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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Physiological tremor”

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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 19 lutego 2023

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1

Sabah najim, Nawras, Abdulnasir H. Ameer i Azad A. Mohammed. "The Electrophysiological Perspectives of Essential, Enhanced Physiological, and Physiological Tremors". Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad 64, nr 2 (24.07.2022): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.6421921.

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Abstract: Background: The most frequent movement issue seen in clinical practice is tremors. It is known as repetitive, involuntary oscillations. The diagnostic process for tremor patients can be time-consuming and complicated, as the identification of “Essential Tremor” and its distinction from other types of tremor. Objectives: This study aimed to describe the electrophysiological findings of essential, enhanced physiological, and physiological tremors, using surface electromyography and an accelerometer. Patients and Methods: The study included 24 patients with essential tremors, 10 patients with enhanced physiological tremors, and 10 patients with physiological tremors. We assessed the frequency, amplitude, and muscular contraction pattern of tremors during rest, posture, and a 1 kg load. Results: The tremor frequency of essential tremor patients was about 4.2-10.1 Hertz, while enhanced physiological tremor and physiological tremor were increased to 6.1–12.7 Hertz and 5.1-10.2 Hertz, respectively. The essential tremor group muscle contraction pattern was predominantly synchronous, as do all enhanced physiological, and physiological tremor patients, but with more fine low amplitude muscle bursts. By varying the tremor frequency and the weight load effect, tremor analysis could discriminate essential from enhanced physiological, and physiological tremors. Conclusions: The tremor analysis using surface electromyography and an accelerometer is sufficient to differentiate between essential tremors, enhanced physiological tremors, and physiological tremors.

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Brindha, A., K. A. Sunitha i S. Robert Wilson. "TREMOR CLASSIFICATION USING WEARABLE IOT BASED SENSORS". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1219, nr 1 (1.01.2022): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1219/1/012024.

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Abstract Tremors, a significant symptom of movement disorder, affects a part of the body ranging from slight to severe. These Tremors are symptoms of various neurological diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Essential tremors (ET), Physiological tremors (PT), Cerebellar tremor, Dystonic tremor, Psychogenic tremor, and many more. Tremor features and types differ for various neurological disorders. During the early stages of the disease, clinical examination of tremors plays a significant role in diagnose management. This work aims to develop a wearable assistive system with an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensor to classify the tremor of three different neurological disorders based on the tremor position and frequency. This research has been carried out in SRM Medical college and Research Centre with 15 patients. The type of neurodegenerative disease of the subject with tremor is evaluated based on the tremor position and tremor frequency level. The data is collected, transmitted, and processed using the IMU sensor with Internet of things (IoT) and Node MCU board. The decision tree algorithm is used for the classification of tremors. ET, PD, and PT tremors are classified based on the tremor frequency and tremor position. A high rate of accuracy is achieved for the developed system when compared with the Neurologist results. The proposed device quantitatively classified the tremor based on the frequency and position among the three different neurological disorders, i.e., ET, PD, and PT tremors.

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Hossen, A., G. Deuschl, S. Groppa, U. Heute i M. Muthuraman. "Discrimination of physiological tremor from pathological tremor using accelerometer and surface EMG signals". Technology and Health Care 28, nr 5 (18.09.2020): 461–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/thc-191947.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Although careful clinical examination and medical history are the most important steps towards a diagnostic separation between different tremors, the electro-physiological analysis of the tremor using accelerometry and electromyography (EMG) of the affected limbs are promising tools. METHODS: A soft-decision wavelet-based decomposition technique is applied with 8 decomposition stages to estimate the power spectral density of accelerometer and surface EMG signals (sEMG) sampled at 800 Hz. A discrimination factor between physiological tremor (PH) and pathological tremor, namely, essential tremor (ET) and the tremor caused by Parkinson’s disease (PD), is obtained by summing the power entropy in band 6 (B6: 7.8125–9.375 Hz) and band 11 (B11: 15.625–17.1875 Hz). RESULTS: A discrimination accuracy of 93.87% is obtained between the PH group and the ET & PD group using a voting between three results obtained from the accelerometer signal and two sEMG signals. CONCLUSION: Biomedical signal processing techniques based on high resolution wavelet spectral analysis of accelerometer and sEMG signals are implemented to efficiently perform classification between physiological tremor and pathological tremor.

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TIMMER, J., M. LAUK, S. HÄUßLER, V. RADT, B. KÖSTER, B. HELLWIG, B. GUSCHLBAUER, C. H. LÜCKING, M. EICHLER i G. DEUSCHL. "CROSS-SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF TREMOR TIME SERIES". International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 10, nr 11 (listopad 2000): 2595–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127400001663.

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We discuss cross-spectral analysis and report applications for the investigation of human tremors. For the physiological tremor in healthy subjects, the analysis enables to determine the resonant contribution to the oscillation and allows to test for a contribution of reflexes to this tremor. Comparing the analysis of the relation between the tremor of both hands in normal subjects and subjects with a rare abnormal organization of certain neural pathways proves the involvement of central structures in enhanced physiological tremor. The relation between the left and the right side of the body in pathological tremor shows a specific difference between orthostatic and all other forms of tremor. An investigation of EEG and tremor in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease reveals the tremor-correlated cortical activity. Finally, the general issue of interpreting the results of methods designed for the analysis of bivariate processes when applied to multivariate processes is considered. We discuss and apply partial cross-spectral analysis in the frame of graphical models as an extention of bivariate cross-spectral analysis for the multivariate case.

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Hwang, Ing-Shiou, Zong-Ru Yang, Chien-Ting Huang i Mei-Chun Guo. "Reorganization of multidigit physiological tremors after repetitive contractions of a single finger". Journal of Applied Physiology 106, nr 3 (marzec 2009): 966–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90851.2008.

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In light of the interplay among physiological finger tremors, this study was undertaken to investigate the transfer effect of fatigue on coordinative strategies of multiple fingers. Fourteen volunteers performed prolonged position tracking with a loaded middle finger while measures of neuromuscular function, including electromyographic activities of the extensor digitorum (ED)/flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and physiological tremors of the index, middle, ring, and little fingers, were monitored. The subjects exhibited inferior tracking congruence and an increase in ED activity at the end of the tracking. Fatigue spread was manifested in a remarkable increase in tremor across fingers, in association with enhanced involuntary tremor coupling among fingers that was topologically organized in relation to the distance of the digits from the middle finger. Principal component analysis suggested that an enhanced 8- to 12-Hz central rhythm contributed primarily to the tremor restructure following fatigue spread. The observed tremor reorganization validated the hypothesis that the effect of fatigue was not limited to the instructed finger and that fatigue functionally decreased independence of the digits. The spreading of fatigue weakens neural inputs that diverge to motor units acting on various digits because of fatigue-related enhancement of common drive at the supraspinal level.

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Sturman, Molly M., David E. Vaillancourt i Daniel M. Corcos. "Effects of Aging on the Regularity of Physiological Tremor". Journal of Neurophysiology 93, nr 6 (czerwiec 2005): 3064–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01218.2004.

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The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of healthy aging on the regularity of physiological tremor under rest and postural conditions. Additionally, we examined the contribution of mechanical reflex factors to age-related changes in postural physiological tremor. Tremor regularity, tremor–electromyographic (EMG) coherence, tremor amplitude, and tremor modal frequency were calculated for 4 age groups (young: 20–30 yr, young-old: 60–69 yr, old: 70–79 yr, and old-old: 80–94 yr) under resting and loaded postural conditions. There were 6 important findings from this study: 1) there were no differences between the young and elderly subjects for any of the dependent variables measured under the rest condition; 2) postural physiological tremor regularity was increased in the elderly; 3) postural physiological tremor-EMG coherence was also increased in the elderly, and there was a strong linear relation between peak tremor-EMG coherence in the 1- to 8-Hz frequency band and regularity of tremor. This relation was primarily driven by the increased magnitude of tremor-EMG coherence at 5.85 and 6.83 Hz; 4) enhanced mechanical reflex properties were not responsible for the increased magnitude of tremor-EMG coherence in the elderly subjects; 5) tremor amplitude was not different between the 4 age groups, but there was a slight decline in tremor modal frequency in the oldest age group in the unloaded condition; and 6) despite the increases in postural physiological tremor regularity and the magnitude of low frequency tremor-EMG coherence with age, there was a clear demarcation between healthy aging and previously published findings related to tremor pathology.

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Mazur-Różycka, Joanna, Jan Gajewski, Joanna Orysiak, Dariusz Sitkowski i Krzysztof Buśko. "The Influence of Fatigue on the Characteristics of Physiological Tremor and Hoffmann Reflex in Young Men". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, nr 4 (15.02.2023): 3436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043436.

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The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between changes in physiological tremor after exercise and changes in the traction properties of the stretch reflex indirectly assessed using the Hoffmann reflex test. The research involved 19 young men practicing canoe sprint (age 16.4 ± 0.7 years, body mass 74.4 ± 6.7 kg, body height 182.1 ± 4.3 cm, training experience 4.8 ± 1.6 years). During resting tests, Hoffmann reflex measurements were performed from the soleus muscle, physiological tremor of the lower limb, and the blood lactate concentration was determined. Then, a graded test was carried out on the kayak/canoe ergometer. Immediately after the exercise and in the 10th and 25th minute following the exercise, Hoffmann’s reflex of the soleus muscle was measured. The physiological tremor was measured at 5, 15 and 30 min after exercise. Blood lactate concentrations were determined immediately after physiological tremor. Both the parameters of Hoffmann’s reflex and physiological tremor changed significantly after exercise. There were no significant interrelationships between Hoffmann reflex measurements and physiological tremor in resting and post-exercise conditions. No significant correlation was detected between changes in physiological tremor and changes in Hoffmann reflex parameters. It is to be assumed that there is no connection between a stretch reflex and a physiological tremor.

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Albert, Mark V., i Konrad P. Kording. "Determining posture from physiological tremor". Experimental Brain Research 215, nr 3-4 (14.10.2011): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2889-3.

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Makhoul, Karim, Rechdi Ahdab, Naji Riachi, Moussa A. Chalah i Samar S. Ayache. "Tremor in Multiple Sclerosis—An Overview and Future Perspectives". Brain Sciences 10, nr 10 (12.10.2020): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10100722.

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Tremor is an important and common symptom in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). It constituted one of the three core features of MS triad described by Charcot in the last century. Tremor could have a drastic impact on patients’ quality of life. This paper provides an overview of tremor in MS and future perspectives with a particular emphasis on its epidemiology (prevalence: 25–58%), clinical characteristics (i.e., large amplitude 2.5–7 Hz predominantly postural or intention tremor vs. exaggerated physiological tremor vs. pseudo-rhythmic activity arising from cerebellar dysfunction vs. psychogenic tremor), pathophysiological mechanisms (potential implication of cerebellum, cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathways, basal ganglia, and brainstem), assessment modalities (e.g., tremor rating scales, Stewart–Holmes maneuver, visual tracking, digitized spirography and accelerometric techniques, accelerometry–electromyography coupling), and therapeutic options (i.e., including pharmacological agents, botulinum toxin A injections; deep brain stimulation or thalamotomy reserved for severe, disabling, or pharmaco-resistant tremors). Some suggestions are provided to help overcome the unmet needs and guide future therapeutic and diagnostic studies in this complex disorder.

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Halliday, David M., Bernard A. Conway, Simon F. Farmer i Jay R. Rosenberg. "Load-Independent Contributions From Motor-Unit Synchronization to Human Physiological Tremor". Journal of Neurophysiology 82, nr 2 (1.08.1999): 664–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.2.664.

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This study describes two load-independent rhythmic contributions from motor-unit synchronization to normal physiological tremor, which occur in the frequency ranges 1–12 Hz and 15–30 Hz. In common with previous studies, we use increased inertial loading to identify load-independent components of physiological tremor. The data consist of simultaneous recordings of tremor acceleration from the third finger, a surface electromyogram (EMG), and the discharges of pairs of single motor units from the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) muscle, collected from 13 subjects, and divided into 2 data sets: 106 records with the finger unloaded and 84 records with added mass from 5 to 40 g. Frequency domain analysis of motor-unit data from individual subjects reveals the presence of two distinct frequency bands in motor-unit synchronization, 1–12 Hz and 15–30 Hz. A novel Fourier-based population analysis demonstrates that the same two rhythmic components are present in motor-unit synchronization across both data sets. These frequency components are not related to motor-unit firing rates. The same frequency bands are present in the correlation between motor-unit activity and tremor and between surface EMG activity and tremor, despite a significant alteration in the characteristics of the tremor with increased inertial loading. A multivariate analysis demonstrates conclusively that motor-unit synchronization is the source of these contributions to normal physiological tremor. The population analysis suggests that single motor-unit discharges can predict an average of 10% of the total tremor signal in these two frequency bands. Rectified surface EMG can predict an average of 20% of the tremor; therefore within our population of recordings, the two components of motor-unit synchronization account for an average of 20% of the total tremor signal, in the frequency ranges 1–12 Hz and 15–30 Hz. Our results demonstrate that normal physiological tremor is a complex signal containing information relating to motor-unit synchronization in different frequency bands, and lead to a revised definition of normal physiological tremor during low force postural contractions, which is based on using both the tremor spectra and the correlation between motor-unit activity and tremor to characterize the load-dependent and the load-independent components of tremor. In addition, both physiological tremor and rectified EMG emerge as powerful predictors of the frequency components of motor-unit synchronization.

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Raethjen, Jan, R. B. Govindan, Florian Kopper, M. Muthuraman i Günther Deuschl. "Cortical Involvement in the Generation of Essential Tremor". Journal of Neurophysiology 97, nr 5 (maj 2007): 3219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00477.2006.

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Conflicting results on the existence of tremor-related cortical activity in essential tremor (ET) have raised questions on the role of the cortex in tremor generation. Here we attempt to address these issues. We recorded 64 channel surface EEGs and EMGs from forearm muscles in 15 patients with definite ET. EEG and EMG power spectra, relative power of the rhythmic EMG activity, relative EEG power at the tremor frequency, and EEG–EMG and EEG–EEG coherence were calculated and their dynamics over time explored. Corticomuscular delay was studied using a new method for narrow-band coherent signals. Corticomuscular coherence in the contralateral central region at the tremor frequency was present in all patients in recordings with a relative tremor EMG power exceeding a certain level. However, the coherence was lost intermittently even with tremors far above this level. Physiological 15- to 30-Hz coherence was found consistently in 11 patients with significantly weaker EMG activity in this frequency range. A more frontal (mesial) hot spot was also intermittently coupled with the tremor and the central hot spot in five patients. Corticomuscular delays were compatible with transmission in fast corticospinal pathways and feedback of the tremor signal. Thus the tremor rhythm is intermittently relayed only in different cortical motor areas. We hypothesize that tremor oscillations build up in different subcortical and subcortico-cortical circuits only temporarily entraining each other.

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Miao, Tiejun, i Kazuyoshi Sakamoto. "Physiological Tremor under Pseudo-Fraction Gravity." Applied Human Science 14, nr 1 (1995): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2114/ahs.14.37.

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Yamaji, Takehiko. "Applicable Study of the Physiological Tremor". Kitakanto Medical Journal 60, nr 2 (2010): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2974/kmj.60.177.

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Timmer, J. "Modeling Noisy Time Series: Physiological Tremor". International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 08, nr 07 (lipiec 1998): 1505–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127498001157.

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Empirical time series often contain observational noise. We investigate the effect of this noise on the estimated parameters of models fitted to the data. For data of physiological tremor, i.e. a small amplitude oscillation of the outstretched hand of healthy subjects, we compare the results for a linear model that explicitly includes additional observational noise to one that ignores this noise. We discuss problems and possible solutions for nonlinear deterministic as well as nonlinear stochastic processes. Especially we discuss the state space model applicable for modeling noisy stochastic systems and Bock's algorithm capable for modeling noisy deterministic systems.

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Vernooij, Carlijn Andrea, Martin Lakie i Raymond Francis Reynolds. "The complete frequency spectrum of physiological tremor can be recreated by broadband mechanical or electrical drive". Journal of Neurophysiology 113, nr 2 (15.01.2015): 647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00519.2014.

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Two frequency peaks of variable preponderance have been reported for human physiological finger tremor. The high-frequency peak (20–25 Hz, seen only in postural tremor) is generally attributed to mechanical resonance, whereas the lower frequency peak (8–12 Hz, seen in both postural and kinetic tremor) is usually attributed to synchronous central or reflexive neural drive. In this study, we determine whether mechanical resonance could generate both peaks. In relaxed subjects, an artificial finger tremor was evoked by random mechanical perturbations of the middle finger or random electrical muscular stimulation of the finger extensor muscle. The high and the low frequencies observed in physiological tremor could both be created by either type of artificial input at appropriate input intensity. Resonance, inferred from cross-spectral gain and phase, occurred at both frequencies. To determine any neural contribution, we compared truly passive subjects with those who exhibited some electromyographic (EMG) activity in the finger extensor; artificially created tremor spectra were almost identical between groups. We also applied electrical stimuli to two clinically deafferented subjects lacking stretch reflexes. They exhibited the same artificial tremor spectrum as control subjects. These results suggest that both typical physiological finger tremor frequencies can be reproduced by random artificial input; neither requires synchronized neural input. We therefore suggest that mechanical resonance could generate both dominant frequency peaks characteristic of physiological finger tremor. The inverse relationship between the input intensity and the resulting tremor frequency can be explained by a movement-dependent reduction in muscle stiffness, a conjecture we support using a simple computational model.

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O'Sullivan, John D., John Rothwell, Andrew J. Lees i Peter Brown. "Bilaterally coherent tremor resembling enhanced physiological tremor: Report of three cases". Movement Disorders 17, nr 2 (marzec 2002): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.10097.

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Faraji, Behnam, Zahra Esfahani, Kourosh Rouhollahi i Davood Khezri. "Optimal Canceling of the Physiological Tremor for Rehabilitation in Parkinson’s Disease". Journal of Exercise Science and Medicine 11, nr 2 (1.07.2019): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jesm.11.2.7.

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Introduction: This study was conducted to control hand tremors and decrease adverse effects due to the high field intensity in advanced Parkinson’s disease. We aimed at concurrently controlling two areas of Basal Ganglia (BG) in a closed-loop strategy. Methods: In the present research, two nuclei of BG, namely subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus internal were simultaneously controlled. Furthermore, to enhance the feasibility of the suggested control strategy, the coefficients of the controller were determined using a hybrid version of the harmony search and cuckoo optimization algorithm. Results: The advantages of the applied method include decreasing hand tremors and applied electric field intensity to the brain; consequently, it leads to reducing adverse effects, such as muscle contraction and speech disorders. Moreover, the purposed controller has achieved superior performance against changing the parameters of the model (robustness analysis) and under noise tests, compared to other conventional controllers, such as Proportional Integrator (PI) and Proportional Derivative (PD). Conclusion: The employed approach provided an effective strategy to reduce hand tremors. It also decreased the delivered high field intensity to the brain; consequently, it reduced adverse effects, such as memory loss and speech disorders. It is important to ascertain the superior performance of the suggested closed-loop control scheme in different conditions and levels of tremor. Such a function was examined in terms of robustness against the variation of parameters and uncertainties. We also obtained time domain outcomes, i.e., compared with the state-of-the-art approaches.

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Vernooij, Carlijn A., Raymond F. Reynolds i Martin Lakie. "A dominant role for mechanical resonance in physiological finger tremor revealed by selective minimization of voluntary drive and movement". Journal of Neurophysiology 109, nr 9 (1.05.2013): 2317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00926.2012.

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There is a debate in the literature about whether the low- and high-frequency peaks of physiological finger tremor are caused by resonance or central drive. One way to address this issue is to examine the consequences of eliminating, as far as possible, the resonant properties or the voluntary drive. To study the effect of minimizing resonance, finger tremor was recorded under isometric conditions and compared with normal isotonic tremor. To minimize central drive, finger tremor was generated artificially by broad-band electrical stimulation. When resonance was minimized, tremor size declined almost monotonically with increasing frequency. There was no consistent large peak at a frequency characteristic of tremor. Although there was sometimes a peak around the tremor frequency during some isometric conditions, it was extremely small and variable; therefore, any contribution of central drive was minimal. In contrast, there was always a prominent peak in the isotonic frequency spectra. Resonance was, therefore, necessary to produce the characteristic tremor peaks. When central drive was minimized by replacing voluntary muscle activation with artificial stimulation, a realistic tremor spectrum was observed. Central drive is, therefore, not required to generate a characteristic physiological tremor spectrum. In addition, regardless of the nature of the driving input (voluntary or artificial), increasing the size of the input considerably reduced isotonic tremor frequency. We attribute the frequency reduction to a movement-related thixotropic change in muscle stiffness. From these results we conclude that physiological finger tremor across a large range of frequencies is produced by natural broad-band forcing of a nonlinear resonant system, and that synchronous central input is not required.

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Zhang, Jie, Yan Xing, Xiuli Ma i Liqun Feng. "Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson Disease, Essential Tremor, and Enhanced Physiological Tremor with the Tremor Analysis of EMG". Parkinson's Disease 2017 (2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1597907.

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We investigate the differential diagnostic value of tremor analysis of EMG on Parkinson’s disease (PD), essential tremor (ET), and enhanced physiological tremor (EPT). Clinical data from 25 patients with PD, 20 patients with ET, and 20 patients with EPT were collected. The tremor frequency and muscle contraction pattern of the resting, posture, and 500 g and 1000 g overload were recorded. The frequency of PD tremor was 4–6 Hz, and the frequency of ET was also in this range; the frequency of EPT is 6–12 hz having some overlap with PD. The muscle contraction patterns of the ET and EPT group were mainly synchronous contraction, and the muscle contraction mode of the PD group was mainly alternating contraction. Having tremor latency from rest to postural position and having changes in tremor amplitude after mental concentration in PD might distinguish ET. Tremor analysis of EMG was able to distinguish PD from ET and EPT by varying the tremor frequency and muscle contraction pattern. It can also differentiate between PD and ET by the latency and concentration effect and ET and EPT by weight load effect.

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Carlsen, Eva Maria Meier, Dipak V. Amrutkar, Karin Sandager-Nielsen i Jean-François Perrier. "Accurate and affordable assessment of physiological and pathological tremor in rodents using the accelerometer of a smartphone". Journal of Neurophysiology 122, nr 3 (1.09.2019): 970–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00281.2019.

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Tremor is a common symptom for the most prevalent neurological disorders, including essential tremor, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson’s disease. Despite the devastating effects of tremor on life quality, available treatments are few and unspecific. Because of the need for specific and costly devices, tremor is rarely quantified by laboratories studying motor control without a genuine interest in trembling. We present a simple, reliable, and affordable method aimed at monitoring tremor in rodents, with an accuracy comparable to that of expensive, commercially available equipment. We took advantage of the accelerometer integrated in modern mobile phones working with operating systems capable of running downloaded apps. By fixing a smartphone to a cage suspended by rubber bands, we were able to detect faint vibrations of the cage. With a mouse in the cage, we showed that the acceleration signals on two horizontal axes were sufficient for the detection of physiological tremor and harmaline-induced tremor. We discuss the advantages and limitations of our method. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The majority of patients suffering from neurological disorders suffer from tremor that severely disrupts their life quality. Because of the high cost of specific scientific equipment, tremor is rarely quantified by laboratories working on motor behavior. For this reason, the potential anti-tremor effect of most compounds tested in animals remains unknown. We describe an affordable technique that will allow any laboratory to measure tremor accurately with a smartphone.

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Kachi, Teruhiko, Takako Yamada i Akihiro Igata. "Clinical and Physiological Studies on Senile Tremor." Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 32, nr 10 (1995): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3143/geriatrics.32.623.

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Beuter, Anne, Roderick Edwards i Annie Boucher. "Physiological Tremor: Does Handedness Make a Difference?" International Journal of Neuroscience 101, nr 1-4 (styczeń 2000): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00207450008986489.

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Herbert, Rob. "Shaking when stirred: mechanisms of physiological tremor". Journal of Physiology 590, nr 11 (31.05.2012): 2549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.232876.

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van Hilten, J. J., J. G. van Dijk, R. J. Dunnewold, E. A. van der Velde, B. Kemp, P. van Brummelen, J. A. van der Krogt, R. A. Roos i O. J. Buruma. "Diurnal variation of essential and physiological tremor." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 54, nr 6 (1.06.1991): 516–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.54.6.516.

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Junge, D., J. R. Rosenberg i D. M. Halliday. "Physiological tremor in human jaw-muscle system". Archives of Oral Biology 43, nr 1 (styczeń 1998): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9969(97)00091-5.

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Carignan, Benoit, Jean-François Daneault i Christian Duval. "The organization of upper limb physiological tremor". European Journal of Applied Physiology 112, nr 4 (22.07.2011): 1269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2080-3.

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Köster, B., M. Lauk, J. Timmer, T. Winter, B. Guschlbauer, F. X. Glocker, A. Danek, G. Deuschl i C. H. Lücking. "Central mechanisms in human enhanced physiological tremor". Neuroscience Letters 241, nr 2-3 (styczeń 1998): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00015-9.

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Lakie, M., K. Frymann, F. Villagra i P. Jakeman. "The effect of alcohol on physiological tremor". Experimental Physiology 79, nr 2 (1.03.1994): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.1994.sp003763.

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Rajnicek, Ann M. "The effect of alcohol on physiological tremor". Experimental Physiology 79, nr 2 (1.03.1994): 279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.1998.sp004274.

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Takanokura, Masato, i Kazuyoshi Sakamoto. "Physiological tremor of the upper limb segments". European Journal of Applied Physiology 85, nr 3-4 (1.08.2001): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210100476.

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Henderson, T. T., J. R. Thorstensen, S. Morrison, M. G. Tucker i J. J. Kavanagh. "Physiological tremor is suppressed and force steadiness is enhanced with increased availability of serotonin regardless of muscle fatigue". Journal of Neurophysiology 127, nr 1 (1.01.2022): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00403.2021.

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Converging lines of research indicate that enhanced serotonin availability increases maximal force generation. However, it is largely unknown how serotonin influences the ability to sustain a constant force. We performed two experiments to assess physiological tremor and force steadiness in unfatigued and fatigued muscle when serotonin availability was enhanced in the central nervous system. Enhanced availability of serotonin reduced physiological tremor amplitude and improved steadiness regardless of muscle fatigue.

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Park, Wonil, Bokbeom Kim, Jaesung Lee, Gyuseog Hong i Jonghoon Park. "Relationship between physiological tremor and cognitive function in physically active older women". Physical Activity and Nutrition 26, nr 1 (31.03.2022): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0003.

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[Purpose] This study aimed to compare the physiological tremor, grip strength, and cognitive function of sedentary and physically active older adults.[Methods] Twenty-four older adults aged ≥65 years participated in this study and were divided into the sedentary (76.5±4.4 years, n=12) and physically active (73.5±3.3 years, n=12) groups. Each group completed the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for cognitive function assessment. Physiological tremor was measured using an accelerometer for both hands at rest and the left/right hand with a 1,000 g dumbbell on the palm in neutral positions and the elbow flexed at 90°. Physical fitness was measured by grip strength and completion of the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and the 6-min walk test.[Results] The physically active group showed a significantly lower level of physiological tremor in both hands at rest and the left/right hand with a 1,000 g dumbbell on the palm (P<0.05) than that in the sedentary group. For cognitive function, the physically active group showed significantly higher scores than those in the sedentary group (P<0.001). No significant correlation was found between cognitive function and left/right grip strength (left: r = 0.117, P = 0.585; right: r = 0.230, P = 0.279), physiological tremor in both hands at rest (left: r = -0.524, P < 0.001; right: r = -0.508, P < 0.05), and the left/right hand with a 1,000 g dumbbell on the palm (left: r = -0.505, P < 0.05; right: r = -0.458, P < 0.05).[Conclusion] Physiological tremor of the hands has the potential to be a useful predictor of cognitive function in older adults.

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Park, Wonil, Bokbeom Kim, Jaesung Lee, Gyuseog Hong i Jonghoon Park. "Relationship between physiological tremor and cognitive function in physically active older women". Physical Activity and Nutrition 26, nr 1 (31.03.2022): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0003.

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[Purpose] This study aimed to compare the physiological tremor, grip strength, and cognitive function of sedentary and physically active older adults.[Methods] Twenty-four older adults aged ≥65 years participated in this study and were divided into the sedentary (76.5±4.4 years, n=12) and physically active (73.5±3.3 years, n=12) groups. Each group completed the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for cognitive function assessment. Physiological tremor was measured using an accelerometer for both hands at rest and the left/right hand with a 1,000 g dumbbell on the palm in neutral positions and the elbow flexed at 90°. Physical fitness was measured by grip strength and completion of the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and the 6-min walk test.[Results] The physically active group showed a significantly lower level of physiological tremor in both hands at rest and the left/right hand with a 1,000 g dumbbell on the palm (P<0.05) than that in the sedentary group. For cognitive function, the physically active group showed significantly higher scores than those in the sedentary group (P<0.001). No significant correlation was found between cognitive function and left/right grip strength (left: r = 0.117, P = 0.585; right: r = 0.230, P = 0.279), physiological tremor in both hands at rest (left: r = -0.524, P < 0.001; right: r = -0.508, P < 0.05), and the left/right hand with a 1,000 g dumbbell on the palm (left: r = -0.505, P < 0.05; right: r = -0.458, P < 0.05).[Conclusion] Physiological tremor of the hands has the potential to be a useful predictor of cognitive function in older adults.

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Rahimi, Fariborz, Carina Bee, David Wang, Farrokh Janabi-Sharifi i Quincy J. Almeida. "Subgroup analysis of PD tremor with loading: Action tremor as a combination of classical rest and physiological tremor". Clinical Biomechanics 30, nr 2 (luty 2015): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2014.12.012.

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Vernooij, Carlijn A., Raymond F. Reynolds i Martin Lakie. "Physiological tremor reveals how thixotropy adapts skeletal muscle for posture and movement". Royal Society Open Science 3, nr 5 (maj 2016): 160065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160065.

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People and animals can move freely, but they must also be able to stay still. How do skeletal muscles economically produce both movement and posture? Humans are well known to have motor units with relatively homogeneous mechanical properties. Thixotropic muscle properties can provide a solution by providing a temporary stiffening of all skeletal muscles in postural conditions. This stiffening is alleviated almost instantly when muscles start to move. In this paper, we probe this behaviour. We monitor both the neural input to a muscle, measured here as extensor muscle electromyography (EMG), and its output, measured as tremor (finger acceleration). Both signals were analysed continuously as the subject made smooth transitions between posture and movement. The results showed that there were marked changes in tremor which systematically increased in size and decreased in frequency as the subject moved faster. By contrast, the EMG changed little and reflected muscle force requirement rather than movement speed. The altered tremor reflects naturally occurring thixotropic changes in muscle behaviour. Our results suggest that physiological tremor provides useful and hitherto unrecognized insights into skeletal muscle's role in posture and movement.

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Krauss, Joachim K., Richard K. Simpson, William G. Ondo, Thomas Pohle, Jean-Marc Burgunder i Joseph Jankovic. "Concepts and Methods in Chronic Thalamic Stimulation for Treatment of Tremor: Technique and Application". Neurosurgery 48, nr 3 (1.03.2001): 535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200103000-00015.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE To rationalize the technique and reduce the costs associated with chronic deep brain stimulation of the thalamus for treatment of refractory tremor. METHODS The efficacy and safety of a modification in surgical techniques was prospectively assessed in 94 patients with tremor. Bilateral electrodes were implanted in 29 patients, and 65 patients received unilateral implants. Forty-five patients had Parkinson's disease tremor, 42 patients had essential tremor, and 7 patients had kinetic tremors of different causes. In all instances, intraoperative stimulations to analyze the thresholds of intrinsic and extrinsic responses were performed directly with the implanted leads. The electrodes were repositioned until satisfactory results were achieved. The pulse generators were implanted directly after the first step in the same operative session. Patients were not subjected to interoperative test stimulation trials. RESULTS Postoperative improvement of tremor at a mean follow-up of 11.9 months was rated as excellent in 47 patients (50%), marked in 37 patients (39%), moderate in 8 patients (9%), and minor in 2 patients (2%). There was no persistent morbidity related to surgery. In patients with Parkinson's disease, the symptomatic improvement of tremor was rated as excellent in 51% of patients, marked in 36%, moderate in 11%, and minor in 2%. In patients with essential tremor, symptomatic outcome was classified as excellent in 57% of patients, marked in 36%, moderate in 5%, and minor in 2%. Six of the seven patients with kinetic tremor achieved marked symptomatic improvement, and one patient experienced moderate improvement. Forty patients experienced stimulation-related side effects. Side effects were mild in general, and they were reversible with a change in electrical parameters. They occurred more frequently in patients who had bilateral stimulation. CONCLUSION Excellent to marked improvement of tremor is achieved in the majority of patients with physiological target determination via implanted leads in thalamic deep brain stimulation. Interoperative test stimulation trials are unnecessary. Modifications in technique may help to reduce the costs of the related hospital stay.

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Sakamoto, Kazuyoshi, Osamu Kubota i Naoaki Itakura. "Chaos Analysis of Physiological Tremor during Weight Load." Japanese journal of ergonomics 33, Supplement (1997): 408–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5100/jje.33.supplement_408.

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Aleksandrov, A. Yu, K. O. Uplisova i V. Yu Ivanova. "Physiological Tremor Dynamics on Deception-Related Emotional Responses". Human Physiology 45, nr 2 (marzec 2019): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s036211971901002x.

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Aleksandrov, A. Yu, K. O. Uplisova i V. Yu Ivanova. "Biofeedback Specialization Effect on Physiological Tremor Amplitude Dynamics". Human Physiology 46, nr 2 (marzec 2020): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s036211972001003x.

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Raethjen, J. "Amitriptyline enhances the central component of physiological tremor". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 70, nr 1 (1.01.2001): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.70.1.78.

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Laine, C. M., Ş. U. Yavuz, J. M. D’Amico, M. A. Gorassini, K. S. Türker i D. Farina. "Jaw tremor as a physiological biomarker of bruxism". Clinical Neurophysiology 126, nr 9 (wrzesień 2015): 1746–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.11.022.

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Yoo, Sang-Won, Myungah Lee, Joong-Seok Kim i Kwang-Soo Lee. "Focal localized enhanced physiological tremor after physical insult". Neurological Sciences 40, nr 12 (18.06.2019): 2641–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-019-03945-w.

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Sakamoto, Kazuyoshi, Naoaki Itakura, Kohji Nishida i Li Zhou. "Study of function of fingers by physiological tremor". Journal of Thermal Biology 18, nr 5-6 (grudzień 1993): 665–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(93)90110-f.

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Filip, Pavel, Ovidiu V. Lungu, Mario-Ubaldo Manto i Martin Bareš. "Linking Essential Tremor to the Cerebellum: Physiological Evidence". Cerebellum 15, nr 6 (3.11.2015): 774–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12311-015-0740-2.

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Roizenblatt, Marina, Alex Treiger Grupenmacher, Rubens Belfort Junior, Mauricio Maia i Peter L. Gehlbach. "Robot-assisted tremor control for performance enhancement of retinal microsurgeons". British Journal of Ophthalmology 103, nr 8 (20.12.2018): 1195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313318.

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Pars plana vitrectomy is a challenging, minimally invasive microsurgical procedure due to its intrinsic manoeuvres and physiological limits that constrain human capability. An important human limitation is physiological hand tremor, which can significantly increase the risk of iatrogenic retinal damage resulting from unintentional manoeuvres that affect anatomical and functional surgical outcomes. The limitations imposed by normal physiological tremor are more evident and challenging during ‘micron-scale’ manoeuvres such as epiretinal membrane and internal limiting membrane peeling, and delicate procedures requiring coordinated bimanual surgery such as tractional retinal detachment repair. Therefore, over the previous three decades, attention has turned to robot-assisted surgical devices to overcome these challenges. Several systems have been developed to improve microsurgical accuracy by cancelling hand tremor and facilitating faster, safer and more effective microsurgeries. By markedly reducing tremor, microsurgical precision is improved to a level beyond present human capabilities. In conclusion, robotics offers potential advantages over free-hand microsurgery as it is currently performed during ophthalmic surgery and opens the door to a new class of revolutionary microsurgical modalities. The skills transfer that is beyond human capabilities to robotic technology is a logical next step in microsurgical evolution.

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Pedersen, S. F., S. L. Pullman, N. Latov i T. H. Brannagan. "Physiological tremor analysis of patients with anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein associated neuropathy and tremor". Muscle & Nerve 20, nr 1 (styczeń 1997): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199701)20:1<38::aid-mus5>3.0.co;2-i.

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Smeja, M., F. Foerster, G. Fuchs, D. Emmans, A. Hornig i J. Fahrenberg. "24-h Assessment of Tremor Activity and Posture in Parkinson's Disease by Multi-Channel Accelerometry". Journal of Psychophysiology 13, nr 4 (październik 1999): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.13.4.245.

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Abstract This study describes a new method, based on accelerometry, which quantifies tremor activity and posture continuously. A total of 25 right-handed patients with Parkinson's disease were recorded in a rest condition and in a postural tremor test, and during 24-h ambulatory monitoring. The tremor parameters, such as amplitude, frequency, and occurrence (percent of time), were derived by joint amplitude-frequency analysis. The DC components of multi-channel accelerometry allowed the detection of posture. A repeated measurement MANOVA was used to test the effects of posture and night-day differences in tremor activity. Further issues included consistencies of amplitude measurements across hands, between tasks, and between segments of recordings. Findings indicated an increase between resting tremor and postural tremor in the three tremor parameters, an increase under distraction, and enhanced activity in sitting compared to standing/walking. The best predictions of daytime monitoring measures, based on resting measures, were made for left hand tremor. This methodology is suitable for the detection of diurnal changes in tremor activity, especially amplitude changes, and for the psychophysiological investigation of enhanced tremor caused by task demands and emotional reactions.

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McCarroll, R. S., i J. H. De Vries. "The Influence of Tonic Muscle Activation on Human Jaw Displacement Tremor". Journal of Dental Research 67, nr 8 (sierpień 1988): 1081–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345880670080401.

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Jaw displacement tremor was investigated. Both tremor amplitude and tremor frequency were found to increase with increasing muscle activation. Co-contraction of jaw elevator and jaw depressor muscles was employed in order to vary muscle activation levels without the teeth being in occlusion. Reproducibility of tremor changes was statistically significant for each individual investigated. The relationship between tremor frequency and tremor amplitude, over the range of muscle activation investigated, varied per individual. It is hypothesized that the physiological basis for this inter-individual variation is differences in the development of jaw stiffness with increasing muscle activation between subjects. This explanation may be the basis, at least in part, for the clinical presence of objective jaw stiffness in one subject and its absence in another.

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Thangavelu, Karthick, Andrew C. Talk, Gavin I. Clark i Nadeeka N. W. Dissanayaka. "Psychosocial factors and perceived tremor disability in essential tremor". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 108 (styczeń 2020): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.021.

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Fukuda, Masafumi, Anna Barnes, Ely S. Simon, Andrew Holmes, Vijay Dhawan, Nir Giladi, Harald Fodstad, Yilong Ma i David Eidelberg. "Thalamic stimulation for parkinsonian tremor: correlation between regional cerebral blood flow and physiological tremor characteristics". NeuroImage 21, nr 2 (luty 2004): 608–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.068.

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