Książki na temat „PHP 5.2”

Pathological skin picking (PSP) refers to chronic skin picking or scratching that causes tissue damage and distress. It is a heterogeneous category of behaviors and may be manifest in the context of various psychological disorders. This chapter presents an overview of the empirical literature on the assessment and treatment of PSP, including (1) a cognitive-behavioral model as heuristic for conceptualizing treatment, (2) assessment tools, (3) a review of the pharmacological and psychosocial treatment outcome literatures, (4) cognitive-behavioral treatment techniques, and (5) future directions. The chapter is intended to introduce the clinician to the assessment and psychological tools used to treat PSP, as well as to provide impetus to advance research in this understudied domain.

CACIC’12 was the eighteenth Congress in the CACIC series. It was organized by the School of Computer Science and Engineering at the Universidad Nacional del Sur. The Congress included 13 Workshops with 178 accepted papers, 5 Conferences, 2 invited tutorials, different meetings related with Computer Science Education (Professors, PhD students, Curricula) and an International School with 5 courses. CACIC 2012 was organized following the traditional Congress format, with 13 Workshops covering a diversity of dimensions of Computer Science Research. Each topic was supervised by a committee of 3-5 chairs of different Universities. The call for papers attracted a total of 302 submissions. An average of 2.5 review reports were collected for each paper, for a grand total of 752 review reports that involved about 410 different reviewers. A total of 178 full papers, involving 496 authors and 83 Universities, were accepted and 27 of them were selected for this book.

CACIC’16 was the 22th Congress in the CACIC series. It was organized by the Computer Science Department at the School of Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences of the San Luis National University. The Congress included 13 Workshops with 136 accepted papers, 2 Conferences, 2 invited Tutorials, different meetings related with Computer Science Education (Professors, PhD students, Curricula) and an International School with 6 courses. CACIC 2016 was organized following the traditional Congress format, with 13 Workshops covering a diversity of dimensions of Computer Science Research. Each topic was supervised by a committee of 3-5 chairs of different Universities. The call for papers attracted a total of 185 submissions. An average of 2.5 review reports were collected for each paper, for a grand total of 462 review reports that involved about 176 different reviewers. A total of 136 full papers, involving 457 authors and 79 Universities, were accepted and 30 of them were selected for this book.

Uric acid (UA) stones are typically red-orange and often appear as sand/ gravel though they may be large. They are totally radiolucent. They account for about 10% of all kidney stones in most countries, and up to 20% in some populations. It is twice as frequent in males, prevalence increases with age, and it is two to three times higher in patients with type 2 diabetes or with features of the metabolic syndrome. Factors that induce the formation of UA stones are a low urine volume, hyperuricosuria, and, more importantly, a permanently low urine pH (< 5). Indeed, below its pKa of 5.35 at 37°C, UA is in non-dissociated form, whose solubility is at best 100 mg/L, whereas urinary UA excretion normally exceeds 600 mg/day and may exceed 1g/day.Because UA solubility increases up to approximately 500 mg/L at urine pH > 6, urine alkalinization, with a target pH of 6.5–7, is the cornerstone of medical treatment. This most often allows dissolution of existing stones and prevention of recurrent stone formation so that urological intervention is infrequently needed. The preferred agent for alkalinization is potassium citrate (30–60 mEq/day in divided doses), because potassium urate is twice more soluble than sodium urate. However, in patients with poor gastric tolerance to potassium citrate or contraindication to potassium supplements, sodium bicarbonate is an acceptable alternative. Limitation of animal proteins, purine-rich foods (including beer), alcoholic drinks and acidified beverages (sodas) are useful measures, together with large fluid intake (> 2–2.5 L/day). Allopurinol may be indicated in cases of symptomatic hyperuricaemia. Regular observance of alkalinisation, with periodic controls of urine pH by the patient, is needed to prevent the rapid formation of UA stones. Patients affected by UANL, especially if overweight, should be evaluated for type 2 diabetes or glucose intolerance and managed accordingly.

Psycho-Oncology, 4th edition, follows the publication of Psycho-Oncology, 3rd edition in 2015. This is the latest in the series of textbooks which have defined the field of psycho-oncology. William Breitbart, MD, serves as the new senior editor along with associate editors Phyllis N. Butow, PhD, MPH, of the University of Sydney; Paul B. Jacobsen, PhD, of the U.S. National Cancer Institute; Wendy W. T. Lam, RN, PhD, of the University of Hong Kong; Mark Lazenby, APRN, PhD, of the University of Connecticut School of Nursing; and Matthew J. Loscalzo, MSW, of the City of Hope. In this 4th edition of Psycho-Oncology, we feel we have accomplished the delicate task of having this “Official Textbook of our Field” serve both as the source textbook providing the broadest and most multidisciplinary essential science and practice of the field of psycho-oncology, as well as the newest and latest innovations and cutting-edge research and clinical practice that would equip our readers with the knowledge and resources to participate in the “new frontiers of psycho-oncology.” Several new sections and areas of update include: 1. Evidence-Based Interventions; 2. Digital Health Intervention; 3. Biobehavioral Psycho-Oncology; 4. Geriatric Oncology; 5. Pediatric Psycho-Oncology; 6. Survivorship; 7. Palliative Care and Advanced Planning; 8. Diversities in the Experience of Cancer; 9. Behavioral and Psychological Factors in Cancer Risk; Screening for Cancer in Normal and At-Risk Populations; 10. Screening and Testing for Germ Line and Somatic Mutations; 11. Screening and Assessment in Psychosocial Oncology; 12. Building Supportive Care Teams; 13. Psycho-Oncology in Health Policy.

CACIC’14 was the twentieth Congress in the CACIC series. It was organized by the Department of Engineering and Technological Research at the La Matanza National University in La Matanza, Buenos Aires. The Congress included 13 Workshops with 135 accepted papers, 3 Conferences, 3 technical panels, 2 invited tutorials, different meetings related with Computer Science Education (Professors, PhD students, Curricula) and an International School with 6 courses. CACIC 2014 was organized following the traditional Congress format, with 13 Workshops covering a diversity of dimensions of Computer Science Research. Each topic was supervised by a committee of 3-5 chairs of different Universities. The call for papers attracted a total of 230 submissions. An average of 2.5 review reports were collected for each paper, for a grand total of 594 review reports that involved about 206 different reviewers. A total of 135 full papers, involving 445 authors and 78 Universities, were accepted and 24 of them were selected for this book.

CACIC’15 was the 21thCongress in the CACIC series. It was organized by the School of Technology at the UNNOBA (North-West of Buenos Aires National University) in Junín, Buenos Aires. The Congress included 13 Workshops with 131 accepted papers, 4 Conferences, 2 invited tutorials, different meetings related with Computer Science Education (Professors, PhD students, Curricula) and an International School with 6 courses. CACIC 2015 was organized following the traditional Congress format, with 13 Workshops covering a diversity of dimensions of Computer Science Research. Each topic was supervised by a committee of 3-5 chairs of different Universities. The call for papers attracted a total of 202 submissions. An average of 2.5 review reports werecollected for each paper, for a grand total of 495 review reports that involved about 191 different reviewers. A total of 131 full papers, involving 404 authors and 75 Universities, were accepted and 24 of them were selected for this book.

This book is the first history of musical emotion in any language. Combining intellectual history, music studies, philosophy, and cognitive psychology, it unfolds a history of musical emotion across a thousand years of Western art music, from chant to pop. It affords a new way of analyzing music, revealing the relationship between emotion and musical structure. The book also provides an introduction to the latest approaches to emotion research, as well as an original theory of how musical emotion works. The book is disposed in two parts. Part I (Chapters 1–4) comprises the theoretical foundation of the book. Part II (Chapters 5–9) provides an historical narrative from medieval to contemporary music. Chapter 1 summarizes contemporary theories of emotion in general, and of musical emotion in particular, bringing together seminal philosophers and psychologists. Chapter 2 contains the core of the book’s original thesis: that five basic emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, tenderness, and fear) constitute five categories of musical emotion throughout the common-practice period. Chapter 3 outlines a variety of complex musical emotions, such as wonder, nostalgia, envy, and disgust. Chapter 4 explores the historiography of emotion, including the seminal writings of Elias, Rosenwein, and Reddy. Part II of the book (Chapters 5–9) explores a millennium of Western music in terms of shifting categories of emotion: from affections and passions through sentiments, emotions proper, to modern affect.

This book has eight chapters. Each chapter discusses one topic related to taxation. The topics covered in this book are tax systems, taxpayer compliance, compliance costs, transfer pricing, accounting malpractices and tax issues, taxation of ecommerce, and electronic tax administration. These topics are relevant to the advanced taxation course in the under-graduate and post-graduate programs (Masters and PhD). Each topic is discussed with relevant literature. The first three chapters touch on issues and problems related to the new tax administrative system i.e the self-assessment system, which is being implemented in developed countries including Malaysia, and is now being adopted for implementation in many developing countries worldwide. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 give an insight to issues related to tax systems, taxpayer compliance and compliance costs. The other four chapters 5, 6, 7 and 8 discuss topics that are categorised as selected tax issues. The selected tax issues include transfer pricing, accounting malpractices and tax issues, taxation of ecommerce and electronic tax administration. These issues have not been deliberated before, and it is timely that a book of this nature is published for tax authorities, researchers, students, lecturers, authorities and practitioners. Past literature and research findings are quoted to support the discussions in each chapter. The authors own research findings in certain topics found in this book are used to support the arguments and discussions.

The Collection contains selected research articles and proceedings of participants of the session «Kuzbass Region Strategic Universitarium» of the Fouth International Research-to-Practice Conference «Strategizing: Theory and Practice». The Kuzbass Region session of the conference is attended by members of the Russian Academy of Sciences, professors, doctors of sciences, PhD candidates, postgraduate students and graduates, researchers and professionals in the field of strategizing, heads of industrial enterprises of various levels and industries from many regions of Russia, including from Moscow, Kuzbass Region, St. Petersburg, as well as foreign researchers from Armenia, China, France, Germany, Israel, Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Slovenia, USA, and Republic of Uzbekistan. Research studies describe the theoretical, methodological and practical issues of regional and regional-sectoral strategies. Research articles and proceedings of the conference published in this collection are useful for researchers and scientists, practitioners in the field of strategizing, as well as postgraduates, graduates students and students of higher educational institutions.

The Collection contains selected research articles and proceedings of participants of the session «Kuzbass Region Strategic Universitarium» of the Sixth International Research-to-Practice Conference «Strategizing: Theory and Practice». The Kuzbass Region session of the conference is attended by members of the Russian Academy of Sciences, professors, doctors of sciences, PhD candidates, postgraduate students and graduates, researchers and professionals in the field of strategizing, heads of industrial enterprises of various levels and industries from many regions of Russia, including from Moscow, Kuzbass Region, St. Petersburg, as well as foreign researchers from Armenia, China, France, Germany, Israel, Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Slovenia, USA, and Republic of Uzbekistan. Research studies describe the theoretical, methodological and practical issues of regional and regional-sectoral strategies. Research articles and proceedings of the conference published in this collection are useful for researchers and scientists, practitioners in the field of strategizing, as well as postgraduates, graduates students and students of higher educational institutions.

What constituted a crime 2,500 years ago, and how was criminal activity dealt with? How has our definition of justice evolved over time alongside developments in law, society, religion and class structures? 36 experts address these pressing questions in a six-volume reference set that spans 2,500 years of human history. Integrating perspectives from history, cultural studies, philosophy and classics, this globally-focused work traces developments in the ever-changing criminal and justice worlds against a variety of social, legal and cultural contexts. Individual volume editors ensure the cohesion of the whole, and to make it as easy as possible to use, chapter titles are identical across each of the volumes. This gives the choice of reading about a specific period in one of the volumes, or following a theme across history by reading the relevant chapter in each of the six. The six volumes cover: 1. Antiquity (500 BCE - 800 CE); 2. Medieval Age (800 - 1450); 3. Renaissance (1450 - 1650) ; 4. Age of Enlightenment (1650 - 1800); 5. Age of Empire (1800 - 1920); 6. Modern Age (1920 – 2000+). Themes include crime, types of criminal, law enforcement, sanctions and representations of crime and punishment. The page extent is approximately 1,728 pp. with c. 300 illustrations. Each volume opens with notes on contributors, a series preface and an introduction, and concludes with notes, bibliography and an index.

What constituted a crime 2,500 years ago, and how was criminal activity dealt with? How has our definition of justice evolved over time alongside developments in law, society, religion and class structures? 36 experts address these pressing questions in a six-volume reference set that spans 2,500 years of human history. Integrating perspectives from history, cultural studies, philosophy and classics, this globally-focused work traces developments in the ever-changing criminal and justice worlds against a variety of social, legal and cultural contexts. Individual volume editors ensure the cohesion of the whole, and to make it as easy as possible to use, chapter titles are identical across each of the volumes. This gives the choice of reading about a specific period in one of the volumes, or following a theme across history by reading the relevant chapter in each of the six. The six volumes cover: 1. Antiquity (500 BCE - 800 CE); 2. Medieval Age (800 - 1450); 3. Renaissance (1450 - 1650) ; 4. Age of Enlightenment (1650 - 1800); 5. Age of Empire (1800 - 1920); 6. Modern Age (1920 – 2000+). Themes include crime, types of criminal, law enforcement, sanctions and representations of crime and punishment. The page extent is approximately 1,728 pp. with c. 300 illustrations. Each volume opens with notes on contributors, a series preface and an introduction, and concludes with notes, bibliography and an index.

What constituted a crime 2,500 years ago, and how was criminal activity dealt with? How has our definition of justice evolved over time alongside developments in law, society, religion and class structures? 36 experts address these pressing questions in a six-volume reference set that spans 2,500 years of human history. Integrating perspectives from history, cultural studies, philosophy and classics, this globally-focused work traces developments in the ever-changing criminal and justice worlds against a variety of social, legal and cultural contexts. Individual volume editors ensure the cohesion of the whole, and to make it as easy as possible to use, chapter titles are identical across each of the volumes. This gives the choice of reading about a specific period in one of the volumes, or following a theme across history by reading the relevant chapter in each of the six. The six volumes cover: 1. Antiquity (500 BCE - 800 CE); 2. Medieval Age (800 - 1450); 3. Renaissance (1450 - 1650) ; 4. Age of Enlightenment (1650 - 1800); 5. Age of Empire (1800 - 1920); 6. Modern Age (1920 – 2000+). Themes include crime, types of criminal, law enforcement, sanctions and representations of crime and punishment. The page extent is approximately 1,728 pp. with c. 300 illustrations. Each volume opens with notes on contributors, a series preface and an introduction, and concludes with notes, bibliography and an index.

What constituted a crime 2,500 years ago, and how was criminal activity dealt with? How has our definition of justice evolved over time alongside developments in law, society, religion and class structures? 36 experts address these pressing questions in a six-volume reference set that spans 2,500 years of human history. Integrating perspectives from history, cultural studies, philosophy and classics, this globally-focused work traces developments in the ever-changing criminal and justice worlds against a variety of social, legal and cultural contexts. Individual volume editors ensure the cohesion of the whole, and to make it as easy as possible to use, chapter titles are identical across each of the volumes. This gives the choice of reading about a specific period in one of the volumes, or following a theme across history by reading the relevant chapter in each of the six. The six volumes cover: 1. Antiquity (500 BCE - 800 CE); 2. Medieval Age (800 - 1450); 3. Renaissance (1450 - 1650) ; 4. Age of Enlightenment (1650 - 1800); 5. Age of Empire (1800 - 1920); 6. Modern Age (1920 – 2000+). Themes include crime, types of criminal, law enforcement, sanctions and representations of crime and punishment. The page extent is approximately 1,728 pp. with c. 300 illustrations. Each volume opens with notes on contributors, a series preface and an introduction, and concludes with notes, bibliography and an index.

What constituted a crime 2,500 years ago, and how was criminal activity dealt with? How has our definition of justice evolved over time alongside developments in law, society, religion and class structures? 36 experts address these pressing questions in a six-volume reference set that spans 2,500 years of human history. Integrating perspectives from history, cultural studies, philosophy and classics, this globally-focused work traces developments in the ever-changing criminal and justice worlds against a variety of social, legal and cultural contexts. Individual volume editors ensure the cohesion of the whole, and to make it as easy as possible to use, chapter titles are identical across each of the volumes. This gives the choice of reading about a specific period in one of the volumes, or following a theme across history by reading the relevant chapter in each of the six. The six volumes cover: 1. Antiquity (500 BCE - 800 CE); 2. Medieval Age (800 - 1450); 3. Renaissance (1450 - 1650) ; 4. Age of Enlightenment (1650 - 1800); 5. Age of Empire (1800 - 1920); 6. Modern Age (1920 – 2000+). Themes include crime, types of criminal, law enforcement, sanctions and representations of crime and punishment. The page extent is approximately 1,728 pp. with c. 300 illustrations. Each volume opens with notes on contributors, a series preface and an introduction, and concludes with notes, bibliography and an index.

What constituted a crime 2,500 years ago, and how was criminal activity dealt with? How has our definition of justice evolved over time alongside developments in law, society, religion and class structures? 36 experts address these pressing questions in a six-volume reference set that spans 2,500 years of human history. Integrating perspectives from history, cultural studies, philosophy and classics, this globally-focused work traces developments in the ever-changing criminal and justice worlds against a variety of social, legal and cultural contexts. Individual volume editors ensure the cohesion of the whole, and to make it as easy as possible to use, chapter titles are identical across each of the volumes. This gives the choice of reading about a specific period in one of the volumes, or following a theme across history by reading the relevant chapter in each of the six. The six volumes cover: 1. Antiquity (500 BCE - 800 CE); 2. Medieval Age (800 - 1450); 3. Renaissance (1450 - 1650) ; 4. Age of Enlightenment (1650 - 1800); 5. Age of Empire (1800 - 1920); 6. Modern Age (1920 – 2000+). Themes include crime, types of criminal, law enforcement, sanctions and representations of crime and punishment. The page extent is approximately 1,728 pp. with c. 300 illustrations. Each volume opens with notes on contributors, a series preface and an introduction, and concludes with notes, bibliography and an index.

The twentieth century was a time of great transformation in the roles of American women. Women have always worked and raised families, but, theoretically, the world opened up to them with new opportunities to participate fully in society, from voting, to controlling their reproductive cycle, to running a Fortune 500 company. This content-rich overview of women's roles in the modern age is a must-have for every library to fill the gap in resources about women's lives. Students and general readers will trace the development of American women of different classes and ethnicities in education, the home, the law, politics, religion, work, and the arts from the Progressive Era to the new millennium. Each narrative chapter covers a crucial topic in women's lives and encapsulates the twentieth-century growth and changes. Women's participation in the workforce with its challenges, opportunities, and gains is the focus of Chapter 1. The developing role of women and the family, taking into consideration consumerism and feminism, is the subject of Chapter 2. Chapter 3 explores women and pop culture and the arts-their roles as creators and subjects. Chapter 4 covers education from the early century's access to higher education until today's female hyperachiever. Chapter 5 discusses women and government, from winning the vote through the battle for the Equal Rights Amendment, to Women's Lib, and public office holding. Chapter 6 addresses women and the law, their rights, their use of the law, their practice of it, and court cases affecting them. The final chapter overviews women and religious participation and roles in various denominations. An historical introduction, timeline, photos, and selected bibliography round out the coverage.

Cystinuria, an autosomal recessive disease (estimated at 1:7000 births worldwide), results from the defective reabsorption of cystine and dibasic amino acids (also ornithine, arginine, lysine, COAL) by epithelial cells of renal proximal tubules, leading to an abnormally high urinary excretion of these amino acids. Due to the poor solubility of cystine at the usual urine pH, formation of cystine crystals and stones ensues. Incidence of homozygotes is estimated at 1 in 7000 births worldwide, but is lower in European countries and much higher in populations with frequent consanguinity. Cystine stones represent 1–2% of all stones in adults and 5–8% in paediatric patients, with an equal distribution between males and females.Cystinuria is caused by inactivating mutations in the gene SLC3A1 or SLC7A9, both encoding proteins contributing to the function of the heterodimeric transport system of cystine.Cystine nephrolithiasis may present in infants, most frequently in adolescents or young adults, sometimes later. Cystine calculi are weakly radio-opaque. Stone analysis using infrared spectroscopy (or X-ray diffraction) allows immediate and accurate diagnosis. Urinary amino acid chromatography quantifies urinary cystine excretion, needed to define the therapeutic strategy.Urological treatment of cystine stones currently uses extracorporeal stone wave lithotripsy or flexible ureterorenoscopy with Holmium laser, that is, minimally invasive techniques. However, as cystine stones are highly recurrent, preventive therapy is essential.Medical treatment combines reduced methionine and sodium intake, to lower cystine excretion; hyperdiuresis (> 3 L/day) to reduce cystine concentration; and active alkalinization preferably using potassium citrate (40–80 mEq/day) to increase cystine solubility by rising urine pH up to 7.5–8. If these measures are insufficient to prevent recurrent stone formation, a thiol derivative (D-penicillamine or tiopronin), which converts cystine into a more soluble disulphide, should be added. Close monitoring and adherence of the patient to the therapeutic programme are needed to ensure life-long compliance, the key for successful prevention in the long term.

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of method management of mountain soil on the quantity and quality of waste water, and the amount of mineral nutrients it contains. I have analyzed the water, that was moved through the soil profiles of 0-20 cm and 0-40 cm depth. I have also evaluated the floristic composition, the productivity of grassland and arable land, and the use of fertilizers by vegetation and soil chemical properties. I have found that the type of plant cover of the soil had a significant effect on the amount and chemical composition of water moving through the soil profile. Arable land was characterized by an average of 5 percentage point higher drainage rates compared to meadows. The smallest outflow of water from the soil was found in the first research period (intensive vegetation), and the largest in the third period (non-vegetation). The largest amount of the mineral content carried out annually with a soaking water, was observed on the arable land and was on average more than 2 times larger than on other fertilizers. This evidenced by the greater variation in the composition of floristic vegetation and its productivity. Between 0-20 cm and 0-40 cm of soil profiles, significant differences in the amount of waste water and mineral components were observed. The water drainage coefficient from the shallow profile was on average 9 percentage points higher than from the deeper profile. The amount of the sum of mineral loads, excluding calcium from the shallow soil profile was 94,5% higher than the sum of loads taken from the deeper soil profile. In the unused meadow the improvement of soil chemical properties was observed. There was an increase in pH, and the accumulation of minerals resulted from the positive balance of most of the ingredients.

Neste livro são apresentados resultados de trabalhos científicos aplicados à grande área de Engenharia. De abordagem objetiva, a obra se mostra de grande relevância para graduandos, alunos de pós-graduação, docentes e profissionais. Os capítulos estão agrupados em duas seções: i) materiais; ii) águas continentais e oceânicas. Pelo capítulo um é apresentado o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para obter-se reprodutibilidade da área superficial de um eletrodo de estanho durante o estudo do crescimento de óxidos de estanho. A reprodutibilidade da área superficial pode ser comprovada pela reprodutibilidade das densidades de carga anódicas dos voltamogramas anódicos a 50 mVs-1 posteriores a cada tratamento. Por meio do capítulo dois é analisada a substituição de parte do carvão mineral, utilizado em siderúrgicas, por biomassa. Entre os grandes desafios do setor estão a produção de aço a preços competitivos e a substituição de parte do carvão mineral utilizado por biomassa. A biomassa é considera neutra em emissões de CO2, devido a captura do mesmo durante o processo de fotossíntese, o que a torna atraente para seu uso nos processos siderúrgicos. Além disso, o seu uso pode gerar redução de custos, principalmente se for considerado os rejeitos do agronegócio que não possuem um alto valor agregado. Neste contexto, por este capítulo serão mostradas algumas possíveis utilizações de biomassa nos processos siderúrgicos através de estudos que vem sendo realizado no tema e aplicações na indústria. Será possível notar que o uso de biomassa é uma alternativa viável a curto prazo para atender as crescentes restrições ambientais atuais. Através do capítulo três é analisado o crescimento voltamétrico de óxido de estanho em solução tampão fosfato, pH 8,7. Medidas elipsométricas ex-situ foram realizadas para determinar a espessura dos óxidos crescidos. A partir desses resultados, o volume do filme por unidade de carga, Vf, foi calculado para diferentes densidades de carga. As medidas elipsométricas mostram que filmes de óxido de estanho crescidos a 2 mVs-1 são menos densos para valores de espessura 3,37 nm, tendo Vf próximo a 1,70 x 10-4 cm3C-1. Para valores mais altos de espessura (11,0 – 12,4 nm) os filmes se tornam mais densos tendo Vf próximo a 0,5 x 10-4 cm3C-1. No caso de 100 mVs-1 os filmes apresentam o mesmo comportamento, tendo Vf próximo de 3,74 x 10-4 cm3.C-1 para espessura de 4,56 nm e Vf próximo de 1,32 x 10-4 cm3.C-1 para espessura de 7,42 nm. Imagens de Microscopia de Força Atômica mostraram que a morfologia muda e a rugosidade dos filmes aumenta com o aumento da espessura e do potencial final da voltametria. O capítulo quatro trata do Nitreto cúbico de boro (cBN), material imprescindível para usinagem com alta precisão e alta velocidade de APRESENTAÇÃO materiais ferrosos como aço. O cBN é recomendado para trabalhos sob condições severas, tais como corte intermitente, em que dureza deve estar associada com tenacidade para evitar a quebra. Na síntese do cBN, são aplicados, basicamente, dois tipos de catalisadores: nitreto de magnésio e magnésio. Cada qual oferece diferentes possibilidades, tais como maiores valores de profundidade de corte ou menor nível de rugosidade superficial. Este capítulo contribui para uma melhor compreensão da manipulação dos parâmetros aplicados no regime de síntese deste elemento e, favorecendo o desenvolvimento da tecnologia de sua produção. Por meio do capítulo cinco é avaliada a aplicação de separação magnética de alta intensidade no beneficiamento de itabiritos pobres. Na rota de processo avaliada (separação magnética + flotação), a etapa de separação magnética executa a função de pré-concentração e deslamagem. O teor de SiO2 no concentrado foi de 1,46% (menor que o teor objetivo de 2,00%). As recuperações mássica e metalúrgica obtidas com a rota separação magnética + flotação foram maiores em termos absolutos 3,3% e 4,4%, respectivamente. Através do capítulo seis é realizada a otimização de injeção de poliamida PA66 com 50% GF usando o método Taguchi. O estudo se justifica pela necessidade crescente de materiais mais leves e de maior produtividade em substituição às ligas metálicas, o que demanda o constante desenvolvimento de compósitos poliméricos e eficazes processos de fabricação. Como resposta do estudo, mediu-se a resistência máxima de tração (RTmáx), numa poliamida 66 com carga de 50% de fibra de vidro, Grivory GV-5H®. Fez-se uso da metodologia ANOVA para indentificar-se os fatores de maior significância para o processo. A melhor resistência máxima de tração obtida de 242,6 N/m2, mostrou-se como uma opção na substituição à aplicações de ligas metálicas de alumínio. A melhor resultado se obteve com a temperatura de processamento em 270°C, o fluxo volumétrico de 83 cm³/s, a pressão de recalque de 300 bar, a contrapressão de 10 bar, velocidade da rosca de 50 min-1 e o tempo de recalque com valor de 5 s. As porcentagens de contribuição encontradas foram pressão de recalque com contribuição de 61%, seguido da temperatura de processamento, com contribuição de 17% e em terceiro, o fluxo volumétrico com contribuição de 12%. A instalação de grandes equipamentos submarinos em águas profundas apresenta uma série de desafios. O capítulo sete trata da análise de estabilidade hidrodinâmica de Manifolds submarinos durante a instalação pelo método pendular. O presente capítulo racionaliza tal método e, além disso, considera sistemas para evitar o capotamento, durante um momento crítico do método que é o início da descida, apresentando uma modelagem matemática fenomenológica a partir de casos similares. A etapa de validação foi realizada pela análise comparativa entre a modelagem proposta e resultados de testes experimentais realizados com modelos físicos. Com a confirmação da aderência dos resultados numéricos com os experimentos, esta abordagem se confirma como uma ferramenta de engenharia para dimensionamento dos equipamentos submarinos instalados pelo Método Pendular para que sejam direcionalmente estáveis. Por meio do capítulo oito são apresentados os resultados da simulação da distribuição espacial das ondas geradas pela ação de ventos severos sobre o reservatório da barragem de Salto Caxias, no rio Iguaçu, estado do Paraná. Os ventos severos foram estimados através da análise de frequência regional para várias estações anemométricas do Instituto Meteorológico do Paraná (SIMEPAR) para o período de 1998 a 2005. As alturas de ondas foram estimadas pelo método paramétrico SMB, que usa como dados de entrada o fetch e a velocidade do vento. O método SMB foi aplicado pelo modelo computacional ONDACAD. Os testes estatísticos indicaram que a distribuição de Wakeby foi a mais robusta para as séries curtas de ventos horários máximos anuais, produzindo estimativas de ventos severos que variaram entre 25,7 ms-1 (tempo de retorno de Tr=10 anos) a 50,9 ms-1 (Tr=100 anos). O estudo presta grande contribuição à compreensão da quantificação das alturas de ondas geradas por ventos severos neste importante reservatório do estado do Paraná. Pelo capítulo nove é apresentada uma análise comparativa bidimensional entre alturas de ondas resultantes da aplicação dos modelos paramétricos MARQUES e JONSWAP ao reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Itaipu Binacional, localizado no Rio Paraná entre o Brasil e o Paraguai. Os campos de vento uniforme relacionados a períodos de recorrência de 10, 20, 50 e 100 anos foram obtidos pelos registros realizados pelo Sistema Meteorológico do Paraná (SIMEPAR). Através da utilização do modelo ONDACAD foram determinados os campos de fetch e a transformação em campos de ondas pela utilização dos modelos paramétricos MARQUES e JONSWAP. Ao proceder a análise constatou-se que, ao majorar os resultados do modelo JONSWAP em 78% chega-se aos resultados bidimensionais gerados pelo modelo Marques. Esta condição foi verificada para situações de ventos extremos, ou seja, superiores a 20ms-1 e corpos hídricos que possuem fetch máximo da ordem de 10 quilômetros. O estudo contribui para a compreensão da distribuição das magnitudes das alturas de ondas neste reservatório de grande importância no âmbito da América do Sul, de grande utilidade para estudos relacionados, por exemplo, a erosões marginais, ecossistemas aquáticos continentais, psicultura por tanques-rede, quantificação de gases de efeito estufa devido à ressuspensão de sedimentos devido a propagação de ondas.

Neste livro são apresentados resultados de trabalhos científicos aplicados à grande área de Engenharia. De abordagem objetiva, a obra se mostra de grande relevância para graduandos, alunos de pós-graduação, docentes e profissionais. Os capítulos estão agrupados em duas seções: i) materiais; ii) águas continentais e oceânicas. Pelo capítulo um é apresentado o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para obter-se reprodutibilidade da área superficial de um eletrodo de estanho durante o estudo do crescimento de óxidos de estanho. A reprodutibilidade da área superficial pode ser comprovada pela reprodutibilidade das densidades de carga anódicas dos voltamogramas anódicos a 50 mVs-1 posteriores a cada tratamento. Por meio do capítulo dois é analisada a substituição de parte do carvão mineral, utilizado em siderúrgicas, por biomassa. Entre os grandes desafios do setor estão a produção de aço a preços competitivos e a substituição de parte do carvão mineral utilizado por biomassa. A biomassa é considera neutra em emissões de CO2, devido a captura do mesmo durante o processo de fotossíntese, o que a torna atraente para seu uso nos processos siderúrgicos. Além disso, o seu uso pode gerar redução de custos, principalmente se for considerado os rejeitos do agronegócio que não possuem um alto valor agregado. Neste contexto, por este capítulo serão mostradas algumas possíveis utilizações de biomassa nos processos siderúrgicos através de estudos que vem sendo realizado no tema e aplicações na indústria. Será possível notar que o uso de biomassa é uma alternativa viável a curto prazo para atender as crescentes restrições ambientais atuais. Através do capítulo três é analisado o crescimento voltamétrico de óxido de estanho em solução tampão fosfato, pH 8,7. Medidas elipsométricas ex-situ foram realizadas para determinar a espessura dos óxidos crescidos. A partir desses resultados, o volume do filme por unidade de carga, Vf, foi calculado para diferentes densidades de carga. As medidas elipsométricas mostram que filmes de óxido de estanho crescidos a 2 mVs-1 são menos densos para valores de espessura 3,37 nm, tendo Vf próximo a 1,70 x 10-4 cm3C-1. Para valores mais altos de espessura (11,0 – 12,4 nm) os filmes se tornam mais densos tendo Vf próximo a 0,5 x 10-4 cm3C-1. No caso de 100 mVs-1 os filmes apresentam o mesmo comportamento, tendo Vf próximo de 3,74 x 10-4 cm3.C-1 para espessura de 4,56 nm e Vf próximo de 1,32 x 10-4 cm3.C-1 para espessura de 7,42 nm. Imagens de Microscopia de Força Atômica mostraram que a morfologia muda e a rugosidade dos filmes aumenta com o aumento da espessura e do potencial final da voltametria. O capítulo quatro trata do Nitreto cúbico de boro (cBN), material imprescindível para usinagem com alta precisão e alta velocidade de APRESENTAÇÃO materiais ferrosos como aço. O cBN é recomendado para trabalhos sob condições severas, tais como corte intermitente, em que dureza deve estar associada com tenacidade para evitar a quebra. Na síntese do cBN, são aplicados, basicamente, dois tipos de catalisadores: nitreto de magnésio e magnésio. Cada qual oferece diferentes possibilidades, tais como maiores valores de profundidade de corte ou menor nível de rugosidade superficial. Este capítulo contribui para uma melhor compreensão da manipulação dos parâmetros aplicados no regime de síntese deste elemento e, favorecendo o desenvolvimento da tecnologia de sua produção. Por meio do capítulo cinco é avaliada a aplicação de separação magnética de alta intensidade no beneficiamento de itabiritos pobres. Na rota de processo avaliada (separação magnética + flotação), a etapa de separação magnética executa a função de pré-concentração e deslamagem. O teor de SiO2 no concentrado foi de 1,46% (menor que o teor objetivo de 2,00%). As recuperações mássica e metalúrgica obtidas com a rota separação magnética + flotação foram maiores em termos absolutos 3,3% e 4,4%, respectivamente. Através do capítulo seis é realizada a otimização de injeção de poliamida PA66 com 50% GF usando o método Taguchi. O estudo se justifica pela necessidade crescente de materiais mais leves e de maior produtividade em substituição às ligas metálicas, o que demanda o constante desenvolvimento de compósitos poliméricos e eficazes processos de fabricação. Como resposta do estudo, mediu-se a resistência máxima de tração (RTmáx), numa poliamida 66 com carga de 50% de fibra de vidro, Grivory GV-5H®. Fez-se uso da metodologia ANOVA para indentificar-se os fatores de maior significância para o processo. A melhor resistência máxima de tração obtida de 242,6 N/m2, mostrou-se como uma opção na substituição à aplicações de ligas metálicas de alumínio. A melhor resultado se obteve com a temperatura de processamento em 270°C, o fluxo volumétrico de 83 cm³/s, a pressão de recalque de 300 bar, a contrapressão de 10 bar, velocidade da rosca de 50 min-1 e o tempo de recalque com valor de 5 s. As porcentagens de contribuição encontradas foram pressão de recalque com contribuição de 61%, seguido da temperatura de processamento, com contribuição de 17% e em terceiro, o fluxo volumétrico com contribuição de 12%. A instalação de grandes equipamentos submarinos em águas profundas apresenta uma série de desafios. O capítulo sete trata da análise de estabilidade hidrodinâmica de Manifolds submarinos durante a instalação pelo método pendular. O presente capítulo racionaliza tal método e, além disso, considera sistemas para evitar o capotamento, durante um momento crítico do método que é o início da descida, apresentando uma modelagem matemática fenomenológica a partir de casos similares. A etapa de validação foi realizada pela análise comparativa entre a modelagem proposta e resultados de testes experimentais realizados com modelos físicos. Com a confirmação da aderência dos resultados numéricos com os experimentos, esta abordagem se confirma como uma ferramenta de engenharia para dimensionamento dos equipamentos submarinos instalados pelo Método Pendular para que sejam direcionalmente estáveis. Por meio do capítulo oito são apresentados os resultados da simulação da distribuição espacial das ondas geradas pela ação de ventos severos sobre o reservatório da barragem de Salto Caxias, no rio Iguaçu, estado do Paraná. Os ventos severos foram estimados através da análise de frequência regional para várias estações anemométricas do Instituto Meteorológico do Paraná (SIMEPAR) para o período de 1998 a 2005. As alturas de ondas foram estimadas pelo método paramétrico SMB, que usa como dados de entrada o fetch e a velocidade do vento. O método SMB foi aplicado pelo modelo computacional ONDACAD. Os testes estatísticos indicaram que a distribuição de Wakeby foi a mais robusta para as séries curtas de ventos horários máximos anuais, produzindo estimativas de ventos severos que variaram entre 25,7 ms-1 (tempo de retorno de Tr=10 anos) a 50,9 ms-1 (Tr=100 anos). O estudo presta grande contribuição à compreensão da quantificação das alturas de ondas geradas por ventos severos neste importante reservatório do estado do Paraná. Pelo capítulo nove é apresentada uma análise comparativa bidimensional entre alturas de ondas resultantes da aplicação dos modelos paramétricos MARQUES e JONSWAP ao reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Itaipu Binacional, localizado no Rio Paraná entre o Brasil e o Paraguai. Os campos de vento uniforme relacionados a períodos de recorrência de 10, 20, 50 e 100 anos foram obtidos pelos registros realizados pelo Sistema Meteorológico do Paraná (SIMEPAR). Através da utilização do modelo ONDACAD foram determinados os campos de fetch e a transformação em campos de ondas pela utilização dos modelos paramétricos MARQUES e JONSWAP. Ao proceder a análise constatou-se que, ao majorar os resultados do modelo JONSWAP em 78% chega-se aos resultados bidimensionais gerados pelo modelo Marques. Esta condição foi verificada para situações de ventos extremos, ou seja, superiores a 20ms-1 e corpos hídricos que possuem fetch máximo da ordem de 10 quilômetros. O estudo contribui para a compreensão da distribuição das magnitudes das alturas de ondas neste reservatório de grande importância no âmbito da América do Sul, de grande utilidade para estudos relacionados, por exemplo, a erosões marginais, ecossistemas aquáticos continentais, psicultura por tanques-rede, quantificação de gases de efeito estufa devido à ressuspensão de sedimentos devido a propagação de ondas.