature.MethodsIn the HES enrichment method crude HES was converted to its pure form (98% purity) using column chromatography and then subjected to forced degradation under acid, base, and neutral hydrolyses followed by oxidative, reductive, photolytic, and thermal stress testing (International Conference on Harmonization guidelines). The stability‐indicating analytical method (SIAM) was developed to determine DPs using reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (C18 column with methanol and 0.1% v/v acetic acid in deionized water [70:30, v/v] at 284 nm). Further, structural characterization of DPs was performed using liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐MS/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In addition, in silico toxicity predictions were performed using pKCSM and DataWarior freeware.ResultsHES was found to be susceptible to acidic and basic hydrolytic conditions and yielded three DPs in each, which were detected using designed SIAM. Of six DPs, three were pseudo‐DPs (short lived), and the remaining were characterized using LC–MS/MS and NMR spectroscopy. The tentative mechanism of the formation of proposed DPs was explained. The proposed DPs were found inactive from in silico toxicity predictions.ConclusionsHesperidin was labile under acidic and basic stress conditions. The potential DPs were characterized using LC‐ESI‐MS/MS and NMR spectral techniques. The proposed mechanism of formation was hypothesized. In addition, to identify and characterize the DPs, a SIAM, which has broad biomedical applications, was successfully developed.

AbstractSilver oxide nanoparticles have various biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. However, conventional nanofabrication of Ag2O is associated with the use of toxic chemicals and organic solvents. To circumvent this hurdle, herein silver oxide quantum dots (Ag2O-QDs) were synthesized quickly (3 min) via the use of ultrasonic irradiation and plant-extract. Additionally, due to ultrasonic irradiation's effect on cell-wall destruction and augmentation of extraction efficiency, ultrasonic was also used in the preparation of Mentha pulegium and Ficus carica extracts (10 min, r.t) as natural eco-friendly reducing/capping agents. The UV–Vis result indicated a broad absorption peak at 400–500 nm. TEM/SEM analysis showed that ultrasound introduced a uniform spherical particle and significantly reduced particle size compared to the conventional heating method (∼ 9 nm vs. ∼ 100 nm). Silver and oxygen elements were found in the bio-synthesized Ag2O by EDS. The FTIR and phenol/flavonoid tests revealed the presence of phenol and flavonoid associated with the nanoparticles. Moreover, nanoparticles exhibited antioxidant/antibacterial/antifungal activities. The MIC and MBC results showed the Ag2O QDs synthesized with M. pulegium extract have the highest antibacterial activity against E. coli (MBC = MIC:15.6 ppm), which were significantly different from uncoated nanoparticles (MBC = MIC:500 ppm). The data reflects the role of phyto-synthesized Ag2O-QDs using ultrasonic-irradiation to develop versatile and green biomedical products.

The major environmental problem facing the world is the contamination due to toxic chemicals released by industries. When the industrial process increases rapidly, their chemical reactions to form harmful by-products continue to increase. The level of pollution is increased by industrial effluent, which is been identified as a major polluting agent. The remedy for industrial effluent is bioremediation. Bioremediation is the clean-up process of effluents by microbes and plant enzymes. Microorganisms like bacteria, algae, yeast, and fungus naturally can degrade toxic substances in the environment. Bioremediation techniques like phytoremediation, Phyto stabilization, hemofiltration, augmentation, biosorption, hyperaccumulation, mineralization, excavation, stabilization and mycoremediation, and so on. In this chapter, we are dealing with a promising technique of mycoremediation, where the toxic compounds are removed by fungus. Fungal enzymes like Peroxidase, catalases, and laccases can degrade heavy metals, paper, and pulp effluents, petroleum products, and sludge wastes. Fungus is the most powerful composer for secreting strong cellular enzymes due to their aggressive growth and biomass production. Here we discuss the role of fungal species in the remediation, yield, and tolerance capacity to reduce the influence of toxins.

Currently, the search for effective ways to dispose of pharmaceutical waste, including the use of microorganisms, is relevant, which makes it possible to obtain products with new useful, in particular, phytostimulating properties. Our previous studies have shown that the product of bacterial destruction of paracetamol exhibits pronounced phytostimulating properties in relation to medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae, Plantaginaceae, Urticaceae, Asteraceae families and can be used as an inducer of accumulation of biologically active substances in them. The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of the biodegradation product of paracetamol on the amount of polysaccharides, biomass, size and morphological and anatomical features of flax seeds Linum usitatissimum L. (Linaceae family). Materials and methods. The work used a product of biodegradation of paracetamol (PBP), obtained on the basis of the laboratory of alkanotrophic microorganisms "Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms UrO RAS (Perm) from the pharmaceutical substance paracetamol with an expired expiration date. The study of the phytostimulating effect of PBP in relation to common flax was carried out on the basis of the A.G. Genkel Botanical Garden of the Perm State National Research University. The content of polysaccharides was determined by gravimetric method. A comparative analysis of the morphological and anatomical structure of seeds was carried out using the Motic DM-111 digital microscope and the Motic Play and Motic Educator software. Results. When processing flax seedlings of ordinary PBP, the amount of polysaccharides in seeds increased by 6%, the total collection of seed biomass by 20.5%, the size (length) of seeds by 2% compared to the control (water). Biometric parameters of the mucous layer of seeds collected from the site treated with PBP increased by 10% compared to the control. Conclusion. The biodegradation product of paracetamol has a stimulating effect on the medicinal plant of the flax family (Linaceae) flax Linum usitatissimum L., increasing the content of polysaccharides, the total collection of seed biomass and their size.

Background: Pancreatic lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides to monoglycerides and free fatty acids which promote and accelerate their absorption by the intestine, thus leading to obesity. Drugs that have numerous side effects explain the beneficial medicinal effect of plants resulting from their Phyto molecules that exhibit strong anti-lipase activity. Objective: The present review reveals the medical treatment and consequently the associated side effects. It also represents an update of various medicinal plants and their metabolites that act as lipase inhibitors published between (2020-2022). We have discussed 93 species belonging to 48 different plant families and numerous bioactive molecules exerting this activity. Results: We have compared 29 species for their anti-lipase potential. Fabaceae and Lamiaceae were the most dominant with 7 species, and the highest percentage (95%) for pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity was recorded by “Filipendula kmtaschatia” from Rosaceae family while “Piper betle” from Piperaceae family showed the lowest percentage (15.9%). The medical treatments with low dose effect were liraglutide saxenda (3mg/day), also flavonoids, in particular catechin derivatives, which were the most potent in terms of pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity with the lowest IC50s. Conclusion: This study summarized medical and natural treatments that are used to treat obesity through inhibiting pancreatic lipase and delaying fat assimilation in the intestines. So far, more studies are needed for the use of these as herbal medicine for obesity.

Background: Tat protein is considered essential for substantial HIV-1 replication, and is also required to break HIV-1 latency, resulting in productive HIV replication. The multifaceted regulatory role of HIV Tat and the fact that it is expressed in the early stages of HIV infection justifies its potential as an anti-HIV drug target. Objective: The present study was undertaken with the aim to target HIV-1 Tat protein with natural compounds which could help in identifying potential inhibitors against HIV-1 Tat. Methods: In this study, we compared the binding of Tat protein and Human P-TEFb Tat protein complex (TPC) with phyto-steroids and terpenes to evaluate their potential for HIV-1 treatment. The docking ability of plant products with HIV-1 Tat and TPC was studied with respect to Dissociation constant, Geometric shape complementary score, approximate interface area and binding energy using Patch dock and YASARA. Molecular dynamics simulation was set up to investigate the interactions of the natural compounds with Tat protein and human tat protein complex (TPC). Results: The binding energy and dissociation constant of Diosgenin, Catharanthine and Ginkgolide A with Tat and TPC was comparable to antiretroviral drugs Maraviroc and Emtricitabine. The natural products Diosgenin, Ginkgolide A and Catharanthine showed highest binding energy and were stable with Tat protein and TPC in the entire MD simulation run. Conclusion: The natural products Diosgenin, Ginkgolide A and Catharanthine showed highest binding energy and were stable with Tat protein and TPC in the entire MD simulation run. The binding energy and dissociation constant of Diosgenin, Catharanthine and Ginkgolide A with Tat and TPC was comparable to antiretroviral drugs Maraviroc and Emtricitabine.

Coconut water and coconut are two natural thirst-quenching foods that are commonly available in most countries. Both the water and the meat of the tender coconut stimulate the body by releasing nutrients. In recent years, researchers have been interested in the health and medicinal benefits of tender coconut products. Sugars, proteins, free amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and growth promoting factors are among the biologically essential elements contained in it. Since, current research on coconut water is mainly focused on its properties, uses, and nutritional benefits, this review will concentrate on the human health aspect. It describes original properties and applications, which vary from the most simple to the most complex. It also describes its biochemical structure, which is affected by the stage of maturity and hence the variety. The purpose of this review was to learn about the most widely recorded components of coconut water, as well as other research towards their impact on animals and human body. Coconut water contains bunch of nutrition such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and phyto-hormones. The recent discovery of coconut water on the medicinal properties shows its real potential for improving human health. The possible anti-cancer properties of particular cytokinin could open up new and exciting avenues for finding cures for various cancers. It's a gift from nature to provide the best remedy for thirst and better health. Because of the antioxidant and anti-cancer properties of different ingredients, it is a more sensible option for removing the poisoning effect of other food that is a part of modern life. Understanding the functions and properties of the individual components of coconut water requires further study, but it will enable us to properly exploit this wonderful and multipurpose liquid with unique biological properties.

Conventional herbal medication has picked up a gigantic sum of intrigue around the world due to its viability in the treatment of extreme illnesses from the period of antiquated civilizations. Phytomedicines are considered a major health-care supplier around the globe, especially in rustic and farther ranges. A huge segment of individuals depends on or accept home-grown drugs as an essential cure for different afflictions rather than manufactured drugs. Researchers are paying much attention to herbal medicine as compared to synthetic drugs due to their severe side effects, and toxicity with less efficacy and specificity. Despite the significant increase in global interest in the investigation and development of new botanical products, only a few have been approved till now. Natural product medication development has significant technical and monetary hurdles, including a time-consuming formulation process, quality assurance, safety, therapeutic efficacy, promotion, and administrative issues. To meet these challenges, the regulatory agencies EMEA, ICH, AYUSH, DCGI, WHO, and U.S. FDA trying to bring these herbal drugs under the regulatory pipeline under the NDA approval process. Moreover, the process of drug discovery has also been revolutionized with the new advent of technologies such as the successful drug development of a novel therapeutic agent is critically relying on the process which adopts novel approaches and involves the concept of ADMET (i.e., absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) in the early stages of drug discovery along with the interaction profiles of herb-herb and herb-synthetic. In the present review, we will address the noteworthy opportunities and issues related to phyto-drug improvement in various developing and developed nations such as Europe, U.S. and India, its commercialization with regulatory guidelines, and recommended potential methods to bring them up into the mainstream of modern medical practices and healthcare.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus , is causing a serious worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of strains with rapid spread and unpredictable changes is the cause of the increase in morbidity and mortality rates. A number of drugs as well as vaccines are currently being used to relieve symptoms, prevent and treat the disease caused by this virus. However, the number of approved drugs is still very limited due to their effectiveness and side effects. In such a situation, medicinal plants and bioactive compounds are considered a highly valuable source in the development of new antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes medicinal plants and bioactive compounds that have been shown to act on molecular targets involved in the infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2. Keywords: Medicinal plants, bioactive compounds, antivirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 References [1] R. Lu, X. Zhao, J. Li, P. Niu, B. Yang, H. Wu et al., Genomic Characterisation and Epidemiology of 2019, Novel Coronavirus: Implications for Virus Origins and Receptor Binding, The Lancet, Vol. 395, 2020, pp. 565-574, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.[2] World Health Organization, WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, https://covid19.who.int, 2021 (accessed on: August 27, 2021).[3] H. Wang, P. Yang, K. Liu, F. Guo, Y. Zhang et al., SARS Coronavirus Entry into Host Cells Through a Novel Clathrin- and Caveolae-Independent Endocytic Pathway, Cell Research, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2008, pp. 290-301, https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2008.15.[4] A. Zumla, J. F. W. Chan, E. I. Azhar, D. S. C. Hui, K. Y. Yuen., Coronaviruses-Drug Discovery and Therapeutic Options, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, Vol. 15, 2016, pp. 327-347, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2015.37.[5] A. Prasansuklab, A. Theerasri, P. Rangsinth, C. Sillapachaiyaporn, S. Chuchawankul, T. Tencomnao, Anti-COVID-19 Drug Candidates: A Review on Potential Biological Activities of Natural Products in the Management of New Coronavirus Infection, Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Vol. 11, 2021, pp. 144-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.12.001.[6] R. E. Ferner, J. K. Aronson, Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Covid-19, BMJ, Vol. 369, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1432[7] J. Remali, W. M. Aizat, A Review on Plant Bioactive Compounds and Their Modes of Action Against Coronavirus Infection, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 11, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.589044.[8] Y. Chen, Q. Liu, D. Guo, Emerging Coronaviruses: Genome Structure, Replication, and Pathogenesis, Medical Virology, Vol. 92, 2020, pp. 418‐423. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25681.[9] B. Benarba, A. Pandiella, Medicinal Plants as Sources of Active Molecules Against COVID-19, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.01189.[10] N. T. Chien, P. V. Trung, N. N. Hanh, Isolation Tribulosin, a Spirostanol Saponin from Tribulus terrestris L, Can Tho University Journal of Science, Vol. 10, 2008, pp. 67-71 (in Vietnamese).[11] V. Q. Thang Study on Extracting Active Ingredient Protodioscin from Tribulus terrestris L.: Doctoral dissertation, VNU University of Science, 2018 (in Vietnamese).[12] Y. H. Song, D. W. Kim, M. J. C. Long, H. J. Yuk, Y. Wang, N. Zhuang et al., Papain-Like Protease (Plpro) Inhibitory Effects of Cinnamic Amides from Tribulus terrestris Fruits, Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, Vol. 37, No. 6, 2014, pp. 1021-1028, https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b14-00026.[13] D. Dermawan, B. A. Prabowo, C. A. Rakhmadina, In Silico Study of Medicinal Plants with Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex as The Potential Inhibitors Against SARS-Cov-2 Main Protease (Mpro) and Spike (S) Receptor, Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, Vol. 25, 2021, pp. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2021.100645.[14] R. Dang, S. Gezici, Immunomodulatory Effects of Medicinal Plants and Natural Phytochemicals in Combating Covid-19, The 6th International Mediterranean Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MESMAP-6), Izmir, Selcuk (Ephesus), Turkey, 2020, pp. 12-13.[15] G. Jiangning, W. Xinchu, W. Hou, L. Qinghua, B. Kaishun, Antioxidants from a Chinese Medicinal Herb–Psoralea corylifolia L., Food Chemistry, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2005, pp. 287-292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.04.029.[16] B. Ruan, L. Y. Kong, Y. Takaya, M. Niwa, Studies on The Chemical Constituents of Psoralea corylifolia L., Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2007, pp. 41-44, https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020500289618.[17] D. T. Loi, Vietnamese Medicinal Plants and Herbs, Medical Publishing House, Hanoi, 2013 (in Vietnamese).[18] S. Mazraedoost, G. Behbudi, S. M. Mousavi, S. A. Hashemi, Covid-19 Treatment by Plant Compounds, Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2021, pp. 23-33, https://doi.org/10.47277/AANBT/2(1)33.[19] B. A. Origbemisoye, S. O. Bamidele, Immunomodulatory Foods and Functional Plants for COVID-19 Prevention: A Review, Asian Journal of Medical Principles and Clinical Practice, 2020, pp. 15-26, https://journalajmpcp.com/index.php/AJMPCP/article/view/30124[20] A. Mandal, A. K. Jha, B. Hazra, Plant Products as Inhibitors of Coronavirus 3CL Protease, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 12, 2021, pp. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.583387[21] N. H. Tung, V. D. Loi, B. T. Tung, L.Q. Hung, H. B. Tien et al., Triterpenen Ursan Frame Isolated from the Roots of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge Growing in Vietnam, VNU Journal of Science: Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 2, 2016, pp. 58-62, https://js.vnu.edu.vn/MPS/article/view/3583 (in Vietnamese).[22] J. Y. Park, J. H. Kim, Y. M. Kim, H. J. Jeong, D. W. Kim, K. H. Park et al., Tanshinones as Selective and Slow-Binding Inhibitors for SARS-CoV Cysteine Proteases. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 20, No. 19, 2012, pp. 5928-5935, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.038.[23] F. Hamdani, N. Houari, Phytotherapy of Covid-19. A Study Based on a Survey in North Algeria, Phytotherapy, Vol. 18, No. 5, 2020, pp. 248-254, https://doi.org/10.3166/phyto-2020-0241.[24] P. T. L. Huong, N. T. Dinh, Chemical Composition And Antibacterial Activity of The Essential Oil From The Leaves of Regrowth Eucalyptus Collected from Viet Tri City, Phu Tho Province, Vietnam Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2020, pp. 54-61 (in Vietnamese).[25] M. Asif, M. Saleem, M. Saadullah, H. S. Yaseen, R. Al Zarzour, COVID-19 and Therapy with Essential Oils Having Antiviral, Anti-Inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Properties, Inflammopharmacology, Vol. 28, 2020, pp. 1153-1161, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-020-00744-0.[26] I. Jahan, O. Ahmet, Potentials of Plant-Based Substance to Inhabit and Probable Cure for The COVID-19, Turkish Journal of Biology, Vol. 44, No. SI-1, 2020, pp. 228-241, https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-2005-114.[27] A. D. Sharma, I. Kaur, Eucalyptus Essential Oil Bioactive Molecules from Against SARS-Cov-2 Spike Protein: Insights from Computational Studies, Res Sq., 2021, pp. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.21203/ rs.3.rs-140069/v1. [28] K. Rajagopal, P. Varakumar, A. Baliwada, G. Byran, Activity of Phytochemical Constituents of Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) and Andrographis Paniculata Against Coronavirus (COVID-19): An in Silico Approach, Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-020-00126-x[29] J. Lan, J. Ge, J. Yu, S. Shan, H. Zhou, S. Fan et al., Structure of The SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Bound to The ACE2 Receptor, Nature, Vol. 581, No. 7807, 2020, pp. 215-220, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5.[30] M. Letko, A. Marzi, V. Munster, Functional Assessment of Cell Entry and Receptor Usage for SARS-Cov-2 and Other Lineage B Betacoronaviruses, Nature Microbiology, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2020, pp. 562-569, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y.[31] C. Yi, X. Sun, J. Ye, L. Ding, M. Liu, Z. Yang et al., Key Residues of The Receptor Binding Motif in The Spike Protein of SARS-Cov-2 That Interact with ACE2 and Neutralizing Antibodies, Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vol. 17, No. 6, 2020, pp. 621-630, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0458-z.[32] N. T. Thom, Study on The Composition and Biological Activities of Flavonoids from The Roots of Scutellaria baicalensis: Doctoral Dissertation, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 2018 (in Vietnamese).[33] Y. J. Tang, F. W. Zhou, Z. Q. Luo, X. Z. Li, H. M. Yan, M. J. Wang et al., Multiple Therapeutic Effects of Adjunctive Baicalin Therapy in Experimental Bacterial Meningitis, Inflammation, Vol. 33, No. 3, 2010, pp. 180-188, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-009-9172-9.[34] H. Liu, F. Ye, Q. Sun, H. Liang, C. Li, S. Li et al., Scutellaria Baicalensis Extract and Baicalein Inhibit Replication of SARS-Cov-2 and Its 3C-Like Protease in Vitro, Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2021, pp. 497-503, https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2021.1873977.[35] Z. Iqbal, H. Nasir, S. Hiradate, Y. Fujii, Plant Growth Inhibitory Activity of Lycoris Radiata Herb. and The Possible Involvement of Lycorine as an Allelochemical, Weed Biology and Management, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2006, pp. 221-227, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2006.00217.x.[36] S. Y. Li, C. Chen, H. Q. Zhang, H. Y. Guo, H. Wang, L. Wang et al., Identification of Natural Compounds with Antiviral Activities Against SARS-Associated Coronavirus, Antiviral Research, Vol. 67, No. 1, 2005, pp. 18-23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.02.007.[37] S. Kretzing, G. Abraham, B. Seiwert, F. R. Ungemach, U. Krügel, R. Regenthal, Dose-dependent Emetic Effects of The Amaryllidaceous Alkaloid Lycorine in Beagle Dogs, Toxicon, Vol. 57, No. 1, 2011, pp. 117-124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.10.012.[38] Y. N. Zhang, Q. Y. Zhang, X. D. Li, J. Xiong, S. Q. Xiao, Z. Wang, et al., Gemcitabine, Lycorine and Oxysophoridine Inhibit Novel Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) in Cell Culture, Emerging Microbes & Infections, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1170-1173, https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1772676.[39] Y. H. Jin, J. S. Min, S. Jeon, J. Lee, S. Kim, T. Park et al., Lycorine, a Non-Nucleoside RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitor, as Potential Treatment for Emerging Coronavirus Infections, Phytomedicine, Vol. 86, 2021, pp. 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153440.[40] H. V. Hoa, P. V. Trung, N. N. Hanh, Isolation Andrographolid and Neoandrographolid from Andrographis Paniculata Nees, Can Tho University Journal of Science, Vol. 10, 2008, pp. 25-30 (in Vietnamese)[41] S. K. Enmozhi, K. Raja, I. Sebastine, J. Joseph, Andrographolide as a Potential Inhibitor Of SARS-Cov-2 Main Protease: An in Silico Approach, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 9, 2021, pp. 3092-3098, https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1760136.[42] S. A. Lakshmi, R. M. B. Shafreen, A. Priya, K. P. Shunmugiah, Ethnomedicines of Indian Origin for Combating COVID-19 Infection by Hampering The Viral Replication: Using Structure-Based Drug Discovery Approach, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 13, 2020, pp. 4594-4609, https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1778537.[43] N. P. L. Laksmiani, L. P. F. Larasanty, A. A. G. J. Santika, P. A. A. Prayoga, A. A. I. K. Dewi, N. P. A. K. Dewi, Active Compounds Activity from The Medicinal Plants Against SARS-Cov-2 Using in Silico Assay, Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2020, pp. 873-881, https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1953.[44] N. A. Murugan, C. J. Pandian, J. Jeyakanthan, Computational Investigation on Andrographis Paniculata Phytochemicals to Evaluate Their Potency Against SARS-Cov-2 in Comparison to Known Antiviral Compounds in Drug Trials, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 12, 2020, pp. 4415-4426, https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1777901.[45] S. Hiremath, H. V. Kumar, M. Nandan, M. Mantesh, K. Shankarappa,V. Venkataravanappa et al., In Silico Docking Analysis Revealed The Potential of Phytochemicals Present in Phyllanthus Amarus and Andrographis Paniculata, Used in Ayurveda Medicine in Inhibiting SARS-Cov-2, 3 Biotech, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2021, pp. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02578-7.[46] K. S. Ngiamsuntorn, A. Suksatu, Y. Pewkliang, P. Thongsri, P. Kanjanasirirat, S. Manopwisedjaroen, et al., Anti-SARS-Cov-2 Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Extract and Its Major Component Andrographolide in Human Lung Epithelial Cells and Cytotoxicity Evaluation in Major Organ Cell Representatives, Journal of Natural Products, Vol. 84, No. 4, 2021, pp. 1261-1270, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01324.[47] D. X. Em, N. T. T. Dai, N. T. T. Tram, D. X. Chu, Four Compounds Isolated from Azadirachta Indica Jus leaves. F., Meliaceae, Pharmaceutical Journal, Vol. 59, No. 7, 2019, pp. 33-36 (in Vietnamese).[48] V. V Do, N. T. Thang, N. T. Minh, N. N. Hanh, Isolation, Purification and Investigation on Antimicrobial Activity of Salanin from Neem Seed Kernel (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) of The Neem Tree Planted in Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam, Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2006, pp. 24-31 (in Vietnamese).[49] P. I. Manzano Santana, J. P. P. Tivillin, I. A. Choez Guaranda, A. D. B. Lucas, A. Katherine, Potential Bioactive Compounds of Medicinal Plants Against New Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2): A Review, Bionatura, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2021, pp. 1653-1658, https://doi.org/10.21931/RB/2021.06.01.30[50] S. Borkotoky, M. Banerjee, A Computational Prediction of SARS-Cov-2 Structural Protein Inhibitors from Azadirachta Indica (Neem), Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 11, 2021, pp. 4111-4121, https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1774419.[51] R. Jager, R. P. Lowery, A. V. Calvanese, J. M. Joy, M. Purpura, J. M. Wilson, Comparative Absorption of Curcumin Formulations, Nutrition Journal, Vol. 13, No. 11, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-13-11.[52] D. Praditya, L. Kirchhoff, J. Bruning, H. Rachmawati, J. Steinmann, E. Steinmann, Anti-infective Properties of the Golden Spice Curcumin, Front Microbiol, Vol. 10, No. 912, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00912.[53] C. C. Wen, Y. H. Kuo, J. T. Jan, P. H. Liang, S. Y. Wang, H. G. Liu et al., Specific Plant Terpenoids and Lignoids Possess Potent Antiviral Activities Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 50, No. 17, 2007, pp. 4087-4095, https://doi.org/10.1021/jm070295s.[54] R. Lu, X. Zhao, J. Li, P. Niu, B. Yang, H. Wu et al., Genomic Characterisation and Epidemiology of 2019 Novel Coronavirus: Implications for Virus Origins and Receptor Binding, The Lancet, Vol. 395, No. 10224, 2020, pp. 565-574, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.[55] M. Kandeel, M. Al Nazawi, Virtual Screening and Repurposing of FDA Approved Drugs Against COVID-19 Main Protease, Life Sciences, Vol. 251, No. 117627, 2020, pp. 1-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117627.[56] V. K. Maurya, S. Kumar, A. K. Prasad, M. L. B. Bhatt, S. K. Saxena, Structure-Based Drug Designing for Potential Antiviral Activity of Selected Natural Products from Ayurveda Against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein and Its Cellular Receptor, Virusdisease, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2020, pp. 179-193, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-020-00598-8.[57] M. Hoffmann, H. Kleine Weber, S. Schroeder, N. Kruger, T. Herrler, S. Erichsen et al., SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor, Cell, Vol. 181, No. 2, 2020, pp. 271-280, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.[58] S. Katta, A. Srivastava, R. L. Thangapazham, I. L. Rosner, J. Cullen, H. Li et al., Curcumin-Gene Expression Response in Hormone Dependent and Independent Metastatic Prostate Cancer Cells, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 19, 2019, pp. 4891-4907, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194891.[59] D. Ting, N. Dong, L. Fang, J. Lu, J. Bi, S. Xiao et al., Multisite Inhibitors for Enteric Coronavirus: Antiviral Cationic Carbon Dots Based on Curcumin, ACS Applied Nano Materials, Vol. 1, No. 10, 2018, pp. 5451-5459, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b00779.[60] T. Huynh, H. Wang, B. Luan, In Silico Exploration of the Molecular Mechanism of Clinically Oriented Drugs for Possibly Inhibiting SARS-CoV-2's Main Protease, the Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 11, No. 11, 2020, pp. 4413-4420, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00994.[61] D. D'Ardes, A. Boccatonda, I. Rossi, M. T. Guagnano, COVID-19 and RAS: Unravelling an Unclear Relationship, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 21, No. 8, 2020, pp. 3003-3011, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21083003. [62] X. F. Pang, L. H. Zhang, F. Bai, N. P. Wang, R. E. Garner, R. J. McKallip et al., Attenuation of Myocardial Fibrosis with Curcumin is Mediated by Modulating Expression of Angiotensin II AT1/AT2 Receptors and ACE2 in Rats, Drug Design Development Therapy, Vol. 9, 2015, pp. 6043-6054, https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S95333.[63] Y. Yao, W. Wang, M. Li, H. Ren, C. Chen, J. Wang et al., Curcumin Exerts its Anti-Hypertensive Effect by Down-Regulating the AT1 Receptor in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells, Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, No. 25579, 2016, pp. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25579.[64] V. J. Costela Ruiz, R. Illescas Montes, J. M. Puerta Puerta, C. Ruiz, L. Melguizo Rodríguez, SARS-CoV-2 Infection: The Role of Cytokines in COVID-19 Disease, Cytokine Growth Factor Reviews, Vol. 54, 2020, pp. 62-75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.001.[65] H. Valizadeh, S. Abdolmohammadi Vahid, S. Danshina, M. Ziya Gencer, A. Ammari, A. Sadeghi et al., Nano-Curcumin Therapy, a Promising Method in Modulating Inflammatory Cytokines in COVID-19 Patients, International Immunopharmacology, Vol. 89 (PtB), No. 107088, 2020, pp. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107088.[66] Y. H. Lo, R. D. Lin, Y. P. Lin, Y. L. Liu, M. H. Lee, Active Constituents from Sophora Japonica Exhibiting Cellular Tyrosinase Inhibition in Human Epidermal Melanocytes, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 124, No. 3, 2009, pp. 625-629, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.04.053.[67] A. Robaszkiewicz, A. Balcerczyk, G. Bartosz, Antioxidative and Prooxidative Effects of Quercetin on A549 Cells, Cell Biology International, Vol. 31, No. 10, 2007, pp. 1245-1250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellbi.2007.04.009[68] N. Uchide, H. Toyoda, Antioxidant Therapy as a Potential Approach to Severe Influenza-associated Complications, Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), Vol. 16, No. 3, 2011, pp. 2032-2052, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16032032.[69] M. P. Nair, C. Kandaswami, S. Mahajan, K. C. Chadha, R. Chawda, H. Nair et al., The Flavonoid, Quercetin, Differentially Regulates Th-1 (IFNgamma) and Th-2 (IL4) Cytokine Gene Expression by Normal Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Cell Research, Vol. 1593, No. 1, 2002, pp. 29-36, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4889(02)00328-2.[70] X. Chen, Z. Wang, Z. Yang, J. Wang, Y. Xu, R. X. Tan et al., Houttuynia Cordata Blocks HSV Infection Through Inhibition of NF-κB Activation, Antiviral Research, Vol. 92, No. 2, 2011, pp. 341-345, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.09.005.[71] T. N. Kaul, E. J. Middleton, P. L. Ogra, Antiviral Effect of Flavonoids on Human Viruses, Journal of Medical Virology, Vol. 15. No. 1, 1985, pp. 71-79, https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.1890150110.[72] K. Zandi, B. T. Teoh, S. S. Sam, P. F. Wong, M. R. Mustafa, S. AbuBakar, Antiviral Activity of Four Types of Bioflavonoid Against Dengue Virus Type-2, Virology Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2011, pp. 560-571, https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-560.[73] J. Y. Park, H. J. Yuk, H. W. Ryu, S. H. Lim, K. S. Kim, K. H. Park et al., Evaluation of Polyphenols from Broussonetia Papyrifera as Coronavirus Protease Inhibitors, Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2017, pp. 504-515, https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2016.1265519.[74] S. C. Cheng, W. C. Huang, J. H. S. Pang, Y. H. Wu, C. Y. Cheng, Quercetin Inhibits the Production of IL-1β-Induced Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines in ARPE-19 Cells via the MAPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 12, 2019, pp. 2957-2981, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122957. [75] O. J. Lara Guzman, J. H. Tabares Guevara, Y. M. Leon Varela, R. M. Álvarez, M. Roldan, J. A. Sierra et al., Proatherogenic Macrophage Activities Are Targeted by The Flavonoid Quercetin, The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 343, No. 2, 2012, pp. 296-303, https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.112.196147.[76] A. Saeedi Boroujeni, M. R. Mahmoudian Sani, Anti-inflammatory Potential of Quercetin in COVID-19 Treatment, Journal of Inflammation, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2021, pp. 3-12, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12950-021-00268-6.[77] M. Smith, J. C. Smith, Repurposing Therapeutics for COVID-19: Supercomputer-based Docking to the SARS-CoV-2 Viral Spike Protein and Viral Spike Protein-human ACE2 Interface, ChemRxiv, 2020, pp. 1-28, https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.11871402.v4.[78] S. Khaerunnisa, H. Kurniawan, R. Awaluddin, S. Suhartati, S. Soetjipto, Potential Inhibitor of COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) from Several Medicinal Plant Compounds by Molecular Docking Study, Preprints, 2020, pp. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202003.0226.v1.[79] J. M. Calderón Montaño, E. B. Morón, C. P. Guerrero, M. L. Lázaro, A Review on the Dietary Flavonoid Kaempferol, Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2011, pp. 298-344, https://doi.org/10.2174/138955711795305335.[80] A. Y. Chen, Y. C. Chen, A Review of the Dietary Flavonoid, Kaempferol on Human Health and Cancer Chemoprevention, Food Chem, Vol. 138, No. 4, 2013, pp. 2099-2107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.139.[81] S. Schwarz, D. Sauter, W. Lu, K. Wang, B. Sun, T. Efferth et al., Coronaviral Ion Channels as Target for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Forum on Immunopathological Diseases and Therapeutics, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher.2012004378.[82] R. Zhang, X. Ai, Y. Duan, M. Xue, W. He, C. Wang et al., Kaempferol Ameliorates H9N2 Swine Influenza Virus-induced Acute Lung Injury by Inactivation of TLR4/MyD88-mediated NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie, Vol. 89, 2017, pp. 660-672, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.081.[83] K. W. Chan, V. T. Wong, S. C. W. Tang, COVID-19: An Update on the Epidemiological, Clinical, Preventive and Therapeutic Evidence and Guidelines of Integrative Chinese-Western Medicine for the Management of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease, The American Journal of Chinese medicine, Vol. 48, No. 3, 2020, pp. 737-762, https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X20500378.[84] Y. F. Huang, C. Bai, F. He, Y. Xie, H. Zhou, Review on the Potential Action Mechanisms of Chinese Medicines in Treating Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Pharmacological Research, Vol. 158, No. 104939, 2020, pp. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104939.[85] L. Xu, X. Zheng, Y. Wang, Q. Fan, M. Zhang, R. Li et al., Berberine Protects Acute Liver Failure in Mice Through Inhibiting Inflammation and Mitochondria-dependent Apoptosis, European Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 819, 2018, pp. 161-168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.013.[86] X. Chen, H. Guo, Q. Li, Y. Zhang, H. Liu, X. Zhang et al., Protective Effect of Berberine on Aconite‑induced Myocardial Injury and the Associated Mechanisms, Molecular Medicine Reports, Vol. 18, No. 5, 2018, pp. 4468-4476, https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9476.[87] K. Hayashi, K. Minoda, Y. Nagaoka, T. Hayashi, S. Uesato, Antiviral Activity of Berberine and Related Compounds Against Human Cytomegalovirus, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Vol. 17, No. 6, 2007, pp. 1562-1564, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.085.[88] A. Warowicka, R. Nawrot, A. Gozdzicka Jozefiak, Antiviral Activity of Berberine, Archives of Virology, Vol. 165, No. 9, 2020, pp. 1935-1945, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04706-3.[89] Z. Z. Wang, K. Li, A. R. Maskey, W. Huang, A. A. Toutov, N. Yang et al., A Small Molecule Compound Berberine as an Orally Active Therapeutic Candidate Against COVID-19 and SARS: A Computational and Mechanistic Study, FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2021, pp. e21360-21379, https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.202001792R.[90] A. Pizzorno, B. Padey, J. Dubois, T. Julien, A. Traversier, V. Dulière et al., In Vitro Evaluation of Antiviral Activity of Single and Combined Repurposable Drugs Against SARS-CoV-2, Antiviral Research, Vol. 181, No. 104878, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104878.[91] B. Y. Zhang, M. Chen, X. C. Chen, K. Cao, Y. You, Y. J. Qian et al., Berberine Reduces Circulating Inflammatory Mediators in Patients with Severe COVID-19, The British Journal of Surgery, Vol. 108, No. 1, 2021, pp. e9-e11, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjs/znaa021.[92] K. P. Latté, K. E. Appel, A. Lampen, Health Benefits and Possible Risks of Broccoli - an Overview, Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, Vol. 49, No. 12, 2011, pp. 3287-3309, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.08.019.[93] C. Sturm, A. E. Wagner, Brassica-Derived Plant Bioactives as Modulators of Chemopreventive and Inflammatory Signaling Pathways, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 18, No. 9, 2017, pp. 1890-1911, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18091890.[94] R. T. Ruhee, S. Ma, K. Suzuki, Sulforaphane Protects Cells against Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Inflammation in Murine Macrophages, Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), Vol. 8, No. 12, 2019, pp. 577-589, https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8120577.[95] S. M. Ahmed, L. Luo, A. Namani, X. J. Wang, X. Tang, Nrf2 Signaling Pathway: Pivotal Roles in Inflammation, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Molecular Basis of Disease, Vol. 1863, No. 2, 2017, pp. 585-597, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.11.005.[96] Z. Sun, Z. Niu, S. Wu, S. Shan, Protective Mechanism of Sulforaphane in Nrf2 and Anti-Lung Injury in ARDS Rabbits, Experimental Therapeutic Medicine, Vol. 15, No. 6, 2018, pp. 4911-4951, https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.6036.[97] H. Y. Cho, F. Imani, L. Miller DeGraff, D. Walters, G. A. Melendi, M. Yamamoto et al., Antiviral Activity of Nrf2 in a Murine Model of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 179, No. 2, 2009, pp. 138-150, https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200804-535OC.[98] M. J. Kesic, S. O. Simmons, R. Bauer, I. Jaspers, Nrf2 Expression Modifies Influenza A Entry and Replication in Nasal Epithelial Cells, Free Radical Biology & Medicine, Vol. 51, No. 2, 2011, pp. 444-453, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.027.[99] A. Cuadrado, M. Pajares, C. Benito, J. J. Villegas, M. Escoll, R. F. Ginés et al., Can Activation of NRF2 Be a Strategy Against COVID-19?, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, Vol. 41, No. 9, 2020, pp. 598-610, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2020.07.003.[100] J. Gasparello, E. D'Aversa, C. Papi, L. Gambari, B. Grigolo, M. Borgatti et al., Sulforaphane Inhibits the Expression of Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 Induced in Bronchial Epithelial IB3-1 Cells by Exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein, Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology, Vol. 87, No. 53583, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153583.